Robert Schumann - Knowledge

513: 992: 1187:, on 4 March. He remained there for more than two years, gradually deteriorating, with intermittent intervals of lucidity during which he wrote and received letters and sometimes essayed some composition. The director of the sanatorium held that direct contact between patients and relatives was likely to distress all concerned and reduce the chances of recovery. Friends, including Brahms and Joachim, were permitted to visit Schumann but Clara did not see her husband until nearly two and a half years into his confinement, and only two days before his death. Schumann died at the sanatorium aged 46 on 29 July 1856, the cause of death being recorded as 924: 1077: 771: 693:, and electric therapy, but without success. The condition had the advantage of exempting him from compulsory military service – he could not fire a rifle – but by 1832 he recognised that a career as a virtuoso pianist was impossible and he shifted his main focus to composition. He completed further sets of small piano pieces and the first movement of a symphony (it was too thinly orchestrated according to Wieck and was never completed). An additional activity was journalism. From March 1834, along with Wieck and others, he was on the editorial board of a new music magazine, 48: 790:

reciprocated: they declared their love to each other in January 1836. Schumann expected that Wieck would welcome the proposed marriage, but he was mistaken: Wieck refused his consent, fearing that Schumann would be unable to provide for his daughter, that she would have to abandon her career, and that she would be legally required to relinquish her inheritance to her husband. It took a series of acrimonious legal actions over the next four years for Schumann to obtain a court ruling that he and Clara were free to marry without her father's consent.

2050: 1648: 672: 6432: 6412: 2405: 372: 1282:, "certain works of his early and middle period are praised to the skies, while on the other hand a pious veil of silence obscures the more sober, austere and concentrated works of the late period". More recently the later works have been viewed more favourably; Hall suggests that this is because they are now played more often in concert and in recording studios, and have "the beneficial effects of period performance practice as it has come to be applied to mid-19th-century music". 1719: 1012:, and in December the family moved to Dresden. Schumann had been passed over for the conductorship of the Leipzig Gewandhaus in succession to Mendelssohn, and he thought that Dresden, with a thriving opera house, might be the place where he could, as he now wished, become an operatic composer. His health remained poor. His doctor in Dresden reported complaints "from insomnia, general weakness, auditory disturbances, tremors, and chills in the feet, to a whole range of phobias". 605: 10575: 8127: 7124: 318:– and his songs. His other works were less generally admired, and for many years there was a widespread belief that those from his later years lacked the inspiration of his early music. More recently this view has been less prevalent, but it is still his piano works and songs from the 1830s and 1840s on which his reputation is primarily based. He had considerable influence in the nineteenth century and beyond. In the German-speaking world the composers 8137: 1259:", and concludes: "As both man and musician, Schumann is recognized as the quintessential artist of the Romantic period in German music. He was a master of lyric expression and dramatic power, perhaps best revealed in his outstanding piano music and songs ..." Schumann believed the aesthetics of all the arts were identical. In his music he aimed at a conception of art in which the poetic was the main element. According to the musicologist 7134: 6452: 1864:(also in A minor) which clearly shows the influence of Schumann's". The first movement pitches against each other the forthright Florestan and dreamy Eusebius elements in Schumann's artistic nature – the vigorous opening bars succeeded by the wistful A minor theme that enters in the fourth bar. No other concerto or concertante work by Schumann has approached the popularity of the Piano Concerto, but the 10601: 1159:. Brahms had recently written the first of his three piano sonatas, and played it to Schumann, who rushed excitedly out of the room and came back leading his wife by the hand, saying "Now, my dear Clara, you will hear such music as you never heard before; and you, young man, play the work from the beginning". Schumann was so impressed that he wrote an article – his last – for the 932:

esteem, but who has ceased to arouse any particular interest". He was stronger in his praise of Mozart: "Serenity, repose, grace, the characteristics of the antique works of art, are also those of Mozart's school. The Greeks gave to 'The Thunderer' a radiant expression, and radiantly does Mozart launch his lightnings". After his studies Schumann produced three string quartets, a

1094:, was premiered in Leipzig, conducted by the composer, in June 1850. There were two further performances immediately afterwards, but the piece was not the success Schumann had been hoping for. In a 2005 study of the composer, Eric Frederick Jensen attributes this to Schumann's operatic style: "not tuneful and simplistic enough for the majority, not 'progressive' enough for the 10625: 10613: 596:

her how he saw his future: "My entire life has been a twenty-year struggle between poetry and prose, or call it music and law". He persuaded her to ask Wieck for an objective assessment of his musical potential. Wieck's verdict was that with the necessary hard work Schumann could become a leading pianist within three years. A six-month trial period was agreed.

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international reputation she was the better-known of the two but her career was continually interrupted by motherhood of their seven children. She inspired Schumann in his composing career, encouraging him to extend his range as a composer beyond solo piano works. During 1840 Schumann turned his attention to song, producing more than half his total output of

443:, and for a time he also had cello and flute lessons with one of the municipal musicians, Carl Gottlieb Meissner. Throughout his childhood and youth his love of music and literature ran in tandem, with poems and dramatic works produced alongside small-scale compositions, mainly piano pieces and songs. He was not a musical child prodigy like 1901: 1309: 1703:

Schumann returned in earnest to writing songs after a break of several years. Hall describes the variety of the songs as immense, and comments that some of the later songs are entirely different in mood from the composer's earlier Romantic settings. Schumann's literary sensibilities led him to create

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play in Frankfurt in April 1830. In the words of one biographer, "The easy-going discipline at Heidelberg University helped the world to lose a bad lawyer and to gain a great musician". Finally deciding in favour of music rather than the law as a career, he wrote to his mother on 30 July 1830 telling

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Schumann's birthplace in Zwickau is preserved as a museum in his honour. It hosts chamber concerts and is the focus of an annual festival commemorating him. The International Robert Schumann Competition for Piano and Voice was launched in Berlin in 1956, and later moved to Zwickau. Among the winners

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Schumann's works in some other musical genres – particularly orchestral and operatic works – have had a mixed critical reception, both during his lifetime and since, but there is widespread agreement about the high quality of his solo piano music. In his youth the familiar Austro-German tradition of

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In the late nineteenth century and most of the twentieth it was widely held that the music of Schumann's later years was less inspired than his earlier works (up to about the mid-1840s), either because of his declining health, or because his increasingly orthodox approach to composition deprived his

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From the beginning of 1845 Schumann's health began to improve; he and Clara studied counterpoint together and both produced contrapuntal works for the piano. He added a slow movement and finale to the 1841 Phantasie for piano and orchestra, to create his Piano Concerto, Op. 54. The following year he

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it reflects the exotic, colourful tales from Persian mythology popular in the nineteenth century. In a letter to a friend in 1843 Schumann said, "at the moment I'm involved in a large project, the largest I've yet undertaken – it's not an opera – I believe it's well-nigh a new genre for the concert

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called it "The great masterpiece you've never heard, and there aren't many of those now. ... In Schumann's life it was the most popular piece he ever wrote, it was performed endlessly. Every composer loved it. Wagner wrote how jealous he was that Schumann had done it". Based on an episode from

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considers such alterations fruitless: "the essence of Schumann's warmly vibrant music resides in its forthright romantic appeal with all those personal traits, lovable characteristic and faults" that make up Schumann's artistic character. Hall comments that Schumann's orchestration has subsequently

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depicting twin brothers – one a poetic dreamer, the other a worldly realist – both in love with the same woman at a masked ball. Schumann had by now come to regard himself as having two distinct sides to his personality and art: he dubbed his introspective, pensive self "Eusebius" and the impetuous

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Aspects of Schumann's orchestration for which he has been criticised include (i) string parts that are awkward to play – showing his lack of familiarity with string technique, (ii) a frequent failure to secure a satisfactory balance between melodic and harmonic lines, and, most seriously (iii) his

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In 1991 the first volume of a complete edition of Schumann's works was published. A supposedly complete edition had been published between 1879 and 1887, edited by Clara and Brahms, but it was not complete: apart from inadvertent omissions the two editors deliberately suppressed some of Schumann's

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Although during the twentieth century it became common practice to perform these cycles as a whole, in Schumann's time and beyond it was usual to extract individual songs for performance in recitals. The first documented public performance of a complete Schumann song cycle was not until 1861, five

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In early 1843 there was a setback to Schumann's career: he had a severe and debilitating mental crisis. This was not the first such attack, although it was the worst so far. Hall writes that he had been subject to similar attacks at intervals over a long period, and comments that the condition may

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Eusebius dropped by one evening, not long ago. He entered quietly, his pale features brightened by that enigmatic smile with which he likes to excite curiosity. Florestan and I were seated at the piano. He, as you know, is one of those rare musical persons who seem to anticipate everything that is

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quotes the psychiatrist Peter F. Ostwald: "Did the man have diabetes, did he have liver disease? We don’t know. Did he have an infection? Did he have tuberculosis? We don’t know. These conditions could be remedied today. We could take X-rays of the chest, we could do a test for syphilis, we could

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by the composer. The work was never given complete in Schumann's lifetime, although the third section was successfully performed in Dresden, Leipzig and Weimar in 1849 to mark the centenary of Goethe's birth. Jensen comments that its good reception is surprising as Schumann made no concessions to

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in April 1850. Hall comments that in retrospect it can be seen that Schumann was fundamentally unsuited for the post. In Hall's view, Schumann's diffidence in social situations, allied to mental instability, "ensured that initially warm relations with local musicians gradually deteriorated to the

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It is not known why Schumann picked those names for his alter egos, although there has been much conjecture over the years. Another of his inventions was "Master Raro", a wise musician of sound judgement, neither so dreamy as Eusebius nor so impetuous as Florestan, sometimes invoked to arbitrate

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wrote of the first of these, "Of all the pianoforte works is perhaps the most popular; its wonderful animation and never-ending variety ensure the production of its full effect, and its great and various difficulties make it the best possible test of a pianist's skill and versatility". Schumann

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described it as "well and fluently written ... also, for the most part, knowledgeably, tastefully, and often quite successfully and effectively orchestrated", although a later critic called it "inflated piano music with mainly routine orchestration". Later in the year a second symphony was

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The following year Schumann turned his attention to chamber music. He studied works by Haydn and Mozart, despite an ambivalent attitude to the former, writing: "Today it is impossible to learn anything new from him. He is like a familiar friend of the house whom all greet with pleasure and with

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Schumann and Clara finally married on 12 September 1840, the day before her twenty-first birthday. Hall writes that marriage gave Schumann "the emotional and domestic stability on which his subsequent achievements were founded". Clara made some sacrifices in marrying Schumann: as a pianist of

763:, during 1835 Schumann gradually found that Ernestine's personality was not as interesting to him as he first thought, and this, together with his discovery that she was an illegitimate, impecunious, adopted daughter of Fricken, brought the affair to a gradual end. According to the biographer 2016:. Roesner describes the Quartet as equally brilliant as the Quintet but also more intimate. Schumann composed a set of three string quartets (Op. 41, 1842). Dahlhaus comments that after this Schumann avoided writing for string quartet, finding Beethoven's achievements in that genre daunting. 789:

on 9 November 1835, with Mendelssohn conducting, "set the seal on all her earlier successes, and there was now no doubting that a great future lay before her as a pianist". Schumann had watched her career approvingly since she was nine, but only now fell in love with her. His feelings were

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in 1850 in the hope that his appointment as the city's director of music would provide financial security, but his shyness and mental instability made it difficult for him to work with his orchestra and he had to resign after three years. In 1853 the Schumanns met the twenty-year-old

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In 2005 the German federal government launched the online Schumann Network in collaboration with cultural institutions in Zwickau, Leipzig, Düsseldorf and Bonn. The site aims to offer the public the most comprehensive coverage of the life and works of Robert and Clara Schumann.

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called Schumann "my ideal", and Grieg's Piano Concerto is heavily influenced by Schumann's. Grieg wrote that Schumann's songs deserved to be recognised as "major contributions to world literature", and Schumann was a major influence on the Russian school of composers, including

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and a 2005 biography by Eric Frederick Jensen there is no evidence that he had a middle name and it is possibly a misreading of his teenage pseudonym "Skülander". His birth and death certificates and all other existing official documents give "Robert Schumann" as his only

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and were both immensely impressed by Saint Petersburg and Moscow. The tour was an artistic and financial success but it was arduous, and by the end Schumann was in a poor state both physically and mentally. After the couple returned to Leipzig in late May he sold the

730:, Chopin and Moscheles. Of these, he was most influenced in his compositions by Mendelssohn, although the latter's restrained classicism is reflected in Schumann's later works rather than in those of the 1830s. Early in 1835 he completed two substantial compositions: 574:

and international law (as well as reuniting Schumann with his close friend Eduard Röller who was a student there). After matriculating at the university on 30 July 1829 he travelled in Switzerland and Italy from late August to late October. He was greatly taken with

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calls a "full-bodied but monotonously rich tint" to the colouring instead of letting the sections of the orchestra be heard on their own at suitable points; the analyst Scott Burnham refers to "an indistinct, muffled quality, in which bass lines can be difficult to

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Schumann's pianistic ambitions were ended by a growing paralysis in at least one finger of his right hand. The early symptoms had come while he was still a student at Heidelberg, and the cause is uncertain. He tried all the treatments then in vogue including

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on a theme based on the name of its supposed dedicatee, Countess Pauline von Abegg (who was almost certainly a product of Schumann's imagination). The notes A-B-E-G-G, played in waltz tempo, make up the theme on which the variations are based. The use of a

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From 1820 Schumann attended the Zwickau Lyceum, the local high school of about two hundred boys, where he remained till the age of eighteen, studying a traditional curriculum. In addition to his studies he read extensively: among his early enthusiasms were

425:. Robert, his favourite child, was able to spend many hours exploring the classics of literature in his father's collection. Intermittently, between the ages of three and five-and-a-half, he was placed with foster parents, as his mother had contracted 1899: 1640:– traditionally part of a bride's wedding bouquet), which the composer called a song cycle, although comprising twenty-six songs with lyrics from ten different writers this set is a less unified cycle than the others. In a study of Schumann's songs 1568:

Schumann wrote more than 300 songs for voice and piano. They are known for the quality of the texts he set: Hall comments that the composer's youthful appreciation of literature was constantly renewed in adult life. Although Schumann greatly admired

1807:, Op. 52, sometimes described as "a symphony without a slow movement". Its unorthodox structure may have made it less appealing and it is not often performed. Schumann composed six overtures, three of them for theatrical performance, preceding 475:. According to the musical historian George Hall, Paul remained Schumann's favourite author and exercised a powerful influence on the composer's creativity with his sensibility and vein of fantasy. Musically, Schumann got to know the works of 551: ... and am only now beginning to appreciate its true worth". Nonetheless reading and playing the piano occupied a good deal of his time, and he developed expensive tastes for champagne and cigars. Musically, he discovered the works of 1307: 2225:

expressed regret that so few of Schumann's songs were available on record, by the early twenty-first century every song was on disc. A complete set was published in 2010 with the songs in chronological order of composition; the pianist

1900: 6782: 1892: 459:(Universal Musical Journal) printed a biographical sketch of Schumann which included an account from contemporary sources that even as a boy he possessed a special talent for portraying feelings and characteristic traits in melody: 1388: 1174:

Hall writes that Brahms proved "a personal tower of strength to Clara during the difficult days ahead": in early 1854 Schumann's health deteriorated drastically. On 27 February he attempted suicide by throwing himself into the

1064:, he registered his 'desire to write operas' in his travel diary". The Schumanns suffered several blows during 1847, including the death of their first son, Emil, born the year before, and the deaths of their friends Felix and 1935: 1917: 1343: 1308: 1222: 1325: 1029:

Between 24 November 1846 and 4 February 1847 the Schumanns toured to Vienna, Berlin and other cities. The Viennese leg of the tour was not a success. The performance of Schumann's First Symphony and Piano Concerto at the

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August Schumann died in 1826; his widow was less enthusiastic about a musical career for her son and persuaded him to study for the law as a profession. After his final examinations at the Lyceum in March 1828 he entered

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Professionally the later years of the 1830s were marked by an unsuccessful attempt by Schumann to establish himself in Vienna, and a growing friendship with Mendelssohn, who was by then based in Leipzig, conducting the

172:, Saxony, to an affluent middle-class family with no musical connections, and was initially unsure whether to pursue a career as a lawyer or to make a living as a pianist-composer. He studied law at the universities of 2030:

In addition to his chamber works for what were or were becoming standard combinations of instruments, Schumann wrote for some unusual groupings and was often flexible about which instruments a work called for: in his

1856:(1845) quickly became and has remained one of the most popular Romantic piano concertos. In the mid-twentieth century, when the symphonies were less well regarded than they later became, the concerto was described in 2092:, who conducted the work's first professional stage production in the US in 1987. She finds the work "full of high drama and supercharged emotion. In my opinion, it's very stageworthy, too. It’s not at all static". 2078:, who championed the work, blamed music critics for the low esteem in which the work is held. He maintained that they all approached the work with a preconceived idea of what an opera must be like, and finding that 984:. Although neglected after Schumann's death it remained popular throughout his lifetime and brought his name to international attention. During 1843 Mendelssohn invited him to teach piano and composition at the new 188:, but his hopes for a career as a virtuoso pianist were frustrated by a worsening problem with his right hand, and he concentrated on composition. His early works were mainly piano pieces, including the large-scale 1300: 4926: 1936: 1918: 1344: 1326: 1224: 759:. The Symphonic Studies are based on a melody said to be by Ernestine's father, Baron von Fricken, an amateur flautist. Schumann and Ernestine became secretly engaged, but in the view of the musical scholar 462:

Indeed, he could sketch the different dispositions of his intimate friends by certain figures and passages on the piano so exactly and comically that everyone burst into loud laughter at the accuracy of the

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new, of the future and extraordinary. ... This time, however, there was a surprise in store even for him. With the words "Hats off, gentlemen, a genius!" Eusebius spread out before us a piece of music.

707:. Hall writes that it took "a thoughtful and progressive line on the new music of the day". Among the contributors were friends and colleagues of Schumann, writing under pen names: he included them in his 2714:

Symphony but is much longer than most purely orchestral symphonies to that date, playing for an hour if all the marked repeats are taken. Many performances cut some of the repeats, but, for example,

1387: 4858: 279:. During the rest of the 1840s, between bouts of mental and physical ill health, he composed a variety of piano and other pieces and went with his wife on concert tours in Europe. His only opera, 4005: 1780:. Brahms preferred the original, more lightly-scored version, which is occasionally performed and has been recorded, but the revised 1851 score is more usually played. The work now called the 968:. It was premiered at the Gewandhaus on 4 December and repeat performances followed at Dresden on 23 December, Berlin early the following year, and London in June 1856, when Schumann's friend 10690: 3187: 2068:

was not a great success in Schumann's lifetime and has continued to be a rarity in the opera house. From its premiere onwards the work was criticised on the grounds that it is "an evening of

236:(New Musical Journal) in 1834 and edited it for ten years. In his writing for the journal and in his music he distinguished between two contrasting aspects of his personality, dubbing these 3578: 2550:, were seen as the proponents of music in the classic German tradition of Beethoven, Mendelssohn and Schumann. They were opposed by the adherents of Liszt and Wagner, including Draeseke, 1928: 1910: 1796:, is, unusually for a symphony of its day, in five movements, and is the composer's nearest approach to pictorial symphonic music, with movements depicting a solemn religious ceremony in 2494:. The latter, though critical of the orchestration, said that Schumann's symphonic works, as well as the chamber music and piano pieces, revealed "a whole new world of musical forms". 2041:, Op. 73 the pianist may be duetting with a clarinet, violin or cello. His Andante and Variations (1843) for two pianos, two cellos and a horn later became a piece for just the pianos. 432:

At the age of six Schumann went to a private preparatory school, where he remained for four years. When he was seven he began studying general music and piano with the local organist,

1336: 988:, and Wieck approached him with an offer of reconciliation. Schumann gladly accepted both, although the resumed relationship with his father-in-law remained polite rather than close. 2497:

Although Brahms said that all he had learned from Schumann was how to play chess, other composers in German-speaking countries whose music shows Schumann's influence include Mahler,

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It is a look into the soul. Schumann didn't want anything naturalistic at all. To Schumann this seemed alien to opera. He wanted to find an opera in which the music had more to say.

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as "the one large-scale work of Schumann's which is by general consent an entire success". The pianist Susan Tomes comments, "In the era of recording it has often been paired with

6687: 4663: 1710:. His affinity with the piano is heard in his accompaniments to his songs, notably in their preludes and postludes, the latter often summing up what has been heard in the song. 1318: 487:, with whom August Schumann tried unsuccessfully to arrange for Robert to study. August was not particularly musical but he encouraged his son's interest in music, buying him a 2777:, long dormant, was the cause, and the official certification as death from pneumonia was intended to spare Clara's feelings. This view is given varying degrees of credence by 2134:

popular taste: "The music is not particularly tuneful ... There are no arias for Faust or Gretchen in the grand manner". The complete work was first given in 1862 in

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as "a very 'public' and brilliant work that nonetheless manages to incorporate a private message" by quoting a theme composed by Clara. Schumann's writing for piano and

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have been congenital, affecting August Schumann and Emilie, the composer's sister. Later in the year, Schumann, having recovered, completed a successful secular

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All of Schumann's major works and most of the minor ones have been recorded. From the 1920s his music has had a prominent place in the catalogues. In the 1920s

591:; he wrote to Wieck, "one can have no notion of Italian music without hearing it under Italian skies". Another influence on him was hearing the violin virtuoso 2129:(Scenes from Goethe's Faust), composed between 1844 and 1853, is another hybrid work, operatic in manner but written for concert performance and labelled an 1733:

Schumann acknowledged that he found orchestration a difficult art to master, and many analysts have criticised his orchestral writing. Conductors including

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Although some of his music is technically challenging for the pianist Schumann also wrote simpler pieces for young players, the best-known of which are his

3543: 1495:(Album for the Young, 1848) and Three Sonatas for Young People (1853). He also wrote some undemanding music with an eye to commercial sales, including the 8580: 5018: 4854: 834:. Ferdinand allowed him to take a copy away and Schumann arranged for the work's premiere, conducted by Mendelssohn in Leipzig on 21 March 1839. In the 6796: 1366: 4145: 4002: 8570: 2023:, Op. 105 – the first of three chamber pieces written in a two-month period of intense creativity in 1851 – followed by the Third Piano Trio and the 3184: 2291:

Schumann's solo piano music has remained core repertoire for pianists; there have been numerous recordings of major works played by performers from

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did not match their preconceptions they condemned it out of hand. In Harnoncourt's view it is a mistake to look for a dramatic plot in this opera:

1994:– two violins, one viola and one cello – was in contrast with earlier piano quintets with different combinations of instruments, such as Schubert's 8029: 6610: 3575: 2773:

As with the hand ailment earlier in his life, Schumann's decline and death have been the subject of much conjecture. One theory is that tertiary

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According to Walker, Emilie's death in 1826 was suicide due to depression and August was unable to recover from the shock of losing his daughter.

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In 1844 Clara embarked on a concert tour of Russia; her husband joined her. They met the leading figures of the Russian musical scene, including

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and musical quotations. His self-references include both the impetuous "Florestan" and the poetic "Eusebius" elements he identified in himself.

1020:, Op. 61. Progress on the work was slow, interrupted by further bouts of ill health. When the symphony was complete he began work on his opera, 1123:

With a large family to support, Schumann sought financial security and with the support of his wife he accepted a post as director of music at

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Despite the bitter opposition of Wieck, who did not regard his pupil as a suitable husband for his daughter, Schumann married Wieck's daughter

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and explicit programmatic content. Wagner declared that the symphony was dead. By the turn of the century critics such as Fuller Maitland and

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and Ugo Rauchfleisch, who regard the evidence for syphilis as unconvincing. Another theory is an atrophy of the brain, linked to congenital

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Wieck believed the damage was done by Schumann's use of a chiroplast – a finger-stretching device then favoured by pianists; the biographer

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such as those works is in the minority in his piano compositions, of which many are what Hall calls "character pieces with fanciful names".

2644: 1555: 1255:(2001) begins its entry on Schumann: "reat German composer of surpassing imaginative power whose music expressed the deepest spirit of the 1140:. He continued to compose prolifically, and reworked some of his earlier works, including the D minor symphony from 1841, published as his 1044: 405:, notable citizen and bookseller here, a little son". He was the fifth and last child of August Schumann and his wife, Johanna Christiane ( 6605: 1865: 247:

in 1840. In the years immediately following their wedding Schumann composed prolifically, writing, first, songs and song‐cycles including

6622: 723:– a product of the composer's imagination in which, blurring the boundaries of imagination and reality, he included his musical friends. 4648: 2146:

as "long-neglected and under-prized". Like Mozart before him, Schumann was haunted by the conviction that the Mass was his own requiem.

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Many sources from the 19th century onwards state that Schumann had the middle name Alexander, but according to the 2001 edition of

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takes 61 minutes and 50 seconds. None of Schumann's four symphonies play for more than about 35 minutes in typical performances.

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Schumann had considerable influence in the nineteenth century and beyond. Those he influenced included French composers such as

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tendency to have string, brass and wind sections playing together most of the time, giving what the composer and musicologist

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The songs featured in the recorded repertoire from the early days of the gramophone, with performances by singers such as

8613: 6041: 2974: 2546:". Schumann's successors including Clara and Brahms, together with their supporters such as Joachim and the music critic 9018: 1628:

set of twelve settings of poems by Eichendorff. Also from 1840 is the set Schumann wrote as a wedding present to Clara,

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and Toscanini. Large-scale performances with modern symphony orchestras have been recorded under conductors including

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continually inserted into his piano works veiled allusions to himself and others – particularly Clara – in the form of

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point where his removal became a necessity in 1853". During 1850 Schumann composed two substantial late works – the

10745: 10695: 6576: 6361: 4688: 4658: 4403: 4140: 1171:" (New Paths), extolling Brahms as a musician who was destined "to give expression to his times in ideal fashion". 8993: 8290: 6988: 5905: 10790: 10765: 10535: 8699: 5696: 4001:

Böker-Heil, Norbert, David Fallows, John H. Baron, James Parsons, Eric Sams, Graham Johnson, and Paul Griffiths.

3046: 2035:, Op. 70 the pianist may, according to the composer, be joined by either a horn, a violin or a cello, and in the 1578: 886: 454: 9054: 8704: 8478: 303:. The following year Schumann's always-precarious mental health deteriorated gravely. He threw himself into the 8794: 8224: 8201: 7039: 7024: 6682: 6677: 6325:"Swaying with Schumann: Subjectivity and Tradition in Wolfgang Rihm's "Fremde Szenen" I-III and Related Scores" 6289: 2024: 2020: 1960:

Schumann composed a substantial quantity of chamber pieces, of which the best-known and most performed are the

1943:

Performed by Neal and Nancy O'Doan (pianos), Carter Enyeart and Toby Saks (cellos) and Christopher Leuba (horn)

1625: 1621: 1042:

was well received, and the tour gave Schumann the chance to see numerous operatic productions. In the words of

10058: 7589: 5212: 5015: 4945: 1776:

premiered and was less enthusiastically received. Schumann revised it ten years later and published it as his

1267:, to rise above the realm of the trivial, of tonal mechanics, by means of its spirituality and soulfulness". 10760: 10755: 10559: 10543: 10460: 9978: 9090: 9044: 7101: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6472: 6090: 6016: 5949: 5926: 5811: 5670: 5578: 5119: 2124: 1822: 1547:

wrote that "after the unparalleled Franz Schubert", Schumann shares the second place in the hierarchy of the

905: 8013: 2826:

Dahlhaus regards Brahms's symphonies as in direct descent from Beethoven's, rather than drawing on Schumann.

1986:

from 1851. The Quintet was written for and dedicated to Clara Schumann. It is described by the musicologist

702: 547:, he never set foot in a lecture hall, but he himself recorded, "I am industrious and regular, and enjoy my 231: 10805: 10705: 10083: 9453: 8234: 7869: 7163: 6925: 6563: 5787: 4130: 1804: 1573:

and Schiller and set a few of their verses, his favoured poets for lyrics were the later Romantics such as

909: 795: 157:; 8 June 1810 – 29 July 1856) was a German composer, pianist, and music critic of the early 8530: 7259: 555:, whose death in November 1828 caused Schumann to cry all night. The leading piano teacher in Leipzig was 10800: 10331: 10146: 9988: 8300: 8249: 8072: 6738: 6726: 6721: 5435: 2761: 2595: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1758:

been more highly regarded because of a trend towards playing the orchestral music with smaller forces in

1588:

Among the best-known of the songs are those in four cycles composed in 1840 – a year Schumann called his

1443:

Schumann's most characteristic form in his piano music is the cycle of short, interrelated pieces, often

438: 10266: 8595: 6422: 6223: 6114: 6063: 5758: 5738: 5644: 5642:

Jones, J. Barrie (1998). "Piano Music for Concert Hall and Salon c. 1830–1900". In David Rowland (ed.).

5288: 5189: 920:). Clara gave birth to a daughter in September, the first of the Schumanns' seven children to survive. 846:" – its "heavenly length" – a phrase that has become common currency in later analyses of the symphony. 726:

During successive months in 1835 Schumann met three musicians whom he regarded with particular respect:

10591: 9968: 9197: 8709: 8117: 7359: 7314: 7188: 7069: 6629: 6263: 6174: 2782: 2710: 2681: 2273: 1873: 973: 764: 699:(New Leipzig Music Magazine), which was reconstituted under his sole editorship in January 1835 as the 10276: 8942: 8719: 6995: 5387: 5345: 2574:

set up a research department with the aim of locating all the composer's manuscripts. This led to the

10515: 9915: 9866: 8166: 7936: 7254: 6960: 6672: 6617: 6600: 6558: 6542: 6537: 6521: 5622: 5601: 5505: 5257: 4386: 2449: 2227: 2098: 1869: 1853: 1789: 1781: 1777: 1766: 1723: 1141: 1137: 1129: 1017: 969: 951: 917: 913: 897: 831: 821: 635:

became a recurrent characteristic of Schumann's later music. In 1831 he began lessons in harmony and

264: 28: 10196: 9353: 9075: 6918: 6863: 6659: 5480: 2802:

treat those conditions with antibiotics. A bipolar affective disorder is eminently treatable today".

1498: 1454: 207: 10645: 10414: 10236: 10126: 10116: 10053: 9819: 9504: 8565: 8295: 7844: 7669: 7127: 7062: 6811: 6777: 6767: 6568: 6465: 2739: 2570:

later music as they believed it had been affected by his declining mental health. In the 1980s the

2523:(1977–1978). Other twentieth and twenty-first century composers drawing on Schumann have included 2218: 1971: 1961: 1785: 1753:

have made changes to the instrumentation before conducting his orchestral music. The music scholar

1433: 1293: 1038:

on 1 January 1847 attracted a sparse and unenthusiastic audience, but in Berlin the performance of

937: 933: 746: 563: 488: 355: 276: 272: 165:, orchestra, choir and the opera. His works typify the spirit of the Romantic era in German music. 161:. He composed in all the main musical genres of the time, writing for solo piano, voice and piano, 153: 9993: 9283: 1110:

in 1855 – the only other production of the opera in Schumann's lifetime. Since then, according to

10186: 10043: 9948: 9804: 9233: 8849: 8239: 8130: 7739: 7156: 6904: 6743: 1179:. He was rescued by fishermen, and at his own request he was admitted to a private sanatorium at 1112: 806: 444: 199: 9059: 8759: 7449: 6268: 6140: 5412: 1275:

commented "Schumann started as a genius and ended as a talent". In the view of the composer and

10605: 10525: 10480: 10475: 10171: 10063: 9963: 9474: 9248: 9187: 8804: 8575: 8140: 8082: 8057: 7889: 7464: 7209: 7002: 6946: 5832: 2607: 1861: 1660: 872: 250: 9850: 9723: 9509: 9433: 9318: 8744: 7920: 7759: 7634: 7624: 7389: 5319: 267:

of his four symphonies. In the following year he concentrated on chamber music, writing three

10530: 10495: 10485: 10419: 10246: 10221: 10181: 10131: 10028: 9881: 9728: 9540: 9397: 9338: 9172: 9167: 9121: 9049: 8988: 8874: 8633: 8280: 8229: 8206: 7679: 7559: 7514: 7494: 7409: 7094: 6037: 6011: 5734: 5691: 5576:(2007). "The Compositional Reception of Schumann's Music Since 1950". In Beate Perrey (ed.). 5408: 2719: 2680:, a hypothesis subsequently discounted by neurologists. Another possible cause may have been 2571: 2333: 2214: 2138:, six years after Schumann's death. Schumann's other works for voice and orchestra include a 2103:

was an enormous success in his lifetime, although it has since been neglected. The conductor

1987: 1611: 1476: 1271:

music of the Romantic spontaneity of the earlier works. The late-nineteenth century composer

904:, was premiered by Mendelssohn at a concert in the Gewandhaus at which Clara played Chopin's 512: 376: 177: 9085: 8560: 8545: 7454: 5760:

Franz Schubert in der Rezeption Robert Schumanns: Studien zur Ästhetik und Instrumentalmusik

4734:, AHRC Research Centre for the History and Analysis of Recorded Music. Retrieved 30 May 2024 10655: 10650: 10578: 10151: 9713: 9600: 9525: 9238: 9202: 8904: 8884: 8638: 8325: 8265: 8159: 8094: 8040: 7879: 7334: 7244: 6870: 4440: 4324: 2543: 2542:

During the second half of the nineteenth century there developed what became known as the "

2466: 2075: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1091: 1061: 985: 484: 409:

Schnabel). August, not only a bookseller but also a lexicographer, author and publisher of

10251: 10068: 9303: 9080: 8937: 8658: 8623: 7839: 5573: 4842: 2251: 8: 10510: 10369: 10073: 9958: 9799: 9182: 9177: 9013: 8754: 8689: 8305: 8089: 8007: 7709: 7544: 6967: 6911: 6856: 5854: 5117:

Burnham, Scott (2007). "Novel Symphonies and Dramatic Overtures". In Beate Perrey (ed.).

4961: 3451: 2555: 2425: 2292: 2243: 2187: 2179: 2167: 2163: 1506: 1490: 1450: 1421:

was temporarily eclipsed by a fashion for the flamboyant showpieces of composers such as

1374: 732: 191: 181: 10161: 9677: 9494: 9034: 8972: 8819: 8648: 7684: 7484: 7474: 7319: 4678: 2473: 1057: 1048:, "A regular if not always approving member of the audience at performances of works by 592: 10566: 10286: 10048: 10038: 9923: 9814: 9708: 9550: 9499: 9412: 9308: 9278: 9268: 9116: 8914: 8603: 8495: 8436: 8214: 8002: 7849: 7784: 7689: 7619: 7604: 7584: 7439: 7289: 7108: 6877: 6849: 6584: 6344: 5897: 5102: 3537: 2518: 2350: 2312: 2198: 1673: 1068:

Mendelssohn. A second son, Ludwig, and a third, Ferdinand, were born in 1848 and 1849.

923: 827: 786: 632: 571: 533: 468: 410: 173: 9448: 9328: 8525: 7794: 2000:(1819). Schumann's ensemble became the template for later composers including Brahms, 1704:

in his songs an equal partnership between words and music unprecedented in the German

912:, the Phantasie for piano and orchestra (which later became the first movement of the 497: 10500: 10470: 10434: 10379: 10301: 10231: 10156: 10093: 9998: 9983: 9953: 9794: 9769: 9743: 9682: 9672: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9223: 9192: 9136: 9131: 8947: 8932: 8854: 8739: 8684: 8608: 8520: 8473: 8376: 8366: 8330: 8196: 8136: 8019: 7899: 7884: 7824: 7804: 7764: 7749: 7729: 7664: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7629: 7614: 7609: 7384: 7379: 7284: 6368: 6299: 6275: 6249: 6230: 6204: 6187: 6157: 6147: 6121: 6109: 6097: 6070: 6049: 6023: 5997: 5975: 5956: 5933: 5862: 5840: 5818: 5795: 5783: 5765: 5744: 5720: 5703: 5677: 5651: 5630: 5608: 5585: 5559: 5537: 5513: 5487: 5464: 5442: 5418: 5394: 5371: 5352: 5326: 5305: 5295: 5264: 5238: 5219: 5196: 5170: 5148: 5126: 5069: 5047: 4722: 4548: 3515: 3454: 3443: 3432: 3421: 3402: 2673: 2559: 2528: 2393: 1872:(1850) remain in the concert repertoire and are well represented on record. The late 1797: 1155:

called on Schumann with a letter of introduction from a mutual friend, the violinist

1065: 737: 727: 720: 448: 388: 327: 9840: 9835: 9718: 8555: 8505: 7354: 4416: 2551: 2417: 2171: 770: 10617: 10106: 10003: 9928: 9845: 9809: 9687: 9662: 9657: 9358: 9348: 9343: 9333: 9323: 9298: 9228: 9151: 9126: 8694: 8643: 8540: 8381: 8371: 8354: 8315: 8310: 8285: 8024: 7976: 7864: 7819: 7814: 7754: 7569: 7524: 7369: 7339: 7309: 7249: 6436: 6416: 6336: 6218: 5889: 5094: 3429: 3418: 2798: 2794: 2583: 2487: 2455: 2437: 2389: 2346: 2338: 2331:. The chamber works are also well represented in the recording catalogues. In 2023 2304: 2285: 2235: 2206: 2202: 1742: 1682:

with Brahms at the piano. Stockhausen also gave the first complete performances of

1527: 1426: 1004: 643:, musical director of the Saxon court theatre, and in 1832 he published his Op. 2, 613: 542: 351: 10281: 10271: 9489: 9263: 9100: 8764: 8442: 7699: 7404: 6981: 6692: 4991: 2413: 2005: 1582: 710: 536:. Accounts differ about his diligence as a law student. According to his roommate 395:), into an affluent middle-class family. On 13 June 1810 the local newspaper, the 339: 10505: 10490: 10465: 10389: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10226: 10211: 10166: 10101: 9973: 9943: 9789: 9784: 9667: 9590: 9530: 9438: 9313: 9207: 9146: 9141: 9008: 8952: 8869: 8859: 8679: 8663: 8618: 8585: 8458: 8408: 8346: 8335: 8077: 7971: 7966: 7946: 7941: 7915: 7829: 7704: 7674: 7639: 7599: 7329: 7324: 7294: 7234: 6389: 6293: 5947:

Perrey, Beate (2007). "Schumann's lives, and afterlives". In Beate Perrey (ed.).

5501: 5022: 5011: 5004: 4968: 4949: 4930: 4731: 4697: 4667: 4637: 4610: 4520: 4447: 4423: 4393: 4331: 4149: 4009: 3582: 3191: 3137: 3050: 2845:

Liliencron, p. 44; Spitta, p. 384; Slonimsky and Kuhn, p. 3234; and Wolff p. 1702

2547: 2498: 2342: 2316: 1754: 1644:

suggests that even here there is a unifying theme, namely the composer himself.

1511:(both 1839), which he privately considered "feeble and intended for the ladies". 1422: 1152: 562:

After a year in Leipzig Schumann convinced his mother that he should move to the

556: 506: 402: 323: 294: 268: 263:("Poet's Love"). He turned his attention to orchestral music in 1841, completing 185: 9886: 8824: 8219: 7539: 7424: 6138:(1972). "Solo Piano Music (I): The Sonatas and Fantasie". In Alan Walker (ed.). 2591: 2001: 908:

and some of Schumann's works for solo piano. His next orchestral works were the

826:(Carnival Prank from Vienna, 1839). In 1838 Schumann visited Schubert's brother 10429: 10399: 10364: 10354: 10336: 10241: 10201: 10136: 10008: 9938: 9779: 9764: 9692: 9636: 9626: 9595: 9575: 9484: 9407: 9387: 9372: 9293: 9253: 8957: 8909: 8839: 8734: 8714: 8653: 8550: 8414: 8340: 8067: 7981: 7874: 7859: 7834: 7774: 7769: 7734: 7594: 7574: 7564: 7519: 7499: 7479: 7459: 7444: 7434: 7419: 7399: 7304: 7264: 7229: 7219: 7179: 6169: 5989: 5551: 5529: 5039: 4178: 2563: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2354: 2324: 2308: 2277: 2261: 2210: 2159: 1991: 1746: 1574: 1437: 1279: 1272: 1256: 1156: 1095: 1000: 991: 981: 977: 890: 782: 774: 588: 552: 350:. Schumann was a major influence on the Russian school of composers, including 343: 314:

During his lifetime Schumann was recognised for his piano music – often subtly

244: 158: 124: 24: 20: 10444: 10013: 9039: 9003: 8814: 7364: 6953: 6191: 6161: 2970: 240:"Florestan" for his impetuous self and "Eusebius" for his gentle poetic side. 10639: 10439: 10404: 10394: 10374: 10306: 10256: 10121: 10111: 9896: 9871: 9759: 9733: 9621: 9402: 9273: 8879: 8809: 8784: 8774: 8729: 8429: 7854: 7789: 7724: 7579: 7534: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7214: 6303: 6135: 6053: 5748: 5665: 5634: 5517: 5430: 5340: 5309: 5283: 5184: 5162: 5073: 5063: 5059: 3440: 2778: 2735: 2611: 2506: 2421: 2369: 2320: 2296: 2239: 2231: 2155: 2089: 1996: 1734: 1444: 1260: 1081: 781:

Schumann felt a growing attraction to Wieck's daughter, the sixteen-year-old

760: 671: 652: 640: 548: 347: 335: 331: 319: 315: 162: 9631: 5715:

Larkin, David (2021). "The 'War' of the Romantics". In Joanne Cormac (ed.).

2337:

magazine singled out among recent issues recordings of the Piano Quintet by

2269: 2088:

Harnoncourt's view of the lack of drama in the opera contrasts with that of

1124: 289: 10629: 10409: 10384: 10359: 10326: 10296: 10216: 10176: 10078: 10023: 9933: 9901: 9891: 9876: 9616: 9479: 9469: 9443: 9288: 9243: 8967: 8899: 8889: 8829: 8779: 8724: 8535: 8453: 8424: 8275: 7799: 7719: 7714: 7694: 7659: 7509: 7504: 7489: 7469: 7429: 7414: 7394: 7224: 7204: 7048: 6939: 6932: 6713: 6701: 6179: 6085: 5707: 5422: 5252: 5051: 4552: 3447: 3425: 3406: 2786: 2482: 2408:

Schumann's piano in the museum in the house in which he was born in Zwickau

2139: 2109: 2104: 1750: 1647: 1597: 1544: 1462: 1458: 1230: 1208: 965: 880: 813: 800: 636: 502: 418: 258: 223: 215: 9774: 7344: 6101: 4626: 4599: 4509: 3458: 3436: 2505:. More recently, Schumann has been an important influence on the music of 2049: 10424: 10291: 10141: 9738: 9641: 9585: 9392: 9258: 8962: 8894: 8628: 8489: 8448: 8397: 8270: 8182: 8062: 7809: 7744: 7549: 7529: 7374: 7349: 6646: 6400: 5456: 2790: 2715: 2603: 2599: 2491: 2365: 2114: 2009: 1803:

Schumann experimented with unconventional symphonic forms in 1841 in his

1099: 1033: 961: 623: 609: 451:, but his talent as a pianist was evident from an early age: in 1850 the 413:, made considerable sums from his German translations of writers such as 6340: 5106: 5082: 3589:, Queen's University Belfast, 31 May 2017; and "Philharmonic Concerts", 3576:"Robert Schumann's Das Paradies und die Peri and its early performances" 2509:, who has incorporated elements of Schumann's music into chamber works ( 1831:. The other three were stand-alone concert works inspired by Schiller's 1718: 995:

Robert and Clara Schumann in 1847, lithograph with a personal dedication

311:, where he lived for more than two years, dying there at the age of 46. 9545: 8864: 8844: 8834: 8483: 8320: 7951: 7554: 6974: 6348: 5901: 5877: 5779: 5140: 2813: 2587: 2502: 2404: 2382:

include sets conducted by Gardiner and Rattle. Among the recordings of

2373: 2364:, has been recorded. A 1996 complete set conducted by Harnoncourt with 2281: 2265: 2247: 2143: 1952: 1808: 1470: 1404: 1357: 1242: 690: 604: 422: 237: 47: 6324: 3043: 2158:

recorded the symphonies, and other early recordings were conducted by

1436:(1836) he showed his respect for the earlier Austro-German tradition. 715:(League of David) – a band of fighters for musical truth, named after 10206: 9535: 9417: 8749: 8468: 7894: 7299: 7239: 6897: 5279: 5098: 2669: 2328: 2300: 1738: 1641: 1540: 1418: 1264: 1188: 1076: 1053: 1049: 686: 657: 646: 582: 567: 480: 472: 414: 401:(Zwickau Weekly Paper), carried the announcement, "On 8 June to Herr 6442: 5893: 5809:

Marston, Philip (2007). "Schumann's Heroes". In Beate Perrey (ed.).

1531:

describe Schumann as "one of the four supreme masters of the German

10346: 7986: 7087: 6446: 6407: 4942: 2774: 2677: 2130: 2064: 2055: 1670: 1180: 1022: 945: 371: 281: 6457: 4971:, Robert Schumann Haus, Zwickau (in German). Retrieved 21 May 2024 4334:, International Music Score Library Project. Retrieved 17 May 2024 840:

Schumann wrote enthusiastically about the work and described its "

334:

have been inspired by his music, as were French composers such as

10018: 8769: 8360: 7961: 7148: 7033: 5668:(2007). "Schumann in His Time and Since". In Beate Perrey (ed.). 2429: 2135: 1813: 1631: 1481: 864: 576: 559:, who recognised Schumann's talent and accepted him as a pupil. 492: 384: 169: 71: 5478:

Hall, George (2002). "Robert Schumann". In Alison Latham (ed.).

1876:(1853) is less often heard but has received several recordings. 798:. During this period Schumann wrote many piano works, including 740:, Op.13. These works grew out of his romantic relationship with 228:(Scenes from Childhood) (1834–1838). He was a co-founder of the 8463: 1818: 1637: 1570: 1107: 661: 426: 392: 8151: 7133: 2789:

and Tim Dowley, and is not endorsed by Eric Frederick Jensen,

896:

In 1841 Schumann focused on orchestral music. On 31 March his

406: 10691:

Academic staff of the University of Music and Theatre Leipzig

6396: 4547:"Robert Schumann: Complete Symphonies", Harmonia Mundi, 2007 2566:

were treating the output of both factions with equal regard.

2433: 2013: 1788:

of the four and is influenced by Beethoven and Schubert. The

1176: 716: 476: 304: 5237:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1602:(Poet's Love) comprising sixteen songs with words by Heine; 756: 285:(1850), was not a success and has seldom been staged since. 8419: 7956: 5924:

Perrey, Beate (2007). "Chronology". In Beate Perrey (ed.).

4102:

Daverio and Sams, pp. 789 and 792; and Burnham, pp. 152–153

2731: 2420:, who made a joint pilgrimage to his tomb at Bonn in 1879, 1534: 1414: 1276: 1184: 957: 308: 90: 19:"Schumann" redirects here. For Robert Schumann's wife, see 6783:

Andante and variations for two pianos, two cellos and horn

2708:

The Schubert symphony is not quite as long as Beethoven's

2684:, a condition afflicting several musicians over the years. 5461:

Robert Schumann: The Life and Work of a Romantic Composer

4649:"Robert Schumann: 12 Gramophone Award-winning Recordings" 830:

and discovered several manuscripts including that of the

4572:

Sackville-West and Shawe-Taylor, pp. 688–689; and March

1120:

has remained "far from even the edge of the repertory".

5878:"Florestan, Eusebius, Clara, and Schumann's Right Hand" 5437:

The Harmony Illustrated Encyclopedia of Classical Music

5347:

Robert Schumann and the Study of Orchestral Composition

3503:, Oxford University Press, 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2024 3417:

Notes to: DG CD set 00028948629619 (2022) conducted by

2578:

which comprises 49 volumes and was completed in 2023.

2174:, and from the mid-1990s smaller ensembles such as the 1974:

in the same key (both 1842) and three piano trios, the

307:

but was rescued and taken to a private sanatorium near

6116:

Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Music and Musicians

5370:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 5218:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 5195:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 1610:(Woman's Love and Life), eight songs setting poems by 10589: 6014:(2007). "The Chamber Works". In Beate Perrey (ed.). 2368:

in the title role followed earlier recordings under

5417:. London: S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington. 3450:; and DG CD set 00028947779322 (2009) conducted by 2554:(for a time) and in his capacity as a music critic 1559:classes Schumann as "the true heir of Schubert" in 1263:, for Schumann, "music was supposed to turn into a 1090:, a four-act opera based on the medieval legend of 6360: 6267: 6222: 6173: 6139: 6113: 6089: 6062: 6015: 5948: 5925: 5810: 5792:The Penguin Guide to Recorded Classical Music 2009 5757: 5695: 5669: 5643: 5600: 5577: 5479: 5434: 5386: 5344: 5318: 5287: 5256: 5211: 5188: 5118: 4450:, London Symphony Orchestra. Retrieved 18 May 2024 4129:Frank, p. 200; Heyworth, p. 36; Kapp, p. 239; and 1367:List of solo piano compositions by Robert Schumann 916:) and a new symphony (eventually published as the 184:. From 1829 he was a student of the piano teacher 5025:, City of Bonn (in German). Retrieved 28 May 2024 3185:"When I Tried to Play, my Hand Spasmed and Shook" 751:, a fellow pupil of Wieck. The musical themes of 10637: 5528:(2000). "Robert Schumann". In Earl of Harewood; 5486:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 5263:. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5014:, Schumann Netzwerk. Retrieved 20 May 2024; and 4982:"Chissell, Joan Olive (1919–2007), Music Critic" 4924:"Robert Schumann: New Edition of Complete Works" 3542:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2672:has theorised that the affliction was caused by 2621: 5764:(in German). Kassel and New York: Bärenreiter. 5290:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians 3439:; EMI CD set 5099909799356 (2011) conducted by 3428:; Pye LP set GGCD 302 1–2 (1957) conducted by 2734:, Greek god of thunder, known to the Romans as 1624:set, consisting of nine Heine settings and the 1102:, who was in the first-night audience, revived 16:German composer, pianist and critic (1810–1856) 2764:although it was composed before the other two. 2095:Unlike the opera, Schumann's secular oratorio 2074:and nothing much else happens". The conductor 1301:1. Sempre Fantasticamente ed Appassionatamente 8167: 7164: 6673:Five Pieces in Folk Style for cello and piano 6473: 5743:(in German). Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. 5259:Robert Schumann: Herald of a "New Poetic Age" 4629:, Naxos Music Library. Retrieved 17 May 2024 4602:, Naxos Music Library. Retrieved 17 May 2024 4512:, Naxos Music Library. Retrieved 17 May 2024 4426:, Nikolaus Harnoncourt. Retrieved 18 May 2024 2699:, C, B or in German musical notation "As-C-H" 2515:, (Foreign Scenes, 1982–1984)) and his opera 1521:List of vocal compositions by Robert Schumann 1026:, which was not completed until August 1848. 580: 297:, whom Schumann praised in an article in the 5558:(second ed.). London: Faber and Faber. 4962:"Internationaler Robert-Schumann-Wettbewerb" 3260: 3258: 2516: 2510: 2471: 2459: 2447: 2441: 2383: 2377: 2255: 2254:. Pianists for other recordings of Schumann 2122: 2096: 2069: 2036: 1770: 1705: 1698: 1689: 1683: 1677: 1658: 1652: 1629: 1615: 1603: 1595: 1589: 1560: 1548: 1532: 1504: 1496: 1488: 1468: 1448: 1447:, though seldom explicitly so. They include 1252:Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians 1166: 1160: 1031: 949: 878: 870: 862: 856: 841: 835: 819: 811: 708: 700: 694: 675: 644: 452: 396: 298: 256: 248: 229: 221: 213: 205: 197: 189: 4933:, Schott Music Group. Retrieved 20 May 2024 3709: 3707: 3705: 3524:. Archived from the original on 20 May 2024 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 2638: 2636: 2392:in 1972, with Fischer-Dieskau as Faust and 927:Medallion commemorating the Schumanns, 1846 8174: 8160: 7171: 7157: 6480: 6466: 5536:(eleventh ed.). London: Ebury Press. 3170: 3168: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 1866:Concert Piece for Four Horns and Orchestra 1016:worked on what was to be published as his 885:("Poet's Love"), and settings of words by 869:("Myrtles", a wedding present for Clara), 566:which, unlike Leipzig, offered courses in 379:, after an anonymous colourised lithograph 46: 6606:Konzertstück for Four Horns and Orchestra 6427:International Music Score Library Project 6022:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5955:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5932:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5861:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5817:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5719:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5676:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5650:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5584:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5125:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4530: 4528: 4470: 4468: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4131:"Schumann Symphonies; Manfred – Overture" 4041: 4039: 4037: 3979: 3977: 3721: 3719: 3514:. Oxford University Press. January 2011. 3401:Notes to RCA CD set 09026-62673-2 (1996) 3370: 3368: 3366: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2645:Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians 2614:Schumann Prize for singers and pianists. 2194:readings of Schumann's orchestral music. 1800:and outdoor merrymaking of Rhinelanders. 1765:After the successful premiere in 1841 of 1556:Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians 1045:Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians 5994:Clara Schumann: The Artist and the Woman 5463:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4910: 4908: 4792: 4790: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4458: 4456: 4372: 4370: 4360: 4358: 4325:"List of Compositions for Piano Quintet" 4089: 4087: 3702: 3235: 3057:, Vol. 51, No. 809 (1 July 1910), p. 426 2633: 2403: 2048: 1717: 1646: 1075: 990: 922: 769: 670: 660:"Florestan". Reviewing an early work of 603: 511: 370: 4986:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 4585:Sackville-West and Shawe-Taylor, p. 687 4481: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4311: 4309: 4277:Sackville-West and Shawe-Taylor, p. 678 3983:Sackville-West and Shawe-Taylor, p. 686 3760: 3758: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3290: 3288: 3165: 2994: 2992: 2912: 2230:partnered a range of singers including 2184:Orchestre Révolutionnaire et Romantique 1425:. Schumann's first published work, the 1201:List of compositions by Robert Schumann 755:derive from the name of her home town, 10638: 6142:Robert Schumann: The Man and His Music 4525: 4465: 4255: 4034: 4027: 4025: 3974: 3716: 3596: 3363: 3329: 3327: 3267: 2871: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2025:Sonata in D minor for Violin and Piano 2021:Sonata in A minor for Piano and Violin 2019:Among the later chamber works are the 1893:Introduction, Theme and Variations 1–5 1669:years after the composer's death; the 180:but his main interests were music and 10521:Romanticism and the French Revolution 8155: 7152: 6655:Adagio and Allegro for horn and piano 6612:Introduction and Allegro appassionato 6461: 5702:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 4905: 4787: 4746: 4453: 4441:"Schumann: Das Paradies und die Peri" 4410: 4367: 4355: 4084: 3947: 3920: 3848: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 2558:, who were in favour of more extreme 1887:Andante and Variations, Op. 46 (1843) 972:conducted a performance given by the 622:Later in 1830 Schumann published his 152: 10796:Musicians from the Kingdom of Saxony 6248:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 5996:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 5974:(in German). Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. 5214:Schoenberg and the New Music: Essays 4429: 4306: 3755: 3666: 3605: 3354: 3297: 3285: 3226: 3217: 2989: 2738:, which is the nickname of Mozart's 2440:. Cortot maintained that Schumann's 2213:, followed in a later generation by 696:Neue Leipziger Zeitschrift für Musik 491:grand piano and organising trips to 8030:Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle 6487: 6184:A Dictionary of Music and Musicians 6120:. Vol. 5. New York: Schirmer. 5839:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5607:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5294:. Vol. 22. London: Macmillan. 5191:Realism in Nineteenth-Century Music 4234:Burnham, p. 157; and Abraham, p. 53 4022: 3324: 2848: 2760:The work was published as Brahms's 2044: 13: 7178: 6392:– German government-sponsored site 6323:Williams, Alastair (August 2006). 6246:The Piano: A History in 100 Pieces 6201:Robert Schumann: His Life and Work 6186:. London and New York: Macmillan. 5005:"Welcome to the Schumann Network!" 4871:; and Larkin, pp. 85–86, 88 and 91 3392:Maintz, p. 100; and Marston, p. 51 3201: 3183:Geck, p. 30; and Hallarman, Lynn. 2676:as a side effect of treatment for 2221:. Although in 1955 the authors of 1951:Problems playing these files? See 1539:", alongside Schubert, Brahms and 1375:Arabeske in C major, Op. 18 (1839) 1356:Problems playing these files? See 818:(Scenes from Childhood, 1838) and 361: 14: 10822: 6668:Three Romances for oboe and piano 6433:Works by or about Robert Schumann 6413:Works by or about Robert Schumann 6383: 4889:Obituary, J. A. Fuller Maitland, 4063:Daverio and Sams, pp. 797 and 799 3953:Daverio and Sams, pp. 755 and 768 3214:Slonimsky and Kuhn, pp. 3234–3235 2894: 2718:1996 complete recording with the 2345:, String Quartets 1 and 3 by the 1760:historically informed performance 288:Schumann and his family moved to 10686:19th-century German male writers 10661:19th-century classical composers 10623: 10611: 10599: 10574: 10573: 8135: 8126: 8125: 7132: 7123: 7122: 6624:Introduction and Concert Allegro 6450: 6310:from the original on 20 May 2024 6295:Robert Schumann: Eine Biographie 6146:. New York: Barnes & Noble. 5908:from the original on 12 May 2024 5646:Cambridge Companion to the Piano 5512:. Harmondsworth: Pelican Books. 5169:(Fifth ed.). London: Dent. 4998: 4988:, Oxford University Press, 2011 4974: 4955: 4936: 4917: 4896: 4883: 4874: 4861:from the original on 20 May 2024 4849:, Oxford University Press, 2001 4835: 4826: 4817: 4808: 4799: 4778: 4769: 4760: 4737: 4715: 4702: 4672: 4642: 4615: 4588: 4579: 4566: 4557: 4541: 4503: 4494: 4379: 4346: 4337: 4318: 4293: 4280: 4271: 4246: 4237: 4228: 4219: 4210: 4197: 4188: 4172: 4163: 4154: 4123: 4114: 4105: 4096: 4075: 4066: 4057: 4048: 4016:, Oxford University Press, 2001 3995: 3986: 3965: 3956: 3938: 3929: 2977:from the original on 5 July 2023 2820: 2805: 2349:and the Piano Trios by Andsnes, 1933: 1915: 1897: 1784:(1846) is structurally the most 1620:– German for "Song Cycle" – the 1403:Problems playing this file? See 1385: 1341: 1323: 1305: 1241:Problems playing this file? See 1220: 23:. For the French statesman, see 10776:German string quartet composers 10681:19th-century German journalists 10671:19th-century conductors (music) 10666:19th-century classical pianists 8181: 6363:Britannica Concise Encyclopedia 6290:Wasielewski, Wilhelm Joseph von 6018:Cambridge Companion to Schumann 5972:Robert Schumann: Werk und Leben 5951:Cambridge Companion to Schumann 5928:Cambridge Companion to Schumann 5813:Cambridge Companion to Schumann 5672:Cambridge Companion to Schumann 5599:Jensen, Eric Frederick (2005). 5580:Cambridge Companion to Schumann 5389:Arturo Toscanini: The NBC Years 5282:(2000). "Schumann, Robert". In 5121:Cambridge Companion to Schumann 3911: 3902: 3893: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3857: 3839: 3830: 3821: 3812: 3803: 3794: 3785: 3776: 3767: 3746: 3737: 3728: 3693: 3684: 3675: 3657: 3648: 3639: 3630: 3621: 3568: 3559: 3550: 3490: 3481: 3472: 3463: 3411: 3395: 3386: 3377: 3345: 3336: 3315: 3306: 3276: 3177: 3156: 3147: 3123: 3114: 3105: 3096: 3087: 3078: 3069: 3060: 3037: 3028: 3019: 3010: 3001: 2963: 2954: 2945: 2936: 2767: 2754: 2745: 2725: 2702: 2687: 2662: 2652: 2436:, along with the developers of 2201:(no relation to the composer), 1772:Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung 1337:3. Lento sostenuto Sempre piano 505:to hear the celebrated pianist 455:Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung 375:Schumann's birthplace, now the 133: 10741:German male conductors (music) 10736:German male classical pianists 6844:Variations on the name "Abegg" 6423:Free scores by Robert Schumann 6298:(in German). Dresden: Kuntze. 5876:Ostwald, Peter (Summer 1980). 5740:Allgemeine deutsche Biographie 5504:(1967). "Robert Schumann". In 5068:(in German). Leipzig: Reclam. 3084:Geck, p. 62; and Jensen, p. 97 2903: 2885: 2882:Perrey, Schumann's lives, p. 6 2862: 2839: 1116:, despite occasional revivals 680:, edited by Schumann from 1835 255:("Woman's Love and Life") and 1: 10716:Deaths in mental institutions 10676:19th-century German composers 10544:Wanderer above the Sea of Fog 6747:for viola, clarinet and piano 5859:Gabriel Fauré: A Musical Life 5837:Edward Elgar: a Creative Life 5510:The Symphony: Haydn to Dvořák 5325:. Neptune City: Paganiniana. 5083:"Schumann's Legacy in France" 5081:Brody, Elaine (Summer 1974). 3764:Daverio and Sams, pp. 788–789 3511:The Oxford Companion to Music 3501:The Oxford Companion to Music 2833: 2622:Notes, references and sources 2576:New Schumann Complete Edition 2149: 1713: 1614:; and two sets simply titled 1296:, Op. 17 (1836, revised 1839) 1285: 526: 517: 6564:Overture, Scherzo and Finale 6225:Schumann: A Chorus of Voices 6065:The Songs of Robert Schumann 5756:Maintz, Marie Luise (1995). 5698:The Pianoforte and its Music 5627:Schumann: The Complete Songs 5556:Conversations with Klemperer 5321:Schumann: His Life and Times 5145:The History of Orchestration 4992:UK public library membership 3144:, February 1967, pp. 131–134 2260:have included Gerald Moore, 2176:Orchestre des Champs-Élysées 1805:Overture, Scherzo and Finale 1319:2. Moderato, Sempre energico 1151:In 1853 the twenty-year-old 910:Overture, Scherzo and Finale 383:Robert Schumann was born in 366: 7: 10751:German male opera composers 8073:Gothic Revival architecture 6449:(public domain audiobooks) 6408:The city of Robert Schumann 6274:. London: Faber and Faber. 6229:. New York: Amadeus Press. 6112:; Laura Kuhn, eds. (2001). 5393:. Portland: Amadeus Press. 5385:Frank, Mortimer H. (2002). 5351:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 5016:"Clara und Robert Schumann" 3863:Slonimsky and Kuhn, p. 3236 3854:Slonimsky and Kuhn, p. 3234 3725:Perrey, Chronology, p. xvii 1769:of his four symphonies the 877:("Woman's Love and Life"), 651:(Butterflies) for piano, a 391:(today the German state of 10: 10827: 10461:Coleridge's theory of life 8014:Neue Zeitschrift für Musik 7189:List of Romantic composers 7102:Scenes from Goethe's Faust 7070:Sechs Gedichte und Requiem 6359:Wolff, Anita, ed. (2006). 5970:Rauchfleisch, Udo (1990). 5790:; Paul Czajkowski (2008). 5534:The New Kobbé's Opera Book 5031: 4724:Decca Classical, 1929–2009 3890:Dahlhaus (1985), pp. 47–48 3602:Perrey, Chronology, p. xvi 3273:Perrey, Chronology, p. xiv 2610:in London inaugurated the 2454:(Children's Games, 1871), 2142:, described by the critic 1879: 1594:(year of song). These are 1518: 1475:(Wood Scenes). The critic 1395:Mario Andrea Valori, piano 1364: 1198: 1162:Neue Zeitschrift für Musik 936:(premiered in 1843) and a 837:Neue Zeitschrift für Musik 703:Neue Zeitschrift für Musik 677:Neue Zeitschrift fur Musik 483:, and of living composers 300:Neue Zeitschrift für Musik 232:Neue Zeitschrift für Musik 18: 10811:Pupils of Friedrich Wieck 10786:Musicians from Düsseldorf 10781:Leipzig University alumni 10771:German Romantic composers 10726:German conductors (music) 10721:German classical pianists 10701:Composers for pedal piano 10553: 10516:Romanticism and economics 10453: 10345: 10092: 9914: 9859: 9828: 9752: 9701: 9650: 9609: 9518: 9462: 9426: 9380: 9371: 9216: 9160: 9109: 9068: 9027: 8981: 8923: 8793: 8672: 8594: 8531:Manuel Antônio de Almeida 8513: 8504: 8390: 8258: 8189: 8105: 8050: 7995: 7929: 7908: 7195: 7186: 7118: 7079: 7017: 6962:Faschingsschwank aus Wien 6888: 6835: 6804: 6795: 6755: 6712: 6645: 6638: 6593: 6504: 6495: 6084:Schumann, Robert (1946). 5482:Oxford Companion to Music 5010:28 September 2020 at the 4290:, pp. 1134, 1138 and 1140 3836:Rauchfleisch, pp. 164–170 3374:Perrey, Chronology, p. xv 2399: 2379:Das Paradies und die Peri 2099:Das Paradies und die Peri 1724:Schumann's Third Symphony 1653: 1167: 1040:Das Paradies und die Peri 1032: 970:William Sterndale Bennett 952:Das Paradies und die Peri 822:Faschingsschwank aus Wien 628:a set of piano variations 154:[ˈʁoːbɛʁtˈʃuːman] 118: 98: 93:, Rhine Province, Prussia 79: 57: 45: 38: 29:Schumann (disambiguation) 10731:German magazine founders 10711:Composers for pipe organ 8296:German historical school 8035:Tchaikovsky and The Five 6773:Piano Quartet in C minor 6443:Works by Robert Schumann 6199:Taylor, Ronald (1985) . 5235:Nineteenth-Century Music 5044:A Hundred Years of Music 4855:"Shaw, (George) Bernard" 4843:"Shaw, (George) Bernard" 4757:Daverio and Sams, p. 792 4364:Daverio and Sams, p. 794 3926:Daverio and Sams, p. 762 3672:Daverio and Sams, p. 779 3618:Daverio and Sams, p. 777 3360:Daverio and Sams, p. 770 3303:Davario and Sams, p. 767 3232:Daverio and Sams, p. 766 3223:Daverio and Sams, p. 764 2998:Daverio and Sams, p. 761 2859:Daverio and Sams, p. 760 2626: 2385:Szenen aus Goethes Faust 2219:Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau 2125:Szenen aus Goethes Faust 1654:Du Ring an meinem Finger 1514: 1216:N8. Schnell und spielend 1194: 1071: 849: 599: 564:University of Heidelberg 434:Johann Gottfried Kuntsch 356:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 10746:German male journalists 10696:Classical music critics 8943:Józef Ignacy Kraszewski 6367:. Chicago: Britannica. 6354:(subscription required) 5919:(subscription required) 5833:Moore, Jerrold Northrop 5366:Finson, Jon W. (2007). 5233:Dahlhaus, Carl (1989). 5210:Dahlhaus, Carl (1987). 5112:(subscription required) 4967:3 February 2022 at the 4952:. Retrieved 16 May 2024 4880:Dahlhaus (1989), p. 265 4851:(subscription required) 4796:Dahlhaus (1989), p. 153 4631:(subscription required) 4604:(subscription required) 4514:(subscription required) 4018:(subscription required) 3872:Dahlhaus (1987), p. 214 3505:(subscription required) 2582:have been the pianists 2478:(Mother Goose, 1908). 2360:Schumann's only opera, 861:, including the cycles 719:who fought against the 445:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 10791:Musicians from Leipzig 10766:German opera composers 10526:Romanticism in science 10481:Middle Ages in history 10476:List of Romantic poets 9188:Josiah Gilbert Holland 8058:Common practice period 7056:Frauen-Liebe und Leben 6663:for clarinet and piano 6397:"Discovering Schumann" 6092:On Music and Musicians 6038:Sackville-West, Edward 6012:Roesner, Linda Correll 5735:Liliencron, Rochus von 5441:. London: Salamander. 5409:Fuller Maitland, J. A. 5087:Studies in Romanticism 4948:12 August 2021 at the 4343:Dahlhaus (1989), p. 78 4330:9 January 2024 at the 4008:7 October 2022 at the 3944:Fuller Maitland, p. 52 3587:Thomas Moore in Europe 3508:"'Jupiter' Symphony". 3174:Ostwald, pp. 23 and 25 2971:"Schumann around 1826" 2797:: in a 2010 symposium 2608:Royal College of Music 2517: 2511: 2472: 2460: 2448: 2442: 2409: 2384: 2378: 2256: 2123: 2097: 2070: 2060: 2037: 1862:Grieg's Piano Concerto 1771: 1730: 1706: 1699: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1665: 1659: 1630: 1616: 1604: 1596: 1590: 1561: 1549: 1533: 1505: 1497: 1489: 1469: 1449: 1161: 1084: 996: 950: 928: 887:Joseph von Eichendorff 879: 871: 863: 857: 842: 836: 832:Great C major Symphony 820: 812: 778: 709: 701: 695: 681: 676: 645: 619: 608:Opening of Schumann's 581: 523: 501:(The Magic Flute) and 453: 397: 380: 299: 257: 249: 230: 222: 214: 206: 198: 190: 27:. For other uses, see 10496:Romantic epistemology 10486:Opium and Romanticism 9055:Stojadinović-Srpkinja 8281:Counter-Enlightenment 7095:Paradise and the Peri 6763:Three String Quartets 6244:Tomes, Susan (2021). 5046:. London: Duckworth. 4943:Robert Schumann House 4914:Tibbetts, pp. 413–414 4832:Williams, pp. 384–385 4689:registration required 4659:registration required 4625:, pp. 1144–1147; and 4598:, pp. 1147–1149; and 4500:Kapp, pp. 242 and 247 4446:18 March 2024 at the 4404:registration required 4216:Harrison, pp. 252–253 4141:registration required 3845:Tibbetts, pp. 388–389 3752:Schumann, pp. 252–254 3699:Harewood, pp. 718–719 3593:, 24 June 1856, p. 12 3153:Walker, pp. 55 and 58 2720:Dresden Staatskapelle 2572:University of Cologne 2481:Elsewhere in Europe, 2407: 2215:Elisabeth Schwarzkopf 2192:historically informed 2052: 1988:Linda Correll Roesner 1792:(1851), known as the 1721: 1685:Frauenliebe und Leben 1661:Frauenliebe und Leben 1650: 1612:Adelbert von Chamisso 1606:Frauenliebe und Leben 1477:J. A. Fuller Maitland 1144:(1851), and the 1835 1079: 994: 940:(premiered in 1844). 926: 906:Second Piano Concerto 873:Frauenliebe und Leben 773: 742:Ernestine von Fricken 674: 607: 515: 495:for a performance of 398:Zwickauer Wochenblatt 377:Robert Schumann House 374: 251:Frauenliebe und Leben 168:Schumann was born in 10761:German music critics 10756:German male pianists 10560:Age of Enlightenment 8202:England (literature) 8095:Romantic nationalism 8041:War of the Romantics 6578:Hermann und Dorothea 6498:List of compositions 6390:The Schumann Network 6096:. New York: Norton. 6042:Desmond Shawe-Taylor 5855:Nectoux, Jean-Michel 5629:. London: Hyperion. 5317:Dowley, Tim (1982). 4893:31 March 1936, p. 11 4417:"Schumann: Genoveva" 4252:Burnham, pp. 163–164 4072:Finson (2007), p. 21 2544:War of the Romantics 2470:(1908) and Ravel's 2388:is one conducted by 2276:, and more recently 2076:Nikolaus Harnoncourt 1846:Hermann and Dorothea 1834:The Bride of Messina 1491:Album für die Jugend 1092:Genevieve of Brabant 1080:Schumann in an 1850 986:Leipzig Conservatory 974:Philharmonic Society 796:Gewandhaus Orchestra 485:Carl Maria von Weber 10806:People from Zwickau 10706:Composers for piano 10511:Romantic psychology 8306:Hudson River School 8250:Sweden (literature) 8235:Russia (literature) 8090:Musical nationalism 8008:Musical nationalism 6990:Drei Fantasiestücke 6969:Album for the Young 6696:for viola and piano 6688:Violin Sonata No. 3 6683:Violin Sonata No. 2 6678:Violin Sonata No. 1 6512:Symphony in G minor 6203:. London: Panther. 6069:. London: Methuen. 6061:Sams, Eric (1969). 6048:. London: Collins. 5794:. London: Penguin. 5147:. New York: Dover. 5021:28 May 2024 at the 4929:20 May 2024 at the 4730:4 June 2015 at the 4696:17 May 2024 at the 4679:"Schumann Genoveva" 4666:17 May 2024 at the 4636:20 May 2024 at the 4609:20 May 2024 at the 4519:20 May 2024 at the 4422:18 May 2024 at the 4392:17 May 2024 at the 4387:"Schumann Genoveva" 4169:Finson (1989), p. 1 4148:16 May 2024 at the 4045:Hall, pp. 1126–1127 3690:Jensen, pp. 316–317 3581:13 May 2024 at the 3556:Schumann, pp. 94–95 3452:Herbert von Karajan 3190:20 May 2024 at the 3136:20 May 2024 at the 3131:"What's in a Name?" 3049:13 May 2024 at the 2973:. Schumann Portal. 2762:Second Piano Sonata 2560:chromatic harmonies 2512:Fremde Szenen I–III 2461:Pièces pittoresques 2293:Sergei Rachmaninoff 2244:Christopher Maltman 2188:John Eliot Gardiner 2180:Philippe Herreweghe 2168:Wolfgang Sawallisch 2164:Herbert von Karajan 1827:(1853) and his own 1503:(Flower Piece) and 1381:Arabeske (Schumann) 182:Romantic literature 74:, Kingdom of Saxony 10801:Oratorio composers 8496:White Mountain art 8437:Historical fiction 8245:Spain (literature) 8003:Indianist movement 7921:Romantic orchestra 6906:Davidsbündlertänze 6879:Geistervariationen 6745:Märchenerzählungen 6175:"Schumann, Robert" 6110:Slonimsky, Nicolas 5882:19th-Century Music 5574:Hiekel, Jörn Peter 4847:Grove Music Online 4841:Anderson, Robert. 4185:in Burnham, p. 152 4014:Grove Music Online 3935:Solomon, pp. 41–42 3497:"Jupiter Symphony" 2942:Wasielewski, p. 11 2464:(1881), Debussy's 2410: 2351:Christian Tetzlaff 2313:Vladimir Ashkenazy 2199:Elisabeth Schumann 2061: 2033:Adagio and Allegro 1982:from 1847 and the 1962:Piano Quintet in E 1731: 1674:Julius Stockhausen 1666: 1113:Kobbé's Opera Book 1085: 997: 956:(Paradise and the 929: 918:Fourth, in D minor 807:Davidsbündlertänze 787:Leipzig Gewandhaus 779: 682: 664:in 1831 he wrote: 653:programmatic piece 633:musical cryptogram 620: 579:'s operas and the 534:Leipzig University 524: 411:chivalric romances 381: 330:and more recently 212:(Fantasy Pieces), 200:Davidsbündlertänze 10587: 10586: 10501:Romantic medicine 10471:List of romantics 9910: 9909: 9561:Felix Mendelssohn 9556:Fanny Mendelssohn 9367: 9366: 9081:Rosalía de Castro 9019:Soares dos Passos 8367:Transcendentalism 8331:Nazarene movement 8291:Düsseldorf School 8149: 8148: 8020:New German School 7615:Felix Mendelssohn 7610:Fanny Mendelssohn 7146: 7145: 7013: 7012: 7004:Gesänge der Frühe 6927:Symphonic Studies 6791: 6790: 6594:Concertante works 6439:(audio and video) 6374:978-1-59339-492-9 6341:10.1093/ml/gci234 6329:Music and Letters 6281:978-0-57-110269-3 6255:978-0-30-026286-5 6236:978-1-57467-185-8 6219:Tibbetts, John C. 6210:978-0-58-605883-1 6153:978-0-06-497367-0 6127:978-0-02-865530-7 6076:978-0-41-610390-8 6029:978-1-139-00154-0 6003:978-0-80-149388-1 5981:978-3-17-010945-2 5962:978-1-139-00154-0 5939:978-1-139-00154-0 5868:978-0-52-123524-2 5846:978-0-19-315447-6 5824:978-1-139-00154-0 5801:978-0-141-03335-8 5784:Edward Greenfield 5771:978-3-76-181244-0 5726:978-1-10-842184-3 5683:978-1-139-00154-0 5657:978-1-139-00208-0 5614:978-0-19-983068-8 5591:978-1-139-00154-0 5565:978-0-57113-561-5 5543:978-0-09-181410-6 5526:Harewood, Earl of 5493:978-0-19-866212-9 5470:978-0-22-628469-9 5448:978-0-86-101400-2 5400:978-1-57-467069-1 5377:978-0-67-402629-2 5358:978-0-19-313213-9 5332:978-0-87-666634-0 5301:978-1-56159-239-5 5270:978-0-19-509180-9 5244:978-0-520-07644-0 5225:978-0-52-133251-4 5202:978-0-52-126115-9 5176:978-0-46-012588-8 5154:978-0-48-621258-6 5132:978-1-139-00154-0 4990:(subscription or 4627:"Robert Schumann" 4600:"Robert Schumann" 4510:"Robert Schumann" 4031:Johnson, pp. 5–24 3521:978-0-19-957903-7 3198:, 17 October 2023 3142:The Musical Times 3055:The Musical Times 3044:"Robert Schumann" 2716:Sir Colin Davis's 2674:mercury poisoning 2529:Wilhelm Killmayer 2467:Children's Corner 2446:inspired Bizet's 2394:Elizabeth Harwood 2347:Zehetmair Quartet 2252:Christine Schäfer 1938: 1920: 1902: 1798:Cologne Cathedral 1390: 1346: 1328: 1310: 1225: 1146:Symphonic Studies 738:Symphonic Studies 728:Felix Mendelssohn 717:the Biblical hero 449:Felix Mendelssohn 389:Kingdom of Saxony 328:Arnold Schoenberg 143: 142: 10818: 10628: 10627: 10626: 10616: 10615: 10614: 10604: 10603: 10602: 10595: 10577: 10576: 10536:Evolution theory 9378: 9377: 8511: 8510: 8372:Ukrainian school 8176: 8169: 8162: 8153: 8152: 8139: 8129: 8128: 8025:Post-romanticism 7890:Vaughan Williams 7173: 7166: 7159: 7150: 7149: 7136: 7126: 7125: 6802: 6801: 6739:Piano Trio No. 3 6727:Piano Trio No. 2 6722:Piano Trio No. 1 6643: 6642: 6559:No. 4 in D minor 6548: 6547: 6538:No. 2 in C major 6527: 6526: 6482: 6475: 6468: 6459: 6458: 6454: 6453: 6437:Internet Archive 6417:Internet Archive 6404: 6378: 6366: 6355: 6352: 6319: 6317: 6315: 6285: 6273: 6259: 6240: 6228: 6214: 6195: 6177: 6165: 6145: 6131: 6119: 6105: 6095: 6080: 6068: 6057: 6046:The Record Guide 6033: 6021: 6007: 5985: 5966: 5954: 5943: 5931: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5872: 5850: 5828: 5816: 5805: 5775: 5763: 5752: 5730: 5717:Liszt in Context 5711: 5701: 5687: 5675: 5661: 5649: 5638: 5618: 5606: 5595: 5583: 5569: 5547: 5521: 5502:Harrison, Julius 5497: 5485: 5474: 5452: 5440: 5426: 5404: 5392: 5381: 5362: 5350: 5336: 5324: 5313: 5293: 5274: 5262: 5248: 5229: 5217: 5206: 5194: 5180: 5158: 5136: 5124: 5113: 5110: 5099:10.2307/25599933 5077: 5055: 5026: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4978: 4972: 4959: 4953: 4940: 4934: 4921: 4915: 4912: 4903: 4902:Krehbiel, p. 226 4900: 4894: 4887: 4881: 4878: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4852: 4839: 4833: 4830: 4824: 4823:Williams, p. 380 4821: 4815: 4814:Williams, p. 379 4812: 4806: 4803: 4797: 4794: 4785: 4782: 4776: 4773: 4767: 4764: 4758: 4755: 4744: 4741: 4735: 4721:Stuart, Philip. 4719: 4713: 4706: 4700: 4692: 4676: 4670: 4662: 4646: 4640: 4632: 4619: 4613: 4605: 4592: 4586: 4583: 4577: 4570: 4564: 4561: 4555: 4545: 4539: 4532: 4523: 4515: 4507: 4501: 4498: 4492: 4485: 4479: 4472: 4463: 4460: 4451: 4438: 4427: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4383: 4377: 4376:Tibbetts, p. 308 4374: 4365: 4362: 4353: 4350: 4344: 4341: 4335: 4322: 4316: 4313: 4304: 4297: 4291: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4269: 4266: 4253: 4250: 4244: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4226: 4225:Harrison, p. 255 4223: 4217: 4214: 4208: 4201: 4195: 4194:Harrison, p. 247 4192: 4186: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4161: 4160:Harrison, p. 249 4158: 4152: 4144: 4137:, February 1997 4127: 4121: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4103: 4100: 4094: 4091: 4082: 4079: 4073: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4055: 4052: 4046: 4043: 4032: 4029: 4020: 4019: 3999: 3993: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3972: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3945: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3909: 3906: 3900: 3897: 3891: 3888: 3882: 3881:Tibbetts, p. 413 3879: 3873: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3855: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3828: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3810: 3807: 3801: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3783: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3753: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3723: 3714: 3711: 3700: 3697: 3691: 3688: 3682: 3679: 3673: 3670: 3664: 3661: 3655: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3637: 3634: 3628: 3625: 3619: 3616: 3603: 3600: 3594: 3572: 3566: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3541: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3506: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3479: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3461: 3430:Sir Adrian Boult 3419:Daniel Barenboim 3415: 3409: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3361: 3358: 3352: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3334: 3331: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3233: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3215: 3212: 3199: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3145: 3127: 3121: 3118: 3112: 3109: 3103: 3100: 3094: 3091: 3085: 3082: 3076: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3058: 3041: 3035: 3032: 3026: 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Tibbetts 2795:bipolar disorder 2771: 2765: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2743: 2729: 2723: 2706: 2700: 2698: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2666: 2660: 2659:between the two. 2656: 2650: 2640: 2596:Siegfried Lorenz 2594:and the singers 2522: 2514: 2488:Anton Rubinstein 2477: 2463: 2453: 2445: 2390:Benjamin Britten 2387: 2381: 2376:. Recordings of 2339:Leif Ove Andsnes 2305:Walter Gieseking 2286:Ulrich Eisenlohr 2274:Geoffrey Parsons 2259: 2236:Simon Keenlyside 2223:The Record Guide 2207:Alexander Kipnis 2203:Friedrich Schorr 2128: 2105:Sir Simon Rattle 2102: 2073: 2045:Opera and choral 2040: 1967: 1966: 1940: 1939: 1929:Variations 11–15 1922: 1921: 1904: 1903: 1858:The Record Guide 1837:, Shakespeare's 1774: 1743:Arturo Toscanini 1709: 1702: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1664: 1656: 1655: 1635: 1619: 1609: 1601: 1593: 1564: 1552: 1538: 1528:The Record Guide 1510: 1502: 1494: 1474: 1466: 1392: 1391: 1348: 1347: 1330: 1329: 1312: 1311: 1294:Fantasie C major 1227: 1226: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1037: 1036: 1010:Neue Zeitschrift 1005:Anton Rubinstein 955: 884: 876: 868: 860: 845: 843:himmlische Länge 839: 825: 817: 750: 736:, Op. 9 and the 714: 706: 698: 679: 650: 593:Niccolò Paganini 586: 546: 522: 519: 458: 442: 400: 352:Anton Rubinstein 302: 262: 254: 235: 227: 219: 211: 203: 195: 156: 151: 137: 135: 86: 67: 65: 52:Schumann in 1839 50: 36: 35: 10826: 10825: 10821: 10820: 10819: 10817: 10816: 10815: 10646:Robert Schumann 10636: 10635: 10634: 10624: 10622: 10612: 10610: 10606:Classical music 10600: 10598: 10590: 10588: 10583: 10582: 10571: 10563: 10549: 10506:Romantic poetry 10491:Romantic ballet 10466:German idealism 10449: 10415:Lacoue-Labarthe 10341: 10088: 9906: 9855: 9824: 9805:Rimsky-Korsakov 9748: 9697: 9646: 9605: 9514: 9458: 9422: 9363: 9212: 9156: 9105: 9064: 9023: 8977: 8919: 8860:Maria Edgeworth 8796: 8789: 8668: 8590: 8500: 8479:Romantic genius 8409:Gesamtkunstwerk 8386: 8347:Sturm und Drang 8254: 8185: 8180: 8150: 8145: 8122: 8118:Modernist music 8114: 8111:Classical music 8101: 8046: 7991: 7972:Romantic ballet 7967:Orchestral song 7947:Chorale prelude 7942:Character piece 7925: 7916:Romantic guitar 7909:Instrumentation 7904: 7740:Rimsky-Korsakov 7360:Ferdinand David 7197: 7191: 7182: 7177: 7147: 7142: 7114: 7075: 7009: 6890: 6884: 6836:Single-movement 6831: 6787: 6751: 6708: 6705:(collaboration) 6634: 6630:Violin Concerto 6589: 6545: 6544: 6524: 6523: 6500: 6491: 6489:Robert Schumann 6486: 6451: 6395: 6386: 6381: 6375: 6358: 6353: 6322: 6313: 6311: 6288: 6282: 6262: 6256: 6243: 6237: 6217: 6211: 6198: 6170:Spitta, Philipp 6168: 6154: 6134: 6128: 6108: 6083: 6077: 6060: 6036: 6030: 6010: 6004: 5990:Reich, Nancy B. 5988: 5982: 5969: 5963: 5946: 5940: 5923: 5918: 5911: 5909: 5894:10.2307/3519811 5875: 5869: 5853: 5847: 5831: 5825: 5808: 5802: 5778: 5772: 5755: 5733: 5727: 5714: 5692:Krehbiel, Henry 5690: 5684: 5664: 5658: 5641: 5623:Johnson, Graham 5621: 5615: 5598: 5592: 5572: 5566: 5552:Heyworth, Peter 5550: 5544: 5524: 5500: 5494: 5477: 5471: 5455: 5449: 5429: 5407: 5401: 5384: 5378: 5368:Robert Schumann 5365: 5359: 5339: 5333: 5316: 5302: 5278:Daverio, John; 5277: 5271: 5251: 5245: 5232: 5226: 5209: 5203: 5183: 5177: 5161: 5155: 5139: 5133: 5116: 5111: 5080: 5058: 5040:Abraham, Gerald 5038: 5034: 5029: 5023:Wayback Machine 5012:Wayback Machine 5003: 4999: 4989: 4980:Warrack, John. 4979: 4975: 4969:Wayback Machine 4960: 4956: 4950:Wayback Machine 4941: 4937: 4931:Wayback Machine 4922: 4918: 4913: 4906: 4901: 4897: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4875: 4864: 4862: 4853: 4850: 4840: 4836: 4831: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4788: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4756: 4747: 4743:Nectoux, p. 277 4742: 4738: 4732:Wayback Machine 4720: 4716: 4707: 4703: 4698:Wayback Machine 4686: 4685:, January 1998 4677: 4673: 4668:Wayback Machine 4656: 4647: 4643: 4638:Wayback Machine 4630: 4620: 4616: 4611:Wayback Machine 4603: 4593: 4589: 4584: 4580: 4571: 4567: 4563:Gammond, p. 191 4562: 4558: 4546: 4542: 4538:, pp. 1138–1139 4533: 4526: 4521:Wayback Machine 4513: 4508: 4504: 4499: 4495: 4491:, pp. 1133–1150 4486: 4482: 4473: 4466: 4461: 4454: 4448:Wayback Machine 4439: 4430: 4424:Wayback Machine 4415: 4411: 4401: 4400:, January 1998 4394:Wayback Machine 4384: 4380: 4375: 4368: 4363: 4356: 4352:Roesner, p. 123 4351: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4332:Wayback Machine 4323: 4319: 4315:Roesner, p. 133 4314: 4307: 4298: 4294: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4243:Burnham, p. 158 4242: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4207:, pp. 1139–1140 4202: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4179:Abraham, Gerald 4177: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4150:Wayback Machine 4138: 4128: 4124: 4120:Burnham, p. 152 4119: 4115: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4054:Daverio, p. 191 4053: 4049: 4044: 4035: 4030: 4023: 4017: 4010:Wayback Machine 4000: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3962:Chissell, p. 88 3961: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3800:Daverio, p. 484 3799: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3782:Chissell, p. 77 3781: 3777: 3773:Daverio, p. 568 3772: 3768: 3763: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3717: 3712: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3654:Daverio, p. 298 3653: 3649: 3645:Daverio, p. 305 3644: 3640: 3636:Daverio, p. 299 3635: 3631: 3627:Daverio, p. 286 3626: 3622: 3617: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3583:Wayback Machine 3573: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3535: 3534: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3507: 3504: 3495: 3491: 3487:Schumann, p. 94 3486: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3416: 3412: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3346: 3342:Chissell, p. 38 3341: 3337: 3333:Chissell, p. 37 3332: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3312:Chissell, p. 36 3311: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3236: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3202: 3192:Wayback Machine 3182: 3178: 3173: 3166: 3162:Schumann, p. 15 3161: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3138:Wayback Machine 3128: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3051:Wayback Machine 3042: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3007:Chissell, p. 16 3006: 3002: 2997: 2990: 2980: 2978: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2959: 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1212: 1211:, Op. 16 (1838) 1203: 1197: 1153:Johannes Brahms 1142:Fourth Symphony 1074: 1018:Second Symphony 960:), based on an 852: 744: 669: 602: 587:of the soprano 557:Friedrich Wieck 540: 529: 520: 507:Ignaz Moscheles 498:Die Zauberflöte 464: 436: 403:August Schumann 369: 364: 362:Life and career 324:Richard Strauss 295:Johannes Brahms 269:string quartets 186:Friedrich Wieck 149: 146:Robert Schumann 139: 136: 1840) 131: 127: 114: 94: 88: 84: 75: 69: 63: 61: 53: 41: 40:Robert Schumann 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10824: 10814: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10633: 10632: 10620: 10608: 10585: 10584: 10564: 10556: 10555: 10554: 10551: 10550: 10548: 10547: 10540: 10539: 10538: 10533: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10457: 10455: 10454:Related topics 10451: 10450: 10448: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10351: 10349: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10182:Gallen-Kallela 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10157:David d'Angers 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10098: 10096: 10094:Visual artists 10090: 10089: 10087: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10054:Schleiermacher 10051: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9920: 9918: 9912: 9911: 9908: 9907: 9905: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9863: 9861: 9857: 9856: 9854: 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9180: 9175: 9170: 9164: 9162: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9113: 9111: 9107: 9106: 9104: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9072: 9070: 9066: 9065: 9063: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9031: 9029: 9025: 9024: 9022: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8989:Castelo Branco 8985: 8983: 8979: 8978: 8976: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8929: 8927: 8921: 8920: 8918: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8801: 8799: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8715:Brothers Grimm 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8676: 8674: 8670: 8669: 8667: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8600: 8598: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8517: 8515: 8508: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8498: 8493: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8439: 8434: 8433: 8432: 8427: 8417: 8415:Gothic fiction 8412: 8405: 8403:British Marine 8400: 8394: 8392: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8357: 8352: 8351: 8350: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8301:Gothic revival 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8262: 8260: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8204: 8199: 8193: 8191: 8187: 8186: 8179: 8178: 8171: 8164: 8156: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8143: 8133: 8115: 8107: 8106: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8099: 8098: 8097: 8087: 8086: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8060: 8054: 8052: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8044: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8010: 8005: 7999: 7997: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7989: 7984: 7982:Symphonic poem 7979: 7977:Romantic opera 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7933: 7931: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7923: 7918: 7912: 7910: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7355:Félicien David 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7201: 7199: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7180:Romantic music 7176: 7175: 7168: 7161: 7153: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7140: 7130: 7119: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7105: 7098: 7091: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7073: 7066: 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6320: 6286: 6280: 6260: 6254: 6241: 6235: 6215: 6209: 6196: 6166: 6152: 6136:Solomon, Yonty 6132: 6126: 6106: 6081: 6075: 6058: 6034: 6028: 6008: 6002: 5986: 5980: 5967: 5961: 5944: 5938: 5921: 5873: 5867: 5851: 5845: 5829: 5823: 5806: 5800: 5776: 5770: 5753: 5731: 5725: 5712: 5688: 5682: 5666:Kapp, Reinhard 5662: 5656: 5639: 5619: 5613: 5596: 5590: 5570: 5564: 5548: 5542: 5530:Antony Peattie 5522: 5506:Robert Simpson 5498: 5492: 5475: 5469: 5453: 5447: 5431:Gammond, Peter 5427: 5405: 5399: 5382: 5376: 5363: 5357: 5341:Finson, Jon W. 5337: 5331: 5314: 5300: 5275: 5269: 5249: 5243: 5230: 5224: 5207: 5201: 5185:Dahlhaus, Carl 5181: 5175: 5163:Chissell, Joan 5159: 5153: 5137: 5131: 5114: 5093:(3): 189–212. 5078: 5060:Batka, Richard 5056: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5027: 4997: 4973: 4954: 4935: 4916: 4904: 4895: 4882: 4873: 4834: 4825: 4816: 4807: 4798: 4786: 4777: 4768: 4759: 4745: 4736: 4714: 4701: 4671: 4655:, 15 May 2023 4641: 4614: 4587: 4578: 4565: 4556: 4540: 4524: 4502: 4493: 4480: 4464: 4462:Jensen, p. 233 4452: 4428: 4409: 4378: 4366: 4354: 4345: 4336: 4317: 4305: 4292: 4279: 4270: 4254: 4245: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4209: 4196: 4187: 4171: 4162: 4153: 4122: 4113: 4104: 4095: 4083: 4074: 4065: 4056: 4047: 4033: 4021: 3994: 3985: 3973: 3971:Jensen, p. 170 3964: 3955: 3946: 3937: 3928: 3919: 3917:Hiekel, p. 261 3910: 3901: 3899:Jensen, p. 283 3892: 3883: 3874: 3865: 3856: 3847: 3838: 3829: 3820: 3818:Jensen, p. 329 3811: 3809:Dowley, p. 117 3802: 3793: 3791:Walker, p. 117 3784: 3775: 3766: 3754: 3745: 3743:Walker, p. 110 3736: 3734:Jensen, p. 271 3727: 3715: 3701: 3692: 3683: 3681:Jensen, p. 235 3674: 3665: 3656: 3647: 3638: 3629: 3620: 3604: 3595: 3574:Browne Conor. 3567: 3558: 3549: 3520: 3489: 3480: 3471: 3462: 3410: 3394: 3385: 3383:Marston, p. 51 3376: 3362: 3353: 3344: 3335: 3323: 3314: 3305: 3296: 3284: 3282:Abraham, p. 56 3275: 3266: 3234: 3225: 3216: 3200: 3176: 3164: 3155: 3146: 3122: 3113: 3104: 3095: 3086: 3077: 3068: 3059: 3036: 3027: 3018: 3009: 3000: 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In 2009 the 2564:Henry Krehbiel 2552:Hans von Bülow 2537:Robin Holloway 2533:Henri Pousseur 2525:Mauricio Kagel 2450:Jeux d'enfants 2401: 2398: 2355:Tanja Tetzlaff 2325:Arcadi Volodos 2309:Alfred Brendel 2278:Roger Vignoles 2262:Dalton Baldwin 2228:Graham Johnson 2211:Richard Tauber 2190:have recorded 2172:Rafael Kubelík 2160:Georges Enescu 2151: 2148: 2084: 2046: 2043: 2038:Fantasiestücke 1992:string quartet 1970:, Op. 44, the 1948: 1942: 1932: 1927: 1926: 1914: 1909: 1908: 1896: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1870:Cello Concerto 1854:Piano Concerto 1790:Third Symphony 1747:Otto Klemperer 1715: 1712: 1543:. The pianist 1516: 1513: 1455:Fantasiestücke 1438:Absolute music 1400: 1394: 1384: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1353: 1340: 1335: 1334: 1322: 1317: 1316: 1304: 1299: 1298: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1280:Heinz Holliger 1273:Felix Draeseke 1238: 1229: 1219: 1214: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1196: 1193: 1157:Joseph Joachim 1138:Cello Concerto 1073: 1070: 1001:Mikhail Glinka 982:Prince Consort 978:Queen Victoria 914:Piano Concerto 898:First Symphony 891:Heinrich Heine 851: 848: 666: 601: 598: 589:Giuditta Pasta 572:ecclesiastical 553:Franz Schubert 528: 525: 461: 368: 365: 363: 360: 344:Claude Debussy 208:Fantasiestücke 163:chamber groups 141: 140: 129: 125:Clara Schumann 123: 122: 120: 116: 115: 113: 112: 109: 106: 102: 100: 96: 95: 89: 87:(aged 46) 81: 77: 76: 70: 59: 55: 54: 51: 43: 42: 39: 25:Robert Schuman 21:Clara Schumann 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10823: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 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B. Shelley 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8885:Mary Robinson 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8798: 8792: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8671: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8614:Chateaubriand 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8597: 8593: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8503: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8491: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8444: 8443:Mal du siècle 8440: 8438: 8435: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8422: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8410: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8389: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8362: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8349: 8348: 8344: 8343: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8257: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8177: 8172: 8170: 8165: 8163: 8158: 8157: 8154: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8132: 8124: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8113: 8112: 8104: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8091: 8088: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8065: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8053: 8049: 8042: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8015: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7994: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7928: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7907: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7825:J. Strauss II 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7196:Composers and 7194: 7190: 7185: 7181: 7174: 7169: 7167: 7162: 7160: 7155: 7154: 7151: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7129: 7121: 7120: 7117: 7111: 7110: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7099: 7097: 7096: 7092: 7090: 7089: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7072: 7071: 7067: 7064: 7063:Der Handschuh 7060: 7058: 7057: 7053: 7051: 7050: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7038: 7036: 7035: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7016: 7006: 7005: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6994: 6992: 6991: 6987: 6985: 6984: 6983:Bunte Blätter 6980: 6978: 6977: 6973: 6971: 6970: 6966: 6964: 6963: 6959: 6957: 6956: 6952: 6950: 6949: 6945: 6943: 6942: 6938: 6936: 6935: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6924: 6922: 6921: 6917: 6915: 6914: 6910: 6908: 6907: 6903: 6901: 6900: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6876: 6874: 6873: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6862: 6860: 6859: 6855: 6853: 6852: 6848: 6846: 6845: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6834: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6812:Fantasie in C 6810: 6809: 6807: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6778:Piano Quartet 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6768:Piano Quintet 6766: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6754: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6711: 6704: 6703: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6694:Märchenbilder 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6639:Chamber music 6637: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6613: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6592: 6586: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6570:Julius Caesar 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6554: 6550: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6494: 6490: 6483: 6478: 6476: 6471: 6469: 6464: 6463: 6460: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6424: 6421: 6418: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6376: 6370: 6365: 6364: 6357: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6321: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6296: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6277: 6272: 6271: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6247: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6227: 6226: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6206: 6202: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6144: 6143: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6123: 6118: 6117: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6094: 6093: 6087: 6082: 6078: 6072: 6067: 6066: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6025: 6020: 6019: 6013: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5973: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5953: 5952: 5945: 5941: 5935: 5930: 5929: 5922: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5874: 5870: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5815: 5814: 5807: 5803: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5788:Robert Layton 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5767: 5762: 5761: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5718: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5699: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5674: 5673: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5648: 5647: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5605: 5604: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5582: 5581: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5489: 5484: 5483: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5439: 5438: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5391: 5390: 5383: 5379: 5373: 5369: 5364: 5360: 5354: 5349: 5348: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5328: 5323: 5322: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5292: 5291: 5285: 5284:Stanley Sadie 5281: 5276: 5272: 5266: 5261: 5260: 5254: 5253:Daverio, John 5250: 5246: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5216: 5215: 5208: 5204: 5198: 5193: 5192: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5123: 5122: 5115: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5036: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5001: 4993: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4970: 4966: 4963: 4958: 4951: 4947: 4944: 4939: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4920: 4911: 4909: 4899: 4892: 4886: 4877: 4860: 4856: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4829: 4820: 4811: 4802: 4793: 4791: 4781: 4772: 4766:Brody, p. 206 4763: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4740: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4718: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4608: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4582: 4575: 4569: 4560: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4537: 4531: 4529: 4522: 4518: 4511: 4506: 4497: 4490: 4484: 4477: 4471: 4469: 4459: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4425: 4421: 4418: 4413: 4405: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4388: 4382: 4373: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4349: 4340: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4321: 4312: 4310: 4302: 4296: 4289: 4283: 4274: 4268:Tomes, p. 126 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4249: 4240: 4231: 4222: 4213: 4206: 4200: 4191: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4166: 4157: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4136: 4132: 4126: 4117: 4111:Carse, p. 264 4108: 4099: 4090: 4088: 4078: 4069: 4060: 4051: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4004: 3998: 3989: 3980: 3978: 3968: 3959: 3950: 3941: 3932: 3923: 3914: 3905: 3896: 3887: 3878: 3869: 3860: 3851: 3842: 3833: 3824: 3815: 3806: 3797: 3788: 3779: 3770: 3761: 3759: 3749: 3740: 3731: 3722: 3720: 3713:Hall, p. 1127 3710: 3708: 3706: 3696: 3687: 3678: 3669: 3663:Walker, p. 93 3660: 3651: 3642: 3633: 3624: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3599: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3571: 3565:Walker, p. 21 3562: 3553: 3545: 3539: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3484: 3478:Dowley, p. 74 3475: 3469:Dowley, p. 66 3466: 3460: 3456: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3442: 3441:Riccardo Muti 3438: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3389: 3380: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3357: 3348: 3339: 3330: 3328: 3321:Walker, p. 42 3318: 3309: 3300: 3294:Jones, p. 155 3291: 3289: 3279: 3270: 3264:Hall, p. 1126 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3229: 3220: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3186: 3180: 3171: 3169: 3159: 3150: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3126: 3120:Dowley, p. 46 3117: 3111:Taylor, p. 74 3108: 3102:Jensen, p. 64 3099: 3093:Taylor, p. 72 3090: 3081: 3075:Jensen, p. 37 3072: 3066:Jensen, p. 34 3063: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3045: 3040: 3034:Taylor, p. 58 3031: 3025:Dowley, p. 27 3022: 3016:Jensen, p. 22 3013: 3004: 2995: 2993: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2957: 2948: 2939: 2933:Hall, p. 1125 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2906: 2897: 2888: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2865: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2842: 2838: 2823: 2815: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2779:Joan Chissell 2776: 2770: 2763: 2757: 2748: 2741: 2740:last symphony 2737: 2733: 2728: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2705: 2690: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2655: 2647: 2646: 2639: 2637: 2632: 2619: 2615: 2613: 2612:Joan Chissell 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2520: 2513: 2508: 2507:Wolfgang Rihm 2504: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2474:Ma mère l'Oye 2469: 2468: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2451: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2406: 2397: 2396:as Gretchen. 2395: 2391: 2386: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2370:Gerd Albrecht 2367: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2321:Stephen Hough 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2297:Alfred Cortot 2294: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2240:Felicity Lott 2237: 2233: 2232:Ian Bostridge 2229: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2156:Hans Pfitzner 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2126: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2112:'s epic poem 2111: 2106: 2101: 2100: 2093: 2091: 2090:Victoria Bond 2083: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2066: 2058: 2057: 2051: 2042: 2039: 2034: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1998: 1997:Trout Quintet 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1972:Piano Quartet 1969: 1956: 1954: 1930: 1912: 1894: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1847: 1843:and Goethe's 1842: 1841: 1840:Julius Caesar 1836: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1735:Gustav Mahler 1729: 1725: 1720: 1711: 1708: 1701: 1695: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1675: 1672: 1663: 1662: 1649: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1633: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1607: 1600: 1599: 1592: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1566: 1563: 1558: 1557: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1522: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1501: 1500: 1493: 1492: 1485: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1472: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1446: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1434:Fantasie in C 1431: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1417:, Mozart and 1416: 1408: 1406: 1382: 1376: 1368: 1361: 1359: 1338: 1320: 1302: 1295: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1261:Carl Dahlhaus 1258: 1254: 1253: 1246: 1244: 1232: 1217: 1210: 1202: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1172: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1133: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1083: 1082:daguerreotype 1078: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1035: 1027: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1013: 1011: 1006: 1002: 993: 989: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 954: 953: 947: 941: 939: 938:Piano Quartet 935: 934:Piano Quintet 925: 921: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 894: 892: 888: 883: 882: 875: 874: 867: 866: 859: 847: 844: 838: 833: 829: 824: 823: 816: 815: 809: 808: 803: 802: 797: 791: 788: 784: 776: 772: 768: 766: 762: 761:Joan Chissell 758: 754: 748: 743: 739: 735: 734: 729: 724: 722: 718: 713: 712: 711:Davidsbündler 705: 704: 697: 692: 688: 678: 673: 665: 663: 659: 654: 649: 648: 642: 641:Heinrich Dorn 638: 634: 629: 625: 618: 616: 611: 606: 597: 594: 590: 585: 584: 578: 573: 569: 565: 560: 558: 554: 550: 549:jurisprudence 544: 539: 538:Emil Flechsig 535: 514: 510: 508: 504: 500: 499: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 460: 457: 456: 450: 446: 440: 435: 430: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 399: 394: 390: 386: 378: 373: 359: 357: 353: 349: 348:Maurice Ravel 345: 341: 340:Gabriel Fauré 337: 336:Georges Bizet 333: 332:Wolfgang Rihm 329: 325: 321: 320:Gustav Mahler 317: 312: 310: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 284: 283: 278: 277:Piano Quartet 274: 273:Piano Quintet 270: 266: 261: 260: 253: 252: 246: 241: 239: 234: 233: 226: 225: 218: 217: 210: 209: 202: 201: 194: 193: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 166: 164: 160: 155: 147: 126: 121: 117: 110: 107: 104: 103: 101: 97: 92: 82: 78: 73: 60: 56: 49: 44: 37: 34: 30: 26: 22: 10572: 10565: 10558: 10542: 10262:Porto-Alegre 9916:Philosophers 9800:Rachmaninoff 9580: 9249:Chavchavadze 9239:Baratashvili 8999:João de Deus 8968:Wincenty Pol 8760:Küchelbecker 8488: 8454:Noble savage 8441: 8407: 8382:Wallenrodism 8359: 8345: 8276:Coppet group 8210:(literature) 8116: 8109: 8012: 7996:Other topics 7820:J. Strauss I 7779: 7710:Rachmaninoff 7465:Gretchaninov 7107: 7100: 7093: 7086: 7080:Choral works 7068: 7055: 7049:Dichterliebe 7047: 7040: 7032: 7025: 7003: 6997:Albumblätter 6996: 6989: 6982: 6975: 6968: 6961: 6954: 6947: 6941:Kreisleriana 6940: 6934:Kinderszenen 6933: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6905: 6898: 6878: 6871: 6864: 6857: 6850: 6843: 6827:Sonata No. 3 6822:Sonata No. 2 6817:Sonata No. 1 6744: 6732: 6702:F-A-E Sonata 6700: 6693: 6660: 6623: 6611: 6577: 6569: 6552: 6531: 6515: 6488: 6362: 6332: 6328: 6312:. Retrieved 6294: 6269: 6264:Walker, Alan 6245: 6224: 6200: 6183: 6180:George Grove 6141: 6115: 6091: 6086:Konrad Wolff 6064: 6045: 6017: 5993: 5971: 5950: 5927: 5910:. Retrieved 5888:(1): 17–31. 5885: 5881: 5858: 5836: 5812: 5791: 5759: 5739: 5716: 5697: 5671: 5645: 5626: 5602: 5579: 5555: 5533: 5509: 5481: 5460: 5457:Geck, Martin 5436: 5413: 5388: 5367: 5346: 5320: 5289: 5258: 5234: 5213: 5190: 5166: 5144: 5120: 5090: 5086: 5064: 5043: 5000: 4985: 4976: 4957: 4938: 4919: 4898: 4890: 4885: 4876: 4863:. 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Brontë 8750:Jean Paul 8745:Hölderlin 8634:Lamartine 8571:Magalhães 8561:Guimarães 8469:Pantheism 8459:Nostalgia 8311:Indianism 8259:Movements 8190:Countries 7665:Offenbach 7640:Moscheles 7635:Moniuszko 7630:Meyerbeer 7585:Marschner 7570:MacDowell 7385:Donizetti 7330:Cherubini 7320:Chaminade 7245:Beethoven 7230:Balakirev 7220:Atterberg 7198:musicians 6899:Papillons 6872:Humoreske 6304:492828443 6054:500373060 5749:311366924 5635:680498810 5554:(1985) . 5518:221594461 5459:(2013) . 5310:905948998 5280:Eric Sams 5074:929462354 4994:required) 4891:The Times 4712:, p. 1150 4576:, p. 1148 4478:, p. 1150 4303:, p. 1137 3591:The Times 3538:cite book 3459:951273040 3437:181675364 2817:discern". 2670:Eric Sams 2438:symbolism 2329:Lang Lang 2301:Myra Hess 2053:Cover of 1786:classical 1767:the first 1739:Max Reger 1642:Eric Sams 1541:Hugo Wolf 1423:Moscheles 1419:Beethoven 1265:tone poem 1189:pneumonia 1054:Meyerbeer 1050:Donizetti 828:Ferdinand 687:allopathy 658:alter ego 647:Papillons 583:bel canto 516:Schumann 489:Streicher 481:Beethoven 473:Jean Paul 463:portrait. 415:Cervantes 387:, in the 367:Childhood 265:the first 10579:Category 10395:Dahlhaus 10380:Blanning 10347:Scholars 10317:Tropinin 10312:Tidemand 10302:Stattler 10297:Scheffer 10197:Głowacki 10167:Edelfelt 10122:Bryullov 10064:Snellman 10039:Schiller 10029:Rousseau 10009:Michelet 9954:Constant 9924:Belinsky 9897:Sibelius 9841:Konjović 9815:Scriabin 9785:Lyapunov 9719:Lipiński 9688:Spontini 9678:Paganini 9622:Goldmark 9413:Thalberg 9408:Schubert 9388:Bruckner 9349:Topelius 9339:Runeberg 9329:Prešeren 9299:Leopardi 9264:Frashëri 9254:Eminescu 9234:Andersen 9142:Tyutchev 9127:Karamzin 9101:Zorrilla 9096:Saavedra 8994:Castilho 8982:Portugal 8973:Słowacki 8875:Polidori 8805:Barbauld 8740:Hoffmann 8695:Brentano 8609:Bertrand 8430:Romantic 8266:Ancients 8240:Scotland 8131:Category 8108: ← 7987:Symphony 7850:Thalberg 7815:Spontini 7790:Sibelius 7785:Scriabin 7770:Schubert 7765:Sarasate 7730:Respighi 7725:Reinecke 7685:Paganini 7595:Massenet 7590:Masarnau 7575:Madetoja 7520:Kreisler 7510:Kalivoda 7455:J. 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