876:
353:
328:
27:
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causes an averaging over different
Doppler states and results in an atomic linewidth that is much narrower than the Doppler width. Dicke narrowing occurs at relatively low pressures in the millimeter wave and microwave regions (where it is used in atomic clocks to improve precision). Dicke narrowing is analogous to the
1281:
multiple times. Peebles ended his own 2019 Nobel
Lecture with a statement of disappointment that Dicke had never been awarded the prize, then said, "But I am satisfied now because my Nobel Prize is closure of what Bob set in motion, his great goal of establishing an empirically based gravity physics,
1304:
At the end of the war, Dicke and Currie moved to
Princeton, New Jersey, where Robert was on the faculty at Princeton University. Dicke died there March 4, 1997. Currie continued to live in Princeton until 2002. For the last years of her life she lived in Hightstown, New Jersey at Meadow Lakes
1055:
and radiative transfer was his prediction of the phenomenon called Dicke narrowing: When the mean free path of an atom is much smaller than the wavelength of one of its radiation transitions, the atom changes velocity and direction many times during the emission or absorption of a photon. This
1253:
Dicke is also credited with the invention of a kind of radio receiver, called a "Dicke
Radiometric Receiver" or simply "Dicke Radiometer", developed by Dicke during WWII. His radiometer was characterized by a noise temperature calibration technique using a switchable resistor, known as "Dicke
1225:
could differ by many orders of magnitude. Since there is a non-negligible amount of matter, either we are coincidentally living close to the transition to or from the matter-dominated stage, or we are in the middle of it; the latter is preferred since the coincidences are highly unlikely (an
1161:
stars, such as the Sun, and these stars, according to Dicke, are necessary for the existence of life. At any other epoch, when the equality did not hold, there would be no intelligent life around to notice the discrepancy. This was the first modern application of what is now called the
1230:). This implies a negligible curvature, so the universe must have almost critical density. This has been called the "Dicke coincidence" argument. In fact it gives the wrong answer, since we seem to be living at the time of transition between the matter and
1110:, an equivalence-principle violating modification of general relativity. A highlight experiment was the test of the equivalence principle by Roll, Krotkov and Dicke, which was a factor of 100 more accurate than previous work. He also made measurements of
1209:
near
Princeton. Nevertheless, Dicke's group made the second clean detection, and their theoretical interpretation of Penzias and Wilson's results showed that theories of the early universe had moved from pure speculation into well-tested physics.
2597:
Williams J. G.; Dicke R. H.; Bender P. L.; Alley C. O.; Currie D. G.; Carter W. E.; Eckhardt D. H.; Faller J. E.; Kaula W. M.; et al. (1976). "New test of the equivalence principle from lunar laser ranging".
2437:
1249:
he claims that even though he is often credited with the invention of the device; he believes he read about it in a review of scientific equipment written by Walter C. Michels, a professor at Bryn Mawr.
1245:, which is an indispensable tool in the area of applied science and engineering. Many of Dicke's experiments capitalize on lock-in in some way or another. However, in an interview with
2766:
1308:
They had one daughter, Nancy born in 1945, and two sons, John born in 1946 and James born in 1953. At the time of Dicke's death they had six grandchildren and a great grandchild.
1301:
At the beginning of World War II, Dicke was asked to assist the war effort by applying his skills to the development of radar with the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
1543:
Dicke, RH (March 6, 1959). "New
Research on Old Gravitation: Are the observed physical constants independent of the position, epoch, and velocity of the laboratory?".
477:
2816:
1071:
filed their patent application, Dicke filed a patent titled "Molecular
Amplification Generation Systems and Methods" with claims of how to build an infrared
1506:
Dicke, RH (November 9, 1962). "The Earth and
Cosmology: The earth may be affected by the distant matter of the universe through a long-range interaction".
1043:
In 1946, he returned to
Princeton University, where he remained for the remainder of his career. He did some work in atomic physics, particularly on the
1190:
848:
48:
41:
2811:
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of the universe pass through stages dominated by radiation, matter, curvature etc. Transitions between stages are very special cosmic times which
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in England in 1920 and as a young girl immigrated to Rochester, New York, via Australia and New Zealand, of which Annie had very fond memories.
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2771:
918:
2776:
2712:
Oral history interview transcript with Robert Dicke on 18 November 1975, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
2727:
Oral history interview transcript with Robert Dicke on 19 January 1988, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
2756:
1266:
2751:
2722:
Oral history interview transcript with Robert Dicke on 18 June 1985, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
2717:
Oral history interview transcript with Robert Dicke on 2 May 1983, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
2801:
2115:
91:
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1021:
63:
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981:
652:
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Kuhn J. R.; Libbrecht K. G.; Dicke R. H. (1988). "The surface temperature of the sun and changes in the solar constant".
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70:
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2020:
861:
110:
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911:
494:
77:
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2711:
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856:
580:
570:
2721:
2716:
2696:
2325:
1898:
Roll, P. G.; Krotkov, R.; Dicke, R. H. (1964). "The equivalence of inertial and passive gravitational mass".
499:
422:
59:
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1768:
1174:
904:
880:
427:
2691:
2387:
2232:
840:
646:
626:
434:
379:
2079:
Dicke, R. H.; Peebles, P. J. E.; Roll, P. G.; Wilkinson, D. T. (1965). "Cosmic Black-Body Radiation".
1262:
1258:
1169:
In the early 1960s, work on Brans–Dicke theory led Dicke to think about the early Universe, and with
472:
279:
269:
264:
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641:
406:
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609:
489:
194:
37:
2707:
A Look at the Abandoned Contributions to Cosmology of Dirac, Sciama and Dicke (arxiv:0708.3518)
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1103:
214:
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1198:
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814:
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558:
274:
169:
84:
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2504:
2297:
2197:
2088:
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1977:
1942:
1907:
1872:
1863:
C. Brans; R. H. Dicke (1961). "Mach's Principle And A Relativistic Theory Of Gravitation".
1837:
1802:
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1656:
1597:
1554:
1515:
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1435:
1386:
1332:
1227:
1182:
1005:
1001:
985:
827:
799:
621:
189:
8:
1793:
R. H. Dicke (1953). "The Effect of Collisions upon the Doppler Width of Spectral Lines".
1218:
1142:
1091:
1064:
997:
719:
689:
636:
592:
484:
374:
150:
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2301:
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1981:
1946:
1911:
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1841:
1806:
1676:
1601:
1558:
1519:
1480:
1439:
1390:
1336:
1057:
759:
2585:
2520:
2142:
1993:
1700:
1623:
1083:
1048:
973:
779:
749:
714:
684:
631:
575:
344:
310:
1933:
R. H. Dicke & H. M. Goldenberg (1967). "Solar Oblateness and General Relativity".
1409:
1373:
1355:
1319:
2656:
Dicke R. H. (1962). "Mach's Principle And Invariance Under Transformation Of Units".
2589:
2524:
2213:
2168:
2161:
2016:
1919:
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1615:
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1545:
1531:
1494:
1451:
1414:
1360:
1295:
1242:
1149:
must vary to maintain this equality. Dicke realized that Dirac's relation could be a
809:
206:
1627:
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2644:
2615:
2577:
2512:
2412:
2305:
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1997:
1985:
1950:
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1605:
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1443:
1404:
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1350:
1340:
1202:
1186:
1150:
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1029:
937:
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694:
530:
399:
305:
222:
704:
679:
2581:
2516:
1566:
1527:
1489:
1464:
1447:
1291:
1235:
1234:
stages. An anthropic explanation of the failure of Dicke's argument was given by
1013:
819:
754:
739:
724:
709:
563:
460:
2596:
2209:
1082:
He spent the remainder of his career developing a program of precision tests of
2619:
2262:
1954:
1737:
1648:
969:
804:
764:
327:
2627:
Peebles P. J. E.; Dicke R. H. (1968). "Origin of the Globular Star Clusters".
1849:
1090:. In 1957, he first proposed an alternative theory of gravitation inspired by
1032:, a microwave receiver. He used this to set a limit on the temperature of the
2735:
2677:
1647:
1246:
1158:
1107:
789:
774:
674:
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965:
794:
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729:
585:
218:
2340:"National Science Foundation - The President's National Medal of Science"
1652:
1231:
1170:
542:
535:
210:
1426:
Dicke, RH (April 26, 1974). "The Oblateness of the Sun and Relativity".
1282:
by the establishment of the empirically-based relativistic cosmology."
1095:
784:
2310:
2285:
1828:
R. H. Dicke (1957). "Gravitation without a Principle of Equivalence".
1610:
1583:
2188:
Weinberg, S. (1987). "Anthropic bound on the cosmological constant".
1989:
1685:
1660:
1206:
1076:
961:
734:
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26:
2648:
2100:
2064:
2037:
467:
369:
362:
2706:
1897:
1213:
In 1970, Dicke argued that the universe must have very nearly the
977:
298:
2116:"The Race to Prove the Existence of Cosmic Microwave Background"
1968:
Dicke, R. H. (1961). "Dirac's Cosmology and Mach's Principle".
1584:"The measurement of thermal radiation at microwave frequencies"
1320:"Seismology and geodesy of the sun: Low-frequency oscillations"
1037:
1017:
1769:"Robert Dicke; Theorized That Big Bang 'Echo' Still Resonates"
960:; May 6, 1916 – March 4, 1997) was an American astronomer and
1125:
1115:
1072:
1044:
1036:, from the roof of the Radiation Laboratory, of less than 20
1025:
352:
2626:
2286:"A Pentode Lock-In Amplifier of High Frequency Selectivity"
1932:
1378:
1324:
1051:
of the electron. An important contribution to the field of
952:
2038:"A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s"
2767:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1111:
946:
1269:, of which he was a member. He was also a member of the
1189:
to search for the radiation. They were preceded by the
1177:(having allegedly forgotten the earlier prediction of
1701:"A Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientific Cosmology"
949:
2233:"Design a DSP lock-in amplifier, Part 1: Background"
1128:, one of the classical tests of general relativity.
943:
1862:
940:
2160:
2141:
1374:"Seismology and geodesy of the sun: Solar geodesy"
1114:oblateness which were useful in understanding the
964:who made important contributions to the fields of
2158:
1732:, WORLD SCIENTIFIC, pp. 73–84, May 6, 2016,
1079:and the patent was awarded on September 9, 1958.
2733:
1290:Dicke married Annie Currie in 1942. Currie, of
1185:and Peter G. Roll, immediately began building a
2010:
1217:of matter needed to stop it expanding forever.
1016:. During the Second World War he worked in the
2364:. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from
2013:3 K: The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
1305:Retirement Community until her death in 2005.
1241:Dicke was also responsible for developing the
2817:Members of the American Philosophical Society
2283:
2035:
912:
16:American astronomer and physicist (1916–1997)
2490:"Nobel Lecture: How Physical Cosmology Grew"
2263:"Oral History Transcript — Dr. Robert Dicke"
2187:
2139:
1967:
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2277:
1827:
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1285:
919:
905:
351:
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2063:
1684:
1609:
1488:
1408:
1398:
1354:
1344:
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
2812:Fellows of the American Physical Society
2807:Winners of the Beatrice M. Tinsley Prize
2354:
2113:
1766:
1063:In 1956, approximately two years before
2540:"Princeton Physicist Robert Dicke Dies"
2487:
2417:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
2230:
1767:Archives, L. A. Times (March 6, 1997).
2734:
2692:National Academy of Sciences biography
2284:Michels, W. C.; Curtis, N. L. (1941).
1024:where he worked on the development of
47:Please improve this article by adding
1581:
1542:
1505:
1462:
1425:
1371:
1317:
1271:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1261:in 1978. In 1973, he was awarded the
1141:is very roughly equal to the inverse
1022:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1008:and his doctorate, in 1939, from the
2231:Hageman, Steve (December 27, 2017).
2036:Penzias, A.A.; Wilson, R.W. (1965).
1153:: fundamental physical laws connect
982:Albert Einstein Professor in Science
20:
2772:National Medal of Science laureates
1157:to the lifetime of what are called
13:
2777:People from Hightstown, New Jersey
2537:
1173:he re-derived the prediction of a
647:2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ("2dF")
14:
2828:
2757:20th-century American astronomers
2685:
2243:from the original on June 3, 2021
2148:. American Philosophical Society.
1726:"Robert Dicke and atomic physics"
862:Timeline of cosmological theories
627:Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)
2752:20th-century American physicists
2290:Review of Scientific Instruments
2163:Principles of Physical Cosmology
1589:Review of Scientific Instruments
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326:
25:
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2133:
2114:Levesque, Emily (May 8, 2022).
2107:
2072:
2029:
2004:
1961:
1311:
1106:of gravitation, developed with
642:Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)
495:Future of an expanding universe
241:
2802:University of Rochester alumni
2167:. Princeton University Press.
2015:. Cambridge University Press.
1926:
1891:
1856:
1821:
1786:
1760:
1718:
1693:
1661:"Obituary: Robert Henry Dicke"
1641:
1277:. Dicke was nominated for the
1275:American Philosophical Society
1034:microwave background radiation
857:History of the Big Bang theory
653:Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
1:
1635:
1463:Dicke, RH (August 25, 1967).
1379:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
1325:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
1181:and co-workers). Dicke, with
849:Discovery of cosmic microwave
500:Ultimate fate of the universe
49:secondary or tertiary sources
2582:10.1126/science.242.4880.908
2517:10.1103/RevModPhys.92.030501
2144:Gravitation and the Universe
1920:10.1016/0003-4916(64)90259-3
1567:10.1126/science.129.3349.621
1528:10.1126/science.138.3541.653
1490:10.1126/science.157.3791.960
1448:10.1126/science.184.4135.419
1267:National Academy of Sciences
991:
7:
2782:Princeton University alumni
2362:"Comstock Prize in Physics"
2210:10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.2607
1175:cosmic microwave background
1102:. In 1961, this led to the
1086:using the framework of the
617:Black Hole Initiative (BHI)
10:
2833:
2787:Scientists from New Jersey
2620:10.1103/PhysRevLett.36.551
2553:
2488:Peebles, P. J. E. (2020).
2159:Peebles, P. J. E. (1993).
1955:10.1103/PhysRevLett.18.313
1738:10.1142/9789813142527_0007
380:Chronology of the universe
2792:Scientists from St. Louis
2497:Reviews of Modern Physics
1850:10.1103/RevModPhys.29.363
1830:Reviews of Modern Physics
1263:Comstock Prize in Physics
1259:National Medal of Science
473:Expansion of the universe
325:
320:
316:
304:
294:
287:
280:Beatrice M. Tinsley Prize
270:Comstock Prize in Physics
265:National Medal of Science
259:
251:
228:
201:
185:
177:
158:
132:
125:
2797:Physicists from Missouri
2678:10.1103/PhysRev.125.2163
2265:. Aip.org. June 18, 1985
2011:R. B. Partridge (1995).
1372:Dicke, RH (March 1981).
1318:Dicke, RH (April 1981).
1286:Marriage and family life
1164:weak anthropic principle
1100:large numbers hypothesis
637:Planck space observatory
423:Gravitational wave (GWB)
2326:"Radiometric Receivers"
2190:Physical Review Letters
1935:Physical Review Letters
1885:10.1103/PhysRev.124.925
1205:), who were working at
1145:in certain units, then
1075:and the use of an open
1069:Arthur Leonard Schawlow
1010:University of Rochester
490:Inhomogeneous cosmology
195:University of Rochester
1815:10.1103/PhysRev.89.472
1400:10.1073/pnas.78.3.1309
1346:10.1073/pnas.78.4.1989
1279:Nobel Prize in Physics
1257:Dicke was awarded the
1136:gravitational constant
1132:Dirac had hypothesized
1000:, Dicke completed his
36:relies excessively on
2762:American cosmologists
2140:Dicke, R. H. (1970).
2081:Astrophysical Journal
2043:Astrophysical Journal
1294:descent, was born in
1199:Robert Woodrow Wilson
1088:equivalence principle
581:Large-scale structure
559:Shape of the universe
275:Elliott Cresson Medal
170:Princeton, New Jersey
2544:Princeton University
2463:"Robert Henry Dicke"
2442:search.amphilsoc.org
2438:"APS Member History"
2413:"Robert Henry Dicke"
1228:Copernican principle
1191:accidental detection
1183:David Todd Wilkinson
1018:Radiation Laboratory
1006:Princeton University
986:Princeton University
893:Astronomy portal
851:background radiation
828:List of cosmologists
190:Princeton University
2670:1962PhRv..125.2163D
2641:1968ApJ...154..891P
2612:1976PhRvL..36..551W
2574:1988Sci...242..908K
2538:Savani, Jacquelyn.
2509:2020RvMP...92c0501P
2368:on 29 December 2010
2302:1941RScI...12..444M
2202:1987PhRvL..59.2607W
2093:1965ApJ...142..414D
2056:1965ApJ...142..419P
1982:1961Natur.192..440D
1947:1967PhRvL..18..313D
1912:1964AnPhy..26..442R
1877:1961PhRv..124..925B
1842:1957RvMP...29..363D
1807:1953PhRv...89..472D
1677:1997PhT....50i..92H
1602:1946RScI...17..268D
1559:1959Sci...129..621D
1520:1962Sci...138..653D
1481:1967Sci...157..960D
1440:1974Sci...184..419D
1391:1981PNAS...78.1309D
1337:1981PNAS...78.1989D
1226:application of the
1143:age of the universe
1065:Charles Hard Townes
998:St. Louis, Missouri
593:Structure formation
485:Friedmann equations
375:Age of the universe
339:Part of a series on
151:St. Louis, Missouri
1659:(September 1997).
1582:Dicke, RH (1946).
1104:Brans–Dicke theory
1084:general relativity
1049:gyromagnetic ratio
1047:and measuring the
932:Robert Henry Dicke
632:Dark Energy Survey
576:Large quasar group
345:Physical cosmology
311:Lee Alvin DuBridge
215:Brans–Dicke theory
137:Robert Henry Dicke
2392:www.nasonline.org
2388:"Robert H. Dicke"
2311:10.1063/1.1769919
2196:(22): 2607–2610.
1976:(4801): 440–441.
1900:Annals of Physics
1773:Los Angeles Times
1747:978-981-314-250-3
1611:10.1063/1.1770483
1553:(3349): 621–624.
1514:(3541): 653–664.
1434:(4135): 419–429.
1296:Barrow-in-Furness
1243:lock-in amplifier
1134:that because the
1028:and designed the
1002:bachelor's degree
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928:
600:
599:
442:
441:
334:
333:
289:Scientific career
207:lock-in amplifier
121:
120:
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95:
60:"Robert H. Dicke"
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2008:
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1990:10.1038/192440a0
1965:
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1686:10.1063/1.881921
1657:Wilkinson, David
1645:
1631:
1613:
1578:
1539:
1502:
1492:
1459:
1422:
1412:
1402:
1385:(3): 1309–1312.
1368:
1358:
1348:
1331:(4): 1989–1993.
1215:critical density
1203:Dicke radiometer
1187:Dicke radiometer
1151:selection effect
1092:Mach's principle
1060:for gamma rays.
1058:Mössbauer effect
1030:Dicke radiometer
959:
958:
955:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
921:
914:
907:
891:
890:
889:
878:
877:
571:Galaxy formation
531:Lambda-CDM model
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1705:history.aip.org
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1159:main sequence
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988:(1975–1984).
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56:Find sources:
50:
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43:
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34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
2698:
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2629:Astrophys. J
2628:
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2599:
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2543:
2533:
2500:
2496:
2483:
2471:. Retrieved
2466:
2457:
2445:. Retrieved
2441:
2432:
2420:. Retrieved
2416:
2407:
2395:. Retrieved
2391:
2382:
2370:. Retrieved
2366:the original
2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2334:
2320:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2267:. Retrieved
2257:
2245:. Retrieved
2236:
2226:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2162:
2154:
2143:
2135:
2125:December 24,
2123:. Retrieved
2119:
2109:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2047:
2041:
2031:
2012:
2006:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1778:December 24,
1776:. Retrieved
1772:
1762:
1753:December 24,
1751:, retrieved
1729:
1720:
1710:December 24,
1708:. Retrieved
1704:
1695:
1671:(9): 92–94.
1668:
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1550:
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1507:
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1328:
1323:
1312:Bibliography
1307:
1303:
1300:
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1252:
1240:
1222:
1212:
1195:Arno Penzias
1179:George Gamow
1168:
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1138:
1130:
1081:
1062:
1053:spectroscopy
1042:
995:
966:astrophysics
931:
930:
699:
655:Probe (WMAP)
589:
586:Reionization
567:
539:
513:
481:
464:
461:Hubble's law
452:
431:
403:
366:
288:
234:Annie Currie
219:Dicke effect
164:(1997-03-04)
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
35:
18:
2747:1997 deaths
2742:1916 births
2701:(1997) 1469
2664:(6): 2163.
2606:(11): 551.
2372:13 February
2087:: 414–419.
2050:: 419–421.
1254:Resistor".
1232:dark energy
1171:Jim Peebles
610:Experiments
543:Dark matter
536:Dark energy
478:FLRW metric
415:Backgrounds
211:Dicke model
178:Nationality
147:May 6, 1916
2736:Categories
2703:, obituary
2346:January 2,
2296:(9): 444.
2269:January 2,
1941:(9): 313.
1871:(3): 925.
1801:(2): 472.
1636:References
1119:precession
1116:perihelion
1096:Paul Dirac
690:Copernicus
668:Scientists
523:Components
143:1916-05-06
71:newspapers
38:references
2658:Phys. Rev
2590:128820028
2525:224985139
2342:. Nsf.gov
1265:from the
1207:Bell Labs
1123:Mercury's
1077:resonator
992:Biography
974:cosmology
962:physicist
820:Zeldovich
720:Friedmann
695:de Sitter
622:BOOMERanG
551:Structure
516:Structure
400:Inflation
321:Signature
101:June 2010
2473:April 5,
2447:July 13,
2422:July 13,
2397:July 13,
2241:Archived
2218:10035596
1628:26658623
1620:20991753
1575:17735811
1536:17829699
1499:17792834
1456:17736508
1419:16592985
1365:16592998
1292:Scottish
1273:and the
1236:Weinberg
1223:a priori
1193:made by
996:Born in
881:Category
800:Suntzeff
760:Lemaître
710:Einstein
675:Aaronson
468:Redshift
370:Universe
363:Big Bang
252:Children
181:American
2666:Bibcode
2637:Bibcode
2635:: 891.
2608:Bibcode
2570:Bibcode
2562:Science
2554:Sources
2505:Bibcode
2298:Bibcode
2247:June 3,
2198:Bibcode
2089:Bibcode
2052:Bibcode
1998:4196678
1978:Bibcode
1943:Bibcode
1908:Bibcode
1873:Bibcode
1838:Bibcode
1803:Bibcode
1673:Bibcode
1598:Bibcode
1555:Bibcode
1546:Science
1516:Bibcode
1508:Science
1477:Bibcode
1469:Science
1436:Bibcode
1428:Science
1387:Bibcode
1333:Bibcode
1038:kelvins
1020:at the
978:gravity
805:Sunyaev
790:Schmidt
780:Penzias
775:Penrose
750:Huygens
740:Hawking
725:Galileo
299:Physics
246:
238:
85:scholar
2588:
2523:
2216:
2171:
2019:
1996:
1970:Nature
1744:
1626:
1618:
1573:
1534:
1497:
1454:
1417:
1410:319117
1407:
1363:
1356:319267
1353:
879:
815:Wilson
810:Tolman
770:Newton
765:Mather
755:Kepler
745:Hubble
705:Ehlers
685:Alpher
680:Alfvén
588:
566:
538:
480:
463:
455:Future
430:
402:
365:
295:Fields
282:(1992)
277:(1974)
272:(1973)
267:(1970)
260:Awards
229:Spouse
197:(Ph.D)
192:(B.S.)
172:, U.S.
153:, U.S.
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
2697:BAAS
2586:S2CID
2521:S2CID
2493:(PDF)
1994:S2CID
1624:S2CID
1126:orbit
1112:solar
1073:laser
1045:laser
1026:radar
795:Smoot
785:Rubin
730:Gamow
715:Ellis
700:Dicke
240:(
236:
92:JSTOR
78:books
2475:2022
2449:2022
2424:2022
2399:2022
2374:2011
2348:2014
2271:2014
2249:2021
2214:PMID
2169:ISBN
2127:2022
2017:ISBN
1780:2022
1755:2022
1742:ISBN
1712:2022
1616:PMID
1571:PMID
1532:PMID
1495:PMID
1452:PMID
1415:PMID
1361:PMID
1197:and
1094:and
1067:and
976:and
735:Guth
159:Died
133:Born
64:news
2674:doi
2662:125
2645:doi
2633:154
2616:doi
2578:doi
2566:242
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