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stopwatches at each end of the run were meant to signal each other by dropping handkerchiefs, but were so nonplussed that neither got a timing. Some spectators by the course took fright, running away and leaping over a hedge. The corporal driving kept his foot down, and failed to take a corner on the run-off section at the end, decapitating a telegraph pole and spreading coils of wire in all directions. So the concept was proved, surpassing all expectations.
332:
375:
The engine, and the Rolls-Royce team's fresh look at tank development, had a major impact on
British tank design. As development of the engine progressed, the Rolls-Royce team became more and more involved in development of the tank. Despite his lack of experience in tank design or warfare, Robotham
339:
On 6 April 1941, the first Merlin prepared for tank use was despatched to
Aldershot in a modified Crusader tank, which was tested on the Army standard speed course behind Farnborough. A "maximum revolution recorder" recorded "something in excess of 50 miles per hour (80 km/h)". The officers with
401:
Early prototypes were produced by Rolls-Royce. In 1941, Leyland, which had an order for 1,200 Meteor engines, was still advocating its own diesel tank engine for the
Cromwell tank. It would deliver only 350 hp (260 kW), but Leyland was concerned with the problem of sufficient cooling for
257:
per ton (producing only 475 bhp on "pool" petrol) required, so the 1,030 bhp (770 kW) Merlin III was chosen. Also, the Merlin was being produced in two factories, and some components not suitable for an aero engine could be used in a "derated" Meteor engine (unlike an aero engine, a
558:
With the introduction of the Meteor engine in the
Cromwell, originally intended for the 340 horsepower (250 kW) Liberty, the boost to 550 horsepower (410 kW) gave the vehicle exceptional mobility and speed. This increase in power made it possible to integrate greater armour on following
435:
but manufacturing capacity was severely limited due to the demand for Merlin engines. Early units were still manufactured using recovered Merlin parts and many early
Meteors still showed crash damage. When engine manufacturing needed to increase output, brand new engines had to be made. Because
304:
The major change for tank use was to reverse the direction of engine rotation. Automotive gearboxes ran the opposite way to an aircraft propeller and changing direction required modification of the camshaft lobes (most
Merlins were "right-hand tractor", i.e. the propeller rotated clockwise when
534:
and used in the
Crusader, the Meteor engine in the Cromwell tank provided almost twice the performance in virtually the same 1,650-cubic-inch (27.0 L) displacement. Reliability was significantly improved against previous tank engines. With a Rolls-Royce Merlin origin, the Meteor was very
300:
Development started with the use of recovered Merlin engine parts from crashed aircraft. While unsuitable for re-use in aircraft, the Rolls-Royce chassis division had begun collecting and refurbishing them in the hope of finding a use. Robotham was approached by Henry
Spurrier, of Leyland
309:, reduction gear and other equipment were removed from its crankshaft, greatly simplifying its construction. Many aircraft-specific parts were deleted, such as the propeller reduction gear and the aircraft-style starter. That meant the dimensions of the engine became similar to the
491:
Rover took over the Meteor in
January 1944 and in 1946 the British Government made Rover responsible for research and development of large military engines. In this role, Rover continued the development and production of the Meteor Mk IVb and various derivatives, including the
351:
gear (and steering) box, the engine was lowered. A new flat sump was created, the oil pumps changed and the crankshaft lined up with the new gearbox. The new engine had cast pistons, rather than forged ones, and was de-rated to around 600 bhp (447 kW), running on
472:, but progress there was slow and there were disputes between Power Jets designers of the engine. Rover became disillusioned. Backed by the MAP who were unable to force Power Jets to become part of Rover, Hives struck a deal in December 1942 with
276:
tank) for use in
British tanks, rather than the Meteor then under development, because an adapted aero engine "would not be suitable as a rugged tank engine". But the Ford V8 had "teething problems", which were not overcome until after the
384:
tank. The Rolls-Royce chassis division, which had commenced the Meteor design, evolved into its Tank Division at Belper and was involved with the overall design of four versions of the Cromwell tank, using a standard set of components.
301:
Mechanization and Aero, to ask about help with tank powerplants. Based on Spurrier's requirement, the first prototype Meteor engine (and subsequent production of Mark 1 engines) was assembled on the basis of recovered Merlin parts.
440:
versions. It was also envisaged that the Meteor would use some components rejected on quality grounds for the Merlin, but suitable for a derated Meteor engine. Many of these rejected parts while not meeting strict standards for
500:
success required more manufacturing capacity, so Rolls-Royce again became responsible for the manufacture of spare parts. Future engines for British tanks were manufactured by the engine division Rolls-Royce Diesels of
637:
The Meteor was also used as the propulsion for the experimental Helmore Projector, later known as the Helmover, a 30 ft long remote controlled torpedo. It never reached deployment before the end of the war.
452:
produced some Meteors but the small factory of 2,000 men was producing 40 types of engine. To make enough Meteors for the Cromwell build programme, Rolls-Royce agreed to move Meteor production to the
525:
Previously British tanks had been regarded as underpowered and unreliable and the Meteor is considered to be the engine that, for the first time, gave British tanks ample, reliable power. Replacing the earlier
428:(BRC&W). They resolved the cooling problems, ultimately delivering before Leyland's version, although production leadership later switched back to Leyland when BRC&W could not keep up with demand.
258:
tank engine did not require continuous maximum power, even when driven hard). Robotham was at pains to point out that Rolls-Royce could not manufacture the engines, so would not benefit commercially.
268:
In 1942, after the British Tank Mission visit to America in April, there was some pressure from British car and commercial vehicle manufacturers to adopt the new 500 bhp (370 kW)
414:
that he already had his hands full making Merlin aero engines, and Rolls-Royce would want £1 million to its credit and 'no interference' to make tank engines, The Beaver telegrammed back:
261:
On 27 April 1941, the Directorate of Tank Design (DTD) supported production of the Meteor, eventually placing orders direct with Rolls-Royce to maintain development in connection with the
265:. A new tank specification, A27M, was produced for design of the Meteor-powered tank. The Meteor engine went on to become one of the most successful British tank engines.
488:
and production of the Meteor, to become officially effective on 1 April 1943. In 1943, an acute shortage of blocks was met by dismantling surplus older marks of Merlin.
424:
An order for 1,000 engines followed with, and a new tank design specification was created: A27M, splitting design of the Meteor powered Cromwell away from Leyland to
420:
The British Government has given you an open credit of one million pounds. This is a certificate of character and reputation without precedent or equal. Beaverbrook.
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445:, were perfectly adequate for use in ground vehicles where the crew or operators were not subject to the inherent hazards involved in flight.
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weight saving was not so important for a tank engine, some of the Merlin's more expensive light-alloy components were replaced with cheaper,
425:
215:
engine that was developed during the Second World War. It was used in British tanks up to 1964. It was a result of co-operation between
551:, at the opening of the Rolls-Royce aero engine factory at East Kilbride. Sandys had been wartime Parliamentary Secretary to the
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I regard the adoption of the Meteor tank engine as the absolute turning-point in the history of British tank development
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the Meteor within the confines of the tank engine bay. When Leyland withdrew its support, Robotham took the problem to
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and changes were made to the Cromwell development programme to accommodate it. To enable fitting it in-line with a
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and Robotham who resigned from the Ministry in 1943 wrote that Sandys was knowledgeable on army matters.
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and the M120 V12. Rover ceased this activity in 1964, having produced approximately 9,000 engines. The
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and Rolls-Royce who between them in 1941 had suggested that a specialised de-rated version of the
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tanks. Designers and military planners started to consider the possibility of a
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engine, and it would fit into the space for the Liberty Mark VI version in the
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567:) and high-mobility (Cruiser tank) roles. Ultimately, this resulted in the
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Rolls-Royce was also aiding the development of production jet engines at
356:
60:
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OHMS Ministry of Supply to W. Hives Nightingale Road Rolls-Royce Derby
321:
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132:
600:, a reworked design of Challenger for use as self-propelled artillery.
505:, which in 1969 had a seven-figure unfulfilled order for Meteor spares
320:. It retained the Merlin dual ignition system — each cylinder had two
1400:
331:
1298:
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241:, who were engaged in tank work, he considered RR's two V12s; the
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and his chassis design and development division at Clan Foundry,
226:
would be highly suitable for use in armoured fighting vehicles.
234:
192:
953:
The Magic of a Name: The Rolls-Royce Story, The first 40 Years
437:
360:
1849:
913:, Ian (1978). "chapter 7, The Meteor Tank-Engine Project".
748:
736:
212:
678:
397:
Cromwell tank showing its speed during official inspection
955:. Vol. I. Cambridge: Icon Books. pp. 253–255.
880:
The Rolls Royce Meteor: Cromwell and other Applications
793:
781:
702:
760:
722:"Rolls-Royce Enthusiasts' Club – Clan Foundry Belper"
690:
1024:
305:viewed from the rear). For the Meteor, the Merlin
380:and joined the Tank Board. He was involved in the
1960:
583:The Meteor was used in the following vehicles:
343:The engine was commissioned for use in the new
253:engines, did not provide the desirable 20
376:was made Chief Engineer of Tank Design in the
1835:
1010:
426:Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company
370:
367:(BTH) magnetos were changed for Simms units.
335:A Crusader tank, similar to as used in trials
245:, while having more power than the existing "
662:, equivalent contemporary German tank engine
656:, equivalent contemporary Soviet tank engine
480:production and the Rover jet design team at
229:The Meteor was developed from the Merlin by
484:for the Rolls-Royce tank engine factory in
1842:
1828:
1017:
1003:
901:Fletcher (1989). "3 The Next Generation".
27:
859:Learn how and when to remove this message
284:
991:– Reginald J Spencer MBE CEng FIEE, FIQA
969:
900:
822:This article includes a list of general
799:
787:
766:
754:
742:
708:
684:
513:in the 1980s. Perkins was taken over by
392:
330:
16:Reciprocating internal combustion engine
1850:Aero-derivative engines by manufacturer
539:was surprised and pleased when in 1963
1961:
563:, able to undertake both high-armour (
1823:
998:
931:
909:
877:
696:
431:The Meteor was initially produced by
950:
808:
989:Rolls-Royce at Clan Foundry, Belper
627:, used to train crews for Conqueror
13:
828:it lacks sufficient corresponding
185:550–810 bhp (410–600 kW)
14:
2005:
982:
197:1,450 lb⋅ft (1,970 N⋅m)
813:
406:. Hives took the problem to the
296:Cromwell tank § Development
289:
137:SOHC 4v Per cylinder - 48 valves
871:
578:
535:lightly stressed and reliable.
272:tank engine (to be used in the
33:Rolls-Royce Meteor Mark III at
1457:Rolls-Royce Barnoldswick (RB)
915:Rolls Royce: The Merlin at War
772:
714:
520:
187:Rolls-Royce Meteor M120 810 hp
1:
975:Silver Ghosts and Silver Dawn
666:
388:
7:
1675:Aero-derivative industrial
641:
10:
2010:
1979:Rolls-Royce piston engines
1811:Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust
884:Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust
621:experimental assault tank.
382:Cruiser Mk VIII Challenger
371:Expansion into tank design
293:
107:27.022 litres (1648.96 ci)
1989:Gasoline engines by model
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117:5.4 in (137 mm)
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26:
21:
971:Robotham, William Arthur
671:
448:To increase production,
1969:Aero-derivative engines
1141:By company designation:
878:Evans, Michael (2004).
843:more precise citations.
365:British Thomson-Houston
359:instead of high-octane
324:, driven from separate
127:6 in (152 mm)
422:
398:
336:
285:Design and development
1696:Rolls-Royce Meteorite
917:. London: Macmillan.
648:Rolls-Royce Meteorite
571:and evolved into the
416:
396:
361:avgas (aviation fuel)
334:
1807:Rolls-Royce Holdings
1740:Alan Arnold Griffith
977:. London: Constable.
951:Pugh, Peter (2000).
932:Munro, Bill (2005).
757:, pp. 154, 155.
745:, pp. 150, 151.
1900:Pratt & Whitney
1795:Spirito Mario Viale
1026:Rolls-Royce Limited
687:, pp. 147–151.
633:post war heavy tank
509:It was acquired by
53:Rolls-Royce Limited
1745:R.W. Harvey-Bailey
1691:Rolls-Royce Meteor
1677:and marine engines
934:The Centurion Tank
553:Ministry of Supply
476:of Rover to trade
408:Ministry of Supply
399:
378:Ministry of Supply
337:
207:later renamed the
205:Rolls-Royce Meteor
22:Rolls-Royce Meteor
1954:
1953:
1817:
1816:
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1727:
1176:
1175:
962:978-1-84046-151-0
943:978-1-86126-701-6
936:. Crowood Press.
924:978-0-333-24016-8
893:978-1-872922-24-9
869:
868:
861:
699:, pp. 18–21.
654:Kharkiv model V-2
530:licence-built by
279:Normandy landings
201:
200:
143:Compression ratio
2001:
1857:General Electric
1844:
1837:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1681:
1680:
1362:(as Turbo-Union)
1356:(with MAN Turbo)
1335:(with MAN Turbo)
1195:Rolls-Royce RZ.2
1072:Eagle XVI (X-16)
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412:Lord Beaverbrook
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882:. Historical.
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569:Centurion tank
561:Universal tank
537:W. A. Robotham
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461:and Morris at
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294:Main article:
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231:W. A. Robotham
217:Leyland Motors
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1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1790:Arthur Rubbra
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1775:Harry Ricardo
1773:
1771:
1770:Cyril Lovesey
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1692:
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1688:
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1679:
1673:
1667:
1664:
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1652:
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1599:
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1579:
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1569:
1567:
1564:
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1559:
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1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
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1519:
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1514:
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1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
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1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
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1436:
1434:
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1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1391:Trent (RB203)
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:(with SNECMA)
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:(with SNECMA)
1239:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1001:
1000:
997:
990:
987:
986:
976:
972:
968:
964:
958:
954:
949:
945:
939:
935:
930:
926:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
895:
889:
885:
881:
876:
875:
863:
860:
852:
842:
838:
832:
831:
825:
820:
811:
810:
801:
800:Robotham 1970
796:
789:
788:Robotham 1970
784:
775:
769:, p. 34.
768:
767:Fletcher 1989
763:
756:
755:Robotham 1970
751:
744:
743:Robotham 1970
739:
723:
717:
710:
709:Robotham 1970
705:
698:
693:
686:
685:Robotham 1970
681:
677:
661:
660:Maybach HL230
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
645:
639:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
584:
576:
574:
570:
566:
565:Infantry tank
562:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
541:Duncan Sandys
538:
533:
529:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
495:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
474:Spencer Wilks
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
455:Rover Company
451:
446:
444:
443:airworthiness
439:
434:
429:
427:
421:
415:
413:
409:
405:
395:
386:
383:
379:
368:
366:
362:
358:
355:
350:
346:
345:Cromwell tank
341:
333:
329:
327:
323:
319:
318:Crusader tank
315:
314:
308:
302:
297:
290:Engine design
282:
280:
275:
271:
266:
264:
263:Cromwell tank
259:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
222:
218:
214:
211:is a British
210:
206:
196:
194:
193:Torque output
190:
184:
182:
178:
173:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
146:
144:
140:
136:
134:
130:
126:
124:
123:Piston stroke
120:
116:
114:
113:Cylinder bore
110:
106:
104:
100:
96:
94:
93:Configuration
90:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
65:Morris Motors
62:
58:
54:
51:
49:
45:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
1994:Tank engines
1956:
1935:
1760:Gordon Lewis
1750:Ernest Hives
1706:Gas turbines
1690:
1459:designations
1077:Eagle (H-24)
1067:Eagle (V-12)
1029:aero engines
974:
952:
933:
914:
902:
879:
855:
846:
827:
795:
783:
774:
762:
750:
738:
726:. Retrieved
716:
704:
692:
680:
636:
582:
579:Applications
557:
548:
544:
528:Liberty L-12
524:
506:
494:Meteorite V8
490:
482:Barnoldswick
467:
447:
430:
423:
417:
404:Ernest Hives
400:
374:
349:Merrit-Brown
342:
338:
312:
307:supercharger
303:
299:
267:
260:
228:
209:Rover Meteor
208:
204:
202:
181:Power output
103:Displacement
74:Rover Meteor
48:Manufacturer
1931:Marine Spey
1918:Rolls-Royce
1785:Henry Royce
1720:Marine Spey
1405:Turboshafts
1238:Olympus 593
841:introducing
521:Performance
433:Rolls-Royce
357:pool petrol
322:spark plugs
224:aero-engine
71:Also called
1963:Categories
1401:Turboprops
872:References
824:references
778:Sidgreaves
728:1 December
697:Munro 2005
667:References
625:Caernarvon
614:Charioteer
593:Challenger
503:Shrewsbury
498:Land Rover
486:Nottingham
410:, telling
389:Production
274:M4 Sherman
152:Combustion
133:Valvetrain
79:Production
1941:Meteorite
1805:See also
1733:Designers
1299:Turbofans
1205:Turbojets
1122:Peregrine
631:Conqueror
609:Centurion
575:concept.
517:in 1997.
311:Nuffield
281:in 1944.
157:Fuel type
82:1941–1964
1576:RB168-62
1339:RB168-62
1232:variants
1045:By name:
973:(1970).
849:May 2009
642:See also
619:Tortoise
588:Cromwell
532:Nuffield
463:Coventry
326:magnetos
42:Overview
1328:Pegasus
1289:Welland
1230: (
1228:Olympus
1218:Derwent
1132:Vulture
1117:Pennine
1107:Kestrel
1097:Griffon
1092:Goshawk
1052:Buzzard
837:improve
598:Avenger
511:Perkins
478:W.2B/23
459:Tyseley
450:Meadows
313:Liberty
270:Ford V8
251:Meadows
247:Liberty
243:Kestrel
239:Leyland
147:6:1–7:1
57:Meadows
1936:Meteor
1890:LMS100
1885:LM6000
1880:LM2500
1875:LM1600
1870:LM1500
1621:RB.193
1561:RB.162
1433:Nimbus
1354:RB.193
1344:RB.175
1323:Medway
1312:Conway
1279:Thames
1259:RB.162
1254:RB.145
1249:RB.108
1244:RB.106
1168:Type R
1163:Type F
1158:Type G
1153:Type H
1112:Merlin
1087:Falcon
1057:Condor
959:
940:
921:
890:
826:, but
724:. RREC
543:said
354:octane
352:lower-
235:Belper
221:Merlin
175:Output
160:Petrol
87:Layout
1865:LM500
1666:RB508
1661:RB410
1656:RB235
1651:RB220
1646:RB211
1641:RB203
1636:RB207
1631:RB202
1626:RB199
1616:RB183
1611:RB181
1606:RB178
1601:RB177
1596:RB176
1591:RB175
1586:RB174
1581:RB172
1571:RB168
1566:RB163
1556:RB153
1551:RB146
1546:RB145
1541:RB142
1536:RB141
1531:RB140
1526:RB109
1521:RB108
1516:RB106
1443:Tweed
1438:Trent
1428:Gnome
1413:Clyde
1381:RB235
1376:RB220
1371:RB211
1366:RB202
1360:RB199
1349:RB178
1333:RB153
1307:Adour
1284:Viper
1264:RB176
1190:Larch
1062:Crecy
911:Lloyd
672:Notes
604:Comet
470:Rover
438:steel
249:" or
170:Water
61:Rover
1946:MT30
1926:Avon
1809:and
1511:RB93
1506:RB82
1501:RB80
1496:RB53
1491:RB50
1486:RB44
1481:RB41
1476:RB39
1471:RB37
1466:RB23
1448:Tyne
1418:Dart
1386:Spey
1317:M45H
1269:Soar
1223:Nene
1213:Avon
1148:PV12
1102:Hawk
957:ISBN
938:ISBN
919:ISBN
888:ISBN
730:2010
213:tank
203:The
97:V-12
1908:GG4
1423:Gem
1274:Tay
1127:"R"
1082:Exe
457:at
255:bhp
1965::
886:.
465:.
363:.
328:.
1843:e
1836:t
1829:v
1708::
1403:/
1234:)
1018:e
1011:t
1004:v
965:.
946:.
927:.
905:.
896:.
862:)
856:(
851:)
847:(
833:.
732:.
549:"
545:"
507:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
