49:
538:
271:
263:
101:
2542:
76:
2529:
383:
530:
630:
content. Since arabica beans are believed to have smoother taste with more acidity and a richer flavour, they are often considered superior, while the harsher robusta beans are mostly used as a filler in lower-grade coffee blends. However, the powerful flavour can be desirable in a blend to give it
606:
variety is widely grown. In recent years, Vietnam, which produces mostly robusta, has become the world's largest exporter of robusta coffee, accounting for over 40% of the total production. It surpasses Brazil (25% of the world's production),
439:(2.7% compared to arabica's 1.5%), and contains less sugar (3—7% compared to arabica's 6—9%). As it is less susceptible to pests and disease, robusta needs much less herbicide and pesticide than arabica.
1144:
Vignoli, J. A.; Bassoli, D. G.; Benassi, M. T. (2011). "Antioxidant activity, polyphenols, caffeine and melanoidins in soluble coffee: The influence of processing conditions and raw material".
626:, it is cheaper to produce. Roasted robusta beans produce a strong, full-bodied coffee with a distinctive earthy flavour, but usually with more bitterness than arabica due to its
442:
Robusta coffee trees have a higher yield and greater resistance to diseases, which helps reduce production costs, making robusta coffee generally cheaper to produce compared to
2292:
1076:
615:(5%), and Uganda (5%). Brazil is still the biggest coffee producer in the world, producing one-third of the world's coffee, though 69% of that is
2764:
2937:
2803:
2922:
2492:
1178:
2842:
1343:
2712:
824:
2777:
2725:
2262:
2962:
2942:
2932:
1546:
1007:
Adolf, Engler; Germany), Königlicher
Botanischer Garten (Berlin; Germany), Königliches Botanisches Museum (Berlin (1895–1918).
1119:
1384:
1319:
1285:
1251:
1214:
969:
909:
424:
and grows as a robust tree or shrub to about 10 metres (30 feet) tall. It flowers irregularly, taking about 10—11 months for
2782:
872:
587:. It represents 43% of global coffee production, with arabica constituting the remainder except for the 1.5% constituted by
1275:
932:
2441:
2967:
745:
1460:
2808:
48:
2751:
1432:
608:
2860:
1426:
1410:
793:
768:
1892:
1601:
2704:
2691:
2626:
598:, where French colonists introduced it in the late 19th century, though it is also grown in India, Africa,
595:
583:, has almost double the amount of caffeine and more antioxidants, and is less susceptible to disease than
2868:
599:
2855:
2730:
2602:
2446:
2226:
1872:
612:
233:
1008:
707:
2952:
2160:
645:). It is also used as a stimulant, diuretic, antioxidant, antipyretic and relieves spasmodic asthma.
2055:
1421:
1069:
1044:
1029:
2947:
2221:
2190:
1581:
1498:
482:
100:
2847:
2957:
2699:
366:
tend to have lower acidity, more bitterness, and a more woody and less fruity flavor compared to
17:
2652:
2216:
2769:
2686:
2564:
2502:
1940:
1794:
1726:
632:
2795:
1309:
899:
2307:
1902:
1838:
1374:
1204:
1056:
1016:
959:
735:
350:
constituting most of the remainder. There are several differences between the composition of
217:
2821:
2170:
1950:
1241:
2660:
2467:
2070:
1606:
1566:
1503:
1453:
1351:
961:
The Coffee
Paradox: Global Markets, Commodity Trade and the Elusive Promise of Development
8:
2507:
2365:
1887:
1654:
1483:
662:
639:
blends, at about 10–15%, to provide a full-bodied taste and a better foam head (known as
65:
2257:
2060:
684:
556:
plant has low acidity and high bitterness, often with a distinct woody and nutty taste.
2894:
2512:
1769:
1741:
1626:
1539:
1534:
1184:. United States Department of Agriculture – Foreign Agricultural Service. December 2019
1090:
848:
819:
576:
402:
304:
242:
95:
2834:
2325:
1980:
1915:
537:
2816:
2634:
2451:
2420:
2396:
2317:
2075:
1877:
1631:
1556:
1524:
1508:
1493:
1488:
1380:
1315:
1281:
1247:
1210:
965:
905:
853:
741:
1970:
1955:
2899:
2482:
2355:
2145:
2140:
1828:
1789:
1157:
1153:
843:
833:
702:
490:
443:
395:
312:
270:
262:
2873:
2639:
2252:
2040:
2927:
2613:
2546:
2413:
2110:
1675:
1661:
1616:
1551:
1446:
588:
506:
391:
308:
138:
1960:
1945:
2829:
2477:
2277:
2272:
2247:
2195:
2180:
2120:
2105:
2020:
2015:
2000:
1882:
1850:
1682:
1636:
1611:
1596:
1590:
1561:
1529:
838:
655:
584:
565:
477:
425:
371:
346:
125:
1985:
1975:
985:
936:
2916:
2790:
2533:
2497:
2345:
2282:
1935:
1925:
1920:
1764:
1754:
1667:
1646:
693:
85:
80:
1965:
1311:
Coffee: Growing, Processing, Sustainable
Production: A Guidebook for Growers
881:
This article seems to have a mistake, using the word "diptenes" instead of "
2886:
2587:
2360:
2340:
2185:
2175:
2090:
2080:
1855:
1845:
1711:
510:
300:
857:
2738:
2596:
2487:
2287:
2100:
2065:
2045:
2005:
1833:
1801:
1784:
1721:
1641:
1621:
1416:
549:
518:
421:
351:
174:
1091:"World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"
2717:
2472:
2391:
2330:
2155:
2135:
2125:
2095:
2035:
2025:
1990:
1779:
1688:
641:
580:
494:
432:
1009:"Notizblatt des Königlichen botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin"
622:
Since
Robusta is easier to care for and has a greater crop yield than
2743:
2673:
2408:
2335:
2302:
2297:
2267:
2200:
2165:
1995:
1821:
1749:
882:
498:
398:
315:
184:
2558:
2881:
2581:
2030:
1910:
1867:
1862:
1806:
1716:
1706:
636:
627:
569:
462:
436:
164:
151:
2756:
2678:
2050:
2647:
2350:
2242:
2010:
1930:
1731:
1273:
502:
458:
382:
31:
2665:
2621:
2528:
2370:
2150:
1811:
1759:
1576:
1469:
545:
486:
471:
466:
341:
194:
2403:
2375:
2130:
2115:
2085:
1816:
1774:
635:. Good-quality robusta beans are used in traditional Italian
514:
289:, so predominantly cultivated that it is often simply termed
112:
986:"Robusta vs Arabica: The Main Differences Between The Beans"
529:
2425:
957:
676:
1006:
1438:
541:
Traditional drying of coffee beans in
Kalibaru, Indonesia
1011:. bd.1 (1895–1897). In Commission bei Wilhelm Engelmann.
682:
817:
457:
grows indigenously in
Western and Central Africa from
408:, the plant is currently scientifically identified as
1143:
935:. The Coffee Barrister. 31 July 2016. Archived from
885:", and also seems to contradict the above reference.
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1120:"The disease that could change how we drink coffee"
933:"Understanding the Difference: Arabica vs Robusta"
820:"The cholesterol-raising factor from coffee beans"
1206:Insect pest management: field and protected crops
925:
708:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T18290186A18539466.en
30:"Robusta" redirects here. For the satellite, see
2914:
1202:
1164:
1433:Jan 2008 ICO break down of Green Coffee exports
951:
575:Robusta has its origins in central and western
1246:. Savant Books & Publications. p. 7.
873:"Decaffeinated coffee may be harmful to heart"
631:perceived "strength" and "finish", notably in
1454:
1427:Jan 2008 ICO break down of all Coffee exports
1235:
1233:
517:. This strain was subsequently used to breed
1117:
897:
322:, the plant is scientifically identified as
303:that has its origins in central and western
1422:The Difference Between Arabica and Robusta?
1118:Penarredonda, Jose Luis (6 November 2017).
893:
891:
572:, and as a filler in ground coffee blends.
1461:
1447:
1274:Andrew J. Taylor, Robert Linforth (2010).
1230:
1196:
904:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 176–177.
870:
818:R Urgert and M B Katan (1 November 1996).
729:
727:
725:
74:
47:
1372:
1075:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
847:
837:
733:
706:
513:between robusta and arabica was found in
340:represents between 40% and 45% of global
2493:Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment
1379:. American Bar Association. p. 52.
1341:
1335:
1307:
1239:
1043:von, Linné, Carl; Lars, Salvius (1753).
888:
825:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
579:. It is easy to care for, has a greater
536:
528:
469:. It was not recognized as a species of
381:
269:
261:
2263:Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea
1042:
737:Agriculture & Fishery Technology Iv
722:
475:until 1897, over a hundred years after
428:to ripen, producing oval-shaped beans.
14:
2915:
1547:List of countries by coffee production
1411:Comparison Chart of Robusta to Arabica
1113:
1111:
1045:"Caroli Linnaei ... Species plantarum"
958:Benoit Daviron; Stefano Ponte (2005).
794:"World Arabica coffee production 2022"
769:"World Robusta coffee production 2022"
524:
449:
2938:Flora of West-Central Tropical Africa
2563:
2562:
1442:
1342:Reynolds, Richard (1 February 2006).
533:Unroasted (or 'green') robusta beans
435:than that of arabica, contains more
2923:IUCN Red List least concern species
1280:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 68.
1108:
694:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
560:beans, widely known by the synonym
24:
2442:United States Barista Championship
740:. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 58.
683:Chadburn, H.; Davis, A.P. (2017).
25:
2979:
1404:
1179:"Coffee: World Markets and Trade"
2861:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:747068-1
2541:
2540:
2527:
431:The robusta plant has a greater
412:, which has two main varieties,
326:, which has two main varieties,
99:
1366:
1308:Wintgens, Jean Nicolas (2009).
1301:
1267:
1137:
1083:
1036:
1000:
978:
871:Gaia Vince (16 November 2005).
1158:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.07.008
901:The Cultural History of Plants
864:
811:
786:
761:
377:
370:beans, most of it is used for
13:
1:
2963:Crops originating from Africa
2943:Flora of East Tropical Africa
2933:Flora of West Tropical Africa
1893:Single-serve coffee container
1376:The Little Book of Coffee Law
1350:. Coffee Geek. Archived from
669:
401:. Though widely known by the
1051:. Impensis Laurentii Salvii.
7:
648:
10:
2984:
2447:World Barista Championship
1873:Neapolitan flip coffee pot
1468:
1314:. Wiley-VCH. p. 799.
839:10.1177/014107689608901107
420:. The plant has a shallow
29:
2571:
2521:
2460:
2434:
2384:
2316:
2235:
2209:
1901:
1740:
1699:
1575:
1517:
1476:
1417:Robusta Coffee in Vietnam
1373:Robertson, Carol (2010).
1240:Miyanari, Walter (2008).
1203:A. Rami Horowitz (2004).
964:. Zed Books. p. 51.
318:. Though widely known as
286:C. canephora var. robusta
248:
241:
223:
216:
96:Scientific classification
94:
72:
63:
55:
46:
41:
2968:Plants described in 1897
1499:International Coffee Day
1435:(archived 22 March 2008)
1429:(archived 31 March 2012)
1413:(archived 24 March 2009)
1209:. Springer. p. 41.
701:: e.T18290186A18539466.
564:, are used primarily in
481:. It is also reportedly
390:Robusta is a species of
2293:Historical coffeehouses
1277:Food Flavour Technology
988:. coffeemasta.com. 2024
27:Species of coffee plant
2503:Coffee vending machine
1727:Furan-2-ylmethanethiol
1064:Cite journal requires
1024:Cite journal requires
633:Italian coffee culture
542:
534:
387:
386:Robusta coffee flowers
275:
267:
2308:Viennese coffee house
1839:Karlsbad coffee maker
898:Mark Nesbitt (2005).
540:
532:
385:
307:. It is a species of
273:
265:
2468:Coffee and doughnuts
2071:Indian filter coffee
1504:Single-origin coffee
2508:Used coffee grounds
1243:Aloha Coffee Island
1124:BBC: In depth, Food
663:Coffea charrieriana
525:Cultivation and use
521:-resistant plants.
450:Native distribution
66:Conservation status
2513:Sustainable coffee
2210:Organization lists
2171:RĂĽdesheimer Kaffee
1951:Café com cheirinho
1540:Sustainable coffee
1535:Shade-grown coffee
734:J. Dagoon (2005).
577:sub-Saharan Africa
543:
535:
388:
305:sub-Saharan Africa
299:) is a species of
276:
268:
2910:
2909:
2817:Open Tree of Life
2565:Taxon identifiers
2556:
2555:
2534:Coffee portal
2452:World Brewers Cup
2076:Ipoh white coffee
1557:Coffee wastewater
1525:Coffee production
1509:Third-wave coffee
1386:978-1-60442-985-5
1354:on 13 August 2007
1344:"Robusta's Rehab"
1321:978-3-527-32286-2
1287:978-1-4443-1778-7
1253:978-0-615-18348-0
1216:978-3-540-20755-9
971:978-1-84277-457-1
939:on 20 August 2016
911:978-0-203-02090-6
344:production, with
260:
259:
255:
209:C. canephora
89:
16:(Redirected from
2975:
2953:Flora of Nigeria
2903:
2902:
2890:
2889:
2877:
2876:
2864:
2863:
2851:
2850:
2838:
2837:
2825:
2824:
2812:
2811:
2799:
2798:
2786:
2785:
2773:
2772:
2760:
2759:
2747:
2746:
2734:
2733:
2721:
2720:
2708:
2707:
2695:
2694:
2682:
2681:
2669:
2668:
2656:
2655:
2643:
2642:
2630:
2629:
2627:coffea-canephora
2617:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2603:Coffea canephora
2592:
2591:
2590:
2573:Coffea canephora
2560:
2559:
2547:Category: Coffee
2544:
2543:
2532:
2531:
2483:Coffee leaf rust
2356:Dandelion coffee
2222:Coffee companies
2061:Gassosa al caffè
1829:Espresso machine
1463:
1456:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1183:
1175:
1162:
1161:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1052:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1012:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
993:
982:
976:
975:
955:
949:
948:
946:
944:
929:
923:
922:
920:
918:
895:
886:
880:
868:
862:
861:
851:
841:
815:
809:
808:
806:
804:
790:
784:
783:
781:
779:
765:
759:
758:
756:
754:
731:
720:
719:
717:
715:
710:
687:Coffea canephora
680:
596:grown in Vietnam
554:Coffea canephora
491:French Polynesia
410:Coffea canephora
324:Coffea canephora
280:Coffea canephora
253:
229:
227:Coffea canephora
104:
103:
83:
78:
77:
58:Coffea canephora
51:
39:
38:
21:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2948:Flora of Angola
2913:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2898:
2893:
2885:
2880:
2872:
2867:
2859:
2854:
2846:
2841:
2833:
2828:
2820:
2815:
2807:
2802:
2794:
2789:
2781:
2776:
2768:
2763:
2755:
2750:
2742:
2737:
2729:
2724:
2716:
2711:
2703:
2698:
2690:
2685:
2677:
2672:
2664:
2659:
2651:
2646:
2638:
2633:
2625:
2620:
2612:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2567:
2557:
2552:
2526:
2517:
2456:
2430:
2385:Serving vessels
2380:
2312:
2231:
2205:
2111:Latte macchiato
1981:Caffè macchiato
1897:
1736:
1695:
1580:
1571:
1552:Coffee roasting
1513:
1472:
1467:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1238:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1165:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1116:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1065:
1063:
1054:
1053:
1041:
1037:
1025:
1023:
1014:
1013:
1005:
1001:
991:
989:
984:
983:
979:
972:
956:
952:
942:
940:
931:
930:
926:
916:
914:
912:
896:
889:
869:
865:
832:(11): 618–623.
816:
812:
802:
800:
792:
791:
787:
777:
775:
767:
766:
762:
752:
750:
748:
732:
723:
713:
711:
681:
677:
672:
651:
589:coffea liberica
527:
507:Lesser Antilles
452:
392:flowering plant
380:
309:flowering plant
237:
231:
225:
212:
98:
90:
79:
75:
68:
42:Robusta coffee
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2981:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2958:Flora of Sudan
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2900:wfo-0000910571
2891:
2878:
2865:
2852:
2839:
2826:
2813:
2800:
2787:
2774:
2761:
2748:
2735:
2722:
2709:
2696:
2683:
2670:
2657:
2644:
2631:
2618:
2608:
2593:
2577:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2537:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2478:Coffee service
2475:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2278:Coffee cupping
2275:
2273:Coffee culture
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2248:Bikini barista
2245:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2196:Wiener Melange
2193:
2188:
2183:
2181:Turkish coffee
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2121:Liqueur coffee
2118:
2113:
2108:
2106:Kurdish coffee
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2021:Dalgona coffee
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2001:Coffee cabinet
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1971:Caffè corretto
1968:
1963:
1958:
1956:Café con leche
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1883:Turkish coffee
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1851:Instant coffee
1848:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1679:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1658:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1586:
1584:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1562:Decaffeination
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1530:Organic coffee
1521:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1406:
1405:External links
1403:
1400:
1399:
1385:
1365:
1334:
1320:
1300:
1286:
1266:
1252:
1229:
1215:
1195:
1163:
1152:(3): 863–868.
1146:Food Chemistry
1136:
1107:
1082:
1066:|journal=
1035:
1026:|journal=
999:
977:
970:
950:
924:
910:
887:
863:
810:
785:
760:
746:
721:
674:
673:
671:
668:
667:
666:
659:
656:Coffea arabica
650:
647:
585:arabica coffea
566:instant coffee
562:Coffea robusta
526:
523:
478:Coffea arabica
451:
448:
406:Coffea robusta
379:
376:
372:instant coffee
347:Coffea arabica
338:Coffea robusta
320:Coffea robusta
297:robusta coffee
295:, or commonly
292:Coffea robusta
258:
257:
251:Coffea robusta
246:
245:
239:
238:
232:
221:
220:
214:
213:
206:
204:
200:
199:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
155:
154:
149:
142:
141:
136:
129:
128:
123:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
92:
91:
73:
70:
69:
64:
61:
60:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2980:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:Canned coffee
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2346:Cereal coffee
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2326:Barley coffee
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2283:Coffee palace
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2253:Caffè sospeso
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2191:White Russian
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2041:Frappé coffee
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1941:Cà phê sữa đá
1939:
1937:
1936:Black Russian
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1921:Beaten coffee
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1903:Coffee drinks
1900:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1765:Brewed coffee
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1755:Arabic coffee
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:Blue Mountain
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1567:Home roasting
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1369:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1289:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1234:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1112:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1078:
1071:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1031:
1018:
1010:
1003:
987:
981:
973:
967:
963:
962:
954:
938:
934:
928:
913:
907:
903:
902:
894:
892:
884:
878:
877:New Scientist
874:
867:
859:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
831:
827:
826:
821:
814:
799:
795:
789:
774:
770:
764:
749:
747:9789712342233
743:
739:
738:
730:
728:
726:
709:
704:
700:
696:
695:
690:
688:
679:
675:
665:
664:
660:
658:
657:
653:
652:
646:
644:
643:
638:
634:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
605:
601:
600:and in Brazil
597:
594:It is mostly
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
539:
531:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:
474:
473:
468:
465:and south to
464:
460:
456:
447:
445:
440:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:C. c. robusta
411:
407:
404:
400:
397:
393:
384:
375:
373:
369:
365:
362:. Beans from
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:
343:
339:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:
288:
287:
282:
281:
272:
264:
256:
252:
247:
244:
240:
236:ex A.Froehner
235:
230:
228:
222:
219:
218:Binomial name
215:
211:
210:
205:
202:
201:
198:
197:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
126:Tracheophytes
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
102:
97:
93:
87:
82:
81:Least Concern
71:
67:
62:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2572:
2539:
2525:
2435:Competitions
2421:Tasse à café
2258:Coffee break
2227:Coffeehouses
2217:Bakery cafés
2186:White coffee
2176:Tenom coffee
2081:Irish coffee
1961:Café de olla
1946:Café au lait
1888:Vacuum maker
1856:Coffee syrup
1846:French press
1712:Caffeic acid
1681:
1674:
1660:
1655:Charrieriana
1653:
1589:
1390:. Retrieved
1375:
1368:
1356:. Retrieved
1352:the original
1347:
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1310:
1303:
1291:. Retrieved
1276:
1269:
1257:. Retrieved
1242:
1220:. Retrieved
1205:
1198:
1186:. Retrieved
1149:
1145:
1139:
1127:. Retrieved
1123:
1098:. Retrieved
1095:apps.kew.org
1094:
1085:
1057:cite journal
1048:
1038:
1017:cite journal
1002:
992:22 September
990:. Retrieved
980:
960:
953:
941:. Retrieved
937:the original
927:
915:. Retrieved
900:
876:
866:
829:
823:
813:
801:. Retrieved
797:
788:
776:. Retrieved
772:
763:
751:. Retrieved
736:
712:. Retrieved
698:
692:
686:
678:
661:
654:
640:
623:
621:
616:
603:
602:, where the
593:
574:
561:
558:C. canephora
557:
553:
544:
476:
470:
455:C. canephora
454:
453:
441:
430:
418:C. c. nganda
417:
413:
409:
405:
389:
367:
363:
359:
355:
352:coffee beans
345:
337:
336:
331:
327:
323:
319:
301:coffee plant
296:
291:
290:
285:
284:
283:(especially
279:
278:
277:
266:Ripe berries
250:
249:
226:
224:
208:
207:
195:
158:
145:
132:
119:
57:
36:
2739:iNaturalist
2597:Wikispecies
2488:Coffee wars
2318:Substitutes
2288:Coffeehouse
2101:Kopi tubruk
2066:Iced coffee
2046:Frappuccino
2016:Café Cubano
2006:Coffee milk
1986:Caffè mocha
1976:Caffè crema
1834:French drip
1802:Drip coffee
1785:Coffeemaker
1742:Preparation
1722:Coffee bean
1627:Maracaturra
1392:13 December
1327:13 December
1293:13 December
1259:13 December
1129:23 November
714:19 November
519:coffee rust
483:naturalized
426:the berries
422:root system
378:Description
175:Gentianales
139:Angiosperms
56:Berries of
2917:Categories
2830:Plant List
2473:Coffee bag
2392:Coffee cup
2331:Barley tea
2156:Raf coffee
2136:Marocchino
2126:Long black
2096:Kopi luwak
2036:Flat white
2026:Egg coffee
1991:Cappuccino
1966:Café Touba
1878:Percolator
1780:Chorreador
1700:Components
1632:Maragogipe
1518:Production
1489:Fair trade
1348:CoffeeGeek
883:diterpenes
803:19 January
778:19 January
670:References
624:C. arabica
617:C. arabica
581:crop yield
548:made from
509:. In 1927
495:Costa Rica
433:crop yield
368:C. arabica
364:C. robusta
360:C. robusta
356:C. arabica
2835:kew-45464
2705:200022077
2692:200022077
2409:Demitasse
2336:Barleycup
2303:Latte art
2298:Kopi tiam
2268:CoffeeCon
2236:Lifestyle
2201:Yuenyeung
2166:Ristretto
1996:Carajillo
1916:Americano
1822:ristretto
1790:Cold brew
1750:AeroPress
1607:Bonifieur
1582:varieties
1484:Economics
1358:5 January
1222:23 August
609:Indonesia
499:Nicaragua
399:Rubiaceae
316:Rubiaceae
203:Species:
185:Rubiaceae
109:Kingdom:
2887:27900017
2882:Tropicos
2796:18290186
2770:11165657
2757:747068-1
2582:Wikidata
2366:Maya nut
2141:Mazagran
2031:Espresso
1911:Affogato
1868:Moka pot
1863:Knockbox
1807:Espresso
1717:Caffeine
1707:Cafestol
1676:Racemosa
1662:Liberica
1100:1 August
943:2 August
798:Statista
773:Statista
649:See also
637:espresso
628:pyrazine
570:espresso
511:a hybrid
505:and the
463:Tanzania
437:caffeine
254:L.Linden
243:Synonyms
181:Family:
165:Asterids
152:Eudicots
86:IUCN 3.1
2718:2895528
2666:1109728
2648:Ecocrop
2351:Chicory
2243:Barista
2161:Red eye
2146:Moretta
2011:Cortado
1931:Bicerin
1732:Kahweol
1683:Robusta
1637:Molokai
1612:Bourbon
1597:Benguet
1591:Arabica
1577:Species
1494:History
917:22 July
858:9135590
849:1295997
753:22 July
611:(13%),
604:conilon
552:of the
503:Jamaica
459:Liberia
444:arabica
403:synonym
394:in the
328:robusta
311:in the
274:Flowers
191:Genus:
171:Order:
113:Plantae
84: (
32:ROBUSTA
18:Robusta
2928:Coffea
2874:158002
2848:COCA39
2843:PLANTS
2822:104739
2783:506060
2622:ARKive
2611:APDB:
2588:Q47532
2545:
2397:sleeve
2371:Postum
2151:Oliang
2056:Garoto
1812:doppio
1770:Chemex
1760:Jebena
1668:Barako
1647:Sagada
1617:Geisha
1477:Topics
1470:Coffee
1383:
1318:
1284:
1250:
1213:
968:
908:
856:
846:
744:
546:Coffee
487:Borneo
472:Coffea
467:Angola
396:family
342:coffee
332:nganda
313:family
234:Pierre
196:Coffea
2809:49390
2765:IRMNG
2744:64345
2731:11092
2679:COFCA
2614:86685
2461:Misc.
2414:spoon
2404:Cezve
2376:Qishr
2131:Lungo
2116:Latte
2086:Karsk
2051:GalĂŁo
1817:lungo
1795:nitro
1775:Cezve
1188:8 May
1182:(PDF)
642:crema
613:India
550:beans
515:Timor
354:from
159:Clade
146:Clade
133:Clade
120:Clade
2856:POWO
2804:NCBI
2791:IUCN
2778:ITIS
2752:IPNI
2726:GRIN
2713:GBIF
2674:EPPO
2640:WVXV
2426:Zarf
2361:Inka
2341:Caro
2091:Kopi
1926:Bica
1689:Sulu
1642:S795
1622:Kona
1579:and
1394:2011
1381:ISBN
1360:2010
1329:2011
1316:ISBN
1295:2011
1282:ISBN
1261:2011
1248:ISBN
1224:2011
1211:ISBN
1190:2020
1131:2017
1102:2017
1077:link
1070:help
1030:help
994:2024
966:ISBN
945:2016
919:2011
906:ISBN
854:PMID
805:2023
780:2023
755:2011
742:ISBN
716:2021
699:2017
416:and
358:and
330:and
2895:WFO
2869:RHS
2700:FoC
2687:FNA
2661:EoL
2653:750
2635:CoL
1154:doi
1150:124
844:PMC
834:doi
703:doi
485:in
461:to
2919::
2897::
2884::
2871::
2858::
2845::
2832::
2819::
2806::
2793::
2780::
2767::
2754::
2741::
2728::
2715::
2702::
2689::
2676::
2663::
2650::
2637::
2624::
2599::
2584::
1346:.
1232:^
1166:^
1148:.
1122:.
1110:^
1093:.
1061::
1059:}}
1055:{{
1047:.
1021::
1019:}}
1015:{{
890:^
875:.
852:.
842:.
830:89
828:.
822:.
796:.
771:.
724:^
697:.
691:.
619:.
591:.
568:,
501:,
497:,
493:,
489:,
446:.
374:.
334:.
161::
148::
135::
122::
1462:e
1455:t
1448:v
1396:.
1362:.
1331:.
1297:.
1263:.
1226:.
1192:.
1160:.
1156::
1133:.
1104:.
1079:)
1072:)
1068:(
1049:1
1032:)
1028:(
996:.
974:.
947:.
921:.
879:.
860:.
836::
807:.
782:.
757:.
718:.
705::
689:"
685:"
88:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
