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padlocked and boarded shut. Upon realizing their limited options to escape the fire, many victims attempted to break through the corrugated steel walls of the building, but were unsuccessful. People broke through windows using their hands and chairs, but the windows became jammed. Blinding smoke made movement difficult. Survivors remembered the burning moss falling from the ceiling and forming a barrier between the dance floor and the exit, with the moss igniting clothing and hair of victims and survivors. The front door was the only exit, and the doors swung inward. Escape from the main entrance was made almost impossible as flames blocked the entrance, pushing the crowd towards the back of the club. Due to the walls being made of metal, and little ventilation for the heat or the smoke, the walls held the heat in the club like an oven. When water from the fire hoses hit the metal siding, it created steam that scalded many victims. Doctors later found that most of the dead had been suffocated by smoke inhalation or crushed as the crowd was pushed to the rear of the building. Most of the bodies were found piled near the rear of the building by the bandstand, the stacked bodies reaching shoulder height.
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was also thought by some to have strengthened the fire. The day after the blaze, five men were arrested following reports they had drunkenly threatened in an argument to burn the building down. Charges against them were later dropped. Hotel employee Ernest Wright stood by the entrance on the night of the fire and later reported that he heard two women arguing, with one accusing the other of setting the club on fire. All indications in later investigations pointed to an accidental cause of the fire.
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11:15 p.m. The first fire engine arrived within minutes, and the first hose was targeted at the front entrance and upper ceiling of the lobby and the second was sent into a small open window at the rear of the club. The sound of the victims screaming could be heard through the town. The fire was put out after around ten to thirty minutes.
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Association branch manager branch manager J. L. Poindexter spoke to the
Natchez Chamber of Commerce and assured the city that the association was capable of fully covering its members' burials. Local victims were buried at the Watkins Street Cemetery. In the aftermath of the fire, citizens of Natchez raised more than $ 5,000 to help the local
200:. The building was owned by the Byrnes family and was leased by a social group called the Money Wasters. The group hosted events and dances and brought in a live band to perform. The original band that was scheduled to perform was Tiny Bradshaw and his orchestra, but due to a scheduling conflict the band canceled and was replaced by
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for the victims' families and for the memorial. The
Natchez Social and Civic Club of Chicago brought the memorial tablet, which cost $ 350.00 to create, to Natchez in September, 1940. The dedication service was held at the Zion Chapel AME church and a local park, and around 5,000 people attended the services.
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Photos donated to the Rhythm
Nightclub Fire Museum in 2015 show the coffins of the band members who died in the fire being escorted by African-American boy scouts on a train. More than 15,000 mourners attended the funeral of Walter Barnes, and the Natchez Social and Civic Club of Chicago raised money
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People believed the fire to be accidental, started by a carelessly discarded match or cigarette that then ignited the decorative
Spanish moss. Other sources claim a fire from a hamburger stand located near the exit spread to the Spanish moss and grew rapidly. A large fan at the front of the entrance
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had too many bodies to handle. Some victims had insurance policies and burial contracts, but there were some who did not leave behind a means of paying for burial expenses. Natchez undertakers and burial associations turned to the
Natchez Chamber of Commerce for financial support. The Central Burial
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The
Natchez Fire Department did not yet exist, but two volunteer companies provided one full-time firefighter. One of the men lived and worked from the Phoenix Fire Station, about four blocks from the Rhythm Night Club. The fire station received its first telephone call about the club fire at around
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The fire helped bring forward building requirements that were aimed at making night clubs safer in the event of a fire. Requirements for nightclubs now include the installation of fire protection systems, provisions for safer building finishes and decorations, provisions for better exiting systems,
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on the night of April 23, 1940, which killed 209 people and severely injured many others. Hundreds of people were trapped inside the building. At the time, it was the second deadliest building fire in the history of the nation. It is now ranked as the fourth deadliest assembly and club fire in U.S.
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as the fire raged. The bandmates who died were John Reed, Jr., James Coles, Clarence Porter, Henry Walker, Paul Scott, Calvin
Roberts, Jesse Washington, and his vocalist Juanita Avery. One of the group's two survivors, the drummer Walter Brown, vowed never to play again; the other survivor was the
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Most of the dead were identified, but there were a number of bodies that were burned beyond recognition. These unidentifiable bodies were buried in a mass grave. Due to the time of the fire, there were issues dealing with the number of the dead, with segregation affecting the time that the bodies
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On the night of the fire, the club recorded 577 paid admissions and 150 passes, and the orchestra had 14 members and 5 attendants, bringing a likely final total number of people at the club to 746. Advance tickets for admission cost $ 0.50, tickets at the door cost $ 0.65, and the average age of
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The premises was a single-story, wood building with corrugated steel siding that was 120 ft (36.6m) x 38 ft (11.6 m) with 24 windows that were mostly shuttered or nailed shut at the time of the fire. There was only one exit, with an inward opening door, that opened into a main entrance
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Ambulances took the victims and survivors to hospitals in the city, and despite strict segregation laws, the white medical establishment treated survivors over the following weeks and months. Throughout the night of the disaster, firemen, medical professionals, and civilian volunteers worked to
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21 of the 24 existing windows had been boarded up to prevent outsiders from viewing or listening to the music, and as a result the crowd was trapped. Some survivors were able to get out the front door or through the ticket booth, while others tried to press their way to the back door, which was
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On
November 6, 2010, the Rhythm Club Museum, commemorating the tragedy, opened in Natchez. The site where the fire happened remains empty and exists today as an empty grassy plot of land with a memorial sign inside informing passersby of the tragedy.
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playwright Danese
Frazier Turner, granddaughter of Ed Frazier, wrote, produced and co-directed a play titled “Death by Dancing” commemorating the disaster. Purpose and Power Connection, a worship arts ministry, presented the production.
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remove bodies and search for signs of life in the club. Floodlights were brought in to help in the search. Even after the bodies were removed and the site cleared, the smell of burned bodies hovered over
Natchez for months.
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There were no building occupancy restrictions at the time of the fire. Future laws and codes would limit the number of people allowed in a structure and require doors to open outward to prevent people from being trapped.
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Bandleader Walter Barnes and nine members of his band were among the victims. The band was credited with attempting to calm the crowd and Barnes was praised as a hero for leading the song "Marie" by
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401:. A memorial marker was erected in Bluff Park in Natchez. A historical marker has been placed at the site of the club, which contains a museum to the club and the fire as of 2016.
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that had been draped over interior's rafters as a decoration, quickly engulfed the structure. To ensure there were no bugs in the decorative moss, it had been sprayed with
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were properly seen to. Under segregation, only African American morticians were allowed to handle African American dead, and the three local black
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and for clubs to have trained crowd managers on duty. Calls for stricter fire laws and addressing overcrowding in buildings and schools.
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shop once used as a church, was in a one-story steel-clad wood-frame building at 1 St. Catherine Street, 18 blocks from the city's
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and His Royal Creolians, an orchestra from Chicago. Money Wasters member Ed Frazier ran the club on the night of the fire.
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and His Royal Creolians was performing when the fire started near the main entrance door around 11:00 pm and, fed by
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attendees was between 15 and 25 years old. Many attendees were members of the Money Wasters club and their friends.
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The disaster was memorialized in songs such as "Mississippi Fire Blues" and "Natchez Mississippi Blues", by the
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bassist Arthur Edward. Barnes was well regarded as a strong competitor with his contemporaries
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914:"'The Greatest Tragedy Ever to Strike the Race': The Untold Story of the Rhythm Club Fire"
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754:"'Screams you could hear all over town'; Remembering the Natchez Rhythm Night Club Fire"
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1076:"Rhythm Nightclub Fire Memorialized Through Photos Never Seen – News Mississippi"
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Egress Design Solutions: A Guide to Evacuation and Crowd Management Planning
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1194:"Granddaughter of nightclub owner tells story of tragedy in dance, music"
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708:"Death by Fire: African American Music on the Natchez Rhythm Club Fire"
312: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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369:, was completed in December 2012. The documentary is now available on
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foyer that had another set of doors that also opened inward.
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1011:"Central Burial Association Equal to Natchez Fire Disaster"
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1105:"Disaster Victims in Natchez Fire Memorialized in Tablets"
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Nobody Knows Where the Blues Come from: Lyrics and History
488:"'Complete Panic' as 233 Killed in Brazil Nightclub Fire"
261:. Ed Frazier of the Money Wasters also died in the fire.
674:"Natchez Burning: Anniversary of The Rhythm Club Fire"
440:, night club fire that killed 22 and injured 50 people
815:. Hoboken, NJ: Jon Wiley & Sons. pp. 62–63.
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714:. University Press of Mississippi. pp. 76–107.
863:
Facility Executive – Creating Intelligent Buildings
16:
1940 dance hall fire in Mississippi that killed 209
636:"Arrest Five Negro Suspects in Dance Hall Inquiry"
1795:Fire disasters involving barricaded escape routes
570:"A Nightclub, A Fire...And a Generation Vanishes"
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462:"Deadliest Public Assembly and Nightclub Fires"
773:"Natchez, MS Rhythm Night Club Fire, Apr 1940"
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47:Plaque listing those who perished in the fire
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328:Learn how and when to remove this message
859:"Remembering The Rhythm Night Club Fire"
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1269:Nightclub fires, disasters, and attacks
946:"198 Negroes Die in Large Natchez Fire"
811:Tubbs, Jeffrey; Meacham, Brian (2007).
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1815:April 1940 events in the United States
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752:Anderson, Roslyn (February 12, 2019).
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1790:Nightclub fires in the United States
1213:"Memorial Staying Put Despite Talks"
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1146:"Natchez Remembers Rhythm Club Fire"
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710:. In Robert Springer, Robert (ed.).
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310:adding citations to reliable sources
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1810:1940 disasters in the United States
1730:Colorado Springs nightclub shooting
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891:"203 Lose Lives in Fire at Natchez"
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464:. National Fire Protection Agency.
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389:; "The Death of Walter Barnes", by
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728:from the original on 12 April 2017
596:"NFPA Case Study: Nightclub Fires"
14:
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1628:Dolphinarium discotheque massacre
1394:República Cromañón nightclub fire
1058:"Scenes of Natchez Fire Disaster"
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672:Michael, Rugel (23 April 2011).
468:from the original on 6 July 2019
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173:The Natchez Dance Hall Holocaust
1800:History of Natchez, Mississippi
1780:1940 fires in the United States
1598:West Berlin discotheque bombing
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1086:from the original on 2018-05-16
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1039:from the original on 2018-05-16
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612:from the original on 2017-04-10
297:needs additional citations for
1700:Little Rock nightclub shooting
1376:CanecĂŁo Mineiro nightclub fire
1334:Beverly Hills Supper Club fire
1122:Mackay, Cliff (May 11, 1940).
964:"100 Negroes Die in Hall Fire"
857:Schwartz, Heidi (2010-04-23).
665:
646:
533:
1:
1694:Cincinnati nightclub shooting
1574:Puerto Rican Social Club fire
1478:Fonda Milagros nightclub fire
1211:Lane, Emily (21 April 2011).
1144:Lane, Emily (15 March 2011).
444:
233:was generated from the moss.
1718:Coatzacoalcos nightclub fire
1712:Salamanca nightclub shooting
1556:UpStairs Lounge arson attack
1418:Sighetu Marmației explosions
277:
192:The dance hall, a converted
7:
1688:Istanbul nightclub shooting
1646:Columbus nightclub shooting
1616:Gothenburg discothèque fire
1460:Binh Duong karaoke bar fire
950:The Wilmington morning star
404:
393:; "The Natchez Burnin", by
10:
1831:
1682:Orlando nightclub shooting
1430:New Taipei water park fire
1388:The Station nightclub fire
655:"Natchez Rhythm Club Fire"
1738:
1670:Tel Aviv nightclub attack
1592:Dallas nightclub shooting
1562:Gulliver's nightclub fire
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1484:Gayrettepe nightclub fire
1454:Mountain B nightclub fire
1442:Ghost Ship warehouse fire
1304:Karlslust dance hall fire
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397:; and "Natchez Fire", by
385:; "The Natchez Fire", by
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1755:(cause of death unknown)
1753:Enyobeni Tavern disaster
1610:Otherside Lounge bombing
1503:Throb nightclub disaster
1472:Poipet casino hotel fire
1370:Volendam New Year's fire
1346:Alcalá 20 nightclub fire
659:Mississippi Encyclopedia
594:Duval, Robert F (2006).
67:April 23, 1940
1658:Arua nightclub shooting
1436:Colectiv nightclub fire
433:List of nightclub fires
211:
187:
56:Location of Rhythm Club
18:
1747:Pickwick Club collapse
1706:Thousand Oaks shooting
1634:Myojo 56 building fire
1448:Yaoundé nightclub fire
1364:Luoyang Christmas fire
383:Lewis Bronzeville Five
30:considered for merging
1676:Cairo restaurant fire
1550:Whiskey Au Go Go fire
1382:UtopĂa nightclub fire
1062:Afro-American courier
1015:Afro-American courier
895:The Southern advocate
706:Monge, Luigi (2007).
132:31.55917°N 91.39750°W
1805:Fires in Mississippi
1586:Droppin Well bombing
1568:Gargantua bar attack
1310:Top Storey Club fire
1198:The Natchez Democrat
367:The Rhythm Club Fire
365:A documentary film,
306:improve this article
181:Natchez, Mississippi
99:Natchez, Mississippi
1775:1940 in Mississippi
1544:Blue Bird Café fire
1527:Los Olivos stampede
1515:El ParaĂso stampede
1424:Kiss nightclub fire
1328:Summerland disaster
1322:Play Town Club fire
1316:Club Cinq-Sept fire
1298:Cocoanut Grove fire
1200:. November 8, 2015.
1182:. October 15, 2015.
1124:"Heed This Warning"
841:The Detroit tribune
545:RhythmClubFire.com
527:RhythmClubFire.com
496:. 27 January 2013.
137:31.55917; -91.39750
128: /
37:
1652:Stage Club bombing
1622:Panda Bar massacre
1580:Denmark Place fire
1521:Corinaldo stampede
1509:E2 nightclub crush
1466:Kostroma café fire
1176:"Death by Dancing"
1111:. October 5, 1940.
795:RhythmClubFire.com
680:on 16 October 2013
361:Depiction in media
175:) was a fire in a
35:
1785:Concert disasters
1762:
1761:
1406:Santika Club fire
1180:Interrupted Blogs
1128:The Phoenix index
1109:The Phoenix index
1029:"Natchez Burning"
952:. April 25, 1940.
897:. April 27, 1940.
843:. April 27, 1940.
822:978-0-471-71956-4
721:978-1-934110-29-4
642:. April 25, 1940.
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198:business district
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1664:London car bombs
1400:Wuwang Club fire
1358:Ozone Disco fire
1292:Rhythm Club fire
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1064:. May 1, 1940.
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395:Howlin' Wolf
387:Gene Gilmore
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304:Please help
299:verification
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259:Woody Herman
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223:Spanish moss
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1227:1 September
1160:1 September
986:rnconsitemm
982:"Home Page"
425:Mississippi
231:methane gas
135: /
110:Coordinates
90:Rhythm Club
19:‹ The
1769:Categories
1090:2018-05-15
1043:2018-05-15
996:2018-05-15
928:2018-05-15
873:2018-05-15
732:3 November
616:2018-05-15
504:27 January
445:References
194:blacksmith
177:dance hall
123:91°23′51″W
120:31°33′33″N
82:11:30 p.m.
71:1940-04-23
1080:newsms.fm
791:"Fact #1"
574:Firehouse
541:"Fact #3"
523:"Fact #2"
493:USA Today
278:Aftermath
272:Red Cross
184:history.
28:is being
1221:Archived
1154:Archived
1084:Archived
1037:Archived
990:Archived
922:Archived
867:Archived
726:Archived
607:Archived
498:Archived
466:Archived
405:See also
318:May 2014
95:Location
32:. ›
21:template
1536:Attacks
684:25 June
375:Atlanta
371:Youtube
69: (
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758:WLBT 3
718:
472:5 July
411:Portal
158:Deaths
1751:2022
1745:1925
1739:Other
1728:2022
1722:2022
1716:2019
1710:2019
1704:2018
1698:2017
1692:2017
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1680:2016
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1308:1961
1302:1947
1296:1942
1290:1940
1284:1929
1276:Fires
610:(PDF)
599:(PDF)
87:Venue
1229:2011
1162:2011
817:ISBN
734:2016
716:ISBN
686:2013
603:NFPA
506:2013
474:2019
257:and
227:FLIT
212:Fire
188:Club
171:(or
167:The
152:Fire
148:Type
79:Time
64:Date
308:by
179:in
161:209
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