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out the markings and suction up the water and debris back to the storage area of the truck. The method can remove markers at speeds of 2 mph (3.2 km/h). The only disadvantage of this method is that it can only be operated at above the freezing temperature. Sand blasting methods utilizes high-pressure air and a nozzle to blast sand aggregate. This method produces a lot of debris. It requires a vehicle to supply the aggregate sand and another vehicle with debris collection system. Sand blasting can cause the pavement surface to be polished causing surface scars and ghost marks due to the contrast between the blasting and non blasting areas. Soda and dry ice blasting are similar to sand blasting with reduced effects in surface scarring and ghost marks, but the process is slower. Hydroblasting is a combination of water and sand blasting operated at the pressures up to 10,000 psi (69 MPa). However, the method has been replaced with high-pressure water blasting.
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an obstruction except in New South Wales and
Western Australia where double lines may be crossed to enter or leave the roadway. Dashed lines may be crossed for overtaking, changing lanes or turning, and also in the case of double-line markings provided the dashed line is on your side of the markings. For this reason, dashed lines are usually used to mark multiple lanes travelling in one direction. Single yellow lines along road edges are used nationally to indicate "No Standing" areas not otherwise marked by signs. Solid white lines are also used to indicate kerbside parking, pedestrian and bicycle lanes, and other kerbside features. In cities with tramway networks, double yellow lines separate the tramway from the road. Yellow line markings are also used in areas that receive regular annual snowfall to provide contrast. Double-line markings are used to separate traffic flowing in opposite directions on busy roads.
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the road surface and applied using a propane heat torch. Some models require heating the road surface prior to the placement of the preformed thermoplastics. These markings are used primarily because of their durability and cost-effective service life. Since the plastics are melted into the surface, they are not easily damaged by snowplows. Typically, the preformed thermoplastic markings can last 3 to 6 years. The most common applications of preformed thermoplastic pavement markings are found at intersections as transverse markings such as stop lines, legends, crosswalks, arrows, bike lane symbols, and accessibility symbols.
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of Ottawa, Highway 60 West of
Renfrew, Highway 28 east of Bancroft, Highway 400 North of Honey Harbour and on Highway 37, South of Tweed. Pavement marking manufacturers from around the world supply a variety of materials for these sites to have their products evaluated and approved for use on provincial highways. Other provinces with road marking test areas include Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Quebec's is outside of Montreal on Autoroute 40; in New Brunswick, the area is outside of Fredericton on Highway 2; Nova Scotia's test area is north of Halifax on Highway 102.
282:
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1693:" when referring to the Halifax type road stud, are placed in the road. These devices reflect the light from a car's headlights back towards the driver in order to highlight features of the road in poor visibility or at night. The color of road studs differs according to their location. Those defining the division between lanes are white, red road studs are placed along the hard shoulder of motorways, dual carriageways and other roads to mark the left-hand edge of a running lane; and orange road studs are placed along the edge of the
1079:(MUTCD), which mandated white as the standard color of center lines nationwide. The only exceptions to this standard were for double center lines on multi-lane highways and for center lines in no-passing zones, where yellow was recommended but not mandatory. By November 1954, 47 of the 48 states had adopted white as their standard color for highway centerlines, with Oregon being the last holdout to use yellow. In 1958, the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads adopted white as the standard color for the new interstate highway system.
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centerline is removed, and the shoulder lines are broken. Short, broken lines means passing is allowed, long, broken lines means passing is allowed but dangerous, and a double yellow line means passing is forbidden. Roads with speed limits below 60 km/h (37 mph) that indicate that passing is allowed but dangerous have a very short yellow line instead of a long one. On motorways, the left shoulder is a yellow line, like in the US. Most other
European countries use white lines for all these types of lines.
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fed to the application apparatus. This is often a screed box or ribbon gun. Immediately after the thermoplastic has been applied, glass beads are laid onto the hot material so that they embed before the plastic hardens. These beads provide initial retroreflection. As the marking wears during use and the initial beads are lost, the beads mixed with the binder are uncovered, providing long-term retroreflectivity. These can be made exceptionally thick to produce a
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197:. They consist of four reflective lenses mounted in a durable white rubber housing, two facing fore and two facing aft. The housing is mounted within a cast iron shoe, which the rubber housing sinks in to when driven over. This provides protection from snow plowing and allows the lenses to be self-cleaning—they pass a rubber blade when depressed. The lenses are available in a variety of different colors, mainly white, yellow/orange, green, red, and blue.
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1271:, with longer dashed white lines to indicate lanes of opposing traffic or hazards, and shorter dashed white lines for lanes in the same direction. Solid double white lines indicate that drivers and cyclists must not drive or cycle on them. A solid white line with a broken white line indicates that crossing the line is allowed from the lane closer to the broken line. Double solid white lines are in place in all tunnels and underpasses.
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1193:. On two-lane roads, a single broken center line means that passing is allowed in either direction, a double solid center line means passing is prohibited in both directions, and the combination of a solid line with a broken line means that passing is allowed only from the side with the broken line and prohibited from the side with the solid line. Lanes with double broken yellow lines on each side are reversible, and
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bed. Paint is run through a series of hoses under air pressure and applied to the roadway surface along with the application of glass beads for retroreflectivity. After application, the paint dries fairly quickly. Sometimes the glass beads are mixed in with the paint and applied together. However, a more recommended method is to use a separate gun to spray the glass beads on to the wet paint during the application.
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surface preparation, and workmanship. A technique to minimize the tape being scraped off by snowplows is sandblasting a groove into the surface and fixing the tape onto this groove. This technique diminishes the advantage of low labor cost of the tapes. The preformed polymer tape markings are slippery when wet, especially in large sections such as crosswalks, and caution should be used due to poor wet traction.
1046:, which Rexford patrolled as a traffic officer. When Multnomah County declined to fund the project, Rexford's boss, Chief Deputy Martin T. Pratt (later elected Sheriff), paid for the paint out of his own pocket so that the center line could be painted. Rexford later described the April 1917 line as the "first yellow center line ever painted on pavement" in the United States. An article published in
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interpret the marks as an unknown form of mechanical markers or strange road surface markings. When roads are under construction and the lanes are shifted laterally, those marks may interfere with temporary lane markings. As the marks from the dowel bar retrofit are not intended to be any form of road surface markings, the responsible agencies try to make these marks less visible to the motorists.
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coating is introduced into an insulated marking bucket. The marking bucket leads to a marking shoe that applies the material. Moving the shoe forward pulls a thin layer of paint onto the road. The thickness of this layer is controlled by the gap between the marking shoe and the road. A specialized attachment can spread an even layer of glass beads onto the paint as it is deposited.
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246:. Uses of rumble strips can be across the travel direction (to warn of hazards ahead) or along the travel direction (to warn of hazards of not staying within a specific lane). Their main way of function is creating a strong vibration when driven over that will alert a driver to various upcoming hazards both by sound and the physical vibration of the vehicle. A
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1011:, Board of Roads, after watching a leaky milk wagon leave a white trail along a road. Hines was the fifth recipient of the George S. Bartlett Award for Highway Progress, and was inducted posthumously in 1972 into the Michigan Transportation Hall of Honor for his innovation, and was honored in 2011 with the first Paul Mijksenaar Design for Function Award.
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white center or lane lines and thus gives emphasis to the hazard; (2) Yellow has been accepted as a symbolic warning color in signs and signals; and (3) It is consistent with the standard for no-passing-zone markings approved by the
American Association of State Highway Officials and is in use in more than two-thirds of the States for barrier lines."
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507:, rosin esters or maleic modified rosin esters (MMRE). Thermoplastic coatings are generally homogeneous dry mixes of binder resins, plasticizers, glass beads (or other optics), pigments, and fillers. Their use has increased over paints mainly due to the performance benefits of increased durability, retro-reflectivity, and a lack of VOC solvents.
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specific form of raised strips using thermoplastic is called profile thermoplastic markings. The markings are created by fusing thermoplastic to the pavement and create alternating elevation and recession pattern. This can be done as inverted-profile markings or raised-profile markings. Inverted-profile markings are created by pressing a
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in the direction of travel, where the gaps are longer than the painted lines, indicates the center of the road and that there are no hazards specific to the design and layout of the road, i.e. no turnings, sharp bends ahead etc. A broken white line in which the gaps are shorter than the painted lines indicates an upcoming hazard.
1065:. Dr. McCarroll soon communicated her idea to the local chamber of commerce and the Riverside County Board of Supervisors, with no success. She then took it upon herself to hand-paint a white stripe down the middle of the road, thus establishing the actual width of the lane to prevent similar accidents. In 2002, a portion of
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1042:, at the direction of Multnomah County Sheriff's Deputy Peter Rexford. Later in 1917, the same line was continued west of Crown Point. Rexford first conceived the idea of a yellow center line in early 1917 while riding on a bus from Salem, Oregon on a dark and rainy night, and advocated it as a safety measure on the
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directions. Many countries use yellow, orange, or red to indicate when lanes are being shifted temporarily to make room for construction projects. In
Croatia, in addition to serving as temporary signage, yellow lines are used permanently to distinguish lanes and turn directions dedicated to public transport.
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Pavement markings are used in addition to signs in the United States to designate regular and handicap parking spaces. Regular parking spaces are normally marked with white, although other colours are used. Handicap parking spaces are required to be located within a specified distance of an entrance.
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A number of provinces have pavement marking test areas on major roads, to evaluate new pavement markings in relation to existing markings. In
Ontario, a well-known location is the eastbound lanes of Highway 401 near Belleville. Other test sites are located on the westbound lanes on Highway 417, east
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Orange painted lines are sometimes used when the direction of the road is altered temporarily for construction projects. However, the color scheme was reversed before 1971, when white was formerly used to denote the separation of opposing traffic, and yellow lines, when used, to denote the separation
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The life of the preformed polymer tapes can vary based on the applications. If applied correctly, they can last between 4 and 8 years. However, there have been cases where tape failures start soon after the installation. Conditions that may contribute to tape failure are cold weather at installation,
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Paint is usually applied right after the road has been paved. The road is marked commonly by a truck called a "striper." These trucks contain hundreds of gallons of paint stored in huge drums which sit on the bed. The markings are controlled manually or automatically by the controller who sits on the
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In
Australia, road markings are typically in line with Germany and Switzerland. White lines are generally used both to separate traffic flowing in the same direction and traffic flowing in opposite directions. Double solid white centre lines may not be crossed under any circumstances unless avoiding
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In Russia, yellow lines may be used instead of white lines to separate oncoming traffic flows. They were authorized only recently, in 2018, and were first painted on a short stretch of federal highway A138 in
Murmansk Oblast. Broken yellow lines at the edge of the road mean that you cannot park, but
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Following the successful "white line" experiment at
Ashford, Kent in 1914, the use of painted lines on UK roads grew dramatically during the 1920s. In 1926 official guidelines were issued by the Ministry of Transport that defined where and how white lines on roads should be used. A broken white line
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The 1961 edition of the MUTCD mandated the use of yellow for the two specific exceptions where yellow had been previously recommended but not required, and concurrently banned white in those contexts. The drafters of the 1961 MUTCD gave three reasons for the change: "(1) It contrasts with the normal
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upon
Rexford's retirement claimed that a contest with a $ 10,000 reward was once held to determine the originator of the highway center line, but the contest was scrapped when information from Europe revealed that ancient civilizations had used white bricks to mark the center lines of their streets.
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Broken lines that are wider and closer together than regular broken lines are called continuity lines. Continuity lines on the left side of a lane denote that the lane is about to end and that motorists must soon merge left. Continuity lines on the right mean that the lane will continue, but traffic
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to remove the markers. In certain cases, masking the markers is preferred. Marking material is used to cover the markers or a portion of road surface. The color of the masking material is made to be similar to the color of the road surface. Some markings such removable preformed tapes are applied as
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can emit heated gas with temperatures of 2,400 °F (1,320 °C). An excess-oxygen method uses propane and oxygen mixture ejected out of a nozzle to create an external flame and additional oxygen is added to the flame to create temperatures in excess of 4,500 °F (2,480 °C). The flame
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To install glass beads, line painters often use hand dispensers or glass bead dispensers. No matter what tool they use, the line paint should be wet when applying the reflective glass. It is important that the reflective glass beads is not mixed with paint. They must sit on top of the paint to catch
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the proper direction of travel, creating a danger of a head-on collision. Reflective markers are also referred to as raised pavement markers, road studs, and sometimes (generically) in the UK and Ireland as cat's eye, although this name refers to one particular brand of product. These markers can be
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during Easter in 1957. The markings were cautionary, and had no legal status at that time, but motorists were advised that ignoring them could weigh heavily against someone involved in an accident in their vicinity. Further, "it is in order, if safe to do so, to cross the lines only when the broken
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Other markings include in the cities, destination and exit names painted in the lanes, which is done due to the very close proximity of exits, where in many cases it would be impractical to put up many overhead signs, although these are often seen approaching exits, a curved or slanted arrow points
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Marked crosswalks are indicated at a minimum by a pair of white lines. On major boulevards, crosswalks are further highlighted by zebra stripes, which are large white rectangles in the crosswalk perpendicular to traffic. In order to maximize the longevity of zebra crossing stripes, they are usually
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Other equipment is often used with road marking machines. The main auxiliary equipment includes thermoplastic paint pre-heaters, hand-push pre-markers and road marking removers. Thermoplastic paint pre-heater is used to melt the solid powder coating into a viscous liquid, providing a steady supply
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Blasting: There are many materials that can be used for blasting on the road surface to remove markers. These include water, sand, crushed glass, dry ice and soda. High-pressure water blasting method uses 30,000 psi (210 MPa) water jet system on a truck equipped with vacuum heads to blast
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Thermoplastic markings are applied using specially designed vehicles. Usually, thermoplastic marking mode is applied by machine to coat traffic lines, afree preheating by a device commonly called a preheater. The thermoplastic mix is heated in trucks to about 200 °C (400 °F)] before being
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Reflective markers are used as travel lane dividers, to mark the central reservation (median) or to mark exit slip-roads. Incorporating a raised retro-reflective element, they are typically more visible at night and in inclement weather than standard road marking lines. The colour of markers varies
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A double solid white line indicates that the line may not be crossed, overtaking is permitted if it can be performed safely without crossing the line. Solid lines can be crossed in certain specific conditions (entering premises, overtaking a stationary vehicle, overtaking a vehicle, pedal cycle or
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that is responsible for the reduction of accidents. Others have suggested that road markings, especially with middle marker, make the road look like a main road, triggering faster and more relaxed driving, while no marking makes the road look like a lower quality road. It is an experience from the
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The yellow line is the center line, which separates traffic in the opposite direction. Solid line means "do not overtake", and double solid line has the meaning of further emphasis on that way. Dash lines allow overtaking. Some intersections have white broken lines at the center. This means it's a
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were commonly used to mark lanes on most freeways from the mid-1960s to the mid-2010s (when the state began to transition away from them and back to using painted lines to divide lanes). Many California cities also use Botts' dots on some (or all) major arterial roads. The notable exception is the
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years drivers still had to use the old and new. One odd exception was that white was still allowed as the left edge line color on the leftmost lane (closest to the median) on divided highways. The 1973 supplement of the MUTCD fixed this by mandating yellow for left edge lines on divided highways.
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in pavement markings: from now on, yellow would always delineate opposing traffic flows and white would always delineate traffic flowing in the same direction. The changeover to the 1971 MUTCD standards took place between 1971 and 1975, with most repainting completed by the end of 1973, so for two
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Abrasion may dislodge these beads from the road marking itself, and the reaction of these beads with an aqueous environment vastly accelerates their decomposition and heavy metal release. During both routine road marking removal and harsh environmental conditions, these glass beads can degrade and
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Preformed thermoplastic pavement markings (sometime called "tape", but not to be confused with preformed polymer tape) are thermoplastic cut into the final shapes by the manufacturers and ready to position onto an asphalt or concrete pavement surface. Preformed thermoplastics are put into place on
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are commonly used for the same purpose. A rumble strip can be a series of simple troughs, typically 1 cm (0.4 in) deep and 10 cm (4 in) wide, that is ground out of the asphalt. Other alternatives, similar to the Botts' dots, use raised strips, painted or glued to the surface. A
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A double yellow line (commonly known as just a "Double Yellow") next to the curb means that no parking is allowed at any time, whilst a single yellow line is used in conjunction with signs to denote that parking is restricted at certain times. Double and single red lines mean that stopping is not
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process to reinforce concrete slabs in order to extend the life of older concrete pavements. The completion of the process leaves a symmetrical pattern of dash marks on the roadway, as if there were an associated meaning to the pattern. When there are many of them along the roadway, motorists may
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Shoulder lines are generally interrupted outside built-up area to make the driver be aware the presence of crossing bicycles and pedestrians, driveways and stopping cars. Wider roads sometimes have a single, but in most cases have a double centre line. Interrupted center lines mean overtaking is
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Solid yellow lines are painted along the kerbside to indicate that stopping is not allowed, unlike in the UK where they only prohibit parking. Double solid yellow lines mean stopping is not allowed at any time (parking itself is prohibited on any street with street lighting regardless of whether
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uses a high-pressure airless pump to spray the paint. The atomized paint is not so fine and smooth as air spray, but there is no high speed air flow to scatter any rebounding paint. The marked lines are neat. This method can apply paints of high viscosity, and apply relatively thick layers in a
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Materials used are waterborne paint, thermoplastics, and cold-applied plastic (PMMA), all with glass beads. Bead is generally 1mm for longitudinal marking. Currently moving to performance-specified contracts with the primary performance indicator being retro-reflectivity measured with 30 m
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countries reserve white for routine lane markings of any kind. Yellow is used to mark forbidden parking, such as on bus stops. In most European countries, white is used to separate traffic directions, but this is not the case in Norway: the country instead has yellow markings separating traffic
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Removable tapes can also be used in road construction sites as temporary markers. The tapes can be placed to shift the lanes and black tapes can be used to temporarily blackout the existing markings. At the end of the constructions or within 6 months, the tapes can be pulled out off the surface
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The line was put down as an experiment as there were a lot of accidents there, even in the early days of the motor car. The experiment proved to be so successful that the whole country adopted it as a standard road safety device, and later foreign countries paint lines on their roads, as well.
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Yellow lines are used to separate traffic moving in opposite directions, and white lines are used to separate traffic moving in the same direction, and on the shoulders of paved roads. On one-directional roads, a yellow line appears on the left shoulder, and a white line on the right shoulder.
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of paint to the marking machine. Pre-markers are used to draw a field sketch in advance to avoid faulty marking. Road marking removers are used to remove old or incorrect markings. Large self-propelled machines usually do not need any support equipment, as equivalent functionality is built in.
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Thermoplastic road marking paint is a solid powder at room temperature. The thermoplastic paint is melted in a specialized machine called a thermoplastic heater-mixer, before being transferred into the paint tank of a marker. Larger marking machines may have internal heater-mixers. The molten
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to provide guidance and information to drivers and pedestrians. Uniformity of the markings is an important factor in minimizing confusion and uncertainty about their meaning, and efforts exist to standardize such markings across borders. However, countries and areas categorize and specify road
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there are single or double yellow lines). Zig-zag lines are used on both ends of zebra crossings to indicate that drivers and cyclists must not stop unless giving way to pedestrians, and pedestrians must not cross the road otherwise than on the crossing. Road studs are also used as in the UK.
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and elsewhere, raised markers are used to mark pedestrian crossings to assist the blind in crossing streets. In colder climates, reflective markers may be installed below ground using an elongated narrow triangle, cut into the road surface that allows the device to be installed below the road
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In Norway, yellow lines are used to separate traffic moving in opposite directions and on the left shoulders of paved roads, and white lines are used to separate traffic moving in the same direction, and on the right shoulders of paved roads. On roads narrower than 6 m (20 ft), the
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Shoulder lines on expressways and motorways are solid to imply the general absence of crossing traffic and residential driveways, as well as the disallowance of leaving the road on places other than specified exits. Expressways always have double centre lines. Exit and acceleration lanes are
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allowed, a solid line means overtaking is not allowed, depending on which side of a double line is solid. Smaller roads and roads where bicycles are allowed generally do not have center lines, and many country roads have no lines at all. Sometimes there is a center line only in sharp curves.
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can damage the thermoplastics, limiting usage in cold-climate areas. The filling materials of road paint can affect the mechanical strength, abrasion resistance and hue of the coating film. The particle size of the paint powder influences the flow, sedimentation, and the surface processing.
1109:. The researchers conducted a survey and discovered that 75% of American drivers associate dashed yellow center lines with dividing opposing traffic; this number rises to 85% for solid center lines. These findings implied that any conversion to white would require an enormously expensive
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The question of which color to use for highway center lines (dividing opposing traffic) in the United States was the subject of considerable debate and changing standards over a period of several decades. It was the single most controversial and most heavily debated issue resolved by the
1014:
In 1917, the idea of using painted center lines on rural state highways was conceived and/or put into action in at least three states (Michigan, Oregon, and California), apparently completely independent of one another. At some point in 1917, a white highway center line was painted along
1307:
White is also used on divided expressways with a solid raised center divider. Two-lane expressways where poles are the only physical barrier between opposing directions of travel always have yellow either side of the row of poles, and white is between the yellow striping and the poles.
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This type of surface damage can be found exclusively underneath the pavement markings such as lane markings and turn-lane arrows. There is no definitive explanation of the relationship between pavement markings and surface deterioration, but there are several hypotheses. One is that
639:. The two parts are mixed in a specialized truck for epoxy marking application. The epoxy is then heated prior to spraying onto road surface. Retroreflective glass beads are applied using a separate bead gun behind the epoxy spray gun. Typically, epoxy markings last about 4 years.
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usually the lines, and no paint is used for additional markings. Exceptions include: freeways built from white concrete where painted stripes are added to make the lanes more visible through sun glare, freeways built so wide that the risk of drifting out of lane is minimal (e.g.,
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horse travelling at less than 10 mph, or when directed to do so by a police officer). A solid white line with a broken white line parallel to it indicates that crossing the line is allowed for traffic in one direction (the side closest to the broken line) and not the other.
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introduction of marking, that at least on narrow roads and in curves, middle lines help make drivers stay on their side when meeting, and therefore reducing meeting accidents. Note that the 2005 experiment was on urban roads. In Sweden, local streets generally have no marking.
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strains between the areas with and without markings. Small flaws caused by differential strains may be combined into longitudinal cracks along the markings. There are certain surface treatments that can make the road surface less susceptible to this type of distresses, such as
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follows the convention of a solid yellow line to indicate no passing on roads with two-way traffic, it uses 3 m-long (9 ft 10 in) dashed white lines with a 7 m (23 ft) gap to indicate when passing against opposing traffic is allowed on two-lane roads
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In areas with high levels of snow, such as Snowy Mountains NSW (where this picture was taken), yellow lines are used to contrast the white snow. The markers on the side of the road are also taller than other markers in NSW and pink, in order to increase visibility in snowy
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In general, white lines separate traffic in the same direction, single broken lines mean passing or lane changing is allowed, single solid white lines mean lane changing is discouraged or prohibited, and double solid white lines mean it is prohibited, as it often is in
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In Japan, white always separates traffic in the same direction or indicates traffic in the same direction can use a buffered area that is striped in crosshatch patterns such as at right turns on two-way roads since Japan is a country that has left-side driving.
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lane markers, are applied manually using stencils. Painted markings usually last 9 to 36 months. There are some water-based paints that can be applied at double the level of thickness of typical latex paints. This technique can extend the life of the markings.
378:, and fillers which bring out the color pigments (color Yellow, White, Orange and Light Blue) to the required level. Resins or binders are the glue of the paint to bind pigment and glass beads together to the road surface. The resins for water-based paints are
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In the Republic of Korea, white always separates traffic in the same direction. Solid line means "do not change lanes", and a double solid line has the meaning of further emphasis on that way. Dash lines allow changing lanes. Zigzag lanes mean deceleration.
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is a method of marking that uses compressed air to spray the paint onto the road surface. The finely atomized paint produces a thin and smooth layer, but the rebounding air flow causes significant paint scattering. This produces somewhat sloppy markings.
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is permitted from both directions, and solid yellow lines when overtaking is prohibited from both directions; when overtaking is permitted from only one direction, such countries separate traffic with a combination of white and yellow lines.
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or special purpose spaces for disabled parking, loading zones, or time-restricted parking areas. colors for these applications vary by locality. Paint is a low-cost marking and has been in widespread use since approximately the early 1950s.
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depending on the country of use; freeways in the United States often use reflectors manufactured to appear white to drivers proceeding in the proper direction of travel, and appear red on the reverse to warn drivers that they are proceeding
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Overlay: The application being laid over the surface of the pavement. Using industrial-grade rubber cement, once the tape is combined with the pavement, it should last three years. Major obstacles to estimated life are snowplows, salt, and
238:
rolling over the markings while they are wet to make them corrugated. Raised-profile markings are created by extruding extra thickness of thermoplastic at a specific interval to create bumps. Raised-profile markings are sometime known as
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from regular traffic lanes. They are also used in areas where lanes are used at different times for travel in both directions. These cones have shafts that drop into holes in the road surface. A good example of this type of use was the
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Grinding: The grinding method is to use rotating abrasive surface against the markings to break them up. It can be in the form of grinding, milling or flailing. One grinding head uses orbital abrasive disks similar to an
642:
Epoxy has been in use since the late 1970s and has gained popularity over the 1990s as the technology has become more affordable and reliable. This material competes directly with plastic with respect to usage and cost.
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Text is painted onto the pavement to reinforce roadside signs that may be obscured for various reasons or that drivers may overlook. Common examples of such legends include "STOP" (before a solid stop line and beside a
1027:, under the direction of Kenneth Ingalls Sawyer, who served as engineer-superintendent of the Marquette County Road Commission. Sawyer was inducted posthumously into the Michigan Transportation Hall of Honor in 1973.
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in many kinds of road markings. Retroreflectivity occurs when incident light from vehicles is refracted within glass beads that are embedded in road markings and then reflected back into the driver's field of view.
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or serve as noise generators when run across a road, or attempt to wake a sleeping driver when installed in the shoulders of a road. Road surface marking can also indicate regulations for parking and stopping.
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reported that accidents fell by a third, with motorists' speed falling by an average of 5%. It has been suggested that naked roads force drivers to make eye contact with other road users, and that it is this
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of Indio, California developed the idea of white center lines and began advocating for their use, after she was run off the road by a truck while driving along a highway that would later be incorporated into
1737:
Solid white lines are used to mark an intersection that a driver must stop at before entering whilst obeying all right-of-way laws. Dashed white lines are used to mark an intersection at which a driver must
815:
Other methods: Laser has been used in an experimental phase to remove markers, but the process is slow. A method of chemical applications to the markers to break them down is also used. This method requires
1538:
In the Netherlands all general lines are white, while yellow lines are used to mark forbidden stopping (solid yellow), forbidden parking (broken yellow) and for temporarily lining at construction projects.
526:, improving the anti-settling, anti-pollution, and anti-tarnish qualities. Thermoplastic marking paint is most commonly produced in yellow and white. The white marking paint mainly contains titanium white,
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Dash line: bus-only lane. Other cars can temporarily use bus lanes to turn right into alleys or join regular lanes. Taxis can also temporarily pass through bus-only lanes to allow passengers to get on and
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Inlay: The tape physically becomes part of the asphalt. Using the heat generated in the paving process, road workers lay special tape on the asphalt in the hardening process, and rollers compress the two
211:, who invented the epoxy that keeps them glued down, are one type of a mechanical non-reflective raised marker. Generally they are used to mark the edges of traffic lanes, frequently in conjunction with
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The 1971 edition of the MUTCD mandated yellow as the standard color of all center lines on all roads and highways in all contexts, and banned the use of white. The point was to establish a consistent
1500:
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In the United States, the demand for glass beads has led to importing from countries using outdated manufacturing regulations and techniques. These techniques include the use of heavy metals such as
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Yellow single solid line: no parking and no stopping, however some local governments allow parking or stopping at particular times. The time available for parking or stopping is written on a sign.
102:
Today, road markings are used to convey a range of information to the driver spanning navigational, safety and enforcement issues leading to their use in road environment understanding within
1098:
was used to paint yellow lines through the end of the 20th century. As a result, U.S. transportation workers must take special precautions when disturbing or removing yellow lane markings.
503:
One of the most common types of road marking based on its balance between cost and performance longevity, thermoplastic binder systems are generally based on one of three core chemistries:
1423:
Chevron, sign that forms a complete line which is not included in the meaning of line marking or cross marking, to indicate an area of the road surface that is not a vehicle traffic lane.
1149:, black material is applied on the surface before a shorter white line is painted. This improves the contrast of the marking against "white" pavements, such as concrete or faded asphalt.
1094:
The major downside to the MUTCD white-yellow system is that yellow has slightly less contrast than white, especially at night, so for maximum contrast, bright yellow—and highly toxic—
1426:
Symbol marking, mark that contain certain meanings to express warnings, orders and prohibitions to complement or confirm the intent conveyed by traffic signs or other traffic signs.
3340:
3515:
1283:
In Israel, white lines are used to separate both traffic driving in the same direction and in opposite directions, while yellow lines are used to mark the shoulder of the road.
402:. The pigments and resins are mixed with water for water-based paints and solvents for solvent-based paints so that they can be applied onto the road surface. Solvents include
2387:; Ndiba, P.K.; Ramanujachary, K.V. & Magdelano, T.F. (2010). "Heavy Metal Contamination in Highway Marking Glass Beads". Trenton: New Jersey Department of Transportation.
1385:
Yellow dash line: stopping is allowed, but no parking. However, some local governments allow parking at particular times. The time available for parking is written on a sign.
1367:
Double line: bus-only lane at additional times such as 5:00-11:00 / 15:00-22:00 on weekdays or double line on several streets means bus-only lane all day, including weekends.
1717:
can stop for up to 5 minutes, or more if that is needed to load and unload people or cargo. A solid yellow line on the edge of the road denotes that stopping is prohibited.
1606:. Following complaints by residents over reckless driving and several collisions, the Sutton Coldfield Corporation decided to paint the line on Maney Corner in the area of
1671:
one is on your side. It is not in order to cross when the solid line is on your side or to park there." Despite the instruction about parking, it was observed that nine
1246:: northbound lanes, between mile markers 194 to 198, where the roadway is concrete; and southbound lanes between mile markers 162 to 163, where the roadway is asphalt.
689:
during the manufacturing process as decolourizing and fining agents. It has been found that the heavy metals become incorporated into the bead's glass matrix and may
272:
surface. Newer technology allows these to be placed above ground with snowplough-able rails that attempt to protect the reflective components from the snowplow blade.
1463:
63:
to mark parking spaces or designate areas for other uses. In some countries and areas (France, Italy, Czech Republic, Slovakia etc.), road markings are conceived as
721:. The paint and tape markers can cause the road surface to crack, and in more severe cases, the markers contribute to road surface raveling (a process in which the
697:
leach incorporated heavy metals. There are other, non-toxic metals that can achieve the same results. These may include zirconium, tungsten, titanium, and barium.
1794:
shorter ones to separate lanes going in the same direction. The New Zealand convention followed the USA MUTCD convention common between 1961 and the early 1970s.
1314:
On expressways where there are many sharp turns and curves, seen especially in the largest cities, a yellow line indicates no passing between lanes, as follows:
489:
or other light-coloured rocks. This kind of marking is long-lasting, but can be slippery in rain or wet conditions unless surfaced with a matte or rough finish.
3408:
3357:
1746:
is possible (intersections in which two cars travelling in opposite directions turn to the same direction of travel as each other without coming into contact).
1486:, which describes what road signs and road markings shall look like. The convention has some flexibility so road markings vary somewhat between the countries.
1207:
applied to correspond with the portions of the lane on which the wheels of a car are not usually traveling, thereby reducing wear on the markings themselves.
578:
Commonly referred to as tape or cold plastic, this product is heavy-grade material with reflective beads embedded in the plastic. It is commonly used to mark
1311:
White is also used to denote passing allowed on other two-lane roads. Yellow indicates no passing is allowed. On all roads, yellow stripes are always solid.
3042:
Starr, Shannon (April 6, 2002). "Woman Credited for Highway Center Lines: Dr. June McCarroll of Indio Will Be Honored with Signs on Interstate 10".
1497:
In France on highways the outside lines are interrupted at a regular distance which allows drivers and police to check distance between moving vehicles.
2996:
1947:, Huang Weiquan, "Automatic marking device for convex traffic line", published 2004-04-28, assigned to Sanhuan Yakeli Traffic Material
3382:
1227:). On many California streets, the speed limit is painted onto the road surface to alert drivers to a reduced speed zone. At some complex junctions,
215:. Botts' dots are also used across a travel lane to draw the drivers attention to the road. They are frequently used in this way to alert drivers to
2707:
800:
with teeth. Another type of grinding use a drum of disks with teeth stacked side by side. Surface scarring is expected with all grinding techniques.
953:, it is legal to cross a single solid yellow line along a straight road and the vehicle is not within 30 meters of a bridge or railway crossing.
518:
The thermoplastic marking coating sets quickly. The melt adhesion of a synthetic resin makes hot-melt paint adhere strongly to the road surface.
359:
Paint, sometimes with additives such as retroreflective glass beads, is generally used to mark travel lanes. It is also used to mark spaces in
79:
surface markings in different ways—white lines are called white lines mechanical, non-mechanical, or temporary. They can be used to delineate
3167:
3322:
1321:
Solid yellow beside broken white: passing is permitted from the side with the broken white line, but not from the side with the yellow line.
374:. Pigments are finely grounded materials that give out colors or block out the surface beneath it. They may contain other materials such as
1020:
1340:
Road markings in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea are rare, but if they do exist, the lines are usually painted white, as in the
936:
usually uses white lines only, except when snowy conditions are possible (in the South and on mountain roads). Then all lines are yellow.
1483:
1197:
are used to indicate which direction traffic in such lanes is supposed to travel. The solid white line on the right side is called the '
599:
2617:
2279:
1591:, the first "white line" road markings appeared on a number of dangerous bends on the London-Folkestone road at Ashford, Kent, in 1914.
3522:
2472:
2350:
dos Santos, E. J.; Hermann, A. B.; Prado, S. K.; Fantis, E. B.; dos Santos, V. W.; de Oliveira, A. V. M. & Curtius, A. J. (2013).
1329:
to the side of the expressway the exit will be on. A straight arrow following characters indicates the destination of the expressway.
1750:(98 ft) geometry instruments. Intervention levels vary generally from 100 to 150 mcd/lux/m (from 0.029 to 0.044 foot-lamberts).
1134:
1075:
3779:
3138:
2137:
2032:
1391:
Yellow double solid line: no parking and stopping all day. These are used near an intersection, the crosswalk, or a bus station.
3887:
3832:
3637:
1775:
The bridge over the Thredbo River, one of the points in which the white lines become yellow as the number of snowfall increases
1508:
In the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, and the UK, so-called "naked roads" have been trialed, whereby all visible road markings,
1318:
Solid yellow beside solid white: no entry permitted from the lane the stripe is next to, but passing is permitted with caution.
964:
In some areas, reflective markers (cat's eyes) recessed into the pavement are used, especially approaching curves in the road.
3548:
1504:
Yellow road markings separating lanes in Austria, 1990. They were replaced with regular white road markings starting from 1995
3026:
2516:
1102:
1420:
Cross marking, mark that is crosswise to the axis of the road, such as at a stop line at a Zebra cross or at an intersection
574:
Preformed polymer tapes used for crosswalk markings on a New York city street (notice tape failure on lower leftmost stripe)
3717:
1580:
3090:
Hawkins, H. Gene; Parham, Angelia H.; Womack, Katie N. (2002). "Appendix A: Evolution of U.S. Pavement Marking System".
2497:
Pike, Adam M.; Miles, Jeffrey D. (2013). "Chapter 3: Identification, Description, and Evaluation of Removal Processes".
1983:
821:
a temporary marker removal measure. The most expensive method is resurfacing. This method is used only in limited cases.
1113:
program on top of the cost of repainting center lines, and therefore the Texas researchers advised against conversion.
103:
3499:
3299:
3260:
3225:
1742:. Dashed white lines are also commonly used to indicate turns in intersections and to indicate intersections where a
2762:
2305:
1868:
1567:
741:
from the aggregate materials. Another hypothesis is that the reflectivity of the markings may create differences in
5097:
1833:
1797:
New Zealand road markings are governed/standardized by Part 2 of the Manual Of Traffic Signs And Markings (MOTSAM)
498:
4227:
4192:
2922:
1043:
1031:
652:
2145:. Office of Traffic, Safety, and Technology, Minnesota Department of Transportation. March 2013. pp. G1–J1.
983:
along the Marquette–Negaunee Road in Marquette County, Michigan, shown in 1917 with its hand-painted center line
5123:
5102:
4217:
4202:
3817:
2858:
2173:
3118:
2890:
2675:
1185:), and freeways in areas where it snows in the winter (since the snowplows would scrape off the Botts' dots).
812:
is applied directly to the markers. In both methods, care is to be taken not to melt the asphalt road surface.
661:
Incident light is refracted within glass beads on road surfaces and reflected into the driver's field of view.
95:
There is continuous effort to improve the road marking system, and technological breakthroughs include adding
32:
5079:
5069:
4306:
4197:
3842:
3139:
American Association of State Highway Officials; National Joint Committee on Traffic Control Devices (1971).
1643:. As a result, white lines were painted on the sides of the road and pedestrians were allowed to use a small
1228:
1106:
2591:
1662:
The Ministry of Transport experimented with double-line road markings for the first time on sections of the
725:
are dislodged from the road surface, causing the surface texture to become deeply pitted and very rough) or
267:
to indicate that emergency service vehicles have a code or device that allows them to open the gate. In the
5074:
4888:
4413:
4276:
4232:
3675:
Manual of traffic signs and markings (MOTSAM) - Part 2: markings - Waka Kotahi NZTA, Published August 2010
1720:
During road works, temporary orange lines are often provided. These have priority over permanent markings.
803:
Burning: High heat and flame can be used as methods of marker removal. In the hot-compressed air method, a
134:
17:
3792:
2006:
4795:
4685:
3882:
1470:
1182:
1062:
882:
587:
2711:
2652:
2058:
3973:
1944:
1843:
1324:
Solid yellow line alone: passing prohibited from either lane, used on very tight curves and in tunnels.
1203:' used to help cars stay in their lane during foggy conditions and help pedestrians stay off the road.
1024:
916:
5084:
4903:
3759:
1357:
U-turn area; drivers can make U-turns only at this place and not make a U-turn over the yellow line.
891:
4731:
2405:
1550:
Furthermore, several traffic signs are painted on the road, such as speed limits and warning signs.
5064:
4790:
4785:
4760:
3877:
3797:
3710:
1239:
895:
422:. Due to environmental concerns, some jurisdictions may have restrictions on solvent-based paints.
3147:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. p. 181
2948:
2825:
Making Michigan Move: A History of Michigan Highways and the Michigan Department of Transportation
2458:
2084:
705:
223:
or other significant reduction of speed limit. They are normally only used in warm climates since
3651:
3326:
1633:
1526:
1243:
1212:
1158:
5128:
4997:
4964:
4301:
4271:
4212:
4177:
3852:
3189:
3091:
1382:
White line: parking and stopping is allowed, but it isn't allowed on motorways and expressways.
1332:
Where a solid white line appears between lanes, passing is generally allowed but with caution.
1291:
1004:
722:
570:
212:
3140:
1925:(August 2004 ed.). Texas Department of Transportation. August 1, 2004. pp. 2–36–2–37
1697:. Green road studs denote slip roads at grade-separated junctions and also road-side lay-bys.
737:
may have been trapped underneath the road surface markings, causing the de-bonding of asphalt
554:
Preformed thermoplastic markings ready to be applied to the road surface with a blow torch in
4959:
4680:
4296:
4187:
3787:
3574:
2785:
2629:
2392:
1615:
1110:
293:
Sometimes the result of roadwork may leave visible marks on the pavements. An example is the
3294:(Revision 2 to 2009 ed.). Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. p. 354.
3255:(Revision 2 to 2009 ed.). Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. p. 349.
1138:
is the standard, although each state produces its own manual based upon the Federal manual.
281:
4700:
4423:
4321:
4207:
3807:
2428:
1251:
1194:
1121:
1035:
755:
690:
523:
179:
3060:
Guzman, Richard (April 24, 2002). "Caltrans Will Honor Local Motorist Who Drew the Line".
2253:
1917:
1234:
Pavement marking test areas exist throughout the United States on various major roads. In
8:
4954:
4828:
4547:
4503:
4391:
4243:
4182:
3938:
3923:
3918:
3812:
3746:
3703:
3440:
1828:
1694:
1690:
1341:
1016:
980:
595:
478:
383:
208:
186:
163:
44:
2432:
2156:
Hunger, Klaus & Herbst, Willy (2000). "Pigments, Organic". In Ullmann, Fritz (ed.).
1069:
was designated and signed as "The Doctor June McCarroll Memorial Freeway" in her honor.
537:
In warm climate areas, the thermoplastic markings can last three to six years. However,
4858:
4672:
4657:
4468:
4403:
4326:
4311:
4256:
4160:
4094:
4084:
4055:
3992:
3862:
3827:
1891:
1663:
1640:
887:
804:
415:
302:
294:
286:
1394:
Red double solid line: no parking or stopping all day because there is a fire hydrant.
4918:
4721:
4652:
4602:
4341:
4222:
4060:
4032:
4017:
4002:
3872:
3867:
3857:
3495:
3414:
3295:
3284:
3256:
3245:
3221:
3022:
2977:
2871:
2862:
2829:
2793:
2546:
2512:
2352:"Determination of Toxic Elements in Glass Beads Used for Pavement Marking by ICP OES"
2169:
1364:
Single line: bus-only lane at a rush hour such as 7:00-9:00 / 17:30-19:30 on weekdays
1095:
992:
746:
738:
555:
431:
379:
96:
3676:
1211:
Blue markings are used to indicate the parking space is reserved for persons with a
27:
Any kind of device or material used on a road surface to convey official information
4775:
4750:
4537:
4453:
4448:
4363:
4166:
4121:
3963:
3769:
3764:
2504:
2436:
2363:
2161:
2109:
1895:
1883:
1599:
1374:
Solid line: bus-only lane. Other cars are never allowed to enter the bus-only lane.
817:
714:
3465:
1598:, the idea of painting a center white line was first experimented with in 1921 in
5012:
4972:
4883:
4873:
4843:
4833:
4818:
4780:
4736:
4562:
4552:
4483:
4099:
3802:
3169:
Compendium of Environmental Stewardship Practices in Construction and Maintenance
2733:
2368:
2351:
1512:, traffic lights, and signs are removed, on urban roads. When this was tested in
1105:
researched the viability of converting from yellow to white center lines for the
1039:
1030:
In Oregon in April 1917, a yellow center line was painted down the center of the
1000:
264:
1689:
On many roads in the UK, retro-reflective road studs, including those known as "
4982:
4944:
4913:
4893:
4878:
4690:
4572:
4114:
4042:
3913:
3908:
3847:
3837:
3729:
3690:
2199:
1848:
1700:
Comprehensive information about highway markings in the UK can be found in the
1588:
1521:
1447:
1153:
1132:, and road surfaces are legally regulated—the Federal Highway Administration's
1057:
797:
793:
718:
666:
591:
457:
268:
200:
178:
Mechanical devices may be raised or recessed into the road surface, and either
107:
1887:
1869:"Automatic Real-time Road Marking Recognition Using a Feature Driven Approach"
174:
White raised pavement marker near "pea-structure" side-line on highway surface
5117:
4992:
4949:
4898:
4838:
4803:
4770:
4637:
4587:
4577:
4478:
4408:
4398:
4291:
4261:
4150:
4109:
4027:
3903:
3737:
3220:(Revision 2, 2003 ed.). Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration.
2930:
2770:
2550:
2165:
1129:
1066:
1048:
988:
742:
470:
387:
375:
370:
consists of three main components: pigments, resins or binders, and water or
194:
75:
3418:
3191:
NCHRP Report 484: Feasibility Study for an All-White Pavement Marking System
3093:
NCHRP Report 484: Feasibility Study for an All-White Pavement Marking System
2981:
2440:
2228:
915:
Almost all countries in North and South America have solid and intermittent
709:
Road surface raveling and potholes found exclusively along pavement markings
657:
550:
519:
5017:
5007:
4908:
4863:
4823:
4813:
4808:
4765:
4647:
4642:
4567:
4493:
4463:
4355:
4336:
4266:
4104:
4012:
3754:
3407:
Staff (2000). "Chapter 5: For All Drivers, White Lines and Traffic Lanes".
2875:
2833:
2797:
2498:
1814:
1743:
1701:
1629:
1572:
1247:
1178:
1116:
878:
512:
360:
260:
247:
230:
68:
1231:
guide drivers into the correct lane in advance of an overhead guide sign.
583:
4987:
4632:
4622:
4597:
4522:
4433:
4386:
4381:
4331:
4136:
4068:
4037:
2808:
1786:
1509:
1224:
751:
734:
504:
482:
474:
399:
395:
391:
327:
306:
220:
3341:"FDOT and NTPEP Pavement Marking Materials Test Decks: Project Overview"
3166:
Center for Environmental Excellence. "Section 5.5, Pavement Recycling".
2565:
170:
122:
4977:
4853:
4726:
4662:
4627:
4607:
4488:
4458:
4428:
4368:
4316:
3968:
2844:
1644:
1639:
for the government to make it safer for pedestrians to walk during the
1603:
1165:
1087:
976:
928:
713:
Non-mechanical markers are found to contribute to the deterioration of
527:
427:
240:
216:
190:
88:
47:
in order to convey official information; they are commonly placed with
2710:(Press release). Michigan Department of Transportation. Archived from
2473:"Pavement Surface Condition Field Rating Manual for Asphalt Pavements"
1654:
991:, the first documented use of a painted center line was in 1911 along
949:
Passing rules are denoted by dashed lines as in the United States. In
4848:
4695:
4582:
4542:
4532:
4527:
4418:
4286:
4281:
4131:
4050:
4007:
3958:
3948:
3943:
3933:
3172:. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
2823:
2540:
1672:
1517:
1220:
937:
920:
607:
579:
531:
665:
Glass beads composed of soda lime glass are essential for providing
5041:
5036:
4868:
4617:
4612:
4473:
4438:
4376:
4022:
3997:
3822:
3469:
3099:. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board. pp. A-1–A-7
2864:
America's Highways, 1776–1976: A History of the Federal-Aid Program
2508:
2384:
1739:
1682:
Solid white lines are also used to mark the outer edges of a road.
1636:
1142:
1008:
999:, the idea of using a painted center line was conceived in 1911 by
996:
995:'s River Road in Wayne County, Michigan. According to the state of
830:
682:
636:
603:
538:
434:
is a common yellow colorant used for road marking on U.S. highways.
411:
224:
204:
84:
3145:
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways
1705:
779:
Pavement marking removal system using high-pressure water blasting
4939:
4923:
4592:
4443:
3953:
3928:
3765:
Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway
3695:
3691:
U.S. Federal Highway Administration—Learn About Pavement Markings
3197:. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board. pp. 53–59
2229:"A Brief Overview of Thermoplastic Road Marking and Its Benefits"
1667:
1595:
1254:
between mile markers 27 to 29 in both east- and westbound lanes.
1235:
1146:
950:
924:
835:
808:
726:
678:
419:
407:
403:
371:
60:
3019:
Multnomah: The Tumultuous Story of Oregon's Most Populous County
2503:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 13–16.
5046:
4716:
4126:
4089:
3188:
Hawkins, H. Gene; Parham, Angelia H.; Womack, Katie N. (2002).
3165:
2419:
Hayden, J. S. (2004). "Ecologically Friendly Optical Glasses".
1576:
1490:
1407:
1190:
1169:
486:
462:
3282:
3243:
3215:
2870:. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. p. 127.
2857:
2828:. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. p. 10.
1417:
Line marking, marks that are parallel to the axis of the road.
2708:"Inventor of Highway Centerline Receives International Honor"
2653:"Inventor of Highway Centerline Receives International Honor"
2007:"An Old Technology Gives New Life to Aging Concrete Roadways"
1822:
1607:
1513:
1406:
Road markings in Indonesia are almost similar to markings in
1296:
933:
632:
367:
203:(low rounded white or yellow dots), named for the California
3323:"Houston Parking Lot Line Striping, Parking Lot Maintenance"
3021:. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press. p. 63.
2349:
1267:
Road markings in Hong Kong are basically identical with the
250:
uses specific patterns of these vibrations to produce music.
158:
3726:
3549:"History of Road Markings and How They Were First Designed"
3492:
The Royal Town of Sutton Coldfield: A Commemorative History
2478:. Northwest Pavement Management Association. pp. 32–33
1838:
1686:
allowed at any time or between certain times respectively.
1128:
In the U.S., the type, placement, and graphic standards of
686:
243:
235:
80:
2792:. Vol. 67, no. 4. October 23, 1920. p. 29.
2628:(1). Ministry of Transportation of Ontario. Archived from
2618:"Pavement Marking Innovations Paving the Way for Progress"
4557:
3128:(Editorial). Portland, OR. February 26, 1958. p. 3M.
2774:(Editorial). Portland, OR. November 17, 1954. p. 4M.
2339:(M.S. thesis). College Station: Texas A&M University.
485:, markings can be made with white blocks or stones, like
445:
305:
to identify responsible parties of the patches that fill
259:
used for other purposes such as marking the locations of
182:
or non-reflective. Most are permanent; some are movable.
3183:
3181:
3179:
1295:
Workers applying crosswalk road surface markings in the
534:, while the yellow paint is mainly heat-yellowing lead.
309:. The color coded tags are visible on the road surface.
276:
193:
in the 1930s, Cat's eyes equip many major routes in the
99:, increasing longevity, and lowering installation cost.
59:). They can also be applied in other facilities used by
2033:"What Are the 'Ground-In Strips' for on Interstate 80?"
1619:
wrote an article in the newspaper recalling the event.
3626:(2457). London: Temple Press Ltd: 612. April 18, 1957.
2655:(Press release). Michigan Department of Transportation
927:
have intermittent white lines separating traffic when
693:
under environmental conditions that roads experience.
3607:(2451). London: Temple Press Ltd: 612. March 7, 1957.
3176:
2943:
2941:
2337:
Heavy Metals in Glass Beads Used in Pavement Markings
2304:
Julian, Frank & Moler, Steve (July–August 2008).
2459:
Failure of Surface Courses Beneath Pavement Markings
1804:
348: Uses both white and yellow for the center line
331:
Countries by the colors of the center line on roads
43:
is any kind of device or material that is used on a
3187:
3089:
2974:
A History of the Office of Multnomah County Sheriff
2566:"Frequently Asked Questions About Ontario Highways"
2457:Romero, Pedro & Brown, Charli A. (March 2010).
2382:
700:
301:Some municipalities require contractors to install
285:Typical dash marks in the middle of the lane after
36:
Variety of surface markings on a road in Luxembourg
3540:
2938:
2740:. Transportation Research Board. February 19, 2009
1866:
166:, showing the iron base, rubber housing and lenses
3677:https://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/motsam/part-2/
3638:"На российских дорогах появилась желтая разметка"
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2280:"Use of Road Tape Proves a Sticky Issue for UDOT"
5115:
1413:Markings are divided into four types, they are:
1124:, where the lanes are marked only by Botts' dots
957:of the paved road from the right-hand shoulder.
2988:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2297:
1473:In Europe every country has its own standards.
905:
3239:
3237:
3068:
2967:
2965:
2909:
2158:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1675:were located inside prohibited parking areas.
635:consists of parts: a pigmented resin base and
3711:
3276:
3016:
2821:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
1943:
1430:The colors also represent the use, they are:
783:There are several methods of marker removal:
444:Painted symbols, such as turn-lane arrows or
3516:"The History of the Pedestrians Association"
3132:
2694:
2644:
2461:(Report). Utah Department of Transportation.
2155:
1867:Kheyrollahi, A. & Breckon, T.P. (2012).
3234:
3111:
2962:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2303:
1984:"Dowel Bar Retrofit Construction Practices"
1484:Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals
1120:A typical stretch of Valencia Boulevard in
902:without using heat, solvents, or machines.
522:in the coating paint increases the coating
3718:
3704:
3594:
3592:
3017:Lansing, Jewel & Leeson, Fred (2012).
2997:"Sheriff Department History Full of Color"
2976:(B.A. thesis). Lewis & Clark College.
2958:. Portland, OR. June 29, 1947. p. 22.
2757:
2755:
2334:
2197:
2123:
582:, stop bars, and traffic guidance such as
545:
390:. The resins for solvent-based paints are
3599:"Everybody's Business—A Fault Revealed".
3292:Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
3253:Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
3218:Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
3055:
3053:
2496:
2367:
1482:In general European countries follow the
1378:A line drawn along the side of the road:
1135:Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
1076:Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
825:
565:
312:
2882:
2822:Kulsea, Bill & Shawver, Tom (1980).
2447:
2254:"The Thermoplastic Rumble Strip Process"
2149:
1653:
1566:
1499:
1446:
1290:
1115:
1073:promulgation of the 1948 edition of the
975:
919:separating traffic directions. However,
845:
829:
807:with a mixture of high-velocity air and
765:
704:
656:
569:
549:
456:
426:
354: Unknown / Insufficient information
326:
280:
227:usually remove them along with the snow.
169:
157:
31:
3589:
3438:
3283:Federal Highway Administration (2010).
3244:Federal Highway Administration (2010).
3216:Federal Highway Administration (2003).
2994:
2920:
2897:. Michigan Department of Transportation
2851:
2752:
2705:
2682:. Michigan Department of Transportation
2650:
2598:. Ministry of Transportation of Ontario
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2030:
2004:
1956:
14:
5116:
3555:. Traffic signs and meanings 2000-2010
3059:
3050:
2921:Rexford, Peter V. (December 4, 1954).
2815:
2500:Effective Removal of Pavement Markings
2418:
1360:A blue line means bus (or tram) only.
1223:) and "SCHOOL" (at the beginning of a
1103:Texas A&M Transportation Institute
864:
4814:Median / Central reservation
3699:
3489:
3406:
3041:
2888:
2673:
2277:
2209:. Minnesota Local Road Research Board
2082:
2056:
342: Uses yellow for the center line
277:Confusion with marks left by roadwork
153:
3508:
3494:. Sutton Coldfield: Westwood Press.
2971:
2895:Michigan Transportation Hall of Fame
2680:Michigan Transportation Hall of Fame
2538:
2306:"Gaining Traction in Roadway Safety"
2278:Brown, Matthew (February 22, 1991).
2200:"Cost of Pavement Marking Materials"
2182:
873:
610:. There are two ways to apply tape:
336: Uses white for the center line
117:
106:and consideration for future use in
2316:(1). Federal Highway Administration
2057:Brown, Charles (November 3, 2008).
1410:and especially in the Netherlands.
1268:
24:
4732:Risk compensation (road transport)
3725:
3413:. Hong Kong Transport Department.
2778:
2706:Cranson, Jeff (November 2, 2011).
2651:Cranson, Jeff (November 2, 2011).
2563:
2139:MnDOT Pavement Marking Field Guide
1242:has two test locations located in
104:advanced driver-assistance systems
74:Road surface markings are used on
25:
5140:
3684:
2160:(6th ed.). New York: Wiley.
1613:In 1971, a correspondent for the
1562:
761:
5098:Glossary of road transport terms
3546:
3521:. Living Streets. Archived from
2995:Kneidek, Tony (March 11, 1978).
2786:"Traffic Marks on Country Roads"
2233:www.whiteliningcontractors.co.uk
2198:Montebello, David (March 2000).
2031:Huetter, John (March 27, 2013).
2005:Haldane, David (July 15, 2001).
1834:Thermoplastic road marking paint
1807:
1768:
1755:
1516:, a village in the UK county of
1462:
971:
701:Negative impacts to road surface
499:Thermoplastic road marking paint
492:
121:
3669:
3644:
3630:
3611:
3567:
3483:
3466:"Can 'Naked Roads' Kill Speed?"
3458:
3432:
3400:
3375:
3350:
3333:
3315:
3209:
3159:
3064:. Palm Springs, CA. p. B1.
3035:
3010:
2726:
2667:
2610:
2584:
2557:
2532:
2490:
2465:
2412:
2376:
2343:
2328:
2271:
2246:
2221:
2102:
2083:Lukas, Paul (August 15, 2014).
1876:Machine Vision and Applications
1440:Red for Bus-way and School zone
1437:Yellow for line (National road)
1397:Zigzag lanes mean deceleration.
1342:highway from Pyongyang to Nampo
910:
881:are sometimes used to separate
653:Glass bead road surface marking
461:Stone traffic lane markings in
317:
2859:Federal Highway Administration
2076:
2050:
2024:
1998:
1976:
1937:
1909:
1860:
1780:
1547:separated by 'block marking'.
1533:
1347:
1335:
1229:route shield pavement markings
858:High-pressure airless spraying
646:
13:
1:
5080:Pavement performance modeling
5070:International roughness index
3358:"Traffic Signs Giving Orders"
2676:"Edward N. Hines (1870-1938)"
1854:
1250:had two testing locations in
1107:Transportation Research Board
796:. Another grinding head uses
674:the light from the vehicles.
5075:Present serviceability index
4869:Sidewalk / Pavement
4414:Diamond grinding of pavement
3577:. Government Digital Service
3141:"Section 3B-1, Center Lines"
3046:. Riverside, CA. p. B3.
2949:"Noted Deputy Gives up Post"
2369:10.1016/j.microc.2012.11.003
1728:
1401:
1262:
906:Country specific information
894:, before they switched to a
883:High-occupancy vehicle lanes
7:
5047:Underpass / Tunnel
5042:Overpass / Flyover
4796:High-occupancy vehicle lane
4686:Driving under the influence
3760:Freeway / Motorway
3441:"Highway Pyongyang - Nampo"
2934:. Portland, OR. p. 3M.
2421:Optics & Photonics News
1800:
1172:, Botts' dots when present
10:
5145:
3974:Highway systems by country
3553:Traffic signs and meanings
3490:Jones, Douglas V. (1994).
3439:Frühtau (April 11, 2013).
2891:"K. I. Sawyer (1884-1944)"
2734:"George S. Bartlett Award"
2207:Synthesis Report 2010-2011
2085:"The Street's Secret Code"
2059:"Confusing Lines on I-405"
1844:Yellow line (road marking)
1723:
1025:Marquette County, Michigan
834:A road marking vehicle in
650:
496:
113:
57:pavement marking equipment
5093:
5085:Granular base equivalency
5055:
5026:
4932:
4904:Traffic signal preemption
4749:
4709:
4671:
4513:
4502:
4354:
4312:Right-in/right-out (RIRO)
4241:
4218:Single-point urban (SPUI)
4158:
4149:
4077:
3982:
3896:
3778:
3745:
3736:
2928:. Letters to the Editor.
2596:Ontario Driver's Handbook
2383:Jahan, K.; Sandhu, N.K.;
2335:Mangalgirl, K.P. (2012).
1964:"The Hidden Persuaders".
1919:Pavement Marking Handbook
1888:10.1007/s00138-010-0289-5
1711:
1553:
1455:
1278:
1056:In the fall of 1917, Dr.
961:may merge into it ahead.
943:
452:
213:raised reflective markers
67:, as opposed to vertical
5065:Pavement condition index
4791:High-occupancy toll lane
4786:Contraflow lane reversal
4761:Barrier transfer machine
3652:"Revitalising Newcastle"
3618:"Everybody's Business".
2166:10.1002/14356007.a20_371
2110:"Reflective Glass Beads"
1882:(1). Springer: 123–133.
1286:
627:
322:
108:autonomous road vehicles
65:horizontal traffic signs
3919:Express-collector setup
2441:10.1364/OPN.15.8.000036
1634:Pedestrians Association
1527:nonverbal communication
1257:
1213:disabled parking permit
1161:which only uses paint.
1141:In some areas, such as
896:moveable barrier system
546:Preformed thermoplastic
5103:Road types by features
4998:Raised pavement marker
4965:Constant-slope barrier
4889:Traffic directionality
4879:Street running railway
4302:Protected intersection
2972:King, John G. (1965).
2763:"Goodbye, Yellow Line"
2674:Staff (May 10, 2006).
2400:Cite journal requires
1986:. Pavement Interactive
1945:CN patent 2613509Y
1659:
1626:
1584:
1505:
1452:
1300:
1125:
1044:Columbia River Highway
1032:Columbia River Highway
1003:, the chairman of the
984:
838:
826:Road marking technique
780:
710:
662:
575:
566:Preformed polymer tape
558:
466:
435:
356:
313:Non-mechanical markers
290:
263:(blue) or at gates of
175:
167:
53:road marking equipment
37:
5124:Road surface markings
4960:Concrete step barrier
4297:Offset T-intersection
2889:Staff (May 9, 2006).
2356:Microchemical Journal
1657:
1621:
1616:Sutton Coldfield News
1579:, pictured from atop
1570:
1503:
1477:Bottom - French-style
1450:
1294:
1119:
979:
846:Machine marking types
833:
778:
708:
660:
573:
553:
460:
430:
330:
284:
173:
161:
51:(also referred to as
49:road marking machines
35:
5003:Road surface marking
4701:Single-vehicle crash
4424:Full depth recycling
4322:Seagull intersection
3387:Transport Department
3362:Transport Department
3044:The Press-Enterprise
2714:on December 25, 2011
2037:Reno Gazette Journal
1825:(road marking paint)
1195:lane control signals
1122:Valencia, California
756:stone mastic asphalt
596:pedestrian crossings
469:In roads paved with
41:Road surface marking
4829:Pedestrian crossing
4392:Reinforced concrete
4228:Three-level diamond
3939:Two-lane expressway
3924:Farm-to-market road
3383:"Where Not to Park"
3329:on October 2, 2013.
2790:The Literary Digest
2632:on January 11, 2015
2592:"Pavement Markings"
2545:. Queen's Printer.
2542:Highway Traffic Act
2433:2004OptPN..15R..36H
1829:Pedestrian crossing
1695:central reservation
1658:Road mark in London
1475:Top - German-style
940:uses white lines.
865:Auxiliary equipment
723:aggregate particles
384:methyl methacrylate
303:utility repair tags
4859:Runaway truck ramp
4681:Driver's education
4469:Rubberized asphalt
4404:Crocodile cracking
4327:Split intersection
4095:Hierarchy of roads
4056:Single carriageway
3285:"Part 3: Markings"
3246:"Part 3: Markings"
2570:The King's Highway
2258:Traffic Lines, Inc
1972:(9). October 2007.
1660:
1585:
1506:
1453:
1301:
1126:
985:
888:Golden Gate Bridge
839:
805:combustion chamber
781:
711:
663:
576:
559:
467:
436:
416:methylene chloride
357:
295:dowel bar retrofit
291:
287:dowel bar retrofit
176:
168:
154:Mechanical markers
133:. You can help by
38:
5111:
5110:
4919:Wide outside lane
4745:
4744:
4722:Automotive safety
4603:Road slipperiness
4350:
4349:
4198:Diverging diamond
4145:
4144:
4061:Single-track road
4003:Bicycle boulevard
3640:. April 11, 2018.
3028:978-0-87071-665-2
2564:Bevers, Cameron.
2518:978-0-309-28358-8
2063:The Seattle Times
2011:Los Angeles Times
1443:Green for Bicycle
1019:" on what is now
874:Temporary markers
776:
747:thermal expansion
667:retroreflectivity
556:Brussels, Belgium
432:Pigment Yellow 10
380:polyvinyl acetate
265:gated communities
151:
150:
97:retroreflectivity
71:placed on posts.
16:(Redirected from
5136:
4955:Cat's eye (road)
4776:Complete streets
4548:Dead Man's Curve
4511:
4510:
4449:Pavement milling
4364:Asphalt concrete
4307:Quadrant roadway
4248:
4170:
4156:
4155:
4122:Street hierarchy
3770:Elevated highway
3743:
3742:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3697:
3696:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3596:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3527:
3520:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3410:Road Users' Code
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3325:. Archived from
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3289:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3250:
3241:
3232:
3231:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3185:
3174:
3173:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3123:
3119:"White, or Else"
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3098:
3087:
3066:
3065:
3057:
3048:
3047:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3001:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2953:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2927:
2918:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2869:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2767:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2703:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2572:. Self-published
2561:
2555:
2554:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2454:
2445:
2444:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2204:
2195:
2180:
2179:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2134:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1924:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1873:
1864:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1772:
1759:
1600:Sutton Coldfield
1466:
1202:
1201:
1111:driver education
1017:Dead Man's Curve
981:Dead Man's Curve
836:Nastola, Finland
818:pressure washing
777:
715:asphalt concrete
353:
347:
341:
335:
146:
143:
125:
118:
21:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5089:
5057:
5051:
5022:
5013:Traffic barrier
4973:F-Shape barrier
4928:
4884:Traffic calming
4844:Reversible lane
4834:Pedestrian zone
4819:Motorcycle lane
4781:Contraflow lane
4753:time allocation
4752:
4741:
4737:Underride guard
4705:
4667:
4553:Expansion joint
4515:
4505:
4498:
4484:Stamped asphalt
4346:
4277:Continuous flow
4250:
4246:
4245:
4237:
4171:
4167:grade-separated
4164:
4163:
4141:
4100:Private highway
4073:
3978:
3892:
3774:
3732:
3724:
3687:
3682:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3658:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3598:
3597:
3590:
3580:
3578:
3575:"Road markings"
3573:
3572:
3568:
3558:
3556:
3545:
3541:
3531:
3529:
3528:on July 1, 2015
3525:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3472:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3437:
3433:
3423:
3421:
3405:
3401:
3391:
3389:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3364:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3287:
3281:
3277:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3248:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3186:
3177:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3137:
3133:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3088:
3069:
3058:
3051:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3015:
3011:
3004:Gresham Outlook
2999:
2993:
2989:
2970:
2963:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2939:
2925:
2919:
2910:
2900:
2898:
2887:
2883:
2867:
2856:
2852:
2838:
2836:
2820:
2816:
2802:
2800:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2704:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2656:
2649:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2599:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2562:
2558:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2455:
2448:
2417:
2413:
2401:
2399:
2390:
2389:
2381:
2377:
2348:
2344:
2333:
2329:
2319:
2317:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2286:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2202:
2196:
2183:
2176:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1871:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1764:
1760:
1731:
1726:
1714:
1565:
1556:
1536:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1458:
1404:
1350:
1338:
1289:
1281:
1265:
1260:
1199:
1198:
1152:In California,
1040:Multnomah Falls
1021:County Road 492
1001:Edward N. Hines
974:
946:
913:
908:
876:
867:
848:
828:
766:
764:
719:surface courses
703:
655:
649:
630:
615:misapplication.
592:train crossings
568:
548:
501:
495:
475:Belgian/Italian
455:
355:
351:
349:
345:
343:
339:
337:
333:
325:
320:
315:
279:
156:
147:
141:
138:
131:needs expansion
116:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5142:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5061:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5030:
5028:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4983:Jersey barrier
4980:
4975:
4970:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4914:Unused highway
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4894:Traffic island
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4757:
4755:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4691:Drowsy driving
4688:
4683:
4677:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4573:Level crossing
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4519:
4517:
4508:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4371:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4272:Channelization
4269:
4264:
4259:
4257:3-way junction
4253:
4251:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4174:
4172:
4159:
4153:
4151:Road junctions
4147:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4115:business route
4112:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4045:
4043:Primitive road
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3914:County highway
3911:
3909:Collector road
3906:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3883:United Kingdom
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3818:Czech Republic
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3751:
3749:
3747:Limited-access
3740:
3734:
3733:
3723:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3686:
3685:External links
3683:
3681:
3680:
3668:
3643:
3629:
3610:
3588:
3566:
3539:
3507:
3500:
3482:
3457:
3431:
3399:
3374:
3349:
3332:
3314:
3300:
3275:
3261:
3233:
3226:
3208:
3175:
3158:
3131:
3110:
3067:
3062:The Desert Sun
3049:
3034:
3027:
3009:
2987:
2961:
2937:
2923:"Earlier Line"
2908:
2881:
2850:
2814:
2777:
2751:
2725:
2693:
2666:
2643:
2609:
2583:
2556:
2531:
2517:
2509:10.17226/22474
2489:
2464:
2446:
2411:
2402:|journal=
2375:
2342:
2327:
2296:
2270:
2245:
2220:
2181:
2174:
2148:
2122:
2101:
2075:
2049:
2023:
1997:
1975:
1955:
1936:
1908:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1849:Zebra crossing
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1819:
1818:
1802:
1799:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1713:
1710:
1706:gov.uk website
1564:
1563:United Kingdom
1561:
1555:
1552:
1535:
1532:
1522:county council
1469:
1468:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:White for line
1428:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1349:
1346:
1337:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1269:United Kingdom
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1244:Brevard County
1183:Central Valley
1058:June McCarroll
973:
970:
945:
942:
912:
909:
907:
904:
875:
872:
866:
863:
847:
844:
827:
824:
823:
822:
813:
801:
794:orbital sander
789:
763:
762:Marker removal
760:
702:
699:
651:Main article:
648:
645:
629:
626:
621:
620:
616:
567:
564:
547:
544:
497:Main article:
494:
491:
454:
451:
438:
437:
350:
344:
338:
332:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
278:
275:
274:
273:
269:United Kingdom
251:
228:
198:
189:, invented by
155:
152:
149:
148:
128:
126:
115:
112:
76:paved roadways
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5141:
5130:
5129:Traffic signs
5127:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5054:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4993:Noise barrier
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4950:Cable barrier
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4899:Traffic lanes
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4839:Refuge island
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4804:Living street
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4771:Climbing lane
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4748:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4673:Human factors
4670:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4638:Traffic light
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:Oversize load
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4578:Manhole cover
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4409:Crushed stone
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4292:Michigan left
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4244:Intersections
4240:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4193:Directional T
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4168:
4162:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4110:special route
4108:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4028:Frontage road
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3904:Arterial road
3902:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3888:United States
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3738:Types of road
3735:
3731:
3728:
3721:
3716:
3714:
3709:
3707:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3678:
3672:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3639:
3633:
3625:
3621:
3620:Motor Cycling
3614:
3606:
3602:
3601:Motor Cycling
3595:
3593:
3581:September 21,
3576:
3570:
3554:
3550:
3543:
3524:
3517:
3511:
3503:
3501:0-9502636-7-2
3497:
3493:
3486:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3403:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3342:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3303:
3301:9781560514732
3297:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3264:
3262:9781560514732
3258:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3238:
3229:
3227:9780935403817
3223:
3219:
3212:
3193:
3192:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3171:
3170:
3162:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3127:
3126:The Oregonian
3120:
3114:
3095:
3094:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3063:
3056:
3054:
3045:
3038:
3030:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3006:. p. 14.
3005:
2998:
2991:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2966:
2957:
2956:The Oregonian
2950:
2944:
2942:
2933:
2932:
2931:The Oregonian
2924:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2846:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2773:
2772:
2771:The Oregonian
2764:
2758:
2756:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2654:
2647:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2622:MTO Road Talk
2619:
2613:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2535:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2493:
2474:
2468:
2460:
2453:
2451:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2407:
2394:
2386:
2379:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2331:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2177:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2111:
2105:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1985:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1946:
1940:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1859:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1805:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1788:
1771:
1766:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1721:
1718:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1680:
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1523:
1520:in 2005, the
1519:
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1465:
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1270:
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1253:
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1245:
1241:
1240:Interstate 95
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1180:
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1167:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1130:traffic signs
1123:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:In 2002, the
1099:
1097:
1096:lead chromate
1092:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1067:Interstate 10
1064:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:The Oregonian
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
989:United States
982:
978:
972:United States
969:
965:
962:
958:
954:
952:
941:
939:
935:
930:
926:
922:
918:
903:
899:
897:
893:
892:San Francisco
889:
884:
880:
879:Traffic cones
871:
862:
861:single pass.
859:
855:
852:
843:
837:
832:
819:
814:
810:
806:
802:
799:
795:
790:
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784:
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748:
744:
743:solar heating
740:
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707:
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688:
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557:
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543:
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529:
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521:
516:
514:
508:
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493:Thermoplastic
490:
488:
484:
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476:
472:
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450:
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433:
429:
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424:
423:
421:
417:
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401:
397:
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389:
388:acrylic resin
385:
381:
377:
376:UV stabilizer
373:
369:
365:
362:
329:
310:
308:
304:
299:
296:
288:
283:
270:
266:
262:
261:fire hydrants
257:
252:
249:
245:
244:traffic lines
242:
237:
232:
231:Rumble strips
229:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
199:
196:
195:British Isles
192:
188:
185:
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183:
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145:
136:
132:
129:This section
127:
124:
120:
119:
111:
109:
105:
100:
98:
93:
90:
86:
82:
81:traffic lanes
77:
72:
70:
69:traffic signs
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
30:
19:
5018:Traffic cone
5008:Rumble strip
5002:
4909:Truck bypass
4864:Shared space
4824:Passing lane
4809:Managed lane
4766:Bicycle lane
4648:Washboarding
4643:Traffic sign
4568:Hairpin turn
4337:Texas U-turn
4267:Box junction
4161:Interchanges
4105:Route number
4013:Country lane
3755:Bike freeway
3671:
3661:November 16,
3659:. Retrieved
3655:
3646:
3632:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3604:
3600:
3579:. Retrieved
3569:
3557:. Retrieved
3552:
3542:
3532:February 27,
3530:. Retrieved
3523:the original
3510:
3491:
3485:
3473:. Retrieved
3460:
3448:. Retrieved
3444:
3434:
3422:. Retrieved
3409:
3402:
3390:. Retrieved
3386:
3377:
3365:. Retrieved
3361:
3352:
3335:
3327:the original
3317:
3305:. Retrieved
3291:
3278:
3266:. Retrieved
3252:
3217:
3211:
3199:. Retrieved
3190:
3168:
3161:
3149:. Retrieved
3144:
3134:
3125:
3113:
3101:. Retrieved
3092:
3061:
3043:
3037:
3018:
3012:
3003:
2990:
2973:
2955:
2929:
2899:. Retrieved
2894:
2884:
2863:
2853:
2843:– via
2837:. Retrieved
2824:
2817:
2807:– via
2801:. Retrieved
2789:
2780:
2769:
2742:. Retrieved
2737:
2728:
2716:. Retrieved
2712:the original
2686:September 3,
2684:. Retrieved
2679:
2669:
2657:. Retrieved
2646:
2634:. Retrieved
2630:the original
2625:
2621:
2612:
2600:. Retrieved
2595:
2586:
2574:. Retrieved
2569:
2559:
2541:
2534:
2524:November 14,
2522:. Retrieved
2499:
2492:
2480:. Retrieved
2467:
2427:(8): 36–41.
2424:
2420:
2414:
2393:cite journal
2378:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2336:
2330:
2320:December 25,
2318:. Retrieved
2313:
2310:Public Roads
2309:
2299:
2287:. Retrieved
2284:Deseret News
2283:
2273:
2261:. Retrieved
2257:
2248:
2238:November 28,
2236:. Retrieved
2232:
2223:
2211:. Retrieved
2206:
2157:
2151:
2138:
2113:. Retrieved
2104:
2092:. Retrieved
2088:
2078:
2066:. Retrieved
2062:
2052:
2040:. Retrieved
2036:
2026:
2014:. Retrieved
2010:
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1978:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1939:
1927:. Retrieved
1918:
1911:
1899:. Retrieved
1879:
1875:
1862:
1839:Traffic lane
1815:Roads portal
1796:
1791:
1784:
1748:
1744:diamond turn
1736:
1732:
1719:
1715:
1702:Highway Code
1699:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1661:
1649:
1630:World War II
1627:
1622:
1614:
1612:
1593:
1586:
1581:the Monument
1573:box junction
1557:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1507:
1496:
1488:
1481:
1429:
1412:
1405:
1377:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1282:
1273:
1266:
1248:Interstate 4
1233:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1187:
1179:Interstate 5
1173:
1163:
1151:
1140:
1133:
1127:
1100:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1071:
1055:
1047:
1029:
1013:
1005:Wayne County
986:
966:
963:
959:
955:
947:
917:yellow lines
914:
911:The Americas
900:
877:
868:
857:
856:
850:
849:
840:
782:
752:slurry seals
731:
712:
695:
676:
672:
664:
641:
631:
622:
577:
560:
536:
517:
513:rumble strip
509:
505:hydrocarbons
502:
483:cobblestones
468:
443:
439:
400:alkyd resins
366:
361:parking lots
358:
318:Marker types
307:utility cuts
300:
292:
255:
248:musical road
221:school zones
209:Elbert Botts
177:
139:
135:adding to it
130:
101:
94:
73:
64:
56:
52:
48:
45:road surface
40:
39:
29:
18:Road marking
5056:Performance
4988:Kassel kerb
4945:Botts' dots
4933:Demarcation
4633:Storm drain
4598:Road debris
4523:Aquaplaning
4516:environment
4504:Road safety
4382:Cobblestone
4332:Superstreet
4137:Winter road
4085:Concurrency
4078:Other terms
4069:Sunken lane
4038:Main street
3983:Local roads
3559:January 29,
3450:October 24,
2901:February 2,
2839:January 18,
2809:Archive.org
2803:January 18,
2362:: 233–238.
1929:January 25,
1787:New Zealand
1781:New Zealand
1704:and on the
1534:Netherlands
1451:School Zone
1348:South Korea
1336:North Korea
1252:Polk County
1225:school zone
1159:Los Angeles
1154:Botts' dots
1036:Crown Point
735:water vapor
647:Glass beads
481:styles) or
217:toll booths
201:Botts' dots
89:pedestrians
5118:Categories
5058:indicators
5027:Structures
4978:Guard rail
4854:Road verge
4727:Seat belts
4663:Snowsquall
4628:Speed bump
4608:Road train
4429:Glassphalt
4369:Bioasphalt
4342:Turnaround
4317:Roundabout
4247:(at-grade)
4213:Roundabout
4178:Cloverleaf
4033:Green lane
3969:Trunk road
3897:Main roads
3780:By country
3424:January 8,
3392:August 30,
3367:August 30,
3307:January 8,
3201:August 10,
3103:August 10,
2845:Wikisource
2718:January 8,
2659:January 8,
2636:January 6,
2602:January 6,
2576:January 8,
2175:3527306730
2094:August 21,
1966:Contractor
1855:References
1691:cat's eyes
1604:Birmingham
1166:California
1088:color code
1034:, between
929:overtaking
608:bike lanes
600:taxi lanes
584:turn lanes
580:crosswalks
528:zinc oxide
524:plasticity
479:Portuguese
465:, Portugal
225:snow plows
191:Percy Shaw
180:reflective
4849:Road diet
4751:Space and
4696:Road rage
4583:Oil spill
4543:Crosswind
4533:Black ice
4528:Avalanche
4454:Permeable
4287:Jughandle
4282:Hook turn
4188:Free-flow
4132:Toll road
4051:Side road
4008:Boulevard
3964:Super two
3959:Ring road
3934:Link road
3833:Hong Kong
3788:Australia
3730:hierarchy
2551:695599257
2539:Ontario.
2385:Axe, L.B.
2289:April 22,
2213:April 22,
2068:March 24,
2042:March 24,
2016:March 24,
1990:March 24,
1785:Although
1729:Australia
1673:bus stops
1641:black out
1518:Wiltshire
1402:Indonesia
1263:Hong Kong
1221:stop sign
938:Venezuela
921:Argentina
851:Air spray
619:together.
604:bus lanes
588:HOV lanes
539:snowplows
532:lithopone
520:Additives
396:soya oils
207:engineer
187:Cat's eye
164:cat's eye
85:motorists
83:, inform
5037:Causeway
4874:Shoulder
4710:Vehicles
4658:Whiteout
4618:Rockfall
4613:Roadkill
4538:Bleeding
4514:Road and
4474:Sealcoat
4399:Corduroy
4387:Concrete
4377:Chipseal
4356:Surfaces
4208:Raindrop
4023:Driveway
4018:Dead end
3998:Backroad
3949:2+2 road
3944:2+1 road
3868:Portugal
3858:Pakistan
3470:BBC News
3419:45968644
3151:July 21,
2982:43008710
2861:(1977).
2744:July 14,
2263:July 25,
1901:April 8,
1801:See also
1763:weather.
1740:give way
1491:European
1200:fog line
1157:city of
1143:Colorado
1009:Michigan
997:Michigan
798:spindles
727:potholes
683:antimony
637:catalyst
515:effect.
412:methanol
372:solvents
289:roadwork
205:Caltrans
142:May 2024
61:vehicles
4940:Bollard
4924:Woonerf
4653:Washout
4593:Pothole
4506:factors
4494:Texture
4464:Plastic
4444:Macadam
4233:Trumpet
4183:Diamond
3954:Parkway
3929:Highway
3843:Ireland
3823:Germany
3813:Croatia
3793:Belgium
3656:Twitter
3475:May 19,
3268:May 21,
2876:3280344
2834:8169232
2798:5746986
2738:Trb.org
2482:May 31,
2429:Bibcode
2115:May 10,
1896:9758256
1724:Oceania
1637:lobbied
1628:During
1596:England
1587:In the
1583:in 1969
1236:Florida
1191:tunnels
1181:in the
1147:Florida
993:Trenton
987:In the
951:Ontario
925:Uruguay
809:propane
679:arsenic
473:(as in
420:acetone
408:toluene
404:naphtha
392:linseed
382:latex,
256:against
114:History
5033:Bridge
4717:Airbag
4489:Tarmac
4434:Gravel
4262:Bowtie
4203:Parclo
4127:Stroad
4090:Detour
4065:Street
3993:Avenue
3878:Taiwan
3863:Poland
3828:Greece
3803:Canada
3798:Brazil
3547:Anon.
3498:
3445:Flickr
3417:
3298:
3259:
3224:
3025:
2980:
2874:
2832:
2796:
2549:
2515:
2172:
2089:Medium
1951:
1894:
1712:Russia
1577:London
1554:Norway
1456:Europe
1408:Europe
1279:Israel
1170:Nevada
944:Canada
739:binder
685:, and
606:, and
530:, and
487:marble
463:Lisbon
453:Stones
418:, and
352:
346:
340:
334:
241:convex
4459:Plank
4373:Brick
4223:Stack
3989:Alley
3873:Spain
3853:Nepal
3848:Italy
3838:India
3808:China
3526:(PDF)
3519:(PDF)
3344:(PDF)
3288:(PDF)
3249:(PDF)
3195:(PDF)
3122:(PDF)
3097:(PDF)
3000:(PDF)
2952:(PDF)
2926:(PDF)
2868:(PDF)
2766:(PDF)
2476:(PDF)
2203:(PDF)
2143:(PDF)
1923:(PDF)
1916:"2".
1892:S2CID
1872:(PDF)
1823:Paint
1645:torch
1608:Maney
1514:Seend
1510:kerbs
1489:Most
1297:Tokyo
1287:Japan
1063:US 99
934:Chile
717:road
691:leach
633:Epoxy
628:Epoxy
471:setts
368:Paint
323:Paint
4969:Curb
4800:Lane
4563:Ford
4479:Sett
4419:Dirt
4047:Road
3727:Road
3663:2022
3583:2019
3561:2010
3534:2010
3496:ISBN
3477:2007
3452:2022
3426:2014
3415:OCLC
3394:2022
3369:2022
3309:2021
3296:ISBN
3270:2015
3257:ISBN
3222:ISBN
3203:2020
3153:2020
3105:2020
3023:ISBN
2978:OCLC
2903:2010
2872:OCLC
2841:2021
2830:OCLC
2805:2021
2794:OCLC
2746:2017
2720:2012
2688:2007
2661:2012
2638:2009
2604:2009
2578:2013
2547:OCLC
2526:2021
2513:ISBN
2484:2014
2406:help
2322:2014
2291:2014
2265:2015
2240:2020
2215:2014
2170:ISBN
2117:2014
2096:2023
2070:2014
2044:2014
2018:2014
1992:2014
1931:2015
1903:2013
1666:and
1632:the
1371:off.
1299:area
1258:Asia
1168:and
1145:and
1038:and
923:and
754:and
745:and
687:lead
398:and
162:The
87:and
4623:Rut
4558:Fog
4439:Ice
2505:doi
2437:doi
2364:doi
2360:108
2162:doi
1884:doi
1792:and
1664:A20
1594:In
1575:in
1174:are
1164:In
1023:in
890:in
477:or
446:HOV
394:or
386:or
236:cog
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