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response. IFNs are essential in order for the immune system to fight off viral infections in a host. This inhibitory mechanism is believed to be due to a number of reasons, the first being, competitive inhibition of the formation of the transcription factor. On this transcription factor, NSs interacts with and binds to a subunit that is needed for RNA polymerase I and II. This interaction cause competitive inhibition with another transcription factor component and prevents the assembly process of the transcription factor complex, which results in the suppression of the host antiviral response. Transcription suppression is believed to be another mechanism of this inhibitory process. This occurs when an area of NSs interacts with and binds to the host's protein, SAP30 and forms a complex. This complex causes histone acetylation to regress, which is needed for transcriptional activation of the IFN promoter. This causes IFN expression to be obstructed. Lastly, NSs has also been known to affect regular activity of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase R. This protein is involved in cellular antiviral responses in the host. When RVFV is able to enter the host's DNA, NSs forms a filamentous structure in the nucleus. This allows the virus to interact with specific areas of the host's DNA that relates to segregation defects and induction of chromosome continuity. This increases host infectivity and decreases the host's antiviral response.
705:
are available. The killed vaccines are not practical in routine animal field vaccination because of the need of multiple injections. Live vaccines require a single injection but are known to cause birth defects and abortions in sheep and induce only low-level protection in cattle. The live-attenuated vaccine, MP-12, has demonstrated promising results in laboratory trials in domesticated animals, but more research is needed before the vaccine can be used in the field. The live-attenuated clone 13 vaccine was recently registered and used in South Africa. Alternative vaccines using molecular recombinant constructs are in development and show promising results.
68:
341:
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34:
740:, which leads to an increase in mosquito vectors. RVFV can be transmitted vertically in mosquitos, meaning that the virus can be passed from the mother to her offspring. During dry conditions, the virus can remain viable for a number of years in the egg. Mosquitos lay their eggs in water, where they eventually hatch. As water is essential for mosquito eggs to hatch, rainfall and flooding cause an increase in the mosquito population and an increased potential for the virus.
718:
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305:), or affect the eye. Patients who become ill usually experience fever, generalised weakness, back pain, dizziness, and weight loss at the onset of the illness. Typically, people recover within two to seven days after onset. About 1% of people with the disease die of it. In livestock, the fatality level is significantly higher. Pregnant livestock infected with RVF
697:
working with animals in RVF-endemic areas, wearing protective equipment to avoid any exposure to blood or tissues of animals that may potentially be infected is an important protective measure. Potentially, establishing environmental monitoring and case surveillance systems may aid in the prediction and control of future RVF outbreaks.
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The first documented outbreak was identified in Kenya in 1931, in sheep, cattle and humans; another severe outbreak in the country in 1950–1951 involved 100,000 deaths in livestock and an unrecorded number of humans with fever. An outbreak occurred in South Africa in 1974–1976, with more than 500,000
704:
are currently available for humans. While a vaccines have been developed for humans, it has only been used experimentally for scientific personnel in high-risk environments. Trials of a number of vaccines, such as NDBR-103 and TSI-GSD 200, are ongoing. Different types of vaccines for veterinary use
246:
Prevention of the disease in humans is accomplished by vaccinating animals against the disease. This must be done before an outbreak occurs because if it is done during an outbreak it may worsen the situation. Stopping the movement of animals during an outbreak may also be useful, as may decreasing
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A person's chances of becoming infected can be reduced by taking measures to decrease contact with blood, body fluids, or tissues of infected animals and protection against mosquitoes and other bloodsucking insects. Use of mosquito repellents and bed nets are two effective methods. For persons
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Although many components of the RVFV's RNA play an important role in the virus' pathology, the nonstructural protein encoded on the S segment (NSs) is the only component that has been found to directly affect the host. NSs is hostile and combative against the host interferon (IFNs) antiviral
736:, with outbreaks occurring elsewhere infrequently. Outbreaks of this disease usually correspond with the warm phases of the EI Niño/Southern Oscillation. During this time there is an increase in rainfall, flooding and greenness of
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239:. Animals such as cows, sheep, goats, and camels may be affected. In these animals it is spread mostly by mosquitoes. It does not appear that one person can infect another person. The disease is diagnosed by finding
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Turell MJ, Lee JS, Richardson JH, Sang RC, Kioko EN, Agawo MO, Pecor J, O'Guinn ML (December 2007). "Vector competence of Kenyan Culex zombaensis and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes for Rift Valley fever virus".
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Distribution of Rift Valley fever in Africa: Blue, countries with endemic disease and substantial outbreaks of RVF; green, countries known to have some cases, periodic isolation of virus, or serologic evidence of
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A vaccine has been conditionally approved for use in animals in the US. It has been shown that knockout of the NSs and NSm nonstructural proteins of this virus produces an effective vaccine in sheep as well.
1683:"Rift Valley fever virus vaccine lacking the NSs and NSm genes is safe, nonteratogenic, and confers protection from viremia, pyrexia, and abortion following challenge in adult and pregnant sheep"
1053:"Complete Genome Analysis of 33 Ecologically and Biologically Diverse Rift Valley Fever Virus Strains Reveals Widespread Virus Movement and Low Genetic Diversity due to Recent Common Ancestry"
3920:
1521:
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Bird BH, Maartens LH, Campbell S, Erasmus BJ, Erickson BR, Dodd KA, Spiropoulou CF, Cannon D, Drew CP, Knust B, McElroy AK, Khristova ML, Albariño CG, Nichol ST (December 2011).
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Turell MJ, Presley SM, Gad AM, Cope SE, Dohm DJ, Morrill JC, Arthur RR (February 1996). "Vector competence of
Egyptian mosquitoes for Rift Valley fever virus".
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265:. Outbreaks usually occur during periods of increased rain which increase the number of mosquitoes. The disease was first reported among livestock in
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genome. Its L and M segments are negative-sense, but its S segment is ambisense. These three genome segments code for six major proteins: L protein (
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which often last for up to a week. The severe symptoms may include: loss of sight beginning three weeks after the infection, infections of the
631:. Contact with infected tissue is considered to be the main source of human infections. The virus has been isolated from two bat species: the
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Other signs in livestock include vomiting and diarrhea, respiratory disease, fever, lethargy, anorexia and sudden death in young animals.
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688:(KEMRI) has developed a product called Immunoline, designed to diagnose the disease in humans much faster than in previous methods.
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order. This is an order of enveloped negative single stranded RNA viruses. All
Bunyaviruses have an outer lipid envelope with two
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1030:
884:
57:
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1634:"Rift Valley Fever Virus MP-12 Vaccine Is Fully Attenuated by a Combination of Partial Attenuations in the S, M, and L Segments"
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In humans, the virus can cause several syndromes. Usually, they have either no symptoms or only a mild illness with fever,
1988:
Arzt J, White WR, Thomsen BV, Brown CC (January 2010). "Agricultural diseases on the move early in the third millennium".
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Jupp PG, Kemp A, Grobbelaar A, Lema P, Burt FJ, Alahmed AM, Al
Mujalli D, Al Khamees M, Swanepoel R (September 2002).
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942:
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251:; however, as of 2010 it is not widely available. There is no specific treatment and medical efforts are supportive.
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1632:
Ikegami T, Hill TE, Smith JK, Zhang L, Juelich TL, Gong B, Slack OA, Ly HJ, Lokugamage N, Freiberg AN (July 2015).
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41:
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1822:"Enzootic hepatitis or rift valley fever. An undescribed virus disease of sheep cattle and man from east africa"
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Nanyingi MO, Munyua P, Kiama SG, Muchemi GM, Thumbi SM, Bitek AO, Bett B, Muriithi RM, Njenga MK (2015-07-31).
227:. It is spread by either touching infected animal blood, breathing in the air around an infected animal being
3387:
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Murithi RM, Munyua P, Ithondeka PM, Macharia JM, Hightower A, Luman ET, Breiman RF, Njenga MK (March 2011).
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which may occur within the first few days. Those who have bleeding have a chance of death as high as 50%.
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515:. This structural similarity suggests that there may be a common origin for these viral families.
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313:(animal disease epidemic) of RVF is usually first indicated by a wave of unexplained abortions.
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of humans and livestock that can cause mild to severe symptoms. The mild symptoms may include:
1853:"Rift Valley fever in Kenya: history of epizootics and identification of vulnerable districts"
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in 1977–78, an estimated 200,000 people were infected and there were at least 594 deaths. In
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8:
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for urgent research and development toward new diagnostic tests, vaccines and medicines.
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in 1998, the virus killed more than 400 people. Since then, there have been outbreaks in
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1926:
1901:
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980:
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Oxford textbook of zoonoses : biology, clinical practice, and public health control
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Vaccinating animals against the disease, decreasing mosquito bites
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Rift Valley fever was one of more than a dozen agents that the
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Arthropod-borne viral fevers and viral haemorrhagic fevers
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792:The disease is one of several identified by
545:), the two glycoproteins G(N) and G(C), the
2980:Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
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2522:
1580:
871:
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1542:
1540:
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838:
507:architecture similar to that found in
3792:
3791:
3351:Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
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2370:. World Health Organization. May 2010
2358:Rift Valley Fever disease card at OIE
2300:from the original on 20 December 2016
1550:"Prevention: Rift Valley Fever | CDC"
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
672:. Other methods of diagnosis include
563:Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever
276:
257:of the disease have only occurred in
2085:from the original on 9 January 2007.
1736:Infection Ecology & Epidemiology
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3956:Biological anti-agriculture weapons
2854:Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis
2168:. WHO. 18 June 2018. Archived from
2134:"Rift Valley fever in South Africa"
1581:Fawzy M, Helmy YA (February 2019).
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728:List of Rift Valley fever outbreaks
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3951:Virus-related cutaneous conditions
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887:from the original on 15 April 2014
684:assays. As of September 2016, the
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3967:
2346:
2287:
1114:Medical and Veterinary Entomology
496:by fusing their envelope with an
223:The disease is caused by the RVF
16:Human and livestock viral disease
2844:Western equine encephalomyelitis
2834:Eastern equine encephalomyelitis
2294:Scientific American Blog Network
2103:from the original on 1 May 2008.
1900:McMillen CM, Hartman AL (2018).
1780:from the original on 2016-12-02.
1562:
1441:Ikegami T, Makino S (May 2011).
1279:Infectious diseases of livestock
1127:10.1046/j.1365-2915.2002.00371.x
926:from the original on 2017-09-08.
810:
686:Kenya Medical Research Institute
360:
129:spread by an infected animal or
32:
2969:Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever
2312:
2281:
2257:
2210:
2184:
2144:
2126:
2107:
2089:
2067:
2024:
1981:
1950:
1918:10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.05.009
1893:
1844:
1813:
1802:from the original on 2016-12-04
1784:
1723:
1674:
1625:
1574:
1524:from the original on 2016-09-06
1510:
1485:
1384:
1270:
1221:
1033:from the original on 2016-10-03
712:
654:
556:
526:is composed of single-stranded
309:virtually 100% of foetuses. An
301:(inflammation of the brain and
3131:Kemerovo tickborne viral fever
1177:
1142:
1101:
1044:
1015:
899:
1:
3802:Rift Valley fever phlebovirus
3388:Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
2627:Jamestown Canyon encephalitis
831:
691:
473:Rift Valley fever phlebovirus
333:Rift Valley fever phlebovirus
216:, and bleeding together with
212:causing severe headaches and
3282:Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever
2079:International Herald Tribune
1494:Fields Virology, 6th Edition
1234:Emerging Infectious Diseases
663:
647:), which are believed to be
633:Peter's epauletted fruit bat
7:
3304:Brazilian hemorrhagic fever
3292:Argentine hemorrhagic fever
2218:"Rift Valley fever – Kenya"
2166:"Rift Valley fever – Kenya"
953:, accessed 12 October 2011.
803:
787:
732:RVF outbreaks occur across
324:
10:
3972:
3316:Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
3196:Sandfly fever Naples virus
2265:"Select Agents and Toxins"
1857:Epidemiology and Infection
949:reviewed and published by
725:
560:
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3725:
3716:
3687:
3657:
3635:
3624:
3583:
3551:
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3434:
3408:
3339:
3254:
3243:
3232:
3204:
3154:
3143:
3109:
3089:
3007:
2984:Huaiyangshan banyangvirus
2953:
2942:
2918:
2818:
2696:
2581:
2570:
2559:
2487:
2402:
2324:World Health Organization
1870:10.1017/S0950268810001020
1792:"Rift Valley Fever | CDC"
1163:10.4269/ajtmh.1996.54.136
482:The virus belongs to the
355:
347:
338:
331:
168:
158:
150:
146:or the virus in the blood
136:
120:
112:
95:
75:
51:
40:
31:
26:
3600:SARS-related coronavirus
3563:Henipavirus encephalitis
3421:Murid gammaherpesvirus 4
3266:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
3047:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
3019:Arbovirus encephalitides
2995:Arbovirus encephalitides
2965:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
2930:Banna virus encephalitis
2830:Arbovirus encephalitides
2775:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
2741:Saint Louis encephalitis
2708:Arbovirus encephalitides
2659:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
2593:Arbovirus encephalitides
2353:CDC RVF Information Page
2099:. BBC. 26 January 2007.
2002:10.1177/0300985809354350
1023:"ViralZone: Phlebovirus"
780:researched as potential
319:
303:tissues lining the brain
3941:Sheep and goat diseases
3843:Rift Valley fever virus
3704:Yaba monkey tumor virus
3061:Kyasanur Forest disease
3023:Tick-borne encephalitis
2724:Australian encephalitis
2617:California encephalitis
2386:Rift Valley fever virus
2045:10.2460/javma.234.7.883
1838:10.1002/path.1700340418
990:10.1073/pnas.1217780110
762:East Africa (2006–2007)
574:Culex tritaeniorhynchus
505:membrane fusion protein
3051:Omsk hemorrhagic fever
2632:La Crosse encephalitis
1246:10.3201/eid0402.980218
723:
637:Micropteropus pusillus
628:Culex quinquefasciatus
3936:Insect-borne diseases
3484:Marburg virus disease
3035:Powassan encephalitis
2712:Japanese encephalitis
2392:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
2136:. WHO. Archived from
720:
2910:Semliki Forest virus
2224:on February 12, 2021
1990:Veterinary Pathology
1756:10.3402/iee.v5.28024
1699:10.1128/JVI.06046-11
1650:10.1128/JVI.00135-15
1360:10.1128/JVI.02641-10
1069:10.1128/JVI.02095-06
1027:viralzone.expasy.org
674:Nucleic Acid Testing
357:Virus classification
3457:Ebola virus disease
3121:Colorado tick fever
2876:O'nyong'nyong fever
2364:"Rift Valley fever"
2330:on 20 December 2016
2320:"List of Pathogens"
1748:2015InfEE...528024N
1687:Journal of Virology
1638:Journal of Virology
1348:Journal of Virology
1057:Journal of Virology
981:2013PNAS..110.1696D
877:"Rift Valley fever"
549:N protein, and the
299:meningoencephalitis
62:veterinary medicine
58:Infectious diseases
3946:Biological weapons
3669:Simian foamy virus
2488:External resources
2252:Middlebury College
2119:2011-07-28 at the
2081:. 7 January 2007.
1906:Antiviral Research
945:2012-05-08 at the
906:Palmer SR (2011).
782:biological weapons
734:sub-Saharan Africa
724:
553:and NSm proteins.
498:endosomal membrane
351:virion and genome
277:Signs and symptoms
3926:Tropical diseases
3908:
3907:
3794:Taxon identifiers
3785:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3712:
3711:
3620:
3619:
3430:
3429:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3139:
3138:
2938:
2937:
2683:Rift Valley fever
2511:
2510:
1600:10.3390/v11020139
1503:978-1-4511-0563-6
940:Rift Valley Fever
772:Biological weapon
645:Hipposideros abae
641:aba roundleaf bat
551:nonstructural NSs
480:
479:
295:hemorrhagic fever
186:Rift Valley fever
183:
182:
138:Diagnostic method
27:Rift Valley fever
21:Medical condition
3963:
3901:
3900:
3888:
3887:
3875:
3874:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3834:
3833:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3789:
3788:
3723:
3722:
3633:
3632:
3443:
3442:
3252:
3251:
3241:
3240:
3216:Chandipura virus
3152:
3151:
3092:Orthomyxoviridae
2951:
2950:
2898:Ross River fever
2663:Bunyamwera fever
2579:
2578:
2568:
2567:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2515:
2514:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2368:Fact sheet N°207
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2326:. Archived from
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2269:
2261:
2255:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2172:on June 23, 2018
2162:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2130:
2124:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2028:
2022:
2021:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1929:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1872:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1767:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1693:(24): 12901–09.
1678:
1672:
1671:
1661:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1612:
1602:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1546:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1472:
1462:
1460:10.3390/v3050493
1438:
1425:
1424:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1354:(13): 6098–105.
1339:
1320:
1319:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1257:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1129:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1088:
1063:(6): 2805–2816.
1048:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1002:
992:
960:
954:
937:
928:
927:
903:
897:
896:
894:
892:
881:Fact sheet N°207
873:
820:
815:
814:
738:vegetation index
622:Culex zombaensis
616:Culex perexiguus
610:Culex antennatus
543:viral polymerase
518:The virus' 11.5
365:
364:
343:
329:
328:
71:
70:
36:
24:
23:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3896:
3891:
3883:
3878:
3870:
3865:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3837:
3829:
3824:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3796:
3786:
3773:
3753:
3718:
3708:
3683:
3653:
3627:
3616:
3579:
3554:Paramyxoviridae
3547:
3500:
3437:
3426:
3404:
3335:
3246:
3235:
3220:
3200:
3184:Pappataci fever
3177:Oropouche virus
3172:Oropouche fever
3146:
3135:
3105:
3085:
3003:
2975:Heartland virus
2945:
2934:
2914:
2886:Pogosta disease
2814:
2761:West Nile fever
2692:
2573:
2562:
2555:
2542:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2483:
2482:
2411:
2382:
2373:
2371:
2362:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2198:on July 1, 2019
2190:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2121:Wayback Machine
2112:
2108:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2029:
2025:
1986:
1982:
1955:
1951:
1898:
1894:
1849:
1845:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1803:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1728:
1724:
1679:
1675:
1644:(14): 7262–76.
1630:
1626:
1579:
1575:
1563:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1536:
1527:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1490:
1486:
1439:
1428:
1389:
1385:
1340:
1323:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1275:
1271:
1226:
1222:
1182:
1178:
1147:
1143:
1106:
1102:
1049:
1045:
1036:
1034:
1021:
1020:
1016:
975:(5): 1696–701.
961:
957:
947:Wayback Machine
938:
931:
920:
904:
900:
890:
888:
875:
874:
839:
834:
816:
809:
806:
790:
774:
730:
715:
694:
666:
657:
651:for the virus.
598:Aedes ochraceus
565:
559:
476:
412:Negarnaviricota
359:
327:
322:
279:
163:Supportive care
101:Loss of sight,
65:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3969:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3889:
3876:
3863:
3847:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3822:
3806:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3733:
3731:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3693:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3663:
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3652:
3651:
3643:
3641:
3630:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3559:
3557:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3512:
3510:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3453:
3451:
3440:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3416:
3414:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3347:
3345:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3262:
3260:
3249:
3238:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3169:
3162:
3160:
3149:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3117:
3115:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3015:
3013:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2992:
2987:
2977:
2972:
2961:
2959:
2948:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2704:
2702:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2589:
2587:
2576:
2565:
2557:
2556:
2548:viral diseases
2541:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2469:
2458:
2443:
2428:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:Classification
2397:
2396:
2380:
2360:
2355:
2348:
2347:External links
2345:
2342:
2341:
2311:
2280:
2277:on 2012-02-25.
2256:
2235:
2209:
2183:
2157:
2143:
2140:on 2010-04-12.
2125:
2106:
2088:
2066:
2023:
1980:
1969:(24): 867–71.
1949:
1892:
1843:
1812:
1783:
1722:
1673:
1624:
1573:
1534:
1509:
1502:
1484:
1453:(5): 493–519.
1426:
1405:10.1002/biof.6
1383:
1321:
1294:
1288:978-0195761702
1287:
1269:
1220:
1199:10.2987/5645.1
1176:
1141:
1100:
1043:
1014:
955:
929:
918:
898:
836:
835:
833:
830:
829:
828:
822:
821:
818:Viruses portal
805:
802:
798:Ebola epidemic
789:
786:
773:
770:
714:
711:
693:
690:
665:
662:
656:
653:
592:Aedes mcintosh
558:
555:
478:
477:
470:
468:
464:
463:
456:
452:
451:
444:
440:
439:
432:
428:
427:
424:Ellioviricetes
420:
416:
415:
408:
404:
403:
396:
392:
391:
384:
377:
376:
371:
367:
366:
353:
352:
345:
344:
336:
335:
326:
323:
321:
318:
278:
275:
218:liver problems
181:
180:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
140:
134:
133:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
107:liver problems
99:
93:
92:
79:
73:
72:
55:
49:
48:
38:
37:
29:
28:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3968:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3728:Rhabdoviridae
3724:
3721:
3715:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3638:Herpesviridae
3634:
3631:
3629:
3623:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3586:Coronaviridae
3582:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3507:Rhabdoviridae
3503:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3433:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3411:Herpesviridae
3407:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3231:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3207:Rhabdoviridae
3203:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3189:Toscana virus
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3142:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3101:Bourbon virus
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2891:Sindbis virus
2889:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2845:
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2154:. 2019-02-15.
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2039:(7): 883–93.
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1984:
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1306:(in French).
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1193:(4): 378–82.
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1120:(3): 245–52.
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604:Culex pipiens
601:
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586:Aedes caspius
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487:
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448:Phenuiviridae
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172:Outbreaks in
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97:Complications
94:
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63:
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50:
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3749:Mokola virus
3726:
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3660:Retroviridae
3658:
3646:
3636:
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3409:
3342:Bunyavirales
3340:
3257:Arenaviridae
3255:
3205:
3157:Bunyavirales
3155:
3110:
3090:
3076:Langat virus
3010:Flaviviridae
3008:
2999:Bhanja virus
2956:Bunyavirales
2954:
2919:
2819:
2791:Yellow fever
2779:Dengue fever
2699:Flaviviridae
2697:
2682:
2642:Tahyna virus
2607:Bwamba Fever
2584:Bunyavirales
2582:
2495:
2471:
2460:
2445:
2430:
2415:
2391:
2385:
2372:. Retrieved
2367:
2332:. Retrieved
2328:the original
2323:
2314:
2302:. Retrieved
2293:
2283:
2272:the original
2259:
2247:
2238:
2226:. Retrieved
2222:the original
2212:
2200:. Retrieved
2196:the original
2186:
2174:. Retrieved
2170:the original
2160:
2146:
2138:the original
2128:
2109:
2091:
2078:
2069:
2036:
2032:
2026:
1996:(1): 15–27.
1993:
1989:
1983:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1860:
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1815:
1804:. Retrieved
1795:
1786:
1742:(1): 28024.
1739:
1735:
1725:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1556:24 September
1554:. Retrieved
1526:. Retrieved
1512:
1493:
1487:
1450:
1446:
1399:(1): 14–20.
1396:
1392:
1386:
1351:
1347:
1310:(1): 62–67.
1307:
1303:
1297:
1278:
1272:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1035:. Retrieved
1026:
1017:
972:
968:
958:
908:
901:
889:. Retrieved
880:
791:
775:
754:Saudi Arabia
742:
731:
713:Epidemiology
707:
699:
695:
682:IgM antibody
678:cell culture
667:
658:
655:Pathogenesis
644:
636:
626:
620:
614:
608:
602:
596:
590:
584:
580:Aedes vexans
578:
572:
566:
557:Transmission
547:nucleocapsid
531:
517:
513:alphaviruses
509:flaviviruses
502:
485:Bunyavirales
483:
481:
472:
471:
459:
447:
436:Bunyavirales
435:
423:
411:
399:
387:
380:
370:(unranked):
332:
315:
287:muscle pains
280:
253:
245:
222:
202:muscle pains
189:
185:
184:
124:
116:Up to a week
105:, bleeding,
86:muscle pains
18:
3448:Filoviridae
3270:Lassa fever
3166:Adria virus
2864:Chikungunya
2821:Togaviridae
2751:Usutu virus
2673:Ngari virus
2597:Batai virus
2334:13 December
2304:13 December
2228:24 February
2114:ProMED-mail
1796:www.cdc.gov
533:Phlebovirus
522:tripartite
460:Phlebovirus
349:Phlebovirus
267:Rift Valley
231:, drinking
126:Phlebovirus
3915:Categories
3760:Poxviridae
3690:Poxviridae
3610:SARS-CoV-2
3112:Reoviridae
2990:Tete virus
2921:Reoviridae
2803:Zika fever
2652:Tete virus
2550:(A80–B34,
2473:DiseasesDB
2288:Kieny MP.
1806:2016-12-01
1593:(2): 139.
1528:2016-09-14
1393:BioFactors
1037:2016-09-14
832:References
726:See also:
692:Prevention
649:reservoirs
639:) and the
561:See also:
537:it has an
297:syndrome,
241:antibodies
237:mosquitoes
151:Prevention
144:antibodies
45:micrograph
3858:Q14276794
3817:Q24809101
3769:Monkeypox
2561:Arthropod
1912:: 29–37.
1077:0022-538X
664:Diagnosis
539:ambisense
494:cytoplasm
467:Species:
395:Kingdom:
388:Riboviria
311:epizootic
255:Outbreaks
229:butchered
214:confusion
206:headaches
169:Frequency
159:Treatment
103:confusion
90:headaches
53:Specialty
3931:Zoonoses
3872:11460687
3852:Wikidata
3811:Wikidata
3717:Multiple
3605:SARS-CoV
3595:MERS-CoV
2784:DENV-1-4
2572:Mosquito
2545:Zoonotic
2497:Orphanet
2394:. 11588.
2374:21 March
2298:Archived
2117:Archived
2101:Archived
2083:Archived
2061:16239209
2053:19335238
2018:31753926
2010:20080480
1944:46918400
1936:29857007
1927:10316118
1887:41617078
1879:20478084
1800:Archived
1778:Archived
1774:26234531
1717:21976656
1668:25948740
1619:30736362
1522:Archived
1479:21666766
1421:27209861
1413:19319841
1378:21450816
1215:36591701
1207:18240513
1136:12243225
1095:17192303
1031:Archived
1009:23319635
943:Archived
924:Archived
891:21 March
885:Archived
804:See also
788:Research
760:(2000),
702:vaccines
443:Family:
407:Phylum:
325:Virology
283:headache
233:raw milk
142:Finding
131:mosquito
113:Duration
77:Symptoms
3719:vectors
3699:Tanapox
3648:B virus
3626:Primate
3145:Sandfly
2971:(CCHFV)
2552:042–079
2467:D012295
1765:4522434
1744:Bibcode
1708:3233145
1659:4473576
1610:6410127
1587:Viruses
1470:3111045
1447:Viruses
1369:3126526
1316:3607999
1264:9621201
1255:2640145
1171:8619436
1086:1865992
1000:3562824
977:Bibcode
951:WikiVet
766:Mayotte
676:(NAT),
569:vectors
530:. As a
455:Genus:
431:Order:
419:Class:
249:vaccine
192:) is a
3737:Rabies
3679:HTLV-2
3674:HTLV-1
3628:-borne
3516:Rabies
3438:-borne
3247:-borne
3245:Rodent
3236:-borne
3234:Mammal
3168:(ADRV)
3147:-borne
2946:-borne
2574:-borne
2563:-borne
2502:319251
2202:15 May
2176:1 July
2059:
2051:
2016:
2008:
1975:561445
1973:
1942:
1934:
1924:
1885:
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1772:
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997:
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680:, and
524:genome
289:, and
263:Arabia
259:Africa
204:, and
178:Arabia
174:Africa
121:Causes
64:
3898:11588
3885:66184
3867:IRMNG
3831:4T35D
3477:ZEBOV
3381:THAIV
2869:CHIKV
2478:31094
2456:066.3
2441:A92.4
2275:(PDF)
2268:(PDF)
2057:S2CID
2014:S2CID
1940:S2CID
1883:S2CID
1417:S2CID
1211:S2CID
758:Yemen
750:Kenya
746:Egypt
670:ELISA
381:Realm
374:Virus
320:Cause
307:abort
291:liver
271:Kenya
225:virus
210:brain
198:fever
82:Fever
3893:NCBI
3742:RABV
3543:CHPV
3531:DUVV
3526:MOKV
3521:ABLV
3494:RAVV
3489:MARV
3472:TAFV
3467:SUDV
3462:BDBV
3393:ANDV
3376:AMRV
3371:SEOV
3366:PUUV
3361:HTNV
3356:DOBV
3331:CHPV
3326:LUJV
3320:MACV
3309:SABV
3297:JUNV
3286:GTOV
3275:LASV
3125:CTFV
3080:LGTV
3069:AHFV
3065:KFDV
3055:OHFV
3040:POWV
3028:TBEV
2944:Tick
2880:ONNV
2858:VEEV
2848:WEEV
2838:EEEV
2808:ZIKV
2755:USUV
2745:SLEV
2734:KUNV
2729:MVEV
2687:RVFV
2677:NRIV
2667:BUNV
2646:TAHV
2636:LACV
2611:BWAV
2601:BATV
2462:MeSH
2451:9-CM
2426:1D44
2376:2014
2336:2016
2306:2016
2230:2021
2204:2019
2178:2018
2049:PMID
2006:PMID
1971:PMID
1932:PMID
1875:PMID
1770:PMID
1713:PMID
1664:PMID
1615:PMID
1558:2018
1498:ISBN
1475:PMID
1409:PMID
1374:PMID
1312:PMID
1283:ISBN
1260:PMID
1203:PMID
1167:PMID
1132:PMID
1091:PMID
1073:ISSN
1005:PMID
914:ISBN
893:2014
756:and
625:and
577:and
511:and
261:and
176:and
3880:ISC
3826:CoL
3573:NiV
3568:HeV
3536:LBV
3436:Bat
3398:SNV
2903:RRV
2796:YFV
2766:WNV
2717:JEV
2621:CEV
2447:ICD
2432:ICD
2417:ICD
2246:",
2041:doi
2037:234
1998:doi
1922:PMC
1914:doi
1910:156
1865:doi
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1195:doi
1159:doi
1122:doi
1081:PMC
1065:doi
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985:doi
973:110
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722:RVF
700:No
528:RNA
269:of
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