Robert II of France

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to settle in an area, get a tribute against the tranquility of the population and trade, rather than wage war, and this from the 10th century. The Vikings thus participate fully in the process of feudalisation and in the economic expansion which accompanies it. They must dispose of their booty, and they mint coins from the precious metals that were hoarded in looted religious goods. This cash, which is reinjected into the economy, is a leading catalyst for the ongoing economic transformation. The global money supply increases as much as with the weakening of the central power more and more bishops and princes coin money. However, the growing monetization of the economy is a powerful catalyst: farmers can take advantage of their agricultural surpluses and are motivated to increase their production capacity through the use of new techniques and the increase in cultivable areas through land clearing. The establishment of common law contributes to this development because the producer must generate enough profits to be able to pay the taxes. The lords also reinject this cash into the economy because one of the main criteria for belonging to the nobility in full structuring is to have a broad and expensive behavior towards its counterparts (this behavior being moreover necessary for ensure the loyalty of its

2705:(ca. 993–994), the concern of the sovereign of the year 1000 is to make equity and justice reign, to guarantee peace and harmony in the Kingdom. Its purpose is to safeguard Capetian memory for centuries. For their part, the territorial princes of the 11th century know what founds and legitimizes their power even in their royal aspects. The presence of a royal authority in the Kingdom of the Franks remains essential for contemporaries. However, Abbo also emphasizes in his writings the need of a local ruler who could exercise his office for the common good, deciding matters with the consent of the advisers (bishops and princes). However, Robert II did not always follow, to his great fault, this theory, in particular in the case of the succession of the 1993: 1472:, a fight arose between Count Fromond II and Archbishop Léotheric for the control of the city. The Archbishop, who was close to the King, was furious at the behavior of the Count, who had built a powerful defense tower. In 1012, Renard II succeeded his father Fromond II and the situation worsened in as much as the Bishop of Langres, Brunon de Roucy, enemy of Robert II, was Renard II's maternal uncle. Léotheric, isolated, appealed to the King. The latter wished to intervene for several reasons: Sens was one of the main archiepiscopal cities of the Kingdom, it was also an obligatory passage to go to Burgundy and, finally, the possession of the County of Sens would allow Robert II to fragment the possessions of 607:(arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy). Robert II is one of the few laypeople of his time to enjoy the same worldview as contemporary clergy. After about two years of study in Reims, he returned to Orléans. His intellectual level had also developed in the musical field, as recognized by another great scholar of his time, Richer de Reims. According to Helgaud de Fleury, at an age unknown in his adolescence, the young Robert II fell seriously ill, to such an extent that his parents feared for his life. It was then when they went to pray at the Sainte-Croix church in Orleans and offered a golden crucifix and a sumptuous 60-pound (30 kg) vase as a votive offering. Robert II miraculously recovered. 2652:

chancellery reduced to a few people still consist for half of them, of a Carolingian-type diplomatic (monogram, Carolingian forms) until around 1010. The preambles change slightly under the chancellor Baudouin from 1018 but there is still "political Augustinism and the idea of the king as protector of the Church". Above all, underlines the historian, the royal acts drawn up by Robert II's chancellery do not open until very late and very partially to signatures foreign to those of the king and the chancellor. On the other hand, in the second part of the reign, one notes some acts with multiple subscriptions: for example in the act delivered at the

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on the role of the ideal prince); the second, through Rodulphus Glaber, was a place where history was written. Hugh Capet and Robert II, solicited by the two parties (episcopal and monastic), received the complaint from Abbo who denounced the actions of a layman, Lord Arnoul of Yèvres, who would have erected a tower without royal authorization and above all would have submitted by force the peasant communities that belong to the Abbey of Fleury. Bishop Arnoul II of Orléans, the uncle of Arnulf of Yèvres, said meanwhile that his nephew (???), for the King needed support to fight against Count

1197: 1614:. The Bishop of his diocese, Gibuin I of Châlons, then summoned him, and debated with him before the people and convinced them of the peasant's heretical madness. Abandoned by all, Leutard committed suicide. This situation was repeated throughout the eleventh century with various people who disagreed with Catholic orthodoxy: they were put to debate with highly educated clergymen in public, so that they and their message were ridiculed and discredited in the eyes of the common people. As for Adémar de Chabannes, he reported, around 1015–1020, the appearance of 1658:, and on Christmas Day 1022, the heretics were arrested and interrogated for long hours. Rodulfus Glaber reported that they recognized belonging to the "sect" for a long time and that their purpose was to convince the royal court of their beliefs (refusal of the sacraments, food prohibitions, on the virginity of the Virgin Mary and on the Trinity). These details are surely true; on the other hand, it is abusively obvious that Rodulfus Glaber and the other chroniclers demonized at will the meetings of the "circle of Orléans": they suspected them of practicing 2371:, VII), that only the ungodly and fornicators "will die for eternity in their blood, if they have not amended themselves beforehand". Friend of Bishop Fulbert, William V of Aquitaine could have addressed him directly. Now, aware that Robert II is the Lord's chosen one, it is from him, responsible for the entire kingdom, that we must seek advice. He is in the best position to know the mysteries of the world and the will of God. In the 11th century, even the most powerful men respect the order established by God, that is to say to pray to his sovereign. 1121: 2394:" This man of God had no horror of them , for he had read in the Holy Scriptures that often our Lord Jesus had received hospitality in the figure of a leper. He went to them, approached them with eagerness, gave them the money with his own hand, kissed their hands with his mouth . Moreover, divine virtue conferred on this holy man such grace for the healing of bodies that by touching the sick with the place of their wounds with his pious hand, and imprinting thereon the sign of the cross, he removed all pain from the disease." 2130:), which he addressed to Robert II, reputed to be literate and steeped in religious culture. The Abbot of Fleury seized the opportunity to claim the protection of the sovereign, who responded favorably. The traditional Carolingian episcopate then felt abandoned by royalty and threatened by the monks. This situation would be reinforced with the death of Hugh Capet in the fall of 996. Robert II was now more tempted by monastic culture than by episcopal and pontifical power which still remained largely the servant of the 1283: 2678: 2636:

the past fifteen years. Since the thesis of Jean-François Lemarignier was thought that the space in which the diplomas were shipped had tended to shrink during the 11th century: "the decline is observed between 1025–1028 and 1031 to the various points of view of qualification categories". But the historian affirmed that, starting from Hugh Capet and even more under Robert II, the charters included more and more foreign subscriptions (signatures) than the traditional royal chancellery: thus the

2498:, the primitive castles had settled on the borders of forest complexes. In all cases, the castral establishment on the outskirts of the village is very common. This phenomenon is part of a very anchored and ancient linear population which is juxtaposed with an early clearing that was certainly Carolingian well prior to the castral phenomenon. Nonetheless, the charters of northern France confirmed an intensive clearing activity still present until the middle of the 12th century and even beyond. 1359:. Although the association markedly favored the House of Anjou (and could put the sovereign's own life at risk), Robert II considered that this was the best way to consolidate the new Capetian dynasty and prevent another of the noble families from disputing the throne. However, he did not give any royal power to his son and, for this, Hugh was constantly humiliated by his mother. When he came of age, the junior King rebelled against his father, but eventually was restored in the royal favor. 631: 42: 1743:. Robert II accused the Jews of complicity with Muslims (although they themselves were victims of Muslim persecution). A series of atrocities against the Jews followed, reported by Rodulfus Glaber and Adémar de Chabannes: Spoliations, massacres and forced conversions were the tragic fate of Jewish communities in the Kingdom of France. These abuses are corroborated by an anonymous Jewish chronicler, who further reports that a notable Jew from 1351:(1016), the Queen sought to strengthen her family's position at court. For this, she and her Angevin relatives pressured the King to associate her eldest son Hugh to the throne, to ensure the regency of Constance over the Kingdom in the event of Robert II's death. Against the opinion of the royal councilors and the territorial princes, Robert II relented and thus, according to Rodulfus Glaber, 10-years-old Hugh was consecrated Junior King on 1595:, Jean de Ripoll and Paul de Chartres. The year 1000 extended the idea of a corrupt century where the wealth of the clergy contrasted terribly with the humility advocated by Jesus Christ. Some clerics questioned this system and wished to purify Christian society. This debate was not new: already in the 9th century, there was controversy among scholars about the Eucharist and the cult of saints, but in 1022, it was of a different nature. 2547:. The reign of Hugh Capet marks the apogee of the feudalization of money. The result is a decrease in the uniformity of the denarius and the appearance of the practice of remapping money on the markets (we rely on the weight of the coin to determine its value). On the other hand, we are in a period where the increase in trade is supported by the increase in the volume of metal available. Indeed, the expansion towards the east of the 901: 2143: 1967: 955:; however, after about three or four years of marriage (c. 991–992), the young Robert II repudiated her, due to the excessive age difference between them (Rozala was almost 22 years older than him and probably too old to have more children). In fact, the breakup was justified by the absence of a child from their union and, for this reason, Hugh Capet and his advisers did not oppose the annulment proceedings. 2081:, the monasteries were increasingly seeking to free themselves from episcopal supervision, in particular Fleury-sur-Loire. Moreover, abbots went to Rome between 996 and 998 to claim privileges of exemption from the Pope. In the southern regions of the kingdom, Cluny and other establishments, peace movements were disseminated with the help of certain ecclesiastics who hoped for a strengthening of their power: 1943:

claimed that by the time of his death, rivers overflowed (toppling houses and carrying children), a comet passed in the sky and a famine plagued the kingdom for nearly two years. When he finished his biography around 1033, Helgaud of Fleury was surprised that the tomb of the pious Robert II was still only covered with a simple slab and no ornament. Not until the middle of the 13th century did his descendant,

2185:, intended to show that the behavior of the king was that of a humble prince who possessed all the qualities: gentleness, charity, accessible to all, forgiving everything. This hagiography is different from the traditional royal ideology, since the king seems to follow in the footsteps of Christ. Sin allows kings to recognize themselves as mere mortals and thus lay a solid foundation for the new dynasty. 1928:"Some time before his most holy death, which happened on 20 July, on the day of the death of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, the sun, like the last quarter of the moon, veiled its rays to everyone, and appeared at the sixth hour of the day, turning pale above the heads of men, the sight of which was so obscured, that they remained without recognizing each other until the moment to see was returned." 655:, however, attributes Hugh Capet's request to his old age and inability to control the nobility. Modern scholarship has largely imputed to Hugh Capet the motive of establishing a dynasty against the claims of electoral power on the part of the aristocracy, but this is not the typical view of contemporaries and even some modern scholars have been less sceptical of his "plan" to campaign in Spain. 1916: 1339:. According to him, Saint Savinian would have appeared to him and secured that the royal marriage would be preserved; three days later, Robert II was back, definitively abandoning Bertha. The problems did not end, however. The rivalry between Bertha and Constance only enhanced the hatred between the Houses of Blois and Anjou. In the midst of this dispute, after the military victory of 755:

eyes of his contemporaries as a pious sovereign (hence his nickname) and close to the Church for several reasons: he devoted himself to the liberal arts; he was present at the synods of bishops; Abbo of Fleury specially dedicated his canonical collection to him; he easily forgave his enemies; and the abbeys received many royal gifts. He sent Ulric, bishop of Orleans, on an embassy to

1145:. To please the Holy See, Robert II annulled the sentence of the Council of Saint-Basle, freed Archbishop Arnoul and restored him to the episcopal see of Reims. Gerbert of Aurillac then had to take refuge with Emperor Otto III in 997. Despite this, the Pope ordered Robert II and Bertha to put an end to their "incestuous union". Finally, the two councils which met first in 666:). It is believed that Gerbert of Aurillac (who was himself close to Borrell II, for a time his protector), would then have come to the aid of Hugh Capet to convince the Archbishop that the co-kinship was needed due to the purposed expedition to assist the Count of Barcelona, and to secure a stable transition of power. Under duress, Archbishop Adalbero finally consented. 682:"The princes of the kingdom were gathered on the day of the Lord's nativity to celebrate the royal coronation ceremony, the Archbishop, taking the purple, solemnly crowned Robert II, son of Hugh, in the basilica of the Holy Cross, to the acclamations of the French, then did so and crowned king of the western peoples from the Meuse river to the Ocean." 2196:(participant in the Kingship of God). Indeed, the young sovereign received in 987 the anointing of oil at the same time temporal and spiritual, "desiring to fulfill his power and his will with the gift of the holy blessing". All the clerics for whom we have the works, submit to the royal person: for Helgaud, Robert holds the place of God on earth ( 1850:. Over 55 years old, an age at which in the tradition of the time one must step aside from power, Robert II was still on his throne. He endured several revolts from his sons, Henry and Robert, who most likely intrigued with their mother, Constance (1030). Robert II and Constance escaped to Burgundy, where they joined forces with their son-in-law, 814:, Arnoul was judged as a traitor by an assembly chaired by Robert II (June 991). Despite the protests of Abbon of Fleury, Arnoul was deposed. A few days later, Gerbert of Aurillac was appointed Archbishop of Reims with the support of his former pupil Robert II. Pope John XV did not accept this procedure and wanted to convene a new council in 1545:. Dagobert, Archbishop of Bourges died in 1012, and Robert II himself appointed his replacement, Gauzlin, former Abbot of Fleury; however, the viscount of the same city, Geoffrey, tried to intervene personally in the choice of Dagobert's successor and prevented the new archbishop from entering the city, and only through the intercession of 2289:. In total, the sacred object is composed of 900 grams of gold and 5 kilograms of silver. In total, the inventory is impressive: during his reign Robert II offers a quantity of copes, priestly vestments, tablecloths, vases, chalices, crosses and censers. One of the gifts that most marks the contemporaries is probably the 451: 3525:(d. 1037) was another daughter of Robert II—from one of his three marriages, or daughter-in-law, or illegitimate daughter or even a godchild—and Constance of Arles—due to onomastics reasons she could be either her mother or godmother—. The connection is suggested by the presence of the royal couple at a donation by " 2386:, mentioned by Gregory of Tours (6th century) and considered the first Frankish king healer. During the reign of Henry I, in the middle of the 11th century, we begin to tell Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire that Robert II had the gift of healing the wounds of certain diseases affecting them. Helgaud of Fleury writes in his 2126:. Finally, a negotiation took place under the chairmanship of Robert II and a diploma dated in Paris in 994 temporarily put an end to the quarrel. Abbo was then denounced as a "corrupter" and summoned to a royal assembly. He wrote a letter for the event entitled "Apologetic Book against Bishop Arnoul of Orléans" ( 3664:

Once he became the sole sovereign, Robert II renewed his advisers, and his father's team (Bouchard of Vendôme, Gerbert of Aurillac and Arnoul of Orléans) no longer had any reason to exist. We also know today that, to defend himself, Abbo had falsified an exemption charter in 997 (a practice which was

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and some later additions. It seems nevertheless that the knights and the small counts present in the charters are not the rebellious squires of the traditional historiography but rather the members of a local network woven around the abbeys and the bishoprics held by the king. Clearly, the changes in

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The royal administration is known to us through the archives and in particular through the content of the royal diplomas. As for his father, Robert II record both a continuity with the previous era and a break. Historiography has truly changed his perspective on administration in Robert II's day over

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s. In fact, increased trade leads to the proliferation of roads and markets (the network that is set up is immensely denser and ramified than what could have existed in Antiquity). These bridges, villages and markets are therefore built under the protection of a lord which is materialized by a castle

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If the 9th century looting have significantly slowed the economy, it is sustained expansion from the 10th century. Indeed, with the establishment of a decentralized defense, the Banal Lordship brought a response well adapted to the rapid Saracen or Viking raids. It becomes more profitable for thieves

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Hugh of Beauvais were hunting in the forest of Orléans. Suddenly, twelve armed men appeared and threw themselves on Hugh before killing him under the eyes of the king. The crime was ordered by Count Fulk III of Anjou, and with all probability supported by the Queen. Robert II, exasperated by his wife

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Despite the threat of excommunication, Robert II and Bertha refused to submit until September 1001, when they finally became separated. The inability of Bertha to produce further offspring after her stillbirth was probably the main reason for this. Robert II, in need of male heirs, decided to remarry

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When his master Adalbero of Reims died, Gerbert of Aurillac was obliged to follow the intrigues of the new archbishop Arnoul, determined to deliver Reims to Charles of Lorraine. Although the documentation is very incomplete on this subject, it seems that the scholar subsequently changed his positions

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Unlike that of Hugh Capet, the coronation of Robert was precisely detailed by Richer of Reims—even the day and place were clearly identified. Dressed in purple woven with gold threads, as tradition dictated, the 15-year-old boy was acclaimed, crowned and then consecrated by the Archbishop of Reims on

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where the imperial family resided, which narrowly escaped capture. After having looted the imperial palace and the surroundings, he returned to France carrying the insignia of the Empire. In the following October, to take revenge, Otto II assembled an army of 60,000 men and invaded Lothair's domains.

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Is known that since around 992, Robert II has exercised the royal power transmitted by his aging father Hugh Capet. Historians thus show that the first Capetians begin to give up power around the age of 50, by tradition but also because the life expectancy of a sovereign at that time is around 55–60

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The strength of Fleury and Cluny were their respective intellectual centers: the first retained in the 11th century more than 600 manuscripts from all walks of life, and Abbot Abbo himself wrote numerous treatises, the fruit of distant trips, notably to England, upon which he reflected (for example,

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did not like the monks whom they considered to be impostors. Moreover, on the side of the bishops, there was no lack of criticism against the monks: thus they were accused of having an opulent life, of having unnatural sexual activities and of wearing luxury clothes (the example of the Abbot Mainard

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Robert II was a devout Catholic, hence his sobriquet "the Pious." He was musically inclined, being a composer, chorister, and poet, and made his palace a place of religious seclusion where he conducted the matins and vespers in his royal robes. Robert II's reputation for piety also resulted from his

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Much appreciated by the monks of Saint-Denis, the deceased King was hastily transported from Melun to the Abbey where his father was already resting, in front of the altar of the Holy Trinity. The benefits that the sovereign offered to the abbey were enormous. When writing their chronicle, the monks

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after a few days of fighting, then Auxerre. An arrangement had already been made between the King and Otto-William, who was with him during the siege of Avallon. Under the mediation of Bishop Hugh of Chalon, Count Landry was reconciled with the King by renouncing the Counties of Avallon and Auxerre.

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in two parts. Renard II was excommunicated and underwent the attack of the King, who seized Sens on 22 April 1015. Renard II, in the meantime, had allied himself with Odo II de Blois, and offered Robert II a compromise: he would continue to exercise his rule as Count as vassal and, upon his death,

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Since early in her marriage, Constance often placed herself at the center of many intrigues to preserve a preponderant place in the Frankish court. Rodolfus Glaber rightly emphasized that the Queen was "in control of her husband". For contemporaries, a woman who led her husband implied an abnormal

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by resorting to the advice and sentences of our faithful". Hugh Capet and Robert II needed the support of the Church to further consolidate their legitimacy, and also because the contingents of horsemen who made up the royal army came largely from the bishoprics. Robert II already appeared in the

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to the detriment of the prelate. Robert II, as a defender of the Church, decides, without the consent of anyone, to withdraw the comital title of Reims from Odo II. The latter, furious, imposes himself in Reims by force. In addition, the king is not supported, his justice is undermined: even his

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On the other hand, the lords as well as the clergy saw the interest in stimulating and benefiting from this economic expansion: they favored the clearing and the construction of new villages, and they invested in equipment increasing production capacities (mills, presses, ovens, plows, etc.) and

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in Saint-Germain-l'Auxerrois. The sovereign goes further by offering pieces of relics to certain monks (a fragment of the chasuble of Saint Denis to Helgaud of Fleury). We also know that around 1015–1018, at the request of his wife Constance, Robert II ordered the making of a reliquary for Saint

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Immediately after his own coronation, Hugh Capet began to push for the coronation of his son. "The essential means by which the early Capetians were seen to have kept the throne in their family was through the association of the eldest surviving son in the royalty during the father's lifetime,"

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support Odo II by arguing that Robert II should not behave like a "tyrant". Summoned by the king in 1023, Odo II courteously informs that he will not move and Robert II has neither the means to oblige him nor the right to seize his patrimony, because these lands weren't granted by the king but

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where Robert II was baptized, which was sacred only a few decades earlier. Some canons of the cathedral, close to the court, were supporters of those doctrines considered heretical: Théodat, Herbert (master of the collegiate church of Saint-Pierre-le-Puellier), Foucher and, especially, Étienne

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does the same in England. According to popular tradition, the king's blood conveys a capacity to work miracles, a gift which is reinforced by the royal coronation. Finally, according to Jacques Le Goff, no document proves that the French sovereigns regularly practiced touching scrofula before

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Anxious to ensure their salvation and to repair their sins (incursions into Church land, murders, incestuous unions), kings, dukes and counts of the year 1000 attracted to them the most efficient monks and endowed them richly, such as the chronicle which Helgaud of Fleury wrote for Robert II.

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This relentlessness surprised contemporaries and even modern historians. The various chroniclers, although they are horrified by the practices of the heretics, did not comment at any time about this event, and Helgaud of Fleury even ignored the episode. It was believed that the history of the

408:). His life was then presented as a model to follow, made of innumerable pious donations to various religious establishments, of charity towards the poor and, above all, of gestures considered sacred, such as the healing of certain lepers. Robert II was the first sovereign considered to be a 2651:

has brought to light a whole different perspective on the administration of Robert II. The introduction and multiplication of subscriptions and witness lists at the bottom of the acts sign, according to him, rather a new deal in the systems of evidence. The royal acts by addressees and by a

1040:). However, Robert II saw, in addition to his personal feelings, that Bertha would also bring all the Blois territories under Capetian control. The deaths in 996 of Odo I of Blois (12 March) and Hugh Capet (24 October) eliminated the main obstacles for a union between Robert II and Bertha. 2065:. Their role was to repair "the sins of the people". The monks quickly met with great success: kings and counts attracted them to them and endowed them richly in land (often confiscated from enemies), in objects of all kinds, and the great abbots were called to purify certain places. Thus 2263:

Robert II is in the forefront in the defense of the saints who, according to him, guarantee the effectiveness of divine grace and "thus contribute to the purification of society by blocking the forces of evil". Several crypts were built or renovated for the occasion: Saint-Cassien in

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The common themes of heretics were the renunciation of carnal copulation, the destruction of images, the uselessness of the Church and the repudiation of the sacraments (especially baptism and marriage). Astonished by this wave of disputes, Rodulfus Glaber evoked in his writings that

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A doubt in legitimacy was thus settled on the reign of both Hugh Capet and Robert II. However Gerbert, seeing the situation change to the detriment of Charles of Lorraine, changed sides during the year 991. Having become Archbishop of Reims by the grace of Robert II, he testified:

1638:"They claimed that they had faith in the Trinity, in divine unity and in the Incarnation of the Son of God, but that was a lie because they were saying that the baptized cannot receive the Holy Spirit in the baptism and that after mortal sin no one can be forgiven in any way." 1693:"Sure of themselves, they feared nothing from the fire; they announced that they would emerge unscathed from the flames, and laughing they let themselves be tied in the middle of the pyre. Soon they were completely reduced to ashes and no debris of their bones was even found." 2571:

who, like other abbeys mint their currency, have every interest in limiting these practices. Therefore, during the 10th century in the South, users must commit to not cut or falsifying currencies and issuers undertake not to take pretext of war to pursue a monetary transfer.

1716:: "If you have heard of it, it was quite true", he said. For historians, this episode would refer to a settling of scores. In 1016, Robert II had imposed on the episcopal seat of Orléans one of his subordinates, Thierry II, at the expense of Oudry de Broyes, the candidate of 2208:

it is the "Father of the poor" and finally according to Ascelin of Laon, he received from God the true wisdom giving him access to the knowledge of "the celestial and unchanging universe". Another great scholar of his time, Rodulfus Glaber, relates the meeting between

2159:"The very good and very pious Robert, King of the Franks, son of Hugh, whose piety and goodness resounded by everyone, has with all his power enriched cherished and honored this saint by whose permission we have wanted to write the life of this very excellent king." 1648:

For the chroniclers, the Orléans heresy came sometimes from a Périgord peasant (Adémar de Chabannes) and sometimes from a woman from Ravennes (Rodulfus Glaber). But above all, the most inadmissible was that the evil affected Orléans, the royal city and seat of the

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in 1023), the monarchy had to find an alternative to impose its primacy. Nevertheless, this first thaumaturgy is recognized as "generalist", that is to say that the king was not specialized in such or such disease as will be the case for his successors with the

2285:. According to legend, Saint Savinian would have protected the integrity of the royal marriage when Robert II had gone to Rome with his former wife Bertha before leaving her definitively. The order is made from one of the best monk-silversmiths in the kingdom, 919:

for the hand of one of his nieces for Robert II; however, no Byzantine response is recorded. After this rebuff, and under pressure from his father (who apparently wanted to reward the Flemish for their help when he seized power in 987), Robert II had to marry

2305:(in 1023), although respect is in order, make it clear to him that they wish to govern as they please without his consent. A prince respects the sovereign but he does not feel his subordinate. At the same time, however, the king tends to impose himself as 2799:

on the Lord of Joinville. In short, Robert II is not the weak king that historiography has always presented. Of course, his decisions in matters of justice must take into account the advice of ecclesiastics and territorial princes, but he remains as the

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heretics of Orleans would tarnish Robert II's saintly reputation and for this, the event was barely mentioned in the contemporary sources. In any case, the event was causing so much noise in the Kingdom that it would have been perceived as far away as

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According to legend, Étienne, Constance's confessor, received a blow from her cane which perforated his eye. Robert II had an immense pyre erected outside the city on 28 December 1022, hoping to frighten them, but he was surprised by their reaction:

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in August 1023. They endeavored to define together the principles of a peace common to all Christendom. According to the theorists of the 11th century, Robert II was at the level of the Emperor by his mother since she has Roman ancestry, the

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The latter, with only a few troops around him, was forced to take refuge with Hugh Capet, who was then said to be the savior of the Carolingian kingship. The Robertian dynasty then took a turn that changed the fate of young Robert II. Bishop

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Separated from her husband, Rozala returned to Flanders at the side of her son Baldwin IV and became one of his principal advisers. Robert II managed to keep the port of Montreuil (part of his former wife's dowry), a strategic point on

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ms., late 13th or early 14th century. The illustration showing the "Three Conditions of Woman", viz. virgins, widows and married wives, in a harvest allegory; the virgins reap hundredfold, the widows sixtyfold, the wives thirtyfold.

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take the matter in hand. Gauzlin answers that "the blood always announces a misfortune which will befall the Church and the population, but that after will come divine mercy". As for Fulbert, better documented, he analyzes the old

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as the new bishop of Langres; in exchange, the new bishop ceded Dijon and his county to the King. After fifteen years of military and diplomatic campaigns, Robert II finally entered into full possession of the Duchy of Burgundy.

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Thuillot, Philippe (2019). "Les châtellenies au nord du Bassin parisien, du Xe au XIIIe siècles: étude sur les cadres institutionnels et les lieux de pouvoir, sur la société aristocratique (princes, comtes et chevaliers)".

1583:(1078). As for Robert II, the case of the heretics of Orléans was a fundamental part of his reign and, at the time, of an unprecedented impact. The nature of the events is told to us by exclusively ecclesiastical sources: 583:

Hugh Capet quickly understood that his ascent could not be attained without the support of Archbishop Adalbero of Reims. Illiterate himself, not mastering Latin, he decided around 984 to send his son, not with the scholar

2720:. The king accepted, but Stephen I died ca. 1021–1023; a rare occurrence at the time, he had no clearly named successor or heir. Robert II is responsible for managing the succession, which he cedes without difficulty to 3533:

of the King and Queen. On the other hand, Rodolfus Glaber records that Robert II had two daughters by his wife Constance, presumably referring to Hedwig and Adela, so ignoring any daughter named Constance. According to

1720:. However, the whole affair of the Orléans heresy, in which he was perhaps involved, broke out under his episcopate. To rid himself of all responsibility, the King would have liked to violently liquidate the impostors. 795:, an illegitimate son of King Lothair, rather than Gerbert of Aurillac. It is believed that this was to appease the supporters of the Carolingians, but the situation turned against the Capetians when Arnoul surrendered 2012:

lack of toleration for heretics, whom he harshly punished. He is said to have advocated forced conversions of local Jewry. He supported riots against the Jews of Orléans who were accused of conspiring to destroy the

2150:

On the death of Robert II, the canons of Saint-Aignan asked a monk from Fleury who had worked with the sovereign and had access to the library of the Loire Abbey, to compose the biography of the second ruler of the

1157:. Moreover, at the end of three years of union, there were no living descendants: Bertha gave birth only to one stillborn son, in 999. That year, the accession of Gerbert of Aurillac to the Papacy under the name of 686:

Richer of Reims also underlines that Robert II is only "King of the peoples of the West, from the Meuse to the Ocean" and not "King of the Gauls, Aquitaine, Danes, Goths, Spaniards and Gascons" as his father.

1161:

did not change anything. Following a synod, the new Pope accepted the condemnation of the King of the Franks whose "perfidy" he had suffered. Finally, the seven years of penance were completed around 1003.

1444:. Autun and Beaune were under control of the king, which forced Otto-William to initiate a diplomatic settlement. In 1005, Robert II, his men and the Normans were back in the north of the duchy. They took 1803:. With this event, Robert II definitively endorsed the association established to the throne of the heir by the sovereign in force. The greatest of the Kingdom attended the consecration: Odo II of Blois, 2097:(ca. 1030). Nevertheless, in the northern provinces, Cluny did not have good press. Here the bishops were at the head of powerful counties and the intervention of the Cluniac movement could harm them. 2598:

of Reims, Robert II takes advice from the ecclesiastics, something that was no longer done, to the great regret of the clerics, since the last Carolingians. This policy is taken up and theorized by

400:

and attempting to have the third annulled, prevented only by the Pope's refusal to agree to a third annulment), strangely contrasted with the pious aura, bordering on holiness, which his biographer

1492:

intervened and the King, moved by his pleas, decided not to attack Dijon. Brunon of Roucy died on 30 January 1016, and a few days later, the royal troops returned to Dijon and Robert II installed

887:(the son of Charles of Lorraine) would become King of the Franks, Odo I Duke of the Franks, and Ascelin Bishop of Reims. However, the plot was denounced and Ascelin was placed under house arrest. 2316:

to explain it as a divine sign. The Duke then decides to send messengers to meet Robert II so that the latter asks the best scholars of his court for an explanation and advice. Gauzlin, Abbot of

1449:

At the end of the agreements of 1005–1006, Otto-William had renounced the ducal title of Burgundy and all the possessions of his late stepfather, which reverted to the Crown, except the city of

2249:"She also built in Parisis, at a place called Argenteuil, a monastery where she brought together a considerable number of servants of the Lord, living according to the rule of Saint Benedict." 1634:

was freed "after a thousand years" according to the Apocalypse and that he must have inspired all these heretics from Leutard to the Orleanais. Another contemporary of the time is expressed:

2412:

talent. Perhaps this was a propaganda with the purpose of a symbolic compensation for the weakness of royal power; not being able to impose itself by force (for example in the episode with

1067:. In addition, the couple were just waiting for the statutory nine months set by law after Odo I's death. It was, therefore, obvious that another objective was to have legitimate children. 1316:

an annulment from his marriage with Constance and to remarry Bertha, whom Robert II still loved deeply, under the grounds of Constance's participation in the murder of Hugh of Beauvais.

2535:

is, as we have seen, one of the main engines of economic growth since the 9th century. The weakness of royal power led to the minting of coins by many bishops, lords and abbeys. While

2192:, since the reign of Hugh Capet, has taken care of deeply legitimizing the Capetian monarchy by creating a new royal ideology. According to Helgaud, Robert II is since his coronation, 997: 842:

s brother, heir to the throne, was expelled from it. His competitors, , many people think, received the interim of the reign. By what right has the legitimate heir been disinherited?."

1678:. King Robert, faced with their refusal to return to the faith, had them first stripped of their priestly dignity, then expelled from the Church, and finally delivered to the flames." 712:" in a charter for Saint-Maur-des-Fossés (June 989). On the strength of his instruction received from Gerbert of Aurillac, his task, initially, was to preside over episcopal synods: 2046:(991–992), the Capetians had been at the heart of a political-religious crisis which opposed, on the one hand, someone close to power, Bishop Arnoul II of Orléans, and on the other 779:

pretender to the throne. The sovereigns besieged the city twice, without result. Concerned about his failure in Laon, Hugh Capet contacted several sovereigns to obtain their help (

2644:

mingled with the counts and bishops until then predominant and outnumbered them at the end of the reign. The king would no longer have been sufficient to guarantee his own acts.

2177:

strives to demonstrate the holiness of this king since he does not intend to relate the facts relating to warlike functions. This work seems to have been inspired by the life of

3461:

For some historians, Robert II would have been consecrated on 30 December 987, a non-religious day, since Archbishop Adalbero would have thought long and hard before giving in.

879:

As for Ascelin, Bishop of Laon, after having served the crown by betraying Charles and Arnoul, he soon turned against the Capetians. In the spring of 993, he allied with Count

2134:. In parallel with these factional struggles, we also know that bishops and abbots found themselves alongside the counts to ensure that their legal immunities were respected. 2349:

and several others relating this event; in the circumstances I contented myself with producing the testimony of Gregory, Bishop of Tours, because of his religious authority."

908:

Immediately after associating his son with the throne, Hugh Capet wanted Robert II to marry a royal princess, but the prohibition against marriage within the third degree of

643:

has observed, in tracing the phenomenon in this line of kings who lacked dynastic legitimacy. Hugh Capet's claimed reason was that he was planning an expedition against the

704:

at the bottom of certain acts of Hugh Capet. From 990, all the acts have its inscription. In the written acts: "Robert, very glorious king" as underlined by a charter for

1783:. Favorable to the election of the best candidate, the episcopate and many territorial princes showed their refusal; however, the King, supported by a few personalities ( 1082:, one of the sons of Bertha. According to canon law, marriage was then impossible. Despite this, the two lovers began a sexual relationship and Robert II put part of the 2523:

noticed that nearly 35% of the sites that can be located in village lands are located on or near Roman roads, and that 55% of road and river nodes had fortified points.

2301:

The definition of royalty in the time of Robert II is difficult to appreciate nowadays. The king only has precedence over the princes of the Frankish kingdom. Some like

3616:

The presence of Humbert de Mailly and Gui le Riche, two valued lieutenants of Hugh III of Beaumont, Count of Dijon, to whom the latter had handed over the guard of the

3435:

At that time, even wealthy nobles were illiterate. Culture was above all reserved for the Church and only served to understand the world from a religious point of view.

2225:

Secret of their success with the church hierarchy, the first Capetians (and in the first place Robert II) are famous for having carried out many religious foundations.

2114:) and dominated as true warlords. Abbo of Fleury, the leader of the monastic reform movement, set an example by trying to go and pacify and discipline the monastery of 2761:

After this event (which weakened his already unstable authority), Robert II does not repeat the same mistake. In 1024, after a meeting of the greats of the Kingdom in

1397:) as the heir of his domains; however, and despite counting on the support of many Burgundian lords to his rights, Otto-William cared more about his lands in overseas 1367:

The King led a clear policy: to recover the count palatine's function for his own benefit, either by appropriating it or by ceding it to a friendly bishop, as did the

2382:(1924). During the early Middle Ages, the power to work miracles was strictly reserved for God, saints and relics. In the Merovingian times, was the mention of pious 1004:

Now Robert II was determined to find a bride who would give him the much hoped-for male offspring. In early 996, probably during the military campaign against Count

358:) in Reims, allowed him to deal with religious questions of which he quickly became the guarantor (he headed the Council of Saint-Basle de Verzy in 991 and that of 611:"His pious mother sent him to the schools of Reims and entrusted him to master Gerbert, to be brought up by him and sufficiently instructed in liberal doctrines." 592:

had a reputation as the most prestigious school of all of West Christianity. The prelate willingly welcomed Robert, who was confided to his secretary, the famous

1436:(son-in-law and ally of Otto-William) over the possession of Auxerre, triggered the armed intervention of the Frankish King who, with the help of troops lent by 742:, etc.) whose support was decisive in the course of events. In one of their diplomas, the two kings appear as intermediaries between the clerics and the people ( 2110:

is detailed). On the side of the regulars, examples against the bishops abounded: it was said that the prelates were very rich (trafficking in sacred objects,

3590:: he had already distributed his County of Mâcon and those of overseas Saône to his children. In 1024, he gave in the presence of the King to the Piedmontese 3417:

but at an unknown date. As he was about fifteen years old when he was associated to the throne by his father (in 987), his birth can be posited at around 972.

1440:, gathered his army in spring 1003 and engaged them in Burgundy, but they failed in front of Auxerre and Saint-Germain d'Auxerre. In 1004, Robert II besieged 7138: 1278:

according to the chronicle (ended in 1138) of Pierre, son of Béchin, canon of Saint-Martin-de-Tours. He died after his brother's failed invasion of Normandy.

1425:). With the death of his uncle, Robert II claimed the succession over the Duchy of Burgundy as his closest male blood relative and also as a complete fief. 2632:), a concept taken from Roman Antiquity. The king is thus the guarantor, from the height of his supreme magistracy, of the well-being of all his subjects. 1043:

According to French historian Michel Rouche, this alliance was purely political: to loosen the grip threatening the Capetian dynasty and its stronghold of

1032:), so was from an undisputed royal lineage. Robert II and Bertha quickly became attracted to each other despite the complete resistance of Hugh Capet (the 5715:

Angold, Michael (2002). "Knowledge of Byzantine History in the West: the Norman Historians (Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries)". In Gillingham, John (ed.).

412:. The end of his reign revealed the relative weakness of the sovereign, who had to face the revolt of his third wife Constance and then of his own sons ( 2765:

who suggested appeasement to him with Odo II of Blois, the King had to confirm the Count's possessions. A few years later, in May 1027, Dudon, Abbot of

599:

It is assumed that to follow Gerbert's teaching, the young Robert II had to acquire the basics of Latin. He thus enriched his knowledge by studying the

552:"As Otto possessed Belgium (Lorraine) and that Lothair sought to seize it, the two kings attempted against each other very treacherous machinations and 2712:

Since the beginning of the reign of Robert II, the Counties of Meaux and Troyes were in the hands of a powerful figure, his second cousin once removed

4743: 959:"King Robert, having arrived at his 19th year, in the prime of his youth, repudiated, because she was too old, his wife Susanna, Italian by nation." 2309:, the first of the princes. Moreover, the texts dating from the first part of the 11th century largely evoke loyalty to the king from the princes. 1775:, the eldest son and first Junior King, Constance opposed the association of her second son Henry, and wanted the new co-ruler to be her third son 1755:, who was already ill-disposed towards Robert II because of his marital history. He indeed obtained the support of the Pope, then of his successor 509:

In the 10th century, the Robertians were the most powerful aristocratic family in the Kingdom of France. In previous decades, two of its members,

7153: 2020:. Furthermore, Robert II reinstated the Roman imperial custom of burning heretics at the stake. In 1030–1031, Robert confirmed the foundation of 377:

Robert II distinguished himself with an extraordinarily long reign for the time. His 35-year-long reign was marked by his attempts to expand the

658:

Once Hugh Capet proposed the association of Robert to the throne, Archbishop Adalbero of Reims was reportedly hostile to this and, according to

6089: 5915: 3638:

However, it would have been wrong to think that Hugh Capet was completely foreign to the Cluniac movement. He was very a good friend of Abbot

791:), in vain. After the death of Archbishop Adalbero of Reims (24 January 989), Hugh Capet decided to elect, as new archbishop, the Carolingian 3426:

Hedwig and Gisela's parentage is confirmed by contemporary sources without any doubt; a number of other daughters are less reliably attested.

2425:

in the South during his journey from 1018 to 1020. The King of the Franks is not the only one to use this kind of practice, his contemporary

1606:

who, around 994, decided to dismiss his wife, to destroy the crucifix of his local church and to preach to the villagers the refusal to pay

1477:

the territory would revert to the Crown. Renard II died 40 years later (1055) and with his death, the County of Sens reverted to the crown.

6470: 2783:, he summons the Lord of Joinville to his court. The latter does not travel for the event. The present assembly, composed among others by 2779:. Robert II once again takes charge of the affair, and taking advantage of the coronation of his second son Henry at Pentecost of 1027 in 3232: 2057:

which was characterized by the desire to reform the Church, a return to the Benedictine tradition, and a fleeting revival of the days of

651:, an invasion which never occurred, and that the stability of the country necessitated a Junior King, should he die while on expedition. 1070:

However, two important details obstructed this union: firstly, Robert II and Bertha were second cousins (their respective grandmothers,

6329: 2693:

Since the end of the 10th century, the formulation of royal ideology is the work of monastic world, especially in the highly dynamic

588:, near Orléans, but to Archbishop Adalbero so he could train him in the basics of knowledge. Indeed, at the end of the 10th century, 529:

and Robert II's paternal grandfather, marked the apogee of the Robertians until his death in 956. In the middle of the 10th century,

362:

in 994). Continuing the political work of his father, after becoming sole ruler in 996, he managed to maintain the alliance with the

6322: 806:, who seized Charles and Arnoul during their sleep and delivered them to the King (991): the Bishop thus saved the Capetian royalty 3483:

Moreover, Gerbert of Aurillac expressed his disagreement, not only out of friendship for Hugh Capet but also for canonical reasons.

2146:

Merovingian holy reliquary from the 6th century on which Robert II probably had to pray. Currently displayed in the Museum of Sens.

981:

The marriage was formally annulled in late 996, following Hugh Capet's death and Robert II's ascension as sole King of the French.

1504:, received the ducal title but, given his young age, Robert II kept the government and went there regularly. The death in 1027 of 1371:, the most powerful rulers in the West at that time. Robert II's most brilliant victory, however, would be the acquisition of the 6494: 3551:

Hugh of Beauvais, cousin of the Count of Blois, was one of Bertha's supporters, which explains Constance's hostility towards him.

1125: 990: 5995:

Goetz, Hans-Werner (1992). "La paix de Dieu en France autour de l'an Mil: fondements et objectifs, diffusions et participants".

3607:

Agreement in which was undoubtedly included the marriage of one of Otto-William's sons with a daughter of the Duke of Normandy.

2770: 2716:. In 1019, Stephen I appealed to the Robert II's generosity, asking him to confirm the restitution of property to the Abbey of 1512:, whose descendants would rule until the middle of the 14th century. The overseas lands of the old Kingdom of Burgundy, called 1271:(1011–12 – 21 March 1076), named by his father heir to the Duchy of Burgundy in 1030, installed as such in 1032 by his brother. 499: 3492:

Since 830, the canonical doctrine prevented all unions within the 7th degree of kinship, fearing consanguineous relationships.

1811:. According to the chronicler Hildegaire of Poitiers, once the ceremony once over, Constance fled on horseback mad with rage. 7128: 7123: 6259: 6240: 6213: 6194: 6119: 6073: 6013: 5899: 5788: 5765: 5746: 5543: 4443: 2321: 1835: 1254: 1228:

allowed Robert II to restored his alliance with them. Six children born from Constance's marriage to Robert II are recorded:

1133:, 1875, currently at the Musée d'Orsay, Paris. In reality, the excommunication of the king was never promulgated by the Pope. 1000:

Bertha of Burgundy, detail from a genealogical chart of the Ottonian dynasty in a manuscript of the 2nd half of 12th century.

269: 3587: 2850: 1855: 1232: 254: 1153:(summer 998), condemned them to do penance for seven years and, in the event of non-separation, they would be struck with 1674:"At that time, ten of the canons of Sainte-Croix of Orléans, who seemed more pious than the others, were convinced to be 1335:, explains in his writings that during her husband's journey to Rome, Constance withdrew in distress to her dominions at 17: 7028: 1102:, faithful support of the late Hugh Capet. At the start of Robert II's reign, the alliance relations were thus changed. 575:, originally a man of King Lothair, turns more and more towards the Ottonian court for which he feels a great sympathy. 462:

Robert II's exact date and birthplace are unknown, although historians have advocated for the year 972 and the city of

7163: 4210: 3507:

Quoniam non exhorruit facinus copulationis inlicite, dum commatrem et sibi consanguinitatis vinculo nexam duxit uxorem.

1429: 487: 393:, Henry I's stepson and adopted by him as his heir. His policies earned him many enemies, including three of his sons. 6399: 5985: 4539: 2860: 1814:

After forty years of Robert II's reign, political turmoil was emerging in the Kingdom of France during 1027–1029: in

1772: 1505: 1454: 1242: 259: 115: 2312:

One day in 1027, a "rain of blood" fell on the Duchy of Aquitaine. The phenomenon worried enough contemporaries for

1992: 1735:

launched a wave of persecution of Christians, which led to the destruction of several places of worship, notably in

1508:, the elder brother of Henry, made the latter the heir to the throne; the duchy then passed to the King's third son 6463: 1390: 74: 3629:

During Robert II's association in 987 this problem did not arise, because he was the only male heir to Hugh Capet.

1826:. The sovereign had to arbitrate the conflict until everything was in order. The same type of scenario erupted in 7061: 6431: 2237:, mother of Robert II, reputed to be very pious, ordered the construction of the monastery of Saint-Frambourg in 1823: 1386: 1204:

After October 1002 and before August 1004, Robert II contracted his third and last marriage with the 17-year-old

772: 390: 7133: 5706:

Adair, Penelope Ann (2003). "Constance of Arles: A Study in Duty and Frustration". In Nolan, Kathleen D. (ed.).

5562: 700:

Crowned as Junior King, Robert II had begun to take on active royal duties with his father, as evidenced by his

6489: 5559: 3200: 2555:

to be able to exploit new deposits of silver. Robert II has little room for maneuver. However, the practice of

648: 572: 5831:

Bouchard, Constance Brittain (1981). "Consanguinity and Noble Marriages in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries".

1216:. The new Queen's parents were prestigious in their own right: Count William I was nicknamed "the Liberator" ( 1166:"They came to the Apostolic See and after having received satisfaction for their penance, they returned home ( 978:. Historians believe that from this period, Robert II wished to challenge his father and finally reign alone. 385:(which ended in 1005 with his victory) after the death in 1002 without male descendants of his paternal uncle 5952: 5014: 4965: 2502:

transport (bridges, roads, etc.). Especially since these infrastructures can increase the income banal, levy

1839: 1808: 1493: 945: 57: 2564: 2515:

located on important roads, sources of a considerable financial contribution for the lord of the place. For

2293:, produced by Nivardus, a Lombard artist, on behalf of the Abbey of Fleury (beginning of the 11th century). 2090: 1779:. In the royal court, Henry was considered too effeminate, which was contrary to the masculine principle of 3652: 3522: 2892: 2792: 2754: 2434:. In 1031 Robert II also came on pilgrimage to the Abbey of Saint-Géraud d'Aurillac to visit the relics of 2313: 2278: 2210: 2070: 2013: 1831: 1804: 1655: 1437: 1328: 929: 792: 788: 350:. Crowned Junior King in 987, he assisted his father on military matters (notably during the two sieges of 2494:

of land returned to the forest that the first castral movement is linked". In Cinglais, a region south of

1562: 1312:

accompanied by Angilramme (a monk from Saint-Riquier) and Bertha de Burgundy. His plan was to obtain from

6456: 5810: 3538:, the wife of Count Manasses was "Constance ", presumably on the theory that she brought her husband the 1654:(confessor of Queen Constance) and Lisoie (cantor of Sainte-Croix), among others. The King was warned by 726:

Unlike the last Carolingians, the first Capetians attached a clan of bishops to the north-east of Paris (

545: 1571:, there was no such persecution. The 11th century inaugurated a series of bonfire heretics in the West: 883:

to plan the capture of Hugh Capet and Robert II, in agreement with Emperor Otto III. If they succeeded,

7158: 7148: 2882: 2854: 2713: 2556: 2098: 1866: 1851: 1819: 1776: 1509: 1433: 1268: 1236: 1029: 803: 767:

Precisely, Hugh Capet and Robert II relied on the contingents sent by the bishoprics since the city of

417: 274: 6111: 5758:

La mutation de l'an Mil a-t-elle eu lieu ? Servage et chevalerie dans la France des Xe–XIe siècle

1767:

The last great event of the reign of Robert II was the association with the throne of his second son,

3445: 3174: 2665: 2511:

mound. The power squire filter exchanges of any kind that amplify from the 11th century. We see many

2455: 1759:, who demanded that Robert II bring back the anti-Jewish decrees and put an end to the persecutions. 1378: 1213: 1137:

Robert II and Bertha quickly found a complacent bishop to marry them off, which Archambaud de Sully,

503: 491: 386: 2990: 2698: 2686: 80: 7035: 3598:, the old Beaune Monastery of Saint-Martin de l'Aigue, dying two years later, on 24 September 1026. 1847: 1095: 933: 912:

obliged him to seek a bride in the East. He had a letter written by Gerbert of Aurillac asking the

6032:

Lewis, Andrew W. (October 1978). "Anticipatory Association of the Heir in Early Capetian France".

2740:) and moreover was a second cousin of Stephen I. However, a few months later a crisis breaks out. 2107: 1303:

situation. It all started at the beginning of the year 1008, a day when the King and his faithful

1168:

Postea ad sedem apostolicam venientes, cum satisfactione suscepta penitentia, redierunt ad propria

7143: 6504: 6380: 3705: 1890: 1275: 1258: 884: 819: 359: 343: 264: 52: 2773:. The latter seized seven churches to the detriment of the monastery of which he is however the 739: 6871: 6499: 6314:

Jessee, W. Scott. "A missing Capetian princess: Advisa, daughter of King Robert II of France".

2721: 2661: 2480:

In fact, in certain regions, the mottes play a pioneering role in the agrarian conquest of the

1843: 1784: 1717: 1473: 1340: 1291: 371: 5963:– There is also a more recent translation produced by Robert-Henri Bautier, CNRS, Paris, 1993. 4648: 3570: 3560:

From 1010, Bertha disappeared from the documentation and she died in January of the same year.

2205: 1666:, among others ritual crimes. These reproaches were those made to the first Christians during 1588: 6861: 6225:

L'Héritage des Charles: De la mort de Charlemagne aux environs de l'an mil – Points. Histoire

3595: 3258: 3110: 2843: 2234: 1792: 1732: 1525:

When, on 9 January 1007, Bouchard I of Vendôme (the former faithful of Hugh Capet) died, the

1460: 1262: 1209: 1048: 1005: 880: 475: 378: 315: 4400:, Aurillac, ed. Association cantalienne pour la commémoration du pape Gerbert, 2000, p. 160. 4300:, Aurillac, ed. Association cantalienne pour la commémoration du pape Gerbert, 2000, p. 155. 3655:, founded Cluny, without the authorization of the bishop, receiving exemption from the Pope. 2233:

in their time had founded the monastery of Saint-Magloire on the right bank in Paris. Queen

1196: 932:. The wedding, celebrated before 1 April 988, brought Robert II possession of the cities of 7118: 7113: 6896: 6891: 6856: 6822: 6797: 6787: 6389: 6373: 5798: 3701: 2828: 2817: 2648: 2491: 2426: 1920: 1603: 1533:

but instead reverted to the crown, and when Renaud died in 1017, the King appropriated his

1409:

family possessions. Moreover, Burgundy was a major stake since it abounded in rich cities (

1079: 1013: 925: 662:, he replied to the king: "we do not have the right to create two kings in the same year" ( 161: 6232: 5738: 3573:, who reports that in fact, Duke Henry I appointed his nephew Robert II as his heir, but " 1650: 1549:, Odilo of Cluny and Robert II himself could Gauzlin finally take possession of his seat. 1530: 1298:

from ca. 1375–1380 manuscript. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Fr 2813, folio 177 recto.

671: 8: 7022: 6925: 6901: 6881: 6851: 6841: 6802: 6782: 6777: 6688: 6683: 6639: 6515: 6061: 6027:. Paris: Dictionnaire du Moyen Âge, Presses Universitaires de France. pp. 1035–1037. 3591: 3539: 3449: 2876: 2745: 2325: 2201: 2102: 2066: 1138: 951:

Upon her marriage, Rozala became junior Queen consort of the Franks and took the name of

518: 7046: 5822:

Bonnassie, Pierre (1990). "D'une servitude à l'autre: Les paysans du royaume 987–1031".

4840: 3620:

of Dijon were perhaps important factors in Robert II's decision to renounce the assault.

904:

Rozala (renamed Susanna) of Italy, as Countess of Flanders (late years of 15th century).

7072: 6982: 6945: 6912: 6886: 6817: 6792: 6772: 6767: 6723: 6713: 6708: 6286: 6083: 6049: 5932: 5909: 5860: 5844: 3521:) in the strict contemporary form, many authors believed that Constance, wife of Count 2932: 2839: 2824: 2706: 2591: 2435: 2431: 2178: 2062: 1944: 1878: 1877:

also mentions the death of the King at Melun and his place of burial. The necrology of

1838:), eager for power and at the instigation of his own wife, rose up against his father, 1827: 1795:), imposed his will and Henry was finally consecrated as Junior King on 14 May 1027 at 1546: 1513: 1205: 1106:"Bertha, the wife of Odo, took King Robert as her protector and defender of her cause." 1075: 1025: 1021: 1009: 941: 526: 514: 231: 206: 5958: 2421:. Not much is known about Robert II's magical actions except that he would have cured 6846: 6807: 6762: 6733: 6728: 6718: 6421: 6409: 6255: 6236: 6209: 6190: 6115: 6069: 6009: 5981: 5895: 5852: 5784: 5761: 5742: 5726:

Fulk Nerra, the Neo-Roman Consul 987–1040: A Political Biography of the Angevin Count

5539: 4590: 4582: 4535: 4439: 4206: 3294: 3078: 2866: 2832: 2603: 2587: 2548: 2439: 2131: 1858:). Back in their domain, peace was restored between the members of the royal family. 1815: 1768: 1729: 1599: 1519: 1501: 1394: 1372: 1344: 1287: 1248: 1225: 1179: 1158: 1130: 1099: 1017: 913: 593: 537: 479: 413: 382: 363: 355: 246: 103: 5864: 4700: 2602:. From the time he was still associated with Hugh Capet, Robert II could write from 1558: 1120: 354:, in 988 and 991). His solid education, provided by Gerbert of Aurillac (the future 7055: 7008: 6936: 6812: 6678: 6438: 6278: 6041: 5836: 4836: 3639: 3052: 2863:(1007 – 17 September 1025), co-King of France. He predeceased his father. No issue. 2784: 2741: 2669:

royal acts from the end of Robert II's reign do not reflect a decline in kingship.

2610:"Not wishing in any way to abuse the royal power, we decide all the affairs of the 2552: 2536: 2364: 2342: 2152: 1800: 1592: 1568: 1368: 1071: 1037: 756: 750:: "...not wanting anything abuse the royal power, we decide all the affairs of the 746:) and, under the pen of Gerbert of Aurillac, the bishops insisted on this need for 495: 409: 347: 2042:

was that of the episcopate; that of Robert II was otherwise. Since the Council of

1282: 1044: 6832: 6698: 6673: 6657: 6269:

Vasiliev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1951). "Hugh Capet of France and Byzantium".

6173: 4633: 4450: 3352: 2872: 2813: 2413: 2302: 2273: 2189: 2181:, another lay saint told by Odilo of Cluny. The life of Robert II is a series of 2086: 2058: 2033: 1874: 1796: 1756: 1752: 1611: 1584: 1538: 1526: 1313: 1175: 1154: 1083: 975: 921: 815: 659: 652: 640: 567: 367: 180: 3586:

There are serious indications that in 1016 Otto-William was a candidate for the

1401:

and towards Italy from which he came. The Duchy of Burgundy, acquired in 943 by

6743: 6604: 6344: 6147: 5497: 5485: 5457: 5445: 5409: 3688: 2958: 2788: 2766: 2702: 2653: 2599: 2568: 2520: 2226: 2123: 2085:, supported by his relatives, worked in close collaboration with the bishop of 2082: 2047: 1788: 1667: 1489: 1402: 1304: 1142: 1033: 948:, for whom she had been acting as regent ever since her first husband's death. 759:

and received the gift of a piece of the true cross along with silken hangings.

630: 585: 522: 404:

of Fleury was willing to lend him in his work "Life of King Robert the Pious" (

396:

The marital setbacks of Robert II (he married three times, having two of these

295: 6172:. Publications de l'Université de Dijon, XII (in French). Les Belles Lettres. 5397: 2677: 2628:

The term that comes up most often in royal charters is that of "common good" (

41: 7107: 6703: 6629: 6594: 6559: 4252:, transl. Barbara M. Bowlus, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), p. 46. 2769:, publicly complains of the violent usurpation exercised by Stephen of Vaux, 1909: 1542: 1352: 909: 716:"He attended synods of bishops to discuss ecclesiastical affairs with them." 510: 6177: 4635:

Recherches sur le pouvoir comtal en Auxerrois du Xe au début du XIIIe siècle

3575:

with arrogant pride, the Burgundians refuse to acknowledge him as their Duke

2748:

informs the king of the bad actions of Odo II who monopolizes all powers in

989:"Excommunication of Robert the Pious" redirects here. For the painting, see 450: 7081: 6624: 6614: 6609: 6589: 6584: 6529: 5940: 5856: 4828: 2694: 2682: 2317: 2021: 780: 4594: 2762: 2637: 2486: 1480:

As soon as the fight against the County of Sens ended, Robert II left for

1356: 7017: 6997: 6693: 6667: 6619: 6574: 6564: 6549: 6539: 5927:(in French). Tours: Guilland-Verger, Georget-Joubert. pp. charter I. 5874:

Sword, Miter, and Cloister: Nobility and the Church in Burgundy, 980–1188

2733: 2717: 2560: 2409: 2408:

Indeed, Robert II is the first sovereign of his line to be credited with

2054: 1948: 1709: 1675: 1615: 1321: 1208:(a distant princess, to avoid any close relationship), daughter of Count 776: 4993:

Volume II, Eglise cathédrale de Chartres, Nécrologe du xi siècle, p. 16.

2594:

in 1100. In the image of his father and in the Carolingian tradition of

2115: 2053:

In these troubled times (10th–11th centuries), there was the revival of

1846:

enlisted for his benefit the new Junior King Henry in his fight against

1308:

after six or seven years of marriage (c. 1009–1010), went personally to

536:

Robert II's youth was especially marked by the incessant fights of King

6971: 6950: 6752: 6662: 6644: 6569: 6554: 6534: 6290: 6053: 5848: 4865:

L'hérésie d'Orléans et le mouvement intellectuel au début du XIe siècle

3016: 2724:, a lord already well-established in the region (he hold the cities of 2540: 2503: 2375: 2242: 2230: 2039: 1975: 1740: 1141:, finally did in November/December 996, much to the chagrin of the new 566:

In August 978, King Lothair unexpectedly launched a general assault on

530: 486:

in 866. His parents' marriage produced at least two other daughters:

471: 467: 445: 439: 305: 93: 6170:

Les ducs de Bourgogne et la formation du duché du XI e au XIV e siècle

4888:

Les auteurs chrétiens latins du moyen-âge sur les Juifs et le judaïsme

3414: 2725: 1572: 1200:

Constance of Arles, depicted in an engraving of the late 19th century.

675: 463: 132: 6965: 6955: 6876: 6599: 6579: 6448: 5813:(1990). "Les Terreurs de l'an mil ont-elles vraiment existé ?". 4550: 2775: 2286: 2027: 2017: 1736: 1705: 1659: 1406: 1348: 1317: 1295: 996: 784: 397: 6282: 6045: 5840: 4677: 3981:, Book IV, translated by R. Latouche, Paris, 1930–1937, pp. 158–167. 3413:

The biographer Helgaud de Fleury claimed that Robert II was born in

2869:(4 May 1008 – 4 August 1060), succeeded his father as the next king. 2074: 1484:

to complete the conquest of the Duchy of Burgundy. According to the

1381:

died on 15 October 1002 without a legitimate heir. According to the

690: 544:, the "cradle of the Carolingian family", at the expense of Emperor 6991: 6960: 6866: 6648: 6524: 6223:

Theis, Laurent (1990). "Nouvelle histoire de la France médiévale".

3642:, on whose tomb he went to meditate some time before his own death. 3517:

According to several sources, and considering the word "daughter" (

2796: 2737: 2641: 2532: 2418: 2142: 2094: 1619: 1221: 1091: 1056: 937: 916: 900: 735: 541: 6321:

Atrium – Better understand the fears of the year 1000 (in French)

1966: 1398: 1257:, Countess of Contenance (ca. 1009 – 8 January 1079), married (1) 1047:, and probably according to the will of Robert II's mother, Queen 6544: 5948: 4875: 3502: 2595: 2516: 2383: 2346: 2174: 1919:

Effigies of Robert II (middle) and Constance of Arles (front) at

1905: 1623: 1580: 1445: 1418: 1414: 825: 644: 483: 401: 290: 6298:

Werner, Karl Ferdinand (1990). "Dieu, les rois et l'Histoires".

4901:

The Jews In Medieval Normandy, A Social And Intellectuel History

4804:(in French). Les collections de l'Histoire, n° 26, January 2005. 3687:

Stephen I of Troyes' great-grandmother was Adelais, a sister of

3665:

common in certain religious establishments and for a long time).

1567:

The year 1000 constituted the "awakening of heresy". Before the

5935:; Bompaire, Marc; Lebecq, Stéphane; Sarrazin, Jean-Luc (2004). 5931: 5780: 5503: 5491: 5463: 5451: 5415: 5403: 5073: 3675: 3320: 2614:

by resorting to the advice and sentences of our faithful ones."

2422: 2238: 2111: 1713: 1607: 1441: 1355:(9 June) 1017 in the church of the Abbey of Saint-Corneille in 727: 705: 5883:

Those of My Blood: Creating Noble Families in Medieval Francia

5575:

Les évêques dans l'entourage royal sous les premiers Capétiens

5138: 4220: 4218: 1970:"The Four Horsemen". Oveco (commissioned by Abbot Semporius), 1453:, still in the possession of Brunon of Roucy, the irreducible 5556:

Le gouvernement royal aux premiers temps capétiens (987–1108)

5331: 4872: 4394:

Gerbert face au mariage incestueux: le cas de Robert le Pieux

4294:

Gerbert face au mariage incestueux: le cas de Robert le Pieux

2780: 2749: 2729: 2269: 2265: 2214: 2078: 2043: 1862: 1744: 1663: 1631: 1576: 1534: 1481: 1450: 1410: 1336: 1146: 1087: 1078:, were sisters) and secondly, Robert II was the godfather of 1064: 1060: 1052: 811: 796: 589: 149: 6204:—— (2000). "Royauté et idéologie au Moyen Âge". 5801:(1992). "L'avènement d'Hugues Capet et de Robert le Pieux". 5285: 5283: 5114: 5105:

Entre anges et hommes: les moines "doctrinaires" de l'an Mil

4119: 3829: 2484:. During this time, were also developed more constantly the 1915: 762: 625: 5954:

Vie du roi Robert le Pieux (Epitoma vitæ regis Roberti pii)

5688:

Robert the Burgundian and the Counts of Anjou: ca 1025–1098

5584: 4557:, ed. and trad. by Robert-Henri Bautier, CNRS, Paris, 1972. 4215: 2838:

Around 1001/1003, after Robert divorced Bertha, he married

2544: 2495: 2465: 2338: 2282: 1861:

Robert II finally died on 20 July 1031 at his residence in

1748: 1469: 1422: 1387:

Otto-William of Ivrea, Count of Burgundy and Count of Mâcon

1332: 1324: 1309: 1224:, and Countess Adelaide-Blanche's blood relations with the 1150: 768: 731: 351: 6328:

Atrium – What are the fears of the year 1000? (in French)

5644: 5433: 5355: 5319: 5174: 5061: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4008: 2586:

years. Robert II followed this tradition in 1027, his son

1997:

Robert the Pious at the office in the cathedral of Orleans

1961: 1457:, who did not want Robert II to settle there at any cost. 695: 433: 5632: 5620: 5608: 5307: 5280: 5268: 5162: 5049: 4943: 4616: 4614: 4250:

The Salian Century: Main Currents in an Age of Transition

3984: 3678:, an unusual fact at the time therefore of divine origin. 2567:, Robert II supports the fight against these abuses. The 556:, because both claimed that their fathers had possessed." 517:(922), had ascended to the throne, displacing the ruling 5421: 4903:. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 3–18. 4845: 4807: 4775: 4751: 4712: 4678:"La construction de la Bourgogne Robertienne (936–1031)" 4657: 4436:

Extension of Latin Relationship Terms in Medieval France

4168: 3959: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3892: 3841: 5656: 5596: 5509: 5222: 5210: 5198: 5150: 5126: 5085: 4483: 4471: 4355: 4180: 4049: 4047: 3935: 3858: 3856: 3721: 2003:, ca. 1471. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Fr. 2609. 1251:, successor (bef. 17 April/4 May 1008 – 4 August 1060). 5980:(in French). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. 5775:—— (1999). "L'An mil et la paix de Dieu". 5690:. Catholic University of America Press. pp. viii. 5390:

Michel Balard, Jean-Philippe Genet and Michel Rouche,

5343: 5295: 4918: 4611: 4599: 4315: 4271: 4143: 4131: 4059: 3904: 3805: 2758:

inherited from his ancestors by the will of the Lord.

2374:

The history of royal magical powers was dealt with by

1235:, Countess of Auxerre (ca. 1003 – aft. 1063), married 984: 802:

The situation was unblocked thanks to the betrayal of

5971:. Translated by Butler, Lionel; Adam, R.J. Macmillan. 5037: 4906: 4396:, (in French) in acts of the study days of Aurillac, 4367: 4296:, (in French) in acts of the study days of Aurillac, 3947: 3916: 3757: 3745: 1191: 710:

filii nostri Rotberti regis ac consortis regni nostri

381:

by any means, especially by his struggle to gain the

5186: 4763: 4688: 4500: 4415: 4403: 4303: 4071: 4044: 4032: 4020: 3880: 3868: 3853: 3817: 3529:" dated 4 February 1031 where Constance is named as 3448:, who was crowned in life of his father, the ailing 664:

on n'a pas le droit de créer deux rois la même année

370:

and thus was able to contain the ambitions of Count

5719:. Vol. XXV. The Boydell Press. pp. 19–34. 4724: 4512: 4327: 4230: 4107: 4095: 4083: 3996: 3781: 3769: 2835:. Again, no children were born between the couple. 2450: 2241:and especially the one dedicated to Saint Marie in 2128:

Livre apologétique contre l'évêque Arnoul d'Orléans

1464:

The Kingdom of the Franks during late 10th century.

458:), Paris studio (Parisi Civita), late 10th century. 5997:Le roi de France et son royaume autour de l'an Mil 5803:Le roi de France et son royaume autour de l'an mil 5579:Le roi de France et son royaume autour de l'an mil 5259:Reliques, trésors d'églises et création artistique 4438:. Archive for Medieval Prosopography. p. 74. 3793: 3733: 2028:Fleury Abbey and the rise of the monastic movement 1708:, according to a letter from the monk John to his 895: 634:Denier of Robert II the Pious, struck at Soissons. 454:Denier of Hugh Capet, "Duke by the grace of God" ( 6108:Les Capétiens. Histoire et dictionnaire. 987–1328 5532:Pouvoirs et institutions dans la France médiévale 4587:Études sur le règne de Robert le Pieux (996–1031) 2846:Constance gave birth to 7 children for the king: 2204:calls him "holy father" or " your Holiness", for 1762: 1552: 1012:, wife of the latter. She was a daughter of King 691:The episcopal hierarchy, the King's first support 7105: 6206:Bas-empire, monde franc, France, IVe–XIIe siècle 6150:(1990). "Qu'est-ce que la France de l'an Mil?". 1274:Odo (1013 – 15 May 1057–59), who may have been 1086:under his direct rule. He took over the city of 861:"With the consent of the two princes, Lord Hugh 428: 6022: 5685: 2118:, where he would be killed in a fight in 1004. 5476:La mainmise sur les échanges: routes et péages 4938:Flanders and the Anglo-Norman World, 1066–1216 4675: 4163:Les Carolingiens, une famille qui fit l'Europe 2875:(1009 – 8 January 1079). Had issue. Mother of 2795:and Odo II, unanimously decides to launch the 2563:that are quite harmful. However upholding the 2137: 1723: 1598:Rodulfus Glaber told the story of the peasant 826:Gerbert and Ascelin: two figures of disloyalty 818:, but the bishops confirmed their decision in 470:from the 9th century onward). The only son of 6464: 5889: 5558:(in French). Picard, Paris, 1965, pp. 68–76. 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4352:(in French). Fayard, Paris 1987, pp. 200–201. 1904:A few days earlier, on 29 June, according to 7139:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church 4709:, p. 5, citing Chevrier-Chaume, n° 233. 4534:(in French). Academic Library Perrin, 1992. 3470:In his chronicle, Richer of Reims speaks of 2804:, that is to say the first among his peers. 2445: 2277:Savinien for the altar of the relics of the 1953:carved for all members of the royal family. 596:, one of the most educated men of his time. 5805:(in French). Paris: Picard. pp. 27–37. 5526: 5524: 4869:Bulletin philologique et historique du CTHS 4205:(in French). Editions de la Bruyère, 1996. 4165:(in French). Hachette, Paris, 1997, p. 303. 3674:In fact, it is a sandstorm coming from the 2580: 1982: 1286:Constance of Arles surrendering to her son 6471: 6457: 6250:—— (1999). "Robert le Pieux". 6154:(in French). Paris: Seuil. pp. 29–48. 6096: 6088:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6066:La Côte-d'Or de la Préhistoire à nos jours 6003: 5978:La France au Moyen Âge du Ve au XVe siècle 5914:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5777:La France chrétienne et féodale (980–1060) 5774: 5755: 5732: 5439: 5289: 5180: 5144: 5120: 5067: 5055: 5005:Volume I.1, Abbaye de Saint-Denis, p. 322. 4940:. Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 12. 4787: 4748:(in French). Book III, chapter IV, p. 282. 4578: 4576: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 2660:of six bishops, of Prince Henry, of Count 2575: 1987: 1947:(commonly known as Saint Louis), have new 1618:in Aquitaine, especially in the cities of 603:(grammar, rhetoric and dialectic) and the 40: 5947: 5922: 5890:Bourin, Monique; Parisse, Michel (1999). 5821: 5427: 5337: 5079: 4632:Yves Sassier, Jean-François Lemarignier, 4344: 4342: 4288: 4286: 4197: 4195: 3847: 3835: 3727: 2333:(the works which relate the past facts): 1395:Adalbert of Ivrea, sometime King of Italy 1245:, Junior King (1007 – 17 September 1025). 763:Charles de Lorraine seizes Laon (988–991) 626:Robert II's ascension to the throne (987) 578: 478:, he was named after his heroic ancestor 6268: 6128: 5880: 5871: 5830: 5723: 5662: 5650: 5521: 4494: 4477: 4461: 4268:(in French). Fayard, Paris 1987, p. 168. 4260: 4258: 4224: 4186: 4137: 4125: 3941: 2820:.The union didn't produce any children. 2676: 2454: 2141: 1991: 1965: 1914: 1834:(husband of Robert II's second daughter 1747:, Ya'aqov ben Iéqoutiel, made a trip to 1459: 1362: 1281: 1195: 1119: 1051:; indeed, the territories of Odo I were 995: 899: 629: 449: 6203: 6184: 6167: 6158: 6146: 6140:The Apocalypse in the Early Middle Ages 6060: 5975: 5966: 5809: 5797: 5602: 5590: 5515: 5228: 5216: 5204: 5091: 4924: 4824: 4822: 4730: 4706: 4694: 4620: 4605: 4573: 4433: 4379: 4350:Gerbert d'Aurillac, Le pape de l'an mil 4266:Gerbert d'Aurillac, Le pape de l'an mil 4174: 4014: 3990: 3965: 3953: 3929: 3763: 3751: 2891:Constance of France (b. 1014), married 2753:faithfuls Fulbert of Chartres and Duke 2672: 1962:The establishment of the Banal Lordship 1771:. After the premature death in 1025 of 1126:The Excommunication of Robert the Pious 991:The Excommunication of Robert the Pious 696:Robert II directs the religious affairs 434:The only heir of the Duke of the Franks 14: 7154:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis 7106: 6478: 6297: 6161:Etudes sur le règne de Robert le Pieux 6137: 6105: 6006:Religion et culture autour de l'an Mil 5714: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5361: 5349: 5325: 5301: 5032:Religion et culture autour de l'an mil 4962:Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium 4912: 4890:(in French). Paris, 1963, pp. 250–251. 4769: 4421: 4373: 4361: 4339: 4309: 4283: 4192: 4077: 4053: 4038: 4026: 3823: 3653:William I the Pious, Duke of Aquitaine 3501:With regard to the spiritual kinship, 3274: 3154: 3150: 3140: 3032: 2922: 2918: 1529:he held was not inherited by his son, 1220:) thanks to his victories against the 1098:, thus breaking the alliance with the 944:, given the young age of Rozala's son 346:from 996 to 1031, the second from the 6452: 6249: 6222: 6031: 5994: 5705: 5638: 5626: 5614: 5313: 5274: 5192: 5168: 5156: 5132: 5043: 5028:Saint-Denis et les premiers Capétiens 4949: 4851: 4813: 4781: 4757: 4718: 4663: 4518: 4506: 4409: 4333: 4321: 4277: 4255: 4236: 4149: 4113: 4101: 4089: 4065: 4002: 3910: 3898: 3886: 3874: 3862: 3811: 3799: 3787: 3775: 3739: 3350: 3340: 3336: 3324: 3318: 3308: 3292: 3282: 3278: 3262: 3256: 3246: 3230: 3220: 3216: 3204: 3198: 3188: 3172: 3162: 3158: 3134: 3124: 3108: 3098: 3094: 3082: 3076: 3066: 3050: 3040: 3036: 3020: 3014: 3004: 2988: 2978: 2974: 2962: 2956: 2946: 2930: 2926: 2877:Matilda of Flanders, Queen of England 2296: 1432:(supporter of Robert II) and Landry, 940:and a possible guardianship over the 533:succeeded as the head of the family. 7092:Debatable or disputed rulers are in 5735:L'Ordre seigneurial, XIe–XIIe siècle 5242:Le paysage architectural de l'an Mil 4835:(in French). Julliard, Paris, 1967. 4819: 4802:An mil: le grand réveil de l'hérésie 1956: 1405:, Henry I's father, was part of the 6163:(in French). Paris. pp. 41–69. 6023:Lauranson-Rosaz, Christian (2002). 5885:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 5668: 5538:. Colin, Paris, 2003, pp. 234–235. 5394:(in French). Hachette, 2003, p. 89. 5034:, Picard, Paris, 1990, pp. 193–194. 2442:, of which he had been a disciple. 985:Second marriage: Bertha of Burgundy 926:Berengar II of Ivrea, King of Italy 890: 810:. In the Council of Saint-Basle de 27:King of the Franks from 996 to 1031 24: 6308: 5381:, PUF, Paris, 2002, pp. 1375–1376. 5111:, Seuil, Paris, 1990, pp. 245–246. 3979:Quatre livres d'Histoire (991–998) 3569:This contradicts the Chronicle of 2689:, first third of the 11th century. 2526: 2245:. According to Helgaud of Fleury: 1854:(husband of their eldest daughter 1830:where the King's young son-in-law 1518:, would follow the destiny of the 1192:Third marriage: Constance of Arles 25: 7175: 5728:. University of California Press. 5581:, Picard, Paris, 1992, pp. 91–93. 4745:Les origines de l'ancienne France 4532:Dictionnaire des Reines de France 3700:Stephen I of Troyes' grandfather 1912:had come to announce a bad omen: 1430:Hugh of Chalon, Bishop of Auxerre 1239:on 25 January 1016 and had issue. 787:, mother and Regent on behalf of 5925:Cartulaire de l'Abbaye de Noyers 5567: 5548: 5469: 5384: 5367: 5251: 5234: 5097: 5020: 5008: 4996: 4984: 4971: 4955: 4930: 4893: 4880: 4203:Impératrices et reines de France 3694: 3681: 3668: 3658: 3645: 3632: 3623: 2908:Ancestors of Robert II of France 2885:(1011–21 March 1076). Had issue. 2621:Letter to the Archbishop of Sens 2543:and Robert II only have that of 2451:A period of full economic growth 1610:with the pretext of reading the 865:and the excellent King Robert ." 326:(c. 972 – 20 July 1031), called 282:Constance, Countess of Dammartin 222: 196: 988, annulled) 5536:Des origines à l'époque féodale 5530:Olivier Guillot, Yves Sassier, 4857: 4736: 4676:Raphaël Bijard (January 2021). 4669: 4641: 4626: 4560: 4544: 4524: 4455: 4427: 4242: 4155: 3971: 3708:, Odo II of Blois' grandmother. 3610: 3601: 3580: 3563: 3554: 3545: 3511: 3495: 3486: 3477: 3464: 3455: 3438: 3429: 2291:Évangéliaire dits de Gaignières 1210:William I of Arles and Provence 896:First marriage: Rozala of Italy 831:to become Charles's supporter: 235: 218: 193: 6034:The American Historical Review 6004:Iogna-Prat, Dominique (1990). 5733:Barthélemy, Dominique (1990). 4650:Histoire générale du Moyen Âge 4465:Histoire. Université Paris-Est 4398:Gerbert, Moine, Évêque et Pape 4298:Gerbert, Moine, Évêque et Pape 3420: 3407: 3201:William III, Duke of Aquitaine 2401:Epitoma vitæ regis Roberti pii 2388:Epitoma vitæ regis Roberti pii 2256:Epitoma vitæ regis Roberti pii 2166:Epitoma vitæ regis Roberti pii 1935:Epitoma vitæ regis Roberti pii 1763:Later years, death, and burial 1698:Adémar de Chabannes, ca. 1025. 1683:Adémar de Chabannes, ca. 1025. 1553:The heretics of Orléans (1022) 618:Epitoma vitæ regis Roberti pii 406:Epitoma vitæ regis Roberti pii 13: 1: 6142:. Cambridge University Press. 6097:MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2010). 5835:. 56.2 (April) (2): 268–287. 5724:Bachrach, Bernard S. (1993). 5265:, Seuil, Paris, 1990, p. 194. 5248:, Seuil, Paris, 1990, p. 172. 4647:Ovide Chrysanthe Desmichels, 3714: 2844:William I, Count of Provence. 2213:and Robert II in the city of 1389:(son of Henry I's first wife 561:Richer of Reims, ca. 991–998. 429:Youth and political formation 69:24 October 996 – 20 July 1031 7129:11th-century kings of France 7124:10th-century kings of France 6254:(in French). Paris: Perrin. 6189:(in French). Paris: Fayard. 6008:(in French). Paris: Picard. 5969:The Capetian Kings of France 5760:(in French). Paris: Fayard. 2893:Manasses, Count of Dammartin 2812:Firstly, in 988, he married 2707:Counties of Meaux and Troyes 2459:Fragment (single leaf) of a 2279:Abbey of Saint-Pierre-le-Vif 2211:Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor 2014:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 2001:Grandes Chroniques de France 1889:", and the necrology of the 1438:Richard II, Duke of Normandy 1385:, he designated his stepson 1329:Abbey of Saint-Pierre-le-Vif 930:Arnulf II, Count of Flanders 482:, who had died fighting the 7: 6208:(in French). Paris: Colin. 6068:(in French). Bordessoules. 5957:(in French). Translated by 5876:. Cornell University Press. 5554:Jean-François Lemarignier, 4434:Jackman, Donald C. (2019). 2899: 2888:Eudes of France (1013–1056) 2833:Princess Mathilda of France 2791:, Dudon of Montier-en-Der, 2468:, Rheinisches Landesmuseum. 2138:Robert II, the ideal prince 2077:(1001). Under the aegis of 1824:Robert, Archbishop of Rouen 1724:The persecution of the Jews 1643:Andrew of Fleury, ca. 1025. 1036:was the great enemy of the 270:Adela, Countess of Flanders 10: 7180: 6302:(in French). Paris: Seuil. 5826:(in French). Paris: Seuil. 5698: 4871:, Paris, 1975, pp. 63–88. 4589:(in French). Paris, 1885. 3691:, Robert II's grandfather. 3268: 3152: 3026: 2920: 2883:Robert I, Duke of Burgundy 2855:Renauld I, Count of Nevers 2829:Conrad I, King of Burgundy 2818:Berengar II, King of Italy 2539:had 26 coinage workshops, 2031: 1867:Alberic of Trois-Fontaines 1865:of an overwhelming fever. 1751:to appeal for the help of 1556: 1486:Chronique de Saint-Bénigne 1383:Chronique de Saint-Bénigne 1237:Renauld I, Count of Nevers 1030:Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor 1020:(in turn daughter of King 988: 443: 437: 275:Robert I, Duke of Burgundy 255:Advisa, Countess of Nevers 7164:11th-century French poets 7090: 7071: 7045: 7007: 6981: 6935: 6910: 6831: 6742: 6638: 6514: 6484: 6436: 6428: 6418: 6378: 6370: 6365: 6338: 6159:Pfister, Charles (1885). 6106:Menant, François (1999). 6099:A History of Christianity 5817:(in French) (138): 16–18. 5379:Dictionnaire du Moyen Âge 4652:(in French), 1831, p. 628 3444:The last Junior King was 3338: 3330: 3302: 3280: 3276: 3240: 3218: 3210: 3182: 3175:Ebalus, Duke of Aquitaine 3160: 3156: 3118: 3096: 3088: 3060: 3038: 3034: 2998: 2976: 2968: 2940: 2924: 2807: 2714:Count Stephen I of Troyes 2590:in 1059 and his grandson 2446:Robert II and the economy 1899:Rotbertus...Francorum rex 1563:Council of Orléans (1022) 1379:Henry I, Duke of Burgundy 1214:Adelaide-Blanche of Anjou 771:had just been stormed by 721:Richer of Reims, ca. 990. 504:Hugh I, Count of Ponthieu 420:) between 1025 and 1031. 311: 301: 289: 245: 169: 156: 139: 126: 122: 109: 99: 89: 73: 65: 51: 39: 34: 6129:Nicholas, David (1992). 5976:Gauvard, Claude (1996). 5967:Fawtier, Robert (1989). 5686:W. Scott Jessee (2000). 5482:, XI, 1981, pp. 121–122. 5392:Le Moyen Âge en Occident 5015:Corpus Latinum Stampense 4638:(in French), 1980, p. 2. 3401: 2814:Princess Rozala of Italy 2581:The royal administration 1983:Robert II and the Church 1972:Apocalypse of Valladolid 1541:, which also joined the 1178:, IX, 8, letter to King 1149:(February 997), then in 757:Emperor Constantine VIII 6505:List of French monarchs 5881:—— (2001). 5872:—— (1987). 5756:—— (1997). 5534:(in French). Volume I: 5257:Xavier Barral i Altet, 5240:Xavier Barral i Altet, 3536:Europäische Stammtafeln 2851:Hedwig/Advisa of France 2576:Robert II and the State 2559:or mutations, leads to 2363:Fulbert concludes from 1842:in vain. For his part, 1809:Richard III of Normandy 1500:The King's second son, 1276:intellectually disabled 1259:Richard III of Normandy 804:Ascelin, Bishop of Laon 670:25 December 987 at the 649:Borrell II of Barcelona 647:armies harassing Count 423: 265:Henry I, King of France 7011:(1814–1815; 1815–1830) 6500:List of Frankish kings 6495:Simplified family tree 6316:Medieval Prosopography 6185:Sassier, Yves (1987). 6168:Richard, Jean (1954). 6138:Palmer, James (2014). 5923:Chevalier, C. (1872). 5573:Olivier Guyotjeannin, 5103:Dominique Iogna-Prat, 4863:Robert Henri Bautier, 4800:Dominique Barthélemy, 3474:(kings in the plural). 2991:Béatrice of Vermandois 2793:William V of Aquitaine 2755:Richard II of Normandy 2699:Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire 2690: 2687:Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire 2656:(1018), was notes the 2626: 2469: 2406: 2361: 2314:William V of Aquitaine 2261: 2171: 2147: 2071:Richard II of Normandy 2004: 1979: 1940: 1924: 1871:rex Francorum Robertus 1869:records the death of " 1820:Robert the Magnificent 1805:William V of Aquitaine 1701: 1686: 1662:and of worshiping the 1656:Richard II of Normandy 1651:Sainte-Croix Cathedral 1646: 1465: 1393:and her first husband 1299: 1201: 1185: 1134: 1118: 1001: 971: 905: 877: 854: 799:to his uncle Charles. 724: 684: 672:Sainte-Croix Cathedral 635: 623: 579:An exemplary education 564: 521:. The principality of 459: 389:, after a war against 339: 331: 46:Seal of King Robert II 6300:La France de l'an Mil 6271:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 6152:La France de l'an Mil 5824:La France de l'an Mil 5799:Bautier, Robert-Henri 5710:. Palgrave Macmillan. 5504:Contamine et al. 2004 5492:Contamine et al. 2004 5480:Archéologie médiévale 5464:Contamine et al. 2004 5452:Contamine et al. 2004 5416:Contamine et al. 2004 5404:Contamine et al. 2004 5263:La France de l'an Mil 5246:La France de l'an Mil 5109:La France de l'an Mil 4886:Bernard Blumenkranz, 3596:Guglielmo da Volpiano 3523:Manasses of Dammartin 3259:Adelaide of Aquitaine 2853:(1003–1063), married 2722:Count Odo II of Blois 2680: 2619:Gerbert of Aurillac, 2608: 2458: 2392: 2380:The Thaumaturge Kings 2354:Fulbert of Chartres, 2335: 2322:Archbishop of Bourges 2274:Saint-Rieul de Senlis 2247: 2157: 2145: 2108:Saint-Maur-des-Fossés 2067:Guglielmo da Volpiano 1995: 1974:, c. 970. Library of 1969: 1926: 1918: 1793:Guglielmo da Volpiano 1733:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 1691: 1672: 1636: 1463: 1363:Territorial conquests 1285: 1263:Baldwin V of Flanders 1199: 1164: 1123: 1104: 1049:Adelaide of Aquitaine 999: 957: 903: 870:Gerbert of Aurillac, 859: 847:Gerbert of Aurillac, 833: 714: 708:(April 988) or even " 680: 633: 609: 550: 476:Adelaide of Aquitaine 453: 391:Otto-William of Ivrea 316:Adelaide of Aquitaine 6490:Detailed family tree 6340:Robert II of France 6110:(in French). Paris: 5937:L'Économie médiévale 5894:(in French). Paris. 5892:L'Europe en l'an Mil 5779:(in French). Paris: 5737:(in French). Paris: 5717:Anglo-Norman Studies 5082:, p. charter I. 4128:, pp. 274, 276. 3702:Robert of Vermandois 2673:Justice of Robert II 2649:Olivier Guyotjeannin 2427:Edward the Confessor 2356:Lettre au roi Robert 1921:Saint Denis Basilica 1891:Abbey of Saint-Denis 1428:The rivalry between 744:mediatores et plebis 466:(the capital of the 162:Saint Denis Basilica 7134:People from Orléans 6926:Henry VI of England 5933:Contamine, Philippe 5641:, pp. 173–176. 5629:, pp. 169–171. 5617:, pp. 165–169. 5593:, pp. 201–203. 5364:, pp. 833–834. 5340:, pp. 407–408. 5328:, pp. 274–275. 5316:, pp. 199–200. 5277:, pp. 221–223. 5171:, pp. 100–103. 5147:, pp. 252–253. 5026:Thomas G. Waldman, 4952:, pp. 231–237. 4854:, pp. 213–214. 4816:, pp. 211–212. 4784:, pp. 155–158. 4760:, pp. 124–126. 4721:, pp. 152–154. 4666:, pp. 119–122. 4248:Stefan Weinfurter, 4227:, pp. 233–234. 4017:, pp. 200–205. 3901:, pp. 906–927. 3838:, pp. 381–382. 3592:Abbey of Fruttuaria 3588:Kingdom of Lombardy 3571:William of Jumièges 3540:County of Dammartin 3137:Robert II of France 2746:Archbishop of Reims 2701:. In the theory of 2604:Gerbert of Aurillac 2399:Helgaud of Fleury, 2369:Histoire des Francs 2326:Fulbert of Chartres 2254:Helgaud of Fleury, 2220:Francorum imperator 2206:Adémar de Chabannes 2202:Fulbert of Chartres 2194:particeps Dei regni 2164:Helgaud of Fleury, 2069:was called by Duke 1999:. Robinet Testard, 1933:Helgaud of Fleury, 1881:records the death " 1852:Renauld I of Nevers 1822:expelled his uncle 1589:Adémar de Chabannes 1139:Archbishop of Tours 1129:, oil on canvas by 773:Charles of Lorraine 616:Helgaud of Fleury, 594:Gerbert of Aurillac 519:Carolingian dynasty 221: 996; 18:Robert II the Pious 7073:House of Bonaparte 6983:House of Bonaparte 6913:House of Lancaster 6479:Monarchs of France 6381:King of the Franks 6252:Le roi de l'an mil 5949:de Fleury, Helgaud 5003:Obituaires de Sens 4991:Obituaires de Sens 4530:Christian Bouyer, 3993:, pp. 31, 35. 2933:Robert I of France 2840:Constance of Arles 2825:Bertha of Burgundy 2823:He married in 996 2802:Primer inter pares 2691: 2666:Otto of Vermandois 2470: 2461:Speculum Viriginum 2438:and the cradle of 2307:Primus inter pares 2297:Chosen by the Lord 2268:, Sainte-Marie in 2179:Gerald of Aurillac 2173:In his biography, 2148: 2063:Benedict of Aniane 2005: 1980: 1945:Louis IX of France 1925: 1893:records the death 1879:Chartres Cathedral 1547:Pope Benedict VIII 1494:Lambert de Vignory 1466: 1300: 1202: 1135: 1026:Gerberga of Saxony 1022:Louis IV of France 1014:Conrad of Burgundy 1010:Bertha of Burgundy 1008:, he met Countess 1002: 942:County of Flanders 906: 822:(winter 993–994). 636: 527:Duke of the Franks 460: 344:King of the Franks 232:Constance of Arles 207:Bertha of Burgundy 53:King of the Franks 7159:Dukes of Burgundy 7149:French Christians 7101: 7100: 7062:Louis Philippe II 6985:(1804–1814; 1815) 6447: 6446: 6419:Succeeded by 6261:978-2-262-01375-2 6242:978-2-02-011553-7 6215:978-2-200-01656-2 6196:978-2-213-01919-2 6131:Medieval Flanders 6121:978-2-221-05687-5 6075:978-2-903504-43-4 6015:978-2-7084-0392-5 5901:978-2-253-90564-6 5790:978-2-213-60429-9 5767:978-2-213-59998-4 5748:978-2-02-011554-4 5653:, pp. 47–48. 5544:978-2-200-26500-7 5159:, pp. 96–97. 5135:, pp. 91–94. 5123:, pp. 56–60. 4968:SS XXIII, p. 783. 4583:Christian Pfister 4467:(in French): 365. 4445:978-1-936466-65-8 4364:, pp. 35–36. 4324:, pp. 85–86. 4280:, pp. 80–83. 4152:, pp. 53–55. 4068:, pp. 67–74. 3977:Richer of Reims, 3968:, pp. 32–33. 3913:, pp. 52–53. 3814:, pp. 28–29. 3704:was a brother of 3398: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3295:Rollo of Normandy 3079:Hedwige of Saxony 2867:Henry I of France 2771:Lord of Joinville 2549:Holy Roman Empire 2132:Holy Roman Empire 2103:Gerard of Cambrai 1957:Overview of reign 1848:Fulk III of Anjou 1600:Leutard of Vertus 1535:Counties of Melun 1520:Holy Roman Empire 1455:Bishop of Langres 1373:Duchy of Burgundy 1345:Fulk III of Anjou 1288:Henry I of France 1226:House of Ingelger 1131:Jean-Paul Laurens 1111:Richer of Reims, 1100:House of Ingelger 1096:Fulk III of Anjou 964:Richer of Reims, 914:Byzantine Emperor 573:Adalbero of Reims 538:Lothair of France 480:Robert the Strong 383:Duchy of Burgundy 364:Duchy of Normandy 356:Pope Sylvester II 321: 320: 147:(aged 58–59) 79:25 December 987 ( 16:(Redirected from 7171: 7056:Louis Philippe I 7047:House of Orléans 7009:House of Bourbon 6937:House of Bourbon 6473: 6466: 6459: 6450: 6449: 6439:Duke of Burgundy 6429:Preceded by 6371:Preceded by 6361: 6354: 6336: 6335: 6303: 6294: 6265: 6246: 6219: 6200: 6181: 6164: 6155: 6143: 6134: 6125: 6102: 6101:. Penguin Books. 6093: 6087: 6079: 6057: 6028: 6019: 6000: 5999:. Paris: Picard. 5991: 5972: 5962: 5961:. Paris: Brière. 5944: 5928: 5919: 5913: 5905: 5886: 5877: 5868: 5827: 5818: 5811:Berlioz, Jacques 5806: 5794: 5771: 5752: 5729: 5720: 5711: 5692: 5691: 5683: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5571: 5565: 5552: 5546: 5528: 5519: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5431: 5425: 5419: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5388: 5382: 5373:Colette Beaune, 5371: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5255: 5249: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5006: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4977:Rodulfi Glabri, 4975: 4969: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4897: 4891: 4884: 4878: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4826: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4798: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4645: 4639: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4580: 4571: 4566:Rodulfi Glabri, 4564: 4558: 4548: 4542: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4459: 4453: 4449: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4390: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4346: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4290: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4262: 4253: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4213: 4201:Thierry Deslot, 4199: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4177:, p. 41–69. 4172: 4166: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3709: 3698: 3692: 3685: 3679: 3672: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3649: 3643: 3640:Majolus of Cluny 3636: 3630: 3627: 3621: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3599: 3584: 3578: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3543: 3515: 3509: 3499: 3493: 3490: 3484: 3481: 3475: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3411: 3053:Henry the Fowler 2914: 2913: 2905: 2904: 2785:Ebles I of Roucy 2742:Ebles I of Roucy 2640:and even simple 2624: 2553:Ottonian dynasty 2537:Charles the Bald 2490:, it is "to the 2404: 2365:Gregory of Tours 2359: 2259: 2169: 2153:Capetian dynasty 1938: 1801:Ebles I of Roucy 1699: 1684: 1644: 1593:Andrew of Fleury 1569:High Middle Ages 1369:Ottonian dynasty 1183: 1116: 1038:Capetian dynasty 969: 891:Marital problems 875: 852: 841: 789:Emperor Otto III 722: 621: 562: 496:Count of Hainaut 410:"miracle worker" 348:Capetian dynasty 237: 226: 224: 220: 197: 195: 146: 112: 44: 32: 31: 21: 7179: 7178: 7174: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7169: 7168: 7104: 7103: 7102: 7097: 7086: 7067: 7041: 7003: 6977: 6931: 6906: 6833:House of Valois 6827: 6738: 6699:Charles the Fat 6658:Pepin the Short 6643: 6634: 6510: 6509: 6480: 6477: 6442: 6434: 6424: 6407: 6397: 6386: 6384: 6376: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6341: 6311: 6309:Further reading 6306: 6283:10.2307/1291087 6262: 6243: 6216: 6197: 6148:Parisse, Michel 6122: 6081: 6080: 6076: 6062:Lévêque, Pierre 6046:10.2307/1867651 6016: 5988: 5959:François Guizot 5907: 5906: 5902: 5841:10.2307/2846935 5791: 5768: 5749: 5701: 5696: 5695: 5684: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5637: 5633: 5625: 5621: 5613: 5609: 5601: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5572: 5568: 5553: 5549: 5529: 5522: 5514: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5490: 5486: 5474: 5470: 5462: 5458: 5450: 5446: 5440:Barthélemy 1990 5438: 5434: 5426: 5422: 5414: 5410: 5402: 5398: 5389: 5385: 5372: 5368: 5360: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5324: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5290:Barthélemy 1990 5288: 5281: 5273: 5269: 5256: 5252: 5239: 5235: 5227: 5223: 5215: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5191: 5187: 5181:Iogna-Prat 1990 5179: 5175: 5167: 5163: 5155: 5151: 5145:Iogna-Prat 1990 5143: 5139: 5131: 5127: 5121:Barthélemy 1990 5119: 5115: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5068:MacCulloch 2010 5066: 5062: 5056:Barthélemy 1990 5054: 5050: 5042: 5038: 5025: 5021: 5013: 5009: 5001: 4997: 4989: 4985: 4981:III.36, p. 159. 4976: 4972: 4960: 4956: 4948: 4944: 4936:Eljas Oksanen, 4935: 4931: 4923: 4919: 4911: 4907: 4898: 4894: 4885: 4881: 4862: 4858: 4850: 4846: 4827: 4820: 4812: 4808: 4799: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4768: 4764: 4756: 4752: 4742:Jacques Flach, 4741: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4674: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4646: 4642: 4631: 4627: 4619: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4581: 4574: 4570:III.32, p. 151. 4565: 4561: 4549: 4545: 4529: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4505: 4501: 4493: 4484: 4476: 4472: 4460: 4456: 4446: 4432: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4392:Michel Rouche, 4391: 4380: 4372: 4368: 4360: 4356: 4347: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4292:Michel Rouche, 4291: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4263: 4256: 4247: 4243: 4235: 4231: 4223: 4216: 4200: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4160: 4156: 4148: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4088: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4052: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3989: 3985: 3976: 3972: 3964: 3960: 3952: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3928: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3762: 3758: 3750: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3699: 3695: 3686: 3682: 3673: 3669: 3663: 3659: 3650: 3646: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3585: 3581: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3516: 3512: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3446:Philip Augustus 3443: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3353:Poppa of Bayeux 2902: 2873:Adela of France 2810: 2675: 2662:Odo II of Blois 2647:More recently, 2625: 2618: 2583: 2578: 2529: 2527:Monetary Policy 2453: 2448: 2414:Odo II of Blois 2405: 2398: 2360: 2353: 2303:Odo II of Blois 2299: 2260: 2253: 2190:Abbey of Fleury 2170: 2163: 2140: 2099:Ascelin of Laon 2059:Louis the Pious 2036: 2034:Cluniac Reforms 2030: 1990: 1985: 1964: 1959: 1939: 1932: 1875:Rodulfus Glaber 1844:Odo II of Blois 1818:, the new Duke 1797:Reims Cathedral 1785:Odo II of Blois 1765: 1757:Pope Sergius IV 1753:Pope John XVIII 1726: 1718:Odo II of Blois 1700: 1697: 1685: 1682: 1645: 1642: 1612:Holy Scriptures 1585:Rodulfus Glaber 1565: 1557:Main articles: 1555: 1527:County of Paris 1474:Odo II de Blois 1434:Count of Nevers 1365: 1341:Odo II of Blois 1314:Pope Sergius IV 1194: 1188:one more time. 1184: 1176:Ivo of Chartres 1174: 1155:excommunication 1117: 1110: 1084:County of Blois 994: 987: 970: 963: 898: 893: 876: 869: 853: 846: 839: 828: 816:Aix-la-Chapelle 765: 723: 720: 698: 693: 660:Richer of Reims 653:Rodulfus Glaber 641:Andrew W. Lewis 628: 622: 615: 581: 568:Aix-la-Chapelle 563: 560: 448: 442: 436: 431: 426: 372:Odo II of Blois 368:County of Anjou 285: 279:Eudes of France 241: 228: 225: 1001) 216: 212: 209: 199: 191: 187: 184: 181:Rozala of Italy 165: 164:, Paris, France 148: 144: 131: 110: 61: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7177: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7144:House of Capet 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7099: 7098: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7084: 7078: 7076: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7058: 7052: 7050: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7039: 7032: 7025: 7020: 7014: 7012: 7005: 7004: 7002: 7001: 6994: 6988: 6986: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6975: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6942: 6940: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6921: 6919: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6838: 6836: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6749: 6747: 6744:House of Capet 6740: 6739: 6737: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6665: 6660: 6654: 6652: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6605:Childebert III 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6521: 6519: 6512: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6476: 6475: 6468: 6461: 6453: 6445: 6444: 6435: 6430: 6426: 6425: 6420: 6417: 6412:as junior king 6402:as junior king 6392:as senior king 6377: 6372: 6368: 6367: 6366:Regnal titles 6363: 6362: 6345:House of Capet 6342: 6339: 6334: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6304: 6295: 6266: 6260: 6247: 6241: 6231:(202). Paris: 6220: 6214: 6201: 6195: 6182: 6165: 6156: 6144: 6135: 6126: 6120: 6112:Robert Laffont 6103: 6094: 6074: 6058: 6040:(4): 906–927. 6029: 6020: 6014: 6001: 5992: 5986: 5973: 5964: 5945: 5929: 5920: 5900: 5887: 5878: 5869: 5828: 5819: 5807: 5795: 5789: 5772: 5766: 5753: 5747: 5730: 5721: 5712: 5708:Capetian Women 5702: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5667: 5655: 5643: 5631: 5619: 5607: 5605:, p. 199. 5595: 5583: 5566: 5547: 5520: 5518:, p. 205. 5508: 5506:, p. 205. 5496: 5494:, p. 128. 5484: 5468: 5466:, p. 191. 5456: 5454:, p. 164. 5444: 5442:, p. 105. 5432: 5428:Bonnassie 1990 5420: 5418:, p. 153. 5408: 5396: 5383: 5366: 5354: 5352:, p. 304. 5342: 5338:de Fleury 1824 5330: 5318: 5306: 5304:, p. 274. 5294: 5279: 5267: 5250: 5233: 5231:, p. 192. 5221: 5219:, p. 210. 5209: 5207:, p. 213. 5197: 5185: 5183:, p. 252. 5173: 5161: 5149: 5137: 5125: 5113: 5096: 5094:, p. 265. 5084: 5080:Chevalier 1872 5072: 5070:, p. 396. 5060: 5048: 5046:, p. 242. 5036: 5019: 5007: 4995: 4983: 4970: 4954: 4942: 4929: 4917: 4905: 4892: 4879: 4856: 4844: 4818: 4806: 4786: 4774: 4762: 4750: 4735: 4723: 4711: 4699: 4687: 4668: 4656: 4640: 4625: 4623:, p. 139. 4610: 4608:, p. 138. 4598: 4572: 4559: 4543: 4523: 4511: 4509:, p. 142. 4499: 4497:, p. 112. 4482: 4480:, p. 343. 4470: 4454: 4444: 4426: 4414: 4412:, p. 131. 4402: 4378: 4376:, p. 215. 4366: 4354: 4348:Pierre Riché, 4338: 4326: 4314: 4302: 4282: 4270: 4264:Pierre Riché, 4254: 4241: 4229: 4214: 4211:978-2840142799 4191: 4189:, p. 273. 4179: 4167: 4161:Pierre Riché, 4154: 4142: 4130: 4118: 4106: 4094: 4082: 4070: 4058: 4043: 4031: 4019: 4007: 3995: 3983: 3970: 3958: 3946: 3944:, p. 353. 3934: 3915: 3903: 3891: 3889:, p. 914. 3879: 3877:, p. 908. 3867: 3865:, p. 907. 3852: 3850:, p. 366. 3848:de Fleury 1824 3840: 3836:de Fleury 1824 3828: 3816: 3804: 3792: 3790:, p. 186. 3780: 3778:, p. 184. 3768: 3766:, p. 183. 3756: 3754:, p. 531. 3744: 3732: 3730:, p. 382. 3728:de Fleury 1824 3719: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3710: 3693: 3689:Hugh the Great 3680: 3667: 3657: 3644: 3631: 3622: 3609: 3600: 3579: 3562: 3553: 3544: 3527:Manasses comes 3510: 3494: 3485: 3476: 3463: 3454: 3437: 3428: 3419: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3013: 3010: 3009: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2959:Hugh the Great 2955: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2910: 2909: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2895:and had issue. 2889: 2886: 2880: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2857:and had issue. 2842:, daughter of 2827:, daughter of 2816:, daughter of 2809: 2806: 2789:Odilo of Cluny 2767:Montier-en-Der 2703:Abbo of Fleury 2674: 2671: 2654:Flavigny Abbey 2616: 2600:Abbo of Fleury 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2569:Order of Cluny 2528: 2525: 2521:Robert Fossier 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2410:thaumaturgical 2396: 2351: 2298: 2295: 2251: 2227:Hugh the Great 2161: 2139: 2136: 2124:Odo I of Blois 2048:Abbo of Fleury 2032:Main article: 2029: 2026: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1930: 1799:by Archbishop 1789:Odilo of Cluny 1764: 1761: 1730:Fatimid Caliph 1725: 1722: 1695: 1680: 1668:Late antiquity 1640: 1559:Orléans heresy 1554: 1551: 1490:Odilo of Cluny 1403:Hugh the Great 1364: 1361: 1305:Count palatine 1280: 1279: 1272: 1266: 1261:and (2) Count 1252: 1246: 1240: 1193: 1190: 1172: 1143:Pope Gregory V 1108: 1034:House of Blois 1006:Odo I of Blois 986: 983: 961: 924:, daughter of 897: 894: 892: 889: 881:Odo I of Blois 867: 844: 827: 824: 764: 761: 718: 697: 694: 692: 689: 627: 624: 613: 586:Abbo of Fleury 580: 577: 558: 554:coups de force 523:Hugh the Great 456:Dux Dei Gratia 444:Main article: 438:Main article: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 319: 318: 313: 309: 308: 303: 299: 298: 296:House of Capet 293: 287: 286: 284: 283: 280: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 251: 249: 243: 242: 240: 239: 214: 210: 205: 204: 203: 202: 189: 185: 179: 178: 177: 176: 173: 171: 167: 166: 160: 158: 154: 153: 141: 137: 136: 128: 124: 123: 120: 119: 113: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 91: 87: 86: 77: 71: 70: 67: 63: 62: 55: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7176: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7095: 7089: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7044: 7038: 7037: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7006: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6973: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6909: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6830: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6741: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6646: 6641: 6637: 6631: 6630:Childeric III 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6595:Theuderic III 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6560:Childebert II 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6483: 6474: 6469: 6467: 6462: 6460: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6441: 6440: 6433: 6427: 6423: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6383: 6382: 6375: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6352: 6347: 6346: 6337: 6331: 6327: 6324: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6312: 6301: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6267: 6263: 6257: 6253: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6227:(in French). 6226: 6221: 6217: 6211: 6207: 6202: 6198: 6192: 6188: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6166: 6162: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6136: 6132: 6127: 6123: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6104: 6100: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6077: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6007: 6002: 5998: 5993: 5989: 5987:2-13-054205-0 5983: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5939:(in French). 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5903: 5897: 5893: 5888: 5884: 5879: 5875: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5829: 5825: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5759: 5754: 5750: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5727: 5722: 5718: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5703: 5689: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5665:, p. 47. 5664: 5663:Bouchard 2001 5659: 5652: 5651:Bouchard 2001 5647: 5640: 5635: 5628: 5623: 5616: 5611: 5604: 5599: 5592: 5587: 5580: 5577:(in French). 5576: 5570: 5564: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5525: 5517: 5512: 5505: 5500: 5493: 5488: 5481: 5478:(in French). 5477: 5472: 5465: 5460: 5453: 5448: 5441: 5436: 5430:, p. 45. 5429: 5424: 5417: 5412: 5406:, p. 92. 5405: 5400: 5393: 5387: 5380: 5377:(in French). 5376: 5370: 5363: 5358: 5351: 5346: 5339: 5334: 5327: 5322: 5315: 5310: 5303: 5298: 5292:, p. 33. 5291: 5286: 5284: 5276: 5271: 5264: 5261:(in French). 5260: 5254: 5247: 5244:(in French). 5243: 5237: 5230: 5225: 5218: 5213: 5206: 5201: 5195:, p. 88. 5194: 5189: 5182: 5177: 5170: 5165: 5158: 5153: 5146: 5141: 5134: 5129: 5122: 5117: 5110: 5107:(in French). 5106: 5100: 5093: 5088: 5081: 5076: 5069: 5064: 5058:, p. 64. 5057: 5052: 5045: 5040: 5033: 5030:(in French). 5029: 5023: 5016: 5011: 5004: 4999: 4992: 4987: 4980: 4974: 4967: 4963: 4958: 4951: 4946: 4939: 4933: 4927:, p. 36. 4926: 4921: 4915:, p. 37. 4914: 4909: 4902: 4899:Norman Golb, 4896: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4874: 4870: 4867:(in French). 4866: 4860: 4853: 4848: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4825: 4823: 4815: 4810: 4803: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4783: 4778: 4772:, p. 40. 4771: 4766: 4759: 4754: 4747: 4746: 4739: 4732: 4727: 4720: 4715: 4708: 4703: 4696: 4691: 4683: 4679: 4672: 4665: 4660: 4653: 4651: 4644: 4637: 4636: 4629: 4622: 4617: 4615: 4607: 4602: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4577: 4569: 4563: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4541: 4540:2-262-00789-6 4537: 4533: 4527: 4521:, p. 13. 4520: 4515: 4508: 4503: 4496: 4495:Bouchard 2001 4491: 4489: 4487: 4479: 4478:Bouchard 1987 4474: 4466: 4458: 4452: 4447: 4441: 4437: 4430: 4424:, p. 36. 4423: 4418: 4411: 4406: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4375: 4370: 4363: 4358: 4351: 4345: 4343: 4336:, p. 81. 4335: 4330: 4323: 4318: 4312:, p. 35. 4311: 4306: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4287: 4279: 4274: 4267: 4261: 4259: 4251: 4245: 4239:, p. 78. 4238: 4233: 4226: 4225:Vasiliev 1951 4221: 4219: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4196: 4188: 4187:Bouchard 1981 4183: 4176: 4171: 4164: 4158: 4151: 4146: 4140:, p. 45. 4139: 4138:Nicholas 1992 4134: 4127: 4126:Bouchard 1981 4122: 4116:, p. 76. 4115: 4110: 4104:, p. 74. 4103: 4098: 4092:, p. 65. 4091: 4086: 4080:, p. 33. 4079: 4074: 4067: 4062: 4056:, p. 32. 4055: 4050: 4048: 4041:, p. 22. 4040: 4035: 4029:, p. 28. 4028: 4023: 4016: 4011: 4005:, p. 57. 4004: 3999: 3992: 3987: 3980: 3974: 3967: 3962: 3956:, p. 48. 3955: 3950: 3943: 3942:Bachrach 1993 3938: 3932:, p. 35. 3931: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3912: 3907: 3900: 3895: 3888: 3883: 3876: 3871: 3864: 3859: 3857: 3849: 3844: 3837: 3832: 3826:, p. 34. 3825: 3820: 3813: 3808: 3802:, p. 25. 3801: 3796: 3789: 3784: 3777: 3772: 3765: 3760: 3753: 3748: 3742:, p. 11. 3741: 3736: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3707: 3703: 3697: 3690: 3684: 3677: 3671: 3661: 3654: 3648: 3641: 3635: 3626: 3619: 3613: 3604: 3597: 3594:, founded by 3593: 3589: 3583: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3557: 3548: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3504: 3498: 3489: 3480: 3473: 3467: 3458: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3432: 3423: 3416: 3410: 3406: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3357: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3344: 3343: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3306: 3305: 3300: 3299: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3237: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3214: 3213: 3208: 3207: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3185: 3180: 3179: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3121: 3116: 3115: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3092: 3091: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3064: 3063: 3058: 3057: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3030: 3029: 3024: 3023: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3008: 3007: 3002: 3001: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2972: 2971: 2966: 2965: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2944: 2943: 2938: 2937: 2934: 2928: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2906: 2894: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2805: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2709:(1021–1024). 2708: 2704: 2700: 2697:, located in 2696: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2670: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2631: 2622: 2615: 2613: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2476: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2402: 2395: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2357: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2334: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2257: 2250: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2167: 2160: 2156: 2154: 2144: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2089:to begin the 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2038:The reign of 2035: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2009: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1988:A "monk king" 1977: 1973: 1968: 1954: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1936: 1929: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1911: 1910:solar eclipse 1908:of Fleury, a 1907: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1895:"XIII Kal Aug 1892: 1888: 1887:Rotbertus rex 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1728:In 1007, the 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1694: 1690: 1679: 1677: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1660:sexual orgies 1657: 1652: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1564: 1560: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1543:royal demesne 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1515:Franche-Comté 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1462: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1353:Pentecost Day 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1218:le Libérateur 1215: 1212:and his wife 1211: 1207: 1198: 1189: 1181: 1177: 1171: 1169: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1114: 1107: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1045:Île-de-France 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1016:and his wife 1015: 1011: 1007: 998: 992: 982: 979: 977: 967: 960: 956: 954: 949: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 928:and widow of 927: 923: 918: 915: 911: 910:consanguinity 902: 888: 886: 882: 873: 866: 864: 858: 850: 843: 838: 832: 823: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 800: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 760: 758: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 717: 713: 711: 707: 703: 688: 683: 679: 677: 673: 667: 665: 661: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 632: 619: 612: 608: 606: 602: 597: 595: 591: 587: 576: 574: 569: 557: 555: 549: 547: 543: 539: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 507: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 457: 452: 447: 441: 421: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 394: 392: 388: 384: 380: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 317: 314: 310: 307: 304: 300: 297: 294: 292: 288: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 252: 250: 248: 244: 233: 230: 229: 208: 201: 200: 182: 175: 174: 172: 168: 163: 159: 155: 151: 142: 138: 134: 129: 125: 121: 117: 114: 108: 105: 102: 98: 95: 92: 88: 84: 83: 78: 76: 72: 68: 64: 59: 54: 50: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 7093: 7082:Napoleon III 7060: 7034: 7027: 6996: 6970: 6924: 6916: 6911: 6872:Charles VIII 6757: 6640:Carolingians 6625:Theuderic IV 6615:Chilperic II 6610:Dagobert III 6590:Childeric II 6585:Chlothar III 6530:Childebert I 6516:Merovingians 6437: 6432:Otto William 6414: 6408: 6404: 6398: 6394: 6387: 6379: 6360:20 July 1031 6357: 6353:27 March 972 6350: 6343: 6315: 6299: 6274: 6270: 6251: 6228: 6224: 6205: 6187:Hugues Capet 6186: 6169: 6160: 6151: 6139: 6130: 6107: 6098: 6065: 6037: 6033: 6025:Paix de Dieu 6024: 6005: 5996: 5977: 5968: 5953: 5941:Armand Colin 5936: 5924: 5891: 5882: 5873: 5832: 5823: 5814: 5802: 5776: 5757: 5734: 5725: 5716: 5707: 5687: 5658: 5646: 5634: 5622: 5610: 5603:Sassier 2000 5598: 5591:Sassier 2000 5586: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5555: 5550: 5535: 5531: 5516:Sassier 2000 5511: 5499: 5487: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5459: 5447: 5435: 5423: 5411: 5399: 5391: 5386: 5378: 5375:Thaumaturgie 5374: 5369: 5357: 5345: 5333: 5321: 5309: 5297: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5253: 5245: 5241: 5236: 5229:Sassier 2000 5224: 5217:Sassier 2000 5212: 5205:Sassier 2000 5200: 5188: 5176: 5164: 5152: 5140: 5128: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5099: 5092:Sassier 1987 5087: 5075: 5063: 5051: 5039: 5031: 5027: 5022: 5010: 5002: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4978: 4973: 4961: 4957: 4945: 4937: 4932: 4925:Bautier 1992 4920: 4908: 4900: 4895: 4887: 4882: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4847: 4832: 4829:Georges Duby 4809: 4801: 4777: 4765: 4753: 4744: 4738: 4731:Lévêque 1996 4726: 4714: 4707:Richard 1954 4702: 4697:, p. 5. 4695:Richard 1954 4690: 4681: 4671: 4659: 4649: 4643: 4634: 4628: 4621:Lévêque 1996 4606:Lévêque 1996 4601: 4586: 4567: 4562: 4554: 4546: 4531: 4526: 4514: 4502: 4473: 4464: 4457: 4435: 4429: 4417: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4369: 4357: 4349: 4329: 4317: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4273: 4265: 4249: 4244: 4232: 4202: 4182: 4170: 4162: 4157: 4145: 4133: 4121: 4109: 4097: 4085: 4073: 4061: 4034: 4022: 4015:Sassier 2000 4010: 3998: 3991:Bautier 1992 3986: 3978: 3973: 3966:Parisse 1990 3961: 3954:Fawtier 1989 3949: 3937: 3930:Bautier 1992 3906: 3894: 3882: 3870: 3843: 3831: 3819: 3807: 3795: 3783: 3771: 3764:Sassier 2000 3759: 3752:Gauvard 1996 3747: 3735: 3723: 3696: 3683: 3670: 3660: 3651:In 909–910, 3647: 3634: 3625: 3617: 3612: 3603: 3582: 3574: 3565: 3556: 3547: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3518: 3513: 3506: 3497: 3488: 3479: 3471: 3466: 3457: 3440: 3431: 3422: 3409: 3136: 2837: 2822: 2811: 2801: 2774: 2760: 2711: 2695:Fleury Abbey 2692: 2683:Fleury Abbey 2657: 2646: 2634: 2629: 2627: 2620: 2611: 2609: 2584: 2565:Peace of God 2561:devaluations 2530: 2512: 2507: 2500: 2485: 2481: 2479: 2474: 2471: 2460: 2436:Saint Gerald 2407: 2400: 2393: 2387: 2379: 2378:in his work 2373: 2368: 2362: 2355: 2339:Titus Livius 2336: 2330: 2311: 2306: 2300: 2290: 2262: 2255: 2248: 2224: 2219: 2198:princeps Dei 2197: 2193: 2187: 2182: 2172: 2165: 2158: 2149: 2127: 2120: 2091:Truce of God 2052: 2037: 2022:Noyers Abbey 2010: 2006: 2000: 1996: 1971: 1949: 1941: 1934: 1927: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1886: 1882: 1870: 1860: 1813: 1780: 1766: 1727: 1702: 1692: 1687: 1673: 1647: 1637: 1628: 1597: 1579:(1027), and 1566: 1524: 1514: 1499: 1485: 1479: 1467: 1427: 1382: 1377: 1366: 1301: 1292:Illumination 1217: 1203: 1186: 1167: 1165: 1159:Sylvester II 1136: 1124: 1112: 1105: 1069: 1042: 1028:, sister of 1003: 980: 972: 965: 958: 952: 950: 907: 878: 871: 862: 860: 855: 848: 836: 834: 829: 807: 801: 781:Pope John XV 766: 751: 747: 743: 725: 715: 709: 701: 699: 685: 681: 668: 663: 657: 637: 617: 610: 604: 600: 598: 582: 565: 553: 551: 535: 508: 461: 455: 405: 395: 387:Duke Henry I 379:royal domain 376: 335: 327: 323: 322: 145:(1031-07-20) 143:20 July 1031 81: 29: 7119:1031 deaths 7114:970s births 7075:(1852–1870) 7049:(1830–1848) 7018:Louis XVIII 6998:Napoleon II 6939:(1589–1792) 6917:(1422–1453) 6862:Charles VII 6835:(1328–1589) 6709:Charles III 6694:Carloman II 6670:(Charles I) 6668:Charlemagne 6620:Chlothar IV 6575:Sigebert II 6565:Chlothar II 6550:Chilperic I 6540:Charibert I 6415:(1027–1031) 6405:(1017–1026) 6277:: 227–251. 5362:Menant 1999 5350:Werner 1990 5326:Werner 1990 5302:Werner 1990 4979:Historiarum 4913:Menant 1999 4770:Menant 1999 4568:Historiarum 4555:Opera omnia 4422:Menant 1999 4374:Palmer 2014 4362:Menant 1999 4310:Menant 1999 4175:Pfister1885 4078:Menant 1999 4054:Menant 1999 4039:Angold 2002 4027:Menant 1999 3824:Menant 1999 2734:Vaucouleurs 2664:, of Count 2630:res publica 2612:res publica 2551:allows the 2531:The silver 2432:Saint Louis 2403:, ca. 1033. 2258:, ca. 1033. 2168:, ca. 1033. 2055:monasticism 1937:, ca. 1033. 1883:XII Kal Aug 1710:Abbot Oliba 1322:Benedictine 1094:from Count 976:the Channel 808:in extremis 777:Carolingian 775:, the last 752:res publica 540:to recover 118:(1017–1025) 90:Predecessor 7108:Categories 6992:Napoleon I 6972:Louis XVII 6951:Louis XIII 6897:Charles IX 6892:Francis II 6857:Charles VI 6823:Charles IV 6798:Philip III 6788:Louis VIII 6753:Hugh Capet 6746:(987–1328) 6679:Charles II 6663:Carloman I 6645:Robertians 6570:Dagobert I 6555:Sigebert I 6535:Chlothar I 6443:1004–1016 6390:Hugh Capet 6133:. Longman. 5815:L'Histoire 5639:Theis 1999 5627:Theis 1999 5615:Theis 1999 5314:Theis 1999 5275:Theis 1999 5193:Theis 1999 5169:Theis 1999 5157:Theis 1999 5133:Theis 1999 5044:Theis 1999 4950:Theis 1999 4852:Theis 1999 4814:Theis 1999 4782:Theis 1999 4758:Theis 1999 4719:Theis 1999 4664:Theis 1999 4519:Adair 2003 4507:Theis 1999 4410:Theis 1999 4334:Theis 1999 4322:Theis 1999 4278:Theis 1999 4237:Theis 1999 4150:Theis 1999 4114:Theis 1999 4102:Theis 1999 4090:Theis 1999 4066:Theis 1999 4003:Theis 1999 3911:Theis 1999 3899:Lewis 1978 3887:Lewis 1978 3875:Lewis 1978 3863:Lewis 1978 3812:Theis 1999 3800:Theis 1999 3788:Theis 1990 3776:Theis 1999 3740:Theis 1999 3715:References 3017:Hugh Capet 2638:châtelains 2623:, ca. 987. 2541:Hugh Capet 2376:Marc Bloch 2243:Argenteuil 2231:Hugh Capet 2040:Hugh Capet 1976:Valladolid 1840:Baldwin IV 1741:Alexandria 1676:Manicheans 1616:Manicheans 1115:, 996–998. 968:, 996–998. 946:Baldwin IV 783:, Empress 620:, ca 1033. 605:quadrivium 531:Hugh Capet 513:(888) and 492:Reginar IV 472:Hugh Capet 468:Robertians 446:Hugh Capet 440:Robertians 306:Hugh Capet 94:Hugh Capet 82:as co-king 75:Coronation 7029:Louis XIX 7023:Charles X 6966:Louis XVI 6956:Louis XIV 6902:Henry III 6882:Francis I 6877:Louis XII 6852:Charles V 6842:Philip VI 6803:Philip IV 6783:Philip II 6778:Louis VII 6758:Robert II 6689:Louis III 6651:(751–987) 6600:Clovis IV 6580:Clovis II 6518:(509–751) 6395:(987–996) 6330:(archive) 6323:(archive) 6178:15221463M 6084:cite book 5910:cite book 4876:101317123 4841:329870712 4595:740889479 4551:Odorannus 3706:Luitgarde 3450:Louis VII 3233:Emilienne 2776:advocatus 2763:Compiègne 2681:Crypt of 2487:Thiérache 2337:"I found 2287:Odorannus 2018:Jerusalem 1873:", while 1737:Jerusalem 1706:Catalonia 1604:Champagne 1407:Robertian 1357:Compiègne 1349:Pontlevoy 1327:from the 1318:Odorannus 1296:parchment 1206:Constance 934:Montreuil 835:"Lothair 785:Theophanu 748:consilium 502:(wife of 490:(wife of 338:(French: 330:(French: 328:the Pious 324:Robert II 183:until 996 100:Successor 35:Robert II 6961:Louis XV 6946:Henry IV 6887:Henry II 6867:Louis XI 6818:Philip V 6793:Louis IX 6773:Louis VI 6768:Philip I 6724:Louis IV 6714:Robert I 6684:Louis II 6649:Bosonids 6525:Clovis I 6385:987–1031 6064:(1996). 5951:(1824). 5865:38717048 5857:11610836 5833:Speculum 5563:online 2 5560:online 1 4833:L'an mil 4682:Academia 2900:Ancestry 2797:anathema 2738:Commercy 2617:— 2606:'s pen: 2592:Philip I 2557:trimming 2533:denarius 2492:clearing 2475:militias 2419:scrofula 2397:— 2352:— 2343:Valerius 2331:historiæ 2252:— 2235:Adelaide 2162:— 2116:La Réole 2095:Auvergne 1978:, Spain. 1931:— 1828:Flanders 1816:Normandy 1696:— 1681:— 1641:— 1620:Toulouse 1575:(1022), 1488:, Abbot 1391:Gerberga 1222:Saracens 1173:— 1109:— 1092:Langeais 1080:Theobald 1076:Gerberga 1057:Chartres 962:— 938:Ponthieu 917:Basil II 868:— 863:Augustus 845:— 837:Augustus 736:Soissons 719:— 614:— 559:— 542:Lorraine 515:Robert I 398:annulled 366:and the 336:the Wise 332:le Pieux 238:1001/03) 152:, France 135:, France 7094:italics 7036:Henry V 6847:John II 6808:Louis X 6763:Henry I 6734:Louis V 6729:Lothair 6719:Rudolph 6674:Louis I 6545:Guntram 6422:Henry I 6410:Henry I 6318:, 1990. 6291:1291087 6054:1867651 5849:2846935 5699:Sources 3618:castrum 3505:wrote: 3503:Helgaud 3415:Orléans 3111:Matilda 2726:Épernay 2642:knights 2596:Hincmar 2588:Henry I 2517:Picardy 2513:castras 2508:tonlieu 2440:Gerbert 2384:Guntram 2358:, 1027. 2347:Orosius 2183:exempla 2175:Helgaud 1950:gisants 1906:Helgaud 1832:Baldwin 1624:Limoges 1581:Cambrai 1573:Orléans 1446:Avallon 1419:Langres 1415:Auxerre 1249:Henry I 1233:Hedwig 1180:Henry I 1113:History 1018:Matilda 966:History 953:Susanna 872:Letters 849:Letters 820:Chelles 740:Châlons 676:Orléans 645:Moorish 601:trivium 546:Otto II 484:Vikings 464:Orléans 402:Helgaud 360:Chelles 342:), was 340:le Sage 227: 215: 211: 198: 190: 186: 170:Spouses 133:Orléans 111:Co-king 104:Henry I 58:more... 6813:John I 6356: 6289: 6258: 6239: 6212: 6193: 6176: 6118: 6072: 6052: 6012: 5984: 5898: 5863: 5855: 5847: 5787: 5781:Fayard 5764: 5745: 5542: 4964:1031, 4839: 4593: 4538: 4451:online 4442: 4209: 3676:Sahara 3321:Gerloc 2831:, and 2808:Family 2658:signum 2482:saltus 2423:lepers 2324:, and 2318:Fleury 2239:Senlis 2112:simony 2075:Fécamp 1897:" of " 1885:" of " 1856:Advisa 1781:virtus 1777:Robert 1714:Ripoll 1608:tithes 1531:Renaud 1510:Robert 1442:Beaune 1269:Robert 1072:Hedwig 922:Rozala 874:, 991. 851:, 990. 793:Arnoul 728:Amiens 706:Corbie 702:signum 500:Gisela 498:) and 488:Hedwig 418:Robert 312:Mother 302:Father 157:Burial 130:c. 972 6388:with 6358:Died: 6351:Born: 6287:JSTOR 6233:Seuil 6050:JSTOR 5861:S2CID 5845:JSTOR 5739:Seuil 4873:SUDOC 3531:filla 3519:filla 3472:reges 3402:Notes 2781:Reims 2750:Reims 2730:Reims 2718:Lagny 2504:tolls 2281:near 2270:Melun 2266:Autun 2215:Ivois 2083:Odilo 2079:Cluny 2044:Verzy 1863:Melun 1836:Adela 1769:Henry 1745:Rouen 1664:Devil 1632:Satan 1602:from 1577:Milan 1539:Dreux 1502:Henry 1482:Dijon 1451:Dijon 1411:Dijon 1399:Saône 1343:over 1337:Theil 1255:Adela 1147:Pavia 1088:Tours 1065:Meaux 1061:Melun 1053:Blois 885:Louis 840:' 812:Verzy 797:Reims 590:Reims 414:Henri 334:) or 291:House 247:Issue 217:( 213: 192:( 188: 150:Melun 66:Reign 6647:and 6400:Hugh 6374:Hugh 6256:ISBN 6237:ISBN 6210:ISBN 6191:ISBN 6116:ISBN 6090:link 6070:ISBN 6010:ISBN 5982:ISBN 5916:link 5896:ISBN 5853:PMID 5785:ISBN 5762:ISBN 5743:ISBN 5540:ISBN 4591:OCLC 4536:ISBN 4440:ISBN 4207:ISBN 3351:15. 3293:14. 3231:13. 3173:12. 3109:11. 3051:10. 2861:Hugh 2736:and 2545:Laon 2506:and 2496:Caen 2466:Bonn 2320:and 2283:Sens 2229:and 2188:The 2101:and 1773:Hugh 1749:Rome 1739:and 1622:and 1561:and 1537:and 1506:Hugh 1470:Sens 1423:Sens 1333:Sens 1325:monk 1320:, a 1310:Rome 1243:Hugh 1151:Rome 1090:and 1074:and 1063:and 1024:and 936:and 769:Laon 732:Laon 474:and 424:Life 416:and 352:Laon 260:Hugh 223:ann. 140:Died 127:Born 116:Hugh 6704:Odo 6279:doi 6042:doi 5837:doi 4966:MGH 4837:BnF 3319:7. 3257:3. 3199:6. 3135:1. 3077:5. 3015:2. 2989:9. 2957:4. 2931:8. 2685:at 2477:). 2200:), 2106:of 2093:in 2087:Puy 2073:to 2061:by 2016:in 1901:". 1712:of 1468:In 1347:in 1331:in 1294:on 1170:)." 674:in 511:Odo 506:). 7110:: 6285:. 6273:. 6235:. 6174:OL 6114:. 6086:}} 6082:{{ 6048:. 6038:83 6036:. 5912:}} 5908:{{ 5859:. 5851:. 5843:. 5783:. 5741:. 5670:^ 5523:^ 5282:^ 4831:, 4821:^ 4789:^ 4680:. 4613:^ 4585:, 4575:^ 4553:, 4485:^ 4381:^ 4341:^ 4285:^ 4257:^ 4217:^ 4194:^ 4046:^ 3918:^ 3855:^ 3577:". 2787:, 2744:, 2732:, 2728:, 2519:, 2390:: 2345:, 2341:, 2272:, 2222:. 2155:. 2050:. 2024:. 1807:, 1791:, 1787:, 1670:. 1626:. 1591:, 1587:, 1522:. 1421:, 1417:, 1413:, 1375:. 1290:. 1059:, 1055:, 738:, 734:, 730:, 678:. 548:: 525:, 494:, 374:. 236:m. 219:m. 194:m. 60:) 7096:. 6642:, 6472:e 6465:t 6458:v 6332:. 6325:. 6293:. 6281:: 6275:6 6264:. 6245:. 6229:2 6218:. 6199:. 6180:. 6124:. 6092:) 6078:. 6056:. 6044:: 6018:. 5990:. 5943:. 5918:) 5904:. 5867:. 5839:: 5793:. 5770:. 5751:. 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