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310:. During the first fifteen years of his career, Estienne focused his printing on five Latin classic authors, specifically, Cicero, Terence, Plautus, Pliny, and Virgil. He printed works from Horace and Persisus, but he printed them far less frequently. He nearly tripled the number of authors' works he published from 1541 to 1545. Scholars suggest that Estienne's trouble with his published Bibles and the Catholic Church led him to publish more authors of Latin Classics as a buffer.
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relationship after this is largely unknown, scholars suggest that they had mutual respect for one another and may have continued to collaborate, sharing fonts and materials. Even though
Estienne re-established his father's printing shop in 1526, his first independent project as a scholar-printer can be traced back to 1524. He was in the process of publishing a Latin version of the Bible as he searched Paris for manuscripts. He had already printed a
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word order since lexicographers disagreed about whether words should be ordered alphabetically or etymologically. Estienne's thesaurus was alphabetical based on the first three letters of the word, then grouped etymologically. In the 1540s, he began publishing more concise school dictionaries. Many of these dictionaries were translated into other languages such as German and
Flemish. From 1528 to 1580, he published several editions of
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529:, where he died on 7 September 1559. Estienne's other sons, Henri II and François, helped Estienne run the shop in Geneva after the death of Estienne. Robert Estienne was one of the most successful printers in the Estienne family, and one of the best scholars of the time. It was in part, due to Estienne that the reign of Francis I was considered the "Golden Age of French Typography."
533:
331:(1551). The last was completed after Estienne's departure from Paris by his brother Charles and appeared under Charles's name. Estienne also printed numerous editions of Latin classics, of which the folio Virgil of 1532 is the most noteworthy. He printed a large number of Latin grammars and other educational works, many of which were written by
262:, which in this case were small, inexpensive educational books from scholars such as Cicero and Lucian. Estienne's trade was primarily as printer-bookseller and though he did publish his own prints, he did not publish in partnership with other printers as was a common practice for printers of the time.
476:
claimed that
Estienne's 1532 folio Bible contained, "what is probably the finest use ever made of letter." Estienne printed this edition of the Bible in a grand folio format; his expected buyers were the nobility and the wealthy rather than the university faculty/students. Though in 1543, his style
480:
His editions, especially that of 1546, containing a new translation at the side of the
Vulgate, was the subject of sharp and acrimonious criticism from the clergy. In 1539 he received the distinguishing title of "Printer to the king" for Latin and Hebrew, and later for Greek. This incited anger from
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in 1563. He printed the New
Testament of 1568–1569, a reprint of his father's first edition. He printed the Decalogue in Hebrew and Aramaic in 1566. Additionally, Estienne printed books in Hebrew for professors in Paris, but fled to Geneva in 1569, because he worked for Anglican clients. He died in
471:
He published two editions of the Hebrew Bible: one in 13 volumes and another one in 10 volumes. Estienne acquired
Vulgate manuscripts while in Paris and printed a number of editions throughout his career. The principal editions are the 1527, 1532, 1540 (one of the ornaments of his press), and 1546.
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or the "Royal
Edition", published in 1550 for King Henri II. Typographically it is significant because the Greek font made by Garamond became the most widely used Greek font for European printers. In it he combined over 15 Greek sources with annotations in the margins. The 1550 version became known
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with whom he enjoyed strong patronage and friendship; Estienne aided
Francis I in printing documents ratifying policies which established and justified his power. Later, Estienne published a document to inform the public how alliances between French royalty, German Protestants, and Turkish royalty
421:
Although Robert
Estienne was printing Bibles in Latin as early as 1528, he printed his first Greek New Testament in 1546. Despite its similarity to the works of Erasmus, Estienne did not credit Erasmus and rather claimed to be influenced by ancient codices. The first two are beautiful Greek texts,
241:
In 1526, Robert
Estienne assumed control of his father's printing shop while Colines established his own firm nearby. The parties agreed to divide the house, printing equipment, and printing supplies in half. Colines moved his shop down the street from the Estienne shop. Though the nature of their
408:
in 1540. These dictionaries were superior to others at the time because non-classical elements had been edited out; when determining words, they were checked for correctness and applicability in context; and citations were exclusively from classical authors. Furthermore, it applied consistency to
237:
who also married Estienne's mother, the widow Estienne. As Estienne was not yet of age at the time of his father's death, Colines and Gilles Nepveu (the husband or fiancé of his sister Nicole) became his legal guardians. Estienne and Colines likely collaborated in Estienne print shop for a time.
506:
is that the Sorbonne had a great ability to persuade or intimidate people. Estienne established his printing firm in Geneva and his brother Charles helped run the firm in Paris. However, after Charles died in a debtors' prison, Robert II (the son of Robert I) took over the business. In Geneva,
467:
After he finished the Vulgate, he began developing his style. He was interested in working on original texts rather than translations. Additionally, he was interested in writing commentaries to help an average reader understand the academic texts to the point of adding his own interpretation.
253:
Estienne married Perrette Badius in 1526 whose father Josse Badius Ascensius owned a print shop, giving Estienne the resources to print that he lacked from his father's materials alone. After her father's death in 1535, Estienne merged the Estienne and Badius printing business. His first
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were beneficial for European religious peace. In 1538, Francis I requested that Estienne give a copy of every Greek book he had printed to create the royal library, which became the first copyright library. However, after Francis I died in 1547 and was succeeded by
581:. The device may have been a subtle attack on the Catholic theologians at the Sorbonne for their "lack of humility". Pressmarks function best when they are immediately recognized, and scholars criticize Estienne's pressmarks for not being easily recognizable.
177:, the founder of the Estienne printing firm. Estienne published and republished many classical texts as well as Greek and Latin translations of the Bible. Known as "Printer to the King" in Latin, Hebrew, and Greek, Estienne's most prominent work was the
246:, and some slight alterations which he had introduced into the text brought upon him the censures of the faculty of theology. It was the first of a long series of disputes between him and that body. Around this time, he apparently joined the
385:. It was 964 pages and was improved in 1536 and 1543 in three volumes. Considered his "greatest monument of Latin scholarship", he employed research assistants for the 1543 version: Andreas Gruntleus, Gerardus Clericus, and Adam Nodius.
608:
Robert Estienne II (1530–1570) studied Hebrew as his father recommended. Uninterested in the Reformation, he stayed in Paris instead of following his father to Geneva, opening his own printing shop in 1556. He earned the title of
381:, which is considered by some scholars to be the foundation of modern Latin lexicography. Moreover, this dictionary made Estienne the "father of French lexicography". He had worked on it for two years, with the assistance only of
646:, printer Conrad Neobar was appointed "Printer to the king" in Greek in 1539. After Neobar's death in 1540, Estienne took the title of "Printer to the king" in Greek upon himself, without ever being officially given the title
481:
the Sorbonne because Estienne had converted from Catholicism to Protestantism. The Sorbonne was opposed to the humanist ideals of the time and was attempting to censor Estienne's publishing firm. He was protected by
472:
In the 1532 edition, he placed the Acts in between the gospels and epistles of Paul as is standard in most Bibles. Before this, the Acts were usually found at the end. Furthermore, typographer and printing historian
2048:
A view of the early Parisian Greek Press Including the lives of the Stephani; notices of other contemporary Greek printers of Paris; and various particulars of the literary and ecclesiastical history of their
204:
who sought to censor Estienne's work. Eventually, overcome by the prejudice of the Sorbonne, Estienne and his family fled to Geneva where he continued his printing uncensored, publishing many of the works of
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and Robert became successful printers. François (born 1540) printed in Geneva from 1562 to 1582. As well as issuing editions of the Bible in Latin and French, he published some of Calvin's works.
43:
549:
Robert Estienne used several pressmarks or devices on his prints. Estienne's pressmark with an olive branch and a serpent wound around a spear was first seen in 1544 on the title page of
601:
Robert Estienne encouraged his four sons to study and perfect his professions. His will indicated that he wished all of his sons follow in his profession. Two of Robert's sons,
278:
With his title of "royal typographer" Robert Estienne promoted the Estienne print shop by his numerous editions of grammatical works and other schoolbooks (among them many of
2640:
233:, he became knowledgeable in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. After his father's death in 1520, the Estienne printing establishment was maintained by his father's former partner
445:. Scholars have described his editing of the Vulgate as mediocre and lacking in effort or depth. In this edition of the Vulgate, Estienne introduced the division of the
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One of the best printers of his time, Robert Estienne was asked to either compile a dictionary from the best Latin authors or make one himself; in 1531 he published
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who continued the legacy of his grandfather Estienne's printing firm. Along with other printers, Estienne contributed to the "Golden Age of French Typography".
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553:. It was symbolic of wisdom in times of war and peace. The motto below it translates to "to the wise king and the valiant warrior". Another device was called
382:
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or version of the Vulgate Bible was published in 1527. While he was working on the Bible, he increased his revenue and reputation by publishing a series of
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1993:
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Justifying Christian Aramaism: Editions and Latin Translations of the Targums from the Complutensian to the London Polyglot Bible (1517-1657)
468:
Moreover, Estienne's commentary in the fourth edition of the Greek New Testament initiated the antagonism of the Sorbonne against Estienne.
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shifted to that of sextodecimo format, printing Bibles in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, which assumes the buyers are students and professors.
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2488:
2358:
Critical History of the Text of the New Testament: Wherein is Established the Truth of the Acts on which the Christian Religion is Based
2272:
Sarton, George (1955). "Review of "Robert Estienne, Royal Printer: An Historical Study of the Elder Stephanus" by Elizabeth Armstrong".
1933:
2245:
1320:"The Printer's Device: Robert Estienne's Numbering of Verses and the Changing Form of the New Testament in the 15th and 16th Centuries"
2746:
2563:
2066:
1372:. Vol. IX, s.v. "Stephens" New York: Harper & Brothers. The commentator is David Kimhi (Hebrew: דוד קמחי, also Kimchi or Qimḥi).
2455:
2302:
323:
2498:
2110:
2219:
The Rushton M. Dorman, Esq. Library Sale Catalogue: The Study of the Dispersal of a Nineteenth-Century American Private Library
339:, but no font has been identified as his. Estienne did, however, oversee the work of the best punchcutters of the time such as
2020:
Ginzburg, Carlo (November 1976). "High and Low: The Theme of Forbidden Knowledge in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries".
490:, Estienne fled to Geneva around 1550. With him, he brought his printing material, including his Greek type made by Garamond.
2651:
List of Robert Estienne's works (in French) with options to read more about each work and read and view the works themselves
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670:
513:
347:. Under Estienne, Garamond designed the Greek type used by the King of France which was used to print the first edition of
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in France. Moreover, Estienne was known as one of the printers responsible for adapting the Aldine roman type in France.
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502:. It was first published in Latin. He later translated it into French and published it again. The central theme of his
17:
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2003:
1967:
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On his arrival at Geneva, Robert Estienne published a defense against the attacks of the Sorbonne in 1552 called his
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186:
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which is considered to be the foundation of modern Latin lexicography. Additionally, he was the first to print the
136:
388:
1952:
569:("Be not high-minded but fear"). The device shows a man standing by an olive tree. Scholars believe this man is
313:
Many of Estienne's published classics, especially the Greek editions (which were printed with typefaces made by
2741:
2673:
Archive of Estienne's 1550 Alphabetum Græcum from the Library of Congress, available for reading and viewing
1818:
200:
late in his life. Many of his published Bibles included commentary which upset the Catholic theologians of
2726:
1546:
2721:
2332:
A Religious Encyclopaedia: Or Dictionary of Biblical, Historical, Doctrinal and Practical Theology
2091:
1888:'The Scythe and the Rabbit: Simon de Colines and the Culture of the Book in the Renaissance Paris
2473:
574:
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who is affirming the importance of faith. This is consistent with Estienne's connection to the
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517:
in 1553. His 1556 edition of the Latin Bible contained the translation of the Old Testament by
238:
Colines was known for his exquisite type cutting, whereas Estienne was known for his accuracy.
230:
174:
2593:
The Palaeotypography of the French Renaissance: Selected Papers on Sixteenth-Century Typefaces
558:
303:
265:
2084:
Jackson, Samuel Macauley; Sherman, Charles Colebrook; Gilmore, George William, eds. (1911).
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8:
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or Greek types of the king. In the 1530s Estienne's printing represents the first use of
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Robert Estienne was born in Paris in 1503. The second son of the famous humanist printer
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2478:
2385:"Evolution of Garamond: An Interactive Timeline Demonstrating the Evolution of Garamond"
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1999:
1995:
The Bible on the Shakespeare Stage: Cultures of Interpretation in Reformation England
1963:
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Amert, Kay (2005). "Intertwining Strengths: Simon de Colines and Robert Estienne".
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209:. In 1556 he became a citizen of Geneva, where he would die on 7 September 1559.
173:. He was the proprietor of the Estienne print shop after the death of his father
153:
49:
2349:
The Estiennes: an annotated catalogue of 300 highlights of their various presses
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351:. Consequently, Estienne was the first printer granted permission to use the
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182:
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2492:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 798–800.
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2411:(New ed.). New Castle, DE: The British Library & Oak Knoll Press.
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427:
364:
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336:
212:
Of Estienne's four sons, two became accomplished printers, one of whom was
1915:
Robert Estienne, Royal Printer: An Historical Study of the Elder Stephanus
525:'s Latin edition of the New Testament. In 1556 he became a citizen of the
460:
A page from Estienne's 1550 version of the New Testament using Garamond's
2141:(Nouvelle ed.). Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt.
1861:
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335:, his friend and co-worker in the cause of humanism. He was trained as a
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206:
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Exemplaires numérisés d'anciennes éditions d'œuvres de Robert Estienne
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1724:
1722:
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951:"Dio Cassius' Roman History Printed by Robert Estienne in Paris, 1548"
2525:
Starnes, D.T. (1937). "Bilingual Dictionaries of Shakespeare's Day".
2145:
Martin, Henri-Jean (1982) « Le temps de Robert Estienne »,
1637:
978:". Prepared for the University of Manchester Library, Manchester, UK.
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issued from Estienne's press were eight in number. He began with the
247:
2285:
1819:"A Most Perilous Journey: Erasmus' Greek New Testament at 500 Years"
437:, the standard text for many generations. The 1551 edition contains
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1886:
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1717:
1370:
Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature
1350:
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307:
291:
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2635:
List of Estienne's works with options to read and view the works
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The Ecclesiology of Theodore Beza: The Reform of the True Church
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A View of the Various Traditions of the Greek and Roman Classics
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287:
259:
86:
1953:"Censor and Censure: Robert Estienne and Michel de Montaigne"
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170:
162:
72:
2429:
The Universal Dictionary of Biography and Mythology, Vol. II
1052:
2457:
Universal Pronouncing Dictionary of Biography and Mythology
1782:
1185:
1173:
1064:
532:
2195:
Reverdin, Olivier (1956). "Le "Platon" d'Henri Estienne".
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720:"Robert Stephens (or Estienne), 1503-1559. French printer"
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Page from Robert Estienne's 1549 Dictionaire françoislatin
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The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge
1962:. Barcelona: Studia Aurea Monográfica. pp. 161–179.
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Usher, Phillip John; Fernbach, Isabelle, eds. (2012).
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or the olive of the Stephens family with the words of
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1958:. In Vega, Jose; Weiss, Julian; Esteve, Cesc (eds.).
1800:
1764:
1728:
1577:
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Estienne issued the French Bible in 1553 and many of
413:, a representation of Renaissance Greek orthography.
317:), were famous for their typographical elegance. The
1479:
1399:
1387:
1112:
1009:
749:
676:
282:'s) and of classical and Patristic authors, such as
157:; 1503 – 7 September 1559), known as
2139:
Biographie Universelle Ancienne et Moderne (Vol. 3)
1455:
1236:
1124:
1037:
837:
825:
112:
Robert Stephanus, Robert Stephens, Roberti Stephani
54:
Icones virorum nostra patriumque memoria illustrium
2404:
1312:
426:. The third and most significant is known as the
2678:
2304:The Blackwell Companion to The Bible and Culture
1917:(Revised ed.). The Sutton Courtenay Press.
1891:. Rochester, New York: Cary Graphic Arts Press.
2702:16th-century people from the Republic of Geneva
2090:. New York: Funk and Wagnalls Company. p.
2565:Virgilian Identities in the French Renaissance
2503:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill.
2222:. Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press.
2561:
1998:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1992:Fulton, Thomas; Poole, Kristen, eds. (2018).
1960:Reading and Censorship in Early Modern Europe
1885:Amert, Kay (2012). Bringhurst, Robert (ed.).
1070:
2354:
1788:
1356:
2159:
1991:
1950:
1935:Transactions of the Bibliographical Society
1571:
1509:
1497:
1445:
577:. The olive tree is meant to represent the
2707:Businesspeople from the Republic of Geneva
2663:Rare Book and Special Collections Division
2103:henri robert francois celebrated printers.
1368:M'Clintock, John and Strong, James (1880)
1326:. Pitts Theology Library, Emory University
42:
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2460:. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co
2355:Simon, Richard; Hunwick, Andrew (2013).
2307:. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.
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2019:
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708:, Paris 1926, reprint 1965, pp. 141–143.
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83:7 September 1559 (aged 55–56)
2524:
2497:van Staalduine-Sulman, Eveline (2017).
2136:
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1619:
1607:
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821:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009.
743:
14:
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1689:Consortium European Research Libraries
1655:
1449:
1433:
1278:
974:Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare. "
948:
893:
858:
764:
689:
269:Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars
2479:"Estienne s.v. Robert Estienne"
2243:
2215:
2162:"Hebraica veritas in the Brest Bible"
1884:
1847:
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935:
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2717:Printers from the Republic of Geneva
2590:Vervliet, Hendrik D.L., ed. (2008).
2166:Reformation & Renaissance Review
1938:. England: Blades, East & Blades
976:Translation of Socrates Scholasticus
671:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
2645:Bibliothèques virtuelles humanistes
2382:
1979:from the original on 9 October 2022
1835:from the original on 9 October 2022
1765:Jackson, Sherman & Gilmore 1911
1031:
706:RĂ©pertoire des imprimeurs parisiens
24:
2697:16th-century French businesspeople
2149:, vol. 1, Paris, pp. 230–235
416:
25:
2758:
2618:
2389:Rochester Institute of Technology
717:
642:Despite Estienne's access to the
273:
48:Portrait of Robert Estienne from
2747:Roman Catholic biblical scholars
2247:The Classical Heritage in France
1932:Bibliographical Society (1904).
624:Chapters and verses of the Bible
169:, was a 16th-century printer in
2301:Sawyer, John F.A., ed. (2012).
2179:10.1179/1462245915Z.00000000068
2147:Histoire de l'édition française
2137:Michaud, Louis Gabriel (1854).
2045:Greswell, William Parr (1833).
1677:
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567:Noli altum sapere, sed time ...
370:
2407:Five Hundred Years of Printing
2216:Rogal, Samuel J., ed. (1886).
797:
737:
724:National Galleries of Scotland
711:
695:
660:
565:("Do not be proud") and later
13:
1:
2432:. New York: Cosimo Classics.
2160:Pietkiewicz, Rajmund (2015).
1913:Armstrong, Elizabeth (1986).
1810:
1547:"Robert Estienne (1503-1559)"
544:
441:'s Latin translation and the
224:
165:and sometimes referred to as
27:16th-century printer in Paris
2568:. UK: Boydell & Brewer.
2329:Schaff, Philip, ed. (1884).
1644:Bibliographical Society 1904
653:
629:
402:Dictionarium latino-gallicum
219:
7:
2351:. New York: E. K. Schreiber
2244:Sandy, Gerald, ed. (2002).
2109:Maruyama, Tadataka (1978).
1951:Butterworth, Emily (2010).
617:
511:'s writings, including the
453:verses for the first time.
137:chapter and verse divisions
135:, creating the most common
10:
2763:
2335:. Edinburgh: T&T Clark
1828:. Pitts Theology Library.
1817:Adams, Richard M. (2016).
1801:van Staalduine-Sulman 2017
1729:van Staalduine-Sulman 2017
2732:French classical scholars
2712:Businesspeople from Paris
2115:. Geneve: Librarie Droz.
1071:Usher & Fernbach 2012
596:
521:and the first edition of
493:
406:Dictionaire francoislatin
398:Thesaurus linguae latinae
378:Thesaurus linguae latinae
179:Thesaurus linguae latinae
133:Thesaurus linguae latinae
127:
116:
108:
93:
79:
61:
41:
34:
2737:French biblical scholars
2625:Works by Robert Estienne
2403:Steinberg, S.H. (1996).
2065:Harwood, Edward (1778).
1789:Simon & Hunwick 2013
1685:"CERL's olive tree logo"
1357:Simon & Hunwick 2013
588:Robert Estienne's mark (
536:Robert Estienne's mark (
187:standard numbered verses
2489:Encyclopædia Britannica
2474:Tilley, Arthur Augustus
2454:Thomas, Joseph (1870).
2426:Thomas, Joseph (2009).
2347:Schreiber, Fred (1982)
1446:Fulton & Poole 2018
955:Corning Museum of Glass
819:Encyclopædia Britannica
1359:, pp. xvii–xviii.
593:
575:Protestant Reformation
541:
464:
393:
327:(1544) and ended with
324:Historia ecclesiastica
270:
2742:Renaissance humanists
587:
551:Preparatio Evangelica
535:
459:
396:From his work on the
391:
304:Socrates Scholasticus
268:
2383:Son, Yeseul (2018).
2030:10.1093/past/73.1.28
1862:10.1353/bh.2005.0002
1420:Steinberg 1996, p.53
817:"Simon de Colines".
123:, printer, publisher
2667:Library of Congress
1553:. Protestant Museum
1085:, p. 102, 235.
1006:, pp. 216–217.
949:Dolbashian, Diane.
483:Francis I of France
383:Thierry of Beauvais
319:editiones principes
2727:French Protestants
2022:Past & Present
1670:, pp. 28–30;
1061:, p. 223-227.
994:, pp. 216–217
611:Typographus regius
594:
542:
527:Republic of Geneva
465:
411:Alphabetum graecum
394:
271:
159:Robertus Stephanus
18:Robertus Stephanus
2658:Alphabetum Græcum
2596:. Leiden: Brill.
2361:. Leiden: Brill.
2250:. Leiden: Brill.
2197:Museum Helveticum
1826:Exhibit Catalogue
1803:, pp. 98–99.
1194:, p. 22, 58.
1182:, p. 68, 86.
1145:, pp. 85–87.
702:Philippe Renouard
579:tree of knowledge
563:Noli altum sapere
555:Oliva Stephanorum
146:Robert I Estienne
143:
142:
16:(Redirected from
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865:, pp. 11–12
856:
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794:, pp. 9–10.
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333:Mathurin Cordier
235:Simon de Colines
156:
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109:Other names
46:
32:
31:
21:
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990:, p. 131;
986:
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861:, p. 242;
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519:Santes Pagninus
496:
474:Stanley Morison
434:Textus Receptus
419:
417:Religious texts
400:, he published
373:
345:Guillaume Le BĂ©
341:Claude Garamond
315:Claude Garamond
276:
248:Reformed Church
227:
222:
167:Robert Stephens
154:[etjɛn]
149:
131:Publishing the
89:
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67:
66:Robert Estienne
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50:Hendrik Hondius
37:
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2539:10.2307/458498
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2484:Chisholm, Hugh
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2280:(2): 241–246.
2269:
2257:978-9004119161
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2203:(4): 239–250.
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1781:
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1716:
1712:Steinberg 1996
1701:
1676:
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1660:
1648:
1636:
1632:Steinberg 1996
1624:
1622:, p. 109.
1612:
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1600:
1598:, p. 219.
1596:Armstrong 1986
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1534:Armstrong 1986
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1522:Armstrong 1986
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1295:Armstrong 1986
1287:
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1271:
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1259:
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1168:Steinberg 1996
1147:
1143:Armstrong 1986
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1121:, p. 229.
1111:
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1099:
1095:Steinberg 1996
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1075:
1063:
1059:Armstrong 1986
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1018:, p. 219.
1008:
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988:Armstrong 1986
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934:
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922:
918:Armstrong 1986
910:
906:Armstrong 1986
898:
896:, p. 242.
883:
879:Steinberg 1996
877:, p. 15;
875:Armstrong 1986
867:
863:Armstrong 1986
851:
836:
824:
809:
796:
792:Armstrong 1986
784:
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769:
767:, p. 938.
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2024:(73): 28–41.
2023:
2018:
2007:
2005:9781107194236
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1969:9788449026553
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1778:
1777:Greswell 1833
1773:
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1754:
1749:
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1742:
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1730:
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1713:
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1668:Ginzburg 1976
1664:
1657:
1652:
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1645:
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1634:, p. 39.
1633:
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1592:
1585:
1584:Maruyama 1978
1580:
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1573:
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1542:
1536:, p. 229
1535:
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1487:
1482:
1475:
1474:Reverdin 1956
1470:
1464:, p. 56.
1463:
1458:
1452:, p. 938
1451:
1448:, p. 28;
1447:
1442:
1436:, p. 840
1435:
1431:
1430:Reverdin 1956
1426:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1395:
1390:
1384:, p. 21.
1383:
1378:
1371:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1347:, p. 78.
1346:
1341:
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1321:
1315:
1309:, p. 75.
1308:
1303:
1296:
1291:
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1280:
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1268:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1245:, p. 36.
1244:
1239:
1233:, p. 89.
1232:
1227:
1221:, p. 88.
1220:
1215:
1209:, p. 87.
1208:
1203:
1201:
1193:
1188:
1181:
1176:
1170:, p. 41.
1169:
1164:
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1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1144:
1139:
1133:, p. 60.
1132:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1109:, p. 58.
1108:
1103:
1097:, p. 53.
1096:
1091:
1084:
1079:
1073:, p. 12.
1072:
1067:
1060:
1055:
1049:, p. 77.
1048:
1043:
1041:
1033:
1030:, p. 2;
1029:
1024:
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952:
945:
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930:Vervliet 2008
926:
920:, p. 18.
919:
914:
908:, p. 17.
907:
902:
895:
890:
888:
880:
876:
871:
864:
860:
855:
849:, p. 14.
848:
843:
841:
834:, p. 13.
833:
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718:Sturt, John.
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520:
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449:into chapter
448:
447:New Testament
444:
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414:
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403:
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386:
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365:acute accents
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349:Roman History
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296:Julius Caesar
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244:New Testament
239:
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185:divided into
184:
183:New Testament
180:
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147:
139:for the Bible
138:
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30:
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2657:
2629:Open Library
2607:. Retrieved
2592:
2579:. Retrieved
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202:the Sorbonne
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104:(since 1556)
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2692:1559 deaths
2687:1503 births
1656:Schaff 1884
1450:Thomas 1870
1434:Thomas 2009
1279:Sawyer 2012
894:Sarton 1955
859:Sarton 1955
765:Thomas 1870
690:Tilley 1911
509:John Calvin
357:apostrophes
337:punchcutter
284:Dio Cassius
280:Melanchthon
207:John Calvin
94:Nationality
2681:Categories
1811:References
1486:Amert 2012
1462:Rogal 1886
1409:Amert 2012
1394:Amert 2012
1330:23 January
1283:Adams 2016
1255:Adams 2016
1243:Amert 2012
1131:Amert 2012
1119:Amert 2012
1047:Sandy 2002
1028:Amert 2005
1016:Amert 2012
1004:Amert 2012
992:Amert 2012
847:Amert 2012
832:Amert 2012
805:RĂ©pertoire
803:Renouard,
545:Pressmarks
514:Institutio
424:O mirifica
225:Early life
198:Protestant
2661:From the
2555:163411953
2188:159255175
1878:162306727
807:, p. 142.
669:, in the
654:Citations
630:Footnotes
220:Biography
192:Raised a
2476:(1911).
2274:Speculum
2209:24812617
2071:. London
2052:. Oxford
1974:Archived
1870:30227369
1856:: 1–10.
1830:Archived
1032:Son 2018
618:See also
488:Henry II
194:Catholic
121:Humanist
2665:at the
2486:(ed.).
2294:2848474
561:11:20,
504:RĂ©ponse
500:RĂ©ponse
443:Vulgate
439:Erasmus
431:as the
422:called
308:Sozomen
292:Sallust
260:octavos
150:French:
102:Genevan
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960:13 May
729:14 May
614:1570.
597:Family
559:Romans
494:Geneva
329:Appian
306:, and
300:Justin
288:Cicero
256:Biblia
98:French
87:Geneva
56:(1599)
2551:S2CID
2543:JSTOR
2516:9 May
2482:. In
2445:8 May
2374:9 May
2339:8 May
2290:JSTOR
2235:9 May
2205:JSTOR
2184:S2CID
2097:9 May
2056:9 May
2049:times
2034:JSTOR
1977:(PDF)
1956:(PDF)
1904:2 May
1874:S2CID
1866:JSTOR
1833:(PDF)
1822:(PDF)
603:Henri
361:grave
171:Paris
163:Latin
73:Paris
2611:2019
2598:ISBN
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2570:ISBN
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2013:2019
2000:ISBN
1985:2019
1964:ISBN
1944:2019
1919:ISBN
1906:2019
1893:ISBN
1841:2019
1696:2019
1559:2019
1332:2018
962:2019
731:2019
590:BEIC
538:BEIC
363:and
359:and
343:and
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69:1503
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2643:in
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