1625:, their settlement frequently necessitating the eviction of Ukrainian residents who were billeted in the houses of their neighbours. The economic activity of the Roma was, theoretically, organised systematically by the state, however, in reality there was insufficient demand for labour to occupy them and they were unable to sustain themselves through work. Their high concentration in specific locations resulted in food shortages, as the local occupying authorities had insufficient resources to feed the deportees. The deported Roma suffered great hardship from the beginning due to cold and lack of food, with a high mortality rate being notable from the very beginning of the period of deportation. On occasions Roma colonies received no food rations for weeks on end, and as no clothing was issued to supplement the insufficient supply they had been allowed to bring with them, the Ukrainian winter caused much suffering and many deaths, while healthcare was practically non-existent.
4317:
1295:(1849-1856) introduced gradual restrictions of the freedom of private slave-owners to sell or donate slaves. A regulation was introduced in 1850 which forced slave-owners wishing to sell slaves to do so to the state treasury, which would immediately free them. In 1851 a measure allowing the state to compulsorily purchase mistreated slaves was introduced. The final decree of emancipation, entitled “The law for the emancipation of all Gypsies in the Principality of Wallachia” , was enacted in February 1856, thereby ending slavery in Wallachia. Slaveowners were compensated 10 ducats for each slave they possessed, with the cost of this purchase to be taken from the tax revenues which would be paid by freed slaves. The law obliged Roma to settle in villages, where they could be more easily taxed, thus forcing the last nomadic Romani to become sedentary.
1248:, with obligations of service and tax owed to the state set at a lower level than the non-Roma population. The Roma were also exempted from military service and enjoyed a degree of toleration for their non-Christian religious practices. The economic role of Romani metal-workers and craftsmen was significant in the rural economy. Many Romanis retained their nomadic lifestyle, enjoying the right to camp on crown land, however, over the centuries part of the population settled in Saxon villages, on the edge of towns, or on the estates of boyars. Those who settled on Boyar estates quickly became serfs and integrated into the local population, while those in towns and villages tended to retain their identity and freedom, albeit as a marginalised group.
1279:
of the nascent industrial sector. Private owners of slaves, monasteries and even the state frequently hired out their slave workforce for large sums of money. This new capitalistic system of exploitation transformed slaves into goods in the full sense of the term, whereas in the past slaves tended to be sold only in extremis, mass auctions of slaves became commonplace. As a result of this new mode of exploitation, the nomadic lifestyle of the Roma of
Moldavia and Wallachia was no longer possible, and, like Transylvanian rom, they became a largely sedentary population. The exact slave population of Wallachia and Moldavia at this time is a matter of some debate, but historian Viorel Achim puts the figure at around 400,000, or 7% of the population.
1354:
1393:
4279:
1705:
1370:
continue to labour for their former owners often suffered great economic hardship, imprisonment and death from hunger being frequent outcomes. During the first thirty years following liberation, a notable phenomenon of urbanisation occurred, with many Roma who were expelled from their former owners' estates, or who did not wish to adopt a lifestyle which would thrust them into poverty, migrating to towns. This contrasted the situation noted in some other groups of Roma, who adapted fully to this new condition and assimilated into the peasant population, losing their status as Roma both culturally and officially.
1189:. Slaves were considered wholly property of their owners, and could be transferred, bequeathed, mortgaged or exchanged for goods or services. In addition, any property owned by the slaves could also be appropriated. Slaves could be legally imprisoned or beaten by their masters at any time, but they could not be killed, and slaves resident at the manor of their masters had to be fed and clothed. Some Roma slaves were allowed to travel and earn their own living in exchange for a fixed payment to their owners. Still, the brutality of the slave owners in the Danubian Principalities was well known in Western Europe.
1157:, creating the three groups of Roma slaves; princely slaves, monastery slaves and boyar slaves. Any Gypsy without a master would automatically become a princely slave, and any foreign-born Romani passing through the prince's dominion risked being enslaved. The Tatar component of the slave population disappeared in the second half of the 15th century, fusing into the more numerous Roma population. during this period, the Roma were organised into bands composed of 30-40 families. These bands were delineated by profession and named for the nature of their economic activity, examples include gold-washers (
4263:
1205:
system administered by local Romani leaders and sheriffs existed, as Roma had no access to the law, and any damages caused by Roma to the property or persons of non-Roma were legally the responsibility of their legal owners. Killings of Roma were technically punishable by death, but boyars who killed a slave seem never to have been executed in practice and a Roma who killed another would usually simply be offered to the victim's master as compensation. Although contemporary records do show that Roma slaves were occasionally freed by their masters, this was very unusual.
1288:
the educated classes in the 1840s, before developing into a well-defined abolitionist movement in the 1850s. Heated debate was conducted in newspapers, with abolitionist voices initially focusing on the material and spiritual poverty endured by the slaves, and the damage this did to the country's image, before adopting arguments based on humanism and liberalism. The economic unproductivity of slave labour was also argued by slavery's critics. During the revolutions of 1848, the
Moldavian and Wallachian radicals included abolition of slavery as part of their programmes.
4231:
193:
7069:
1233:, bordering Wallachia, was under the control of the Prince of Wallachia until the end of the 15th century, and therefore the institutions of slavery which pertained in that region were identical to those in Wallachia. There is also evidence that slavery was practiced in those areas which were temporarily under the control of the Prince of Moldavia. The only notable difference from the situation in Wallachia and Moldavia was that as well as the three categories of slaves found in those principalities, Roma were owned by
4302:
2077:
1362:
1814:, who, in 2007, called a Roma journalist "stinky Gypsy". Later in 2020, during a TV show, Băsescu expressed objections about the use of the term "Roma" instead of "Gypsy", which according to him was "artificially created during the 90s" and "produces confusion with Romanians living abroad". He added that the Roma people created a bad image of Romania, and that the "(criminal) Gypsy groups need to understand that they cannot be tolerated with their way of life". Following these affirmations, the
2069:
1606:
permitted to carry sufficient goods for survival in
Transnistria. Despite the order to respect family members of serving soldiers, many were deported, leading to protests by Romani soldiers and complaints from the army hierarchy. As well as smaller expulsions in late September and early October, there was some repatriation of individuals and families who had been deported in error, before the deportation of the Roma was halted on 14 October 1942, due to its unpopularity.
1713:
4333:
7074:
1594:
police survey was conducted to identify any Romani person without a clear occupation or with criminal convictions, difficulty supporting themself, or any practiced nomadism. Immediately following the survey, any Romani person who fell into any of these categories would be forbidden from leaving their county of residence. The deportation of these individuals and their families was justified on the pretext of combatting criminality occurring during
2061:
48:
4247:
2053:
703:
1629:
others remained in Soviet territory, from where they were likely dispersed into other regions, a factor which makes exact calculations of mortality among the transportees very difficult. Romanian historian Viorel Achim puts the number of dead at around half of those transported, roughly 12,500 people, whereas the
International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania gives an estimate of 11,000.
1897:, 57% respondents stated that they generally don't trust people of Roma ancestry and only 17% said to have a Roma friend. Still, 57% said that this ethnic group is not discriminated in Romania, 59% claimed that the Roma should not receive help from the state, and that Roma people are poor because they don't like to work (72%) and that most of them are thugs (61%).
1314:(8 ducats). No compensation was paid for invalids or babies. As in Wallachia, the compensation was funded by the taxes paid by the liberated monastery and state slaves, but in Moldavia this was topped up with funds collected from the clergy. Some slave owners chose to be compensated in bonds, paying 10% annual interest, or with a 10-year exemption from taxation.
1586:
Roma people to protect
Romania's ethnic purity. These views also found expression in the ideology of the "legionary" Iron Guard, who followed the scientists in identifying a "Gypsy Problem" in Romania, however, they were suppressed in January 1941 before any serious anti-roma measures had been enacted. Antonescu's post-legionary regime's declared goal was the "
1602:
sedentary Roma occurred during
September 1942 and was incomplete, including only 12,497 of the 31,438 individuals recorded in the police survey. This group consisted of Roma who were categorised as "dangerous and undesirable" and excluded any romani person who had been mobilised by the military and their families.
1479:, this number was lower than the figures recorded in the late 19th century, although it was almost certainly much lower than the real figure. The reason for this relative decline was the continued gradual assimilation of Roma to a Romanian or Hungarian ethnic identity, linked to the status of peasants or
1495:, and their traditional lifestyle was made very difficult by police refusal to allow them to camp near villages. These economic and social changes reduced the strength of the traditional clan system and, despite the social and linguistic differences between Roma groups, fostered a common Roma identity.
3593:
In
Romania there are 2,315 Roma segregated areas, most located on the outskirts of cities, but they can be found in villages as well. These segregated areas typically have a Roma population of almost 100%. The living conditions in these areas are extremely poor: most houses are unmaintained, a number
3580:
the population of whose native language is Romani form an absolute majority, and, still, none of the inscriptions are in Romani, only in the official language of the state, Romanian, and in another minority language whose population also surpasses 20%, Hungarian. Furthermore, education is unavailable
1877:
According to some studies, Roma people make 17% of the adult prison population and 40% of the juvenile inmates in
Romania. This over-representation makes this group a favorite target for mass media attacks and discriminatory practices. Another study conducted in six Romanian prisons found that 21% of
1869:
The accession of
Romania to the European Union in 2007 led many members of the Romani minority, the most socially disadvantaged ethnic group in Romania, to migrate en masse to various Western European countries (mostly to Spain, Italy, Austria, Germany, France, Belgium, United Kingdom, Sweden) hoping
1865:
having a similarly high percentage (23.7%). Within the
Romanian education system there is discrimination and segregation, which leads to higher drop-out rates and lower qualifications for the Romani students. The life expectancy of the Romani minority is also 10 years lower than the Romanian average.
1860:
Various international institutions, such as the World Bank, the Council of Europe Development Bank (CEB), and the Open Society Institute (OSI) launched the 2005-2015 Decade for Roma Inclusion. To this, followed the EU Decade of Roma Inclusion to combat this and other problems. The integration of the
1406:
The result of these processes of assimilation and emigration was a relative decline in the percentage of Roma inhabitants resident in Moldavia, Wallachia and Bessarabia. At the time of emancipation, the proportion of the populations of Moldavia and Wallachia who had been slaves was around 7%, between
1278:
As part of this modernisation, boyars owning slaves began to exploit their labour more intensively in a more capitalistic fashion. Romani slaves were employed in agricultural tasks during the summer months, which had not been common practice, forced to work on building sites and even in the factories
1498:
The period of Romanian democracy, between 1918 and 1938, led to a flowering of Romani cultural, social, and political organisations. In 1933, two competing national Roma representative bodies were founded, the General Association of Gypsies in Romania and the General Union of Roma in Romania. These
1490:
The traditional Roma economic activities of metalwork and crafts became less tenable during this period, as ethnic Romanians began to adopt trades such as woodworking and competition from manufactured goods increased. The few Roma who retained a nomadic lifestyle tended to abandon their traditional
1269:
Until the early 19th century, the Roma of Wallachia and Moldavia remained in conditions of slavery that had changed very little since the 14th century, despite the significant changes which had occurred in other sectors of society. Roma slavery was viewed as an integral part of the social system of
1137:
today. Public discussion of Roma slavery remains something of a taboo in modern Romania, no museum of Roma history exists, nor are there any monuments or memorials to slavery. Textbooks and the Romanian school curriculum either minimise this and other aspects of Roma history or exclude it entirely.
1128:
Romani in Wallachia and Moldavia were, from their arrival in the region, enslaved, a situation which continued until the emancipations of the mid-19th century. The institution of Romani slavery also existed in Transylvania, especially in regions which had undergone a period of control by Wallachian
1113:
in 1425. It is, however, worth noting that the dates above relate principally to the first arrival of Roma in future Romanian territories, waves of migration from the south continued up until the 18th century, when the northward migration of the Roma, some of whom were Turkish-speaking Muslims, was
6815:
Cartierul Gârcini adună aproximativ 6000 persoane (înregistrate oficial, conform Biroului Județean de Administrare a Bazelor de Date), însă organizațiile locale estimează 10.000 locuitori. Locuitorii cartierului sunt considerați “țigani/romi”, însa la ultimul recensământ (2011), doar 324 persoane
6792:
publice aflate în subordinea acestora, precum și serviciile publice deconcentrate asigură folosirea, în raporturile cu aceștia, și a limbii minorității naționale respective, în conformitate cu prevederile Constituției, ale prezentului cod și ale tratatelor internaționale la care România este parte.
1585:
The anti-Roma discourse which had been present in Romanian academia during the 1930s became more prominent as an intellectual current after 1940, with academics who had never previously expressed anti-Roma views now doing so, and eugenicists making more radical demands such as the sterilisation of
1507:
The General Union of Roma in Romania enjoyed some successes before its suppression in 1941, even continuing to function to a degree after the establishment of a Royal Dictatorship in 1938. Land was obtained for nomadic Roma, church marriages were organised to legally and spiritually formalise Roma
1410:
In 1893, the Hungarian authorities carried out a census of Transylvanian Roma which provides a wealth of information on their social and economic situation in the late 19th century. There is evidence for a similar process of assimilation into the general population as was occurring in Moldavia and
1287:
From the 1830s international and domestic criticism of Roma slavery became increasingly prominent, instigated by events such as the mass slave auctions held in Bucharest. Support for the emancipation of the Roma from within the principalities was marginal in the 1830s, but became generalised among
1260:
or even marrying another Romani person. They also finally emancipated the last slaves in Transylvania. The decrees seem to have rarely been implemented in full, which prevented the cultural extermination of the Roma, but they were very effective in promoting the sedentarisation of Gypsies in those
1208:
In the late 18th century, formal legal codes forbidding the separation of married couples were enacted. These codes also prohibited the separation of children from their parents and made marriage between free people and the Roma legal without the enslavement of the non-Roma partner, which had been
1136:
The economic contribution of slavery in the Danubian principalities was immense, yet no economic compensation was ever paid to freed slaves. The current state of social and economic exclusion in Romania has its roots in the ideology and practice of slavery, and therefore its effects are still felt
801:
The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in India: the language has grammatical characteristics of Indian languages and shares with them a big part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts or daily routines. More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon
1369:
The liberation of the Roma improved the legal status of Romania's Roma, however, they retained their position as the most marginalised sector of Romanian society. They frequently continued to work for the same masters, without significant improvement to their material conditions. Roma who did not
1274:
rulers strongly influenced by the conservatism of their Ottoman suzerains. Following the replacement of the Phanariots with native princes in 1821, Wallachia and Moldova underwent a period of Westernisation and modernisation, eliminating many of the institutions of the ancien régime, but formally
1204:
Princely slaves were obliged to perform labour for the state and pay special taxes, according to a system based on tradition. These obligations were steadily increased over the period of Roma slavery and were sometimes partially extended to slaves owned by monasteries and boyars. A parallel legal
1056:
name for Romani, in order to avoid the possible confusion among the international community between the words Roma — which refers to the Romani ethnic minority — and Romania. The Romanian government supported the move on the grounds that many countries in the European Union use a variation of the
1628:
The number of dead from cold and hunger among the transported Roma can not be securely calculated, as no reliable contemporary statistics exist. Transnistria was evacuated by the Romanian army in early 1944, in the face of the advancing Soviet forces. Some Roma travelled back to Romania, whereas
6791:
Folosirea limbii minorităților naționale (1) În unitățile/subdiviziunile administrativ-teritoriale în care cetățenii aparținând unei minorități naționale au o pondere de peste 20% din numărul locuitorilor, stabilit la ultimul recensământ, autoritățile administrației publice locale, instituțiile
4154:, a part of Romanian pop culture, is often sung by Romani singers in Romania and has been influenced in part by Romani music, but mostly by Oriental music brought in Romania from Turkey during the 19th century. Romanian public opinion on the subject varies from support to outright condemnation.
3567:
According to the constitution of Romania, under law 57/2019, titl. III, art. 94, alin. 1, those communes in which any national (ethnic) minority of Romania, whose proportion of the commune's population is equal to or exceeds 20%, must provide services and inscriptions in that nation's language.
1593:
Although it appears that Antonescu initially planned the staged deportation of the entire Roma population to Transnistria, Soviet territory occupied by Romania, only the first stage was ever carried out. The initial wave was composed of Roma who the regime considered a "problem", in May 1942, a
1605:
The September deportations, which occurred by train, were chaotic and often included individuals who were not intended to be deported, or in some cases, who were not even Roma. Cases were reported of theft and exploitative purchases of goods by police and gendarmes, and the deportees were not
2673:, there are 245,677 people whose native language is romani, this represents just under 40% of the ethnic population. However, this number has shrunk to 199,050 according to the 2021 census results, representing just over 33% of the ethnic population. Over half of the Roma (approx. 61%) speak
1601:
The transportation of all nomadic Romanian Roma was carried out between June and August 1942, and was composed of 11,441 people, 6714 of them children. This deportation also included those nomadic Roma serving in the army, who were returned from the front for transportation. The expulsion of
1889:
should be revoked to the ethnic Roms who commit crimes abroad. Another survey revealed that 68% of Romanians think that Roma people commit most crimes, 46% think that they are thieves, while 43% lazy and dirty, and 36% believe that the Roma community might become a threat to Romania.
1666:
In March 1944, Hungary was occupied by Nazi Germany, Hungary stepped up its persecution of the Roma and Jewish population, with countless Jewish people deported to concentration camps and many Roma organised into forced labour battalions. Following the replacement in late 1944 of the
1874:, an important leader of the Romani community (also known as the "King of all Gypsies") declared in an interview that he worried that Romania may lose its Romani minority. However, the next population census in 2011 showed a substantial rise in those recording Romani ethnicity.
1217:
The situation of Roma in Transylvania differed from that in Wallachia and Moldavia as a result of the different political conditions which prevailed there. At the time of the arrival of the first Roma, around 1400, the region formed part of the Kingdom of Hungary, becoming an
825:
Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Roma originated in northwestern India and migrated as a group. According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of northern India, traditionally referred to collectively as the
2720:
The following spreadsheet contains information regarding the native languages of the ethnic Romani population. Please note that information might not be fully accurate as there is a reasonable population of Romanis who consider themselves as part of the majority population.
766:. There are different estimates about the size of the total population of people with Romani ancestry in Romania, varying from 4.6 percent to over 10 percent of the population, because many people of Romani descent do not declare themselves Roma. For example, in 2007 the
770:
estimated that approximately 1.85 million Roma lived in Romania, based on an average between the lowest estimate (1.2 to 2.2 million people) and the highest estimate (1.8 to 2.5 million people) available at the time. This figure is equivalent to 8.32% of the population.
3598:), with over 10,000 people living in it, according to unofficial estimates. Only a minority of these districts are Hungarian or Roma-speaking. The following spreadsheet contains information regarding the largest predominantly Hungarian-speaking Romani segregated areas.
1663:. Discrimination by Hungary against Roma had been common throughout the 1930s, and biannual police raids on Romani settlements were mandated by law. During the course of the war, Hungarian Roma were progressively expelled from urban areas or forced to live in ghettoes.
4184:, in southwest Romania. According to Rădulescu, "this state has a symbolic value and does not affect the sovereignty and unity of Romania. It does not have armed forces and does not have borders". According to the 2002 population census, in Târgu Jiu there are 96.79%
6694:: 'While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romani groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European'
4747:: ‘While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Roma groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European’
3594:
do not even have any services, let alone building permits, with 4.5 people per house on average, a number twice as high as the Romanian one. The vast majority of these segregated areas are predominantly Romanian-speaking, such as the largest segregated area, in
1577:), 36,000 Romani perished during that time. The mistreatment of Romania Roma during World War II has received scant attention from Romanian historians, despite the wide-ranging historical literature detailing the history of the Antonescu regime.
1180:
did not generally signify that Romani or Tatar slaves were forced remain on the property of their owners, most Roma remained nomadic but were tied to their owners by certain obligations. Slaves made up the lowest category of society, below the
1251:
In the second half of the 18th century, the Habsburg monarchy undertook a series of measures designed to forcibly assimilate the Roma and suppress their nomadic lifestyle. The most severe of these decrees came in 1783 when the emperor
3568:
However this is not carried into practice. On the one hand, this law is respected in the cases of most national minorities (e.g.: Hungarian, German etc.). On the other hand, in communes where the ethnic Romani population (e.g.:
1503:
Gheorghe Niculescu, emerging as the only truly national force. The organisation's stated aim was "the emancipation and reawakening of the Roma nation" so that Roma could live alongside their compatriots "without being ashamed".
1833:
in a neighborhood inhabited by a Roma community. The National Anti-Discrimination Council fined the mayor in 2011 and in 2020 for not demolishing the wall, despite the several orders in this regard. Also in 2020, the mayor of
4316:
4678:
5866:"Társadalmi és etnikai konfliktusok a 19-20. században – Konfliktustérképek (Integrált Térinformatikai Rendszer) / A térképen elérhető adatpontok leírásai /Roma holokauszt: deportálások, tömeggyilkosságok 1944-1945"
1508:
couples, and legal and medical services were provided to Roma. They also convinced the government to allow the Roma freedom of movement within the national territory in order to allow them to practice their trades.
6124:
5922:
4262:
6152:
5015:
Rai, N; Chaubey, G; Tamang, R; Pathak, AK; Singh, VK; et al. (2012), "The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations",
1419:
ethnic identity. However, there is also evidence of Roma retaining their specific identity, even when they had abandoned the Romani language: the census records that 38.1% of Transylvanian Roma spoke
1385:
Roma populations found worldwide today, although it is likely that some Vlax groups may have migrated out of Romania prior to emancipation. This pattern of Roma emigration continued until after the
6013:
5247:
4278:
1861:
Roma is made difficult also due to a great economic and social disparity; according to the 2002 census, Roma are the ethnic group with the highest percentage of illiteracy (25.6%), with only the
1728:
who, in 1974, to avenge the death of his wife and his three children caused by a group of Roma, drove his truck into a Roma camp, killing 24 people. This fact was made public only in the 2000s.
1089:
It is probable that the first arrival of Roma in the territory of present-day Romania occurred shortly after 1370, when groups of Roma either migrated or were forcibly transferred north of the
1686:
Of a population of around 100,000 Roma in Hungary, around 50,000 were subjected to forced labour. While the total number of Roma killed in Hungary is still a matter of academic debate, the
1241:. This special regime of slavery in specific regions of Transylvania continued throughout the period of the autonomous principality, before its final abolition under the Habsburgs in 1783.
1048:
In 2009–2010, a media campaign followed by a parliamentary initiative asked the Romanian Parliament to accept a proposal to revert the official name of country's Roma (adopted in 2000) to
8472:
6537:
1435:. Though a largely rural population, Transylvanian Roma were rarely involved in agriculture, more commonly working as artisans or craftsmen, with nomadism almost eliminated by this date.
6802:
4704:
6449:
8487:
8439:
5121:
1720:
Sometimes the authorities tried to cover up crimes related to racial hatred, so as not to raise the social tension. An example of this is the crime committed by a truck driver named
8444:
8296:
4627:
8449:
1373:
The social upheaval of emancipation led to mass Romani emigration from Romanian territory, initially into the Austro-Hungarian empire and thence to Western Europe, Poland, the
1675:, the mass deportation of Roma to concentration camps began. Initially the victims were transported to local Hungarian labour camps, from which many were later transferred to
5503:
1499:
two organisations were bitter rivals who vied for members and whose leaders launched bitter attacks on each other, with the latter, under the leadership of the self-declared
8366:
5090:
Rama Sharma (1995). Bhangi, Scavenger in Indian Society: Marginality, Identity, and Politicization of the Community. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 126. ISBN 978-8185880709.
4721:
Rama Sharma (1995). Bhangi, Scavenger in Indian Society: Marginality, Identity, and Politicization of the Community. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 126. ISBN 978-8185880709.
1471:. However, despite this increase in the absolute number of Roma in the country, the decline in the relative proportion of Roma within Romania continued. The first census in
6042:
8477:
4568:
8497:
8482:
8429:
1407:
200,000 and 250,000 people. By the last decade of the 19th century the number of Roma is estimated to have grown to between 250,000 and 300,000, 4-5% of the population.
8467:
8174:
8492:
8321:
3585:
is Romanian, in some cases Hungarian. There are also a few schools, where they teach the language in the afternoons. However, it is still not used in other classes.
1855:
in Romania... the continued high levels of discrimination are a serious concern.. and progress has been limited to programmes aimed at improving access to education
8311:
6649:
4206:
An "International King of Roma". On August 31, 2003, according to a decree issued by Emperor Iulian, Ilie Stănescu was proclaimed king. The ceremony took place in
6096:
4646:
1535:, which viewed Romani and Jewish people as a "bioethnic danger" to the Romanian nation. These views would come to the fore politically during the dictatorship of
6280:
1573:; of these many thousands died, with estimates of the exact number ranging from 11,000 to 12,500. In all, from the territory of present-day Romania (including
6180:
6826:
4985:
Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.
6852:
4607:
1145:
The institution of slavery in Wallachia and Moldavia predated the arrival of the Roma in the region, and was at that time principally applied to groups of
6302:
5255:
4230:
4105:
6908:
1298:
In Moldavia, the implementation of an emancipation law of 1844 liberated state and church slaves, leaving only boyar slaves in the principality. Prince
7774:
4876:
Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives - K. Meira Goldberg, Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum, Michelle Heffner Hayes
6510:
6222:
1565:. Antonescu persecuted Roma with increasing severity until the invasion of Romania by the Soviets and his overthrow by the King in 1944. During the
4097:
1807:. According to the press, the raids resulted in the destruction of apartments and houses, beatings of men and assaults of women of Roma ethnicity.
1190:
1153:
resident in the territory. Although initially all the Roma were owned by princes, groups of Roma were very quickly transferred to monasteries or
6988:
7048:
7038:
4533:
678:
5224:
5129:
5176:
1219:
906:
6876:
4301:
7347:
7124:
1291:
The Wallachian state freed its own slaves in 1843, and this was followed by the emancipation of church slaves in 1847. The government of
6204:
5755:
The report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania - The Deportation of the Roma and their treatment in Transnistria
1325:
in 1812, the Roma were liberated in 1861. Many of them migrated to other regions of the Empire, while important communities remained in
6941:
6627:
1731:
After the fall of communism in Romania, there were many inter-ethnic conflicts targeting the Roma community, the most famous being the
1302:
emancipated the final Moldavian slaves in 1855, setting different rates of compensation dependent on whether the gypsies were nomadic
759:
7219:
5981:
4943:
8274:
4838:
17:
8204:
7480:
3576:) clearly exceeds that threshold, no inscriptions nor services are available in the Romani language. Moreover, in the village of
732:
455:
6803:"Singura școală din România cu predare în limba țigănească se află în Timiș. Ce talent au copiii și de ce vin cu drag la școală"
5954:
4579:
1901:
published in 2020 a survey which revealed that 72% of Romanians don't trust Roma people and have a negative opinion about them.
8148:
7767:
6014:"Traian Băsescu, reclamat şi el la CNCD pentru afirmaţii "incitatoare la ură". Ce a spus fostul preşedinte despre etnicii romi"
6894:
6957:
6755:
6715:
5905:
4956:
4742:
1101:, in the final decades of the 14th century. The first written record of Roma in Romanian territory dates to 1385 and is from
905:). The first spelling is preferred by the majority of Romani NGOs and it is the only spelling accepted in Romanian Academy's
762:, their number was 621,573 people or 3.3% of the total population, being the second-largest ethnic minority in Romania after
664:
8117:* = Subgroups of officially recognized ethnicities that are not treated by the Romanian authorities as separate minorities.
6125:"Primarul din Târgu Mureș vrea să decidă statul cine are voie să facă copii: "Țiganii sunt o problemă serioasă a României""
5865:
5301:
4203:, "in front of more than 10,000 Rroms" (according to his son's declaration). His son, Florin Cioabă, succeeded him as king.
834:
6319:
Ioan Durnescu; Cristian Lazar; Roger Shaw (9 May 2003). "Incidence and Characteristics of Rroma Men in Romanian Prisons".
6153:"Cine este Sorin Lavric, liderul AUR care susține că romii sunt o "plagă socială". A fost exclus din Uniunea Scriitorilor"
5923:"Povestea şoferului care a ucis 24 de ţigani cu un camion. Securitatea a dosit măcelul, de frica conflictelor interetnice"
4332:
8411:
8224:
7741:
7675:
7515:
5790:
4910:
1847:
706:
668:
660:
485:
4874:
8249:
7545:
6981:
6397:
Vasile Cernat (6 September 2020). "Roma undercount and the issue of undeclared ethnicity in the 2011 Romanian census".
5100:
5069:
837:
stated that the people of the Roma community were children of India. The conference ended with a recommendation to the
515:
6592:
1810:
Many politicians have also made some offensive statements against the Roma people, such as the president of that time
7760:
5728:
5643:
5578:
5403:
5332:
5210:
4920:
4884:
4635:
4615:
1878:
the inmates were Roma, many more than expected based on any official or unofficial statistics on ethnic composition.
324:
6563:
6277:
8336:
8331:
7804:
7630:
7620:
7342:
6650:"Recensământul populației și locuințelor runda 2021- rezultate provizorii | Institutul Național de Statistică"
6593:"'You are not a refugee.' Roma refugees fleeing war in Ukraine say they are suffering discrimination and prejudice"
6187:
4246:
1905:
1660:
1557:, an event which led to the military coup which installed general Ion Antonescu, first in concert with the fascist
585:
575:
364:
202:
7520:
6538:"REPORTAJ. Ce au pățit niște romi săraci din Ucraina când au fost confundați, în Gara de Nord, cu romi de la noi"
6288:
2705:. Unsurprisingly, their language is Indo-Aryan, as they originally came from what is today part of east India's
1256:
implemented a raft of policies which included forbidding the Roma from trading horses, living in tents, speaking
1209:
the practice up to that point. The children of such unions would no longer be considered slaves but free people.
490:
6860:
1129:
or Moldavian princes, but the majority of Transylvanian Roma were not slaves. One child of a former Roma slave,
1074:
Linguistic and historical data indicate that the Roma arrived in the Balkans following a long period within the
7892:
6299:
4758:
4077:
2670:
1392:
7068:
2841:
2256:
1353:
192:
7212:
6974:
2682:
1253:
6916:
6681:
882:
depending on dialect ( or in the singular). Since the 1990s, the word has also been used officially in the
8396:
7699:
7388:
7093:
6564:"Refugiați romi goniți de la standul de mâncare. Problemele romilor ajunși în România din cauza războiului"
4522:
4089:
4085:
909:. The two forms reflect the fact that for some speakers of Romani there are two rhotic (ar-like) phonemes:
640:
570:
232:
151:
7181:
6068:
5753:
4207:
1523:. The strongest anti-Roma attitudes of the 1918-1940 period were found not in politics, but in Academia.
1244:
However, the majority of Roma in Transylvania were not enslaved, they instead constituted a type of royal
921:
914:
910:
8326:
8306:
8286:
8189:
7615:
1570:
725:
565:
6431:
4997:
8518:
8301:
8141:
7600:
7460:
7455:
7237:
4979:
Hübschmannová, Milena (1995). "Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o romském jazyku".
4093:
1230:
854:
689:
555:
435:
430:
267:
252:
212:
1078:, and that this most likely occurred around 1350. This date coincides with a period of instability in
8381:
8376:
8351:
8209:
7680:
7665:
7660:
7640:
7500:
7490:
1744:
1679:. Massacres of gypsies also occurred in various localities, including one occurring in Nagyszalonta (
625:
620:
600:
470:
465:
5270:
5153:
4401:
4395:
1826:
1772:
1292:
8406:
8316:
8269:
8264:
8254:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8214:
8199:
8194:
8184:
8179:
8169:
7783:
7736:
7719:
7709:
7610:
7570:
7560:
7550:
7535:
7525:
7505:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7450:
7445:
7205:
7119:
7053:
5487:
5392:
Achim, Viorel (2013). "Chapter II. The gypsies in the Romanian lands in the Middle Ages: Slavery".
4211:
4101:
4081:
1909:
1886:
1732:
1638:
684:
650:
580:
535:
530:
520:
505:
500:
495:
475:
450:
445:
440:
425:
5811:
5717:
Achim, Viorel (2013). "Chapter V. The policy of the Antonescu regime with regard to the Gypsies".
1590:" of Romania's territory, through the ethnic cleansing of minorities, especially Jewish and Roma.
8434:
8401:
8391:
8371:
8361:
8346:
8341:
8291:
8259:
8244:
8219:
8103:
7714:
7694:
7655:
7650:
7635:
7625:
7605:
7590:
7585:
7555:
7540:
7510:
7495:
7485:
6703:
5232:
1704:
1299:
1177:
645:
635:
615:
610:
595:
590:
560:
550:
545:
525:
510:
480:
460:
6839:
5440:
2974:
2955:
2542:
2113:
8386:
8281:
8029:
8012:
7922:
7704:
7689:
7595:
7580:
7530:
7129:
6873:
6778:
5763:
5482:
918:
718:
540:
6747:
5897:
5891:
5840:
5504:"Swiss immigrants' integration policy as inspiration for the Romanian Roma inclusion strategy"
4467:
1788:
1061:
to refer to their Gypsy populations. The Romanian upper house, Senate, rejected the proposal.
8134:
7953:
7945:
7874:
7824:
7812:
7565:
7372:
6705:
6691:
6674:
6481:
6208:
6097:"Primarul din Baia Mare, amendat pentru că nu a demolat un zid în jurul unor blocuri de romi"
4732:
3582:
3050:
2165:
1648:
1574:
1520:
763:
257:
6249:
4951:, Ústí nad Labem: Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem, p. 4,
754:(often called "Gypsies" though this term is typically considered a slur), constitute one of
8037:
7928:
7916:
6944:
Center for International Development and Conflict Management Last Updated December 31, 2003
6043:"CNCD: Traian Băsescu și Nicolae Bacalbașa, amendați pentru discriminare la adresa romilor"
5321:
Achim, Viorel (2013). "Chapter I. The arrival of the Gypsies on the territory of Romania".
5185:
5024:
4788:
1768:
1416:
1382:
101:
7155:
7145:
5774:
4628:
Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Persecution of Gypsies in Romania, a Helsinki Watch Report
4133:
2072:
Percentage of Romani minority who speak Romani language in Romania by county (2011 census)
8:
8085:
7898:
7058:
6450:"Sondaj CCSB: 36% dintre romani cred ca tiganii ar putea deveni o amenintare pentru tara"
4962:
4708:
4543:
4353:
4272:(left) at a meeting with the representatives of the Romani minority organizations (right)
4163:
2727:
2694:
2087:
1644:
1512:
976:
838:
7352:
7073:
5028:
4792:
4407:
4173:
3569:
3259:
3240:
3012:
2620:
2399:
2269:
1185:, differing from the latter not in the fact that they were unfree, but in their lack of
384:
8055:
7868:
7830:
7186:
7043:
6414:
6379:
6336:
5047:
4873:
Meira Goldberg, K.; Bennahum, Ninotchka Devorah; Hayes, Michelle Heffner (2015-09-28).
4752:
4528:
4368:
4358:
2678:
1800:
1595:
1468:
1420:
1130:
1123:
1098:
955:
948:
815:
109:
4491:
4379:
4373:
4125:
4121:
3183:
2860:
2633:
2178:
1045:
cigán). Depending on context, the term may be considered to be pejorative in Romania.
262:
7971:
7934:
7910:
7886:
7880:
7848:
7150:
7098:
6953:
6751:
6740:
6711:
6568:
6435:
6418:
6371:
6340:
5901:
5724:
5639:
5574:
5399:
5328:
5278:
5206:
5052:
4952:
4916:
4880:
4816:
4738:
4631:
4611:
4503:
4417:
2674:
1699:
1672:
1524:
1424:
1223:
1053:
937:
883:
803:
767:
344:
105:
6383:
4269:
1811:
8091:
8043:
7904:
7862:
7836:
7731:
7160:
6827:"Magyarul beszélő romák Erdélyben. Területi elhelyezkedés és lakóhelyi szegregáció"
6406:
6363:
6328:
5042:
5032:
4806:
4796:
4109:
3577:
3430:
3373:
3164:
2702:
2698:
2690:
2516:
2451:
2191:
1862:
1835:
1428:
1212:
1186:
1075:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1004:
983:
819:
811:
674:
161:
117:
6410:
4349:
3487:
3088:
2898:
2879:
2503:
2386:
2360:
2334:
1842:
has the biggest number of Roma and that they are "a serious problem for Romania".
1668:
1199:
and kill them like cattle. Their children are born slaves regardless of their sex.
1133:, briefly achieved power in Moldavia, ruling as Voivod for part of the year 1595.
8049:
7273:
7228:
7013:
6947:
6880:
6306:
6284:
5794:
5157:
5037:
4608:
Manele in Romania: Cultural Expression and Social Meaning in Balkan Popular Music
4603:
4485:
4383:
4215:
3145:
2529:
1792:
1609:
Deported Roma were generally settled on the edges of villages in the counties of
1587:
1548:
1516:
1472:
1448:
1444:
1432:
1386:
1361:
1257:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1015:
997:
969:
867:
859:
Their original name is from the Sanskrit word डोम (doma) and means a member of a
842:
417:
299:
237:
227:
176:
6622:
5531:
Maria Holban; Ștefan Andreescu (1968). "Călători străini despre Țările Române".
4777:"Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data"
3449:
3354:
3297:
3278:
2936:
2803:
2784:
2594:
2464:
2412:
2373:
2230:
2126:
2100:
1839:
1632:
1334:
7852:
7575:
6707:
Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives
4497:
4389:
4141:
3525:
3411:
3335:
3107:
3031:
2490:
2425:
2321:
2308:
2152:
1618:
1374:
1322:
1034:
990:
962:
207:
6909:"La Mânăstirea Curtea de Argeş s-au sfinţit doar podoabele specifice rromilor"
6704:
K. Meira Goldberg; Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum; Michelle Heffner Hayes (2015).
5787:
4801:
4776:
4196:
3202:
2581:
1871:
1780:
1222:
in the mid-sixteenth century before finally falling under the dominion of the
1105:, noting the transfer of a group of Roma to the ownership of the monastery of
8512:
8073:
8061:
7995:
7357:
7325:
7263:
7176:
6367:
5282:
4473:
4461:
4427:
4189:
4145:
3506:
3468:
2568:
2555:
2076:
1760:
1748:
1721:
1536:
1389:, with Roma in Bavaria recorded as carrying Romanian passports in the 1920s.
1338:
1083:
745:
404:
389:
294:
184:
6949:
Come Closer. Inclusion and Exclusion of Roma in Present Day Romanian Society
6332:
4658:
Council of Europe, doc. GT-ROMS(2003)9-prov. (restricted) 17 September 2003.
841:
to recognize the Roma community spread across 30 countries as a part of the
7965:
7752:
7724:
7408:
7403:
7293:
7288:
7103:
7088:
6966:
6961:
6737:
6375:
5810:
Kemény, István (2005). "History of Roma in Hungary, pp. 1-69: Kemény, I.".
5056:
4820:
4538:
4479:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4433:
3392:
3221:
2822:
2295:
2217:
2139:
1843:
1740:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1480:
1452:
1094:
886:, although it was used by Romani activists in Romania as far back as 1933.
654:
339:
314:
247:
242:
222:
217:
113:
85:
8126:
8018:
5718:
5633:
5568:
5393:
5322:
4181:
2068:
1652:
7420:
7332:
7320:
5169:
4509:
4293:
4177:
3126:
3069:
2993:
2765:
2746:
2477:
2347:
2282:
2243:
2204:
1870:
to find a better life. The exact number of emigrants is unknown. In 2007
1561:, and later as a predominantly military fascist dictatorship allied with
1532:
1484:
1398:
1378:
1234:
863:
791:
787:
369:
284:
141:
7977:
5927:
5188:, Institutul de Lingvistică "Iorgu Iordan", Editura Univers Enciclopedic
4176:
proclaimed himself. In 1997, Iulian Rădulescu announced the creation of
1885:
in Romania revealed that 94% of the questioned persons believe that the
1803:, a group of protesters organized a pogrom in the Roma neighborhoods of
1412:
8079:
7983:
7415:
7393:
7337:
7283:
6541:
6454:
6250:"Populatia de 10 ani si peste analfabeta dupa etnie, pe sexe si judete"
5122:"Roma, Sinti, Gypsies, Travellers...The Correct Terminology about Roma"
4811:
3316:
2438:
1735:. Other important clashes against Roma happened, from 1989 to 2011, in
1558:
1464:
1342:
1318:
1079:
870:, the native language of the Roma, the word for "people" is pronounced
750:
379:
374:
6816:
s-au declarat de etnie romă, restul declarându-se în mare parte români
5632:
Achim, Viorel (2013). "Chapter IV. The Gypsies in inter-war Romania".
4657:
3573:
1764:
1656:
1166:
943:
The traditional and colloquial Romanian name for Romani, is "țigani" (
354:
8067:
7795:
7298:
7278:
7028:
6356:
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
6318:
5610:
Cărtărescu, Mircea (2007). "Die Zigeuner – ein Rumänisches Problem".
5479:
Between Ethnonationalism, Social Exclusion and Multicultural Policies
4455:
4364:
4185:
4137:
4129:
3581:
in all, except for one school in Timiș County. In the other schools,
2917:
2706:
2607:
1830:
1822:
1804:
1712:
1622:
1553:
During 1940, Romania was forced to cede territory to Hungary and the
1467:
and other territories which increased the number of ethnic Romani in
1271:
1102:
795:
329:
309:
146:
136:
77:
73:
3595:
2060:
1238:
1109:, their presence then being documented in Transylvania in 1400, and
8097:
7989:
7842:
7315:
7308:
6101:
6073:
6018:
1752:
1736:
1528:
1460:
1110:
878:
872:
827:
780:
359:
81:
47:
7197:
5216:
4218:
were crowned and are buried. Ilie Stănescu died in December, 2007.
1796:
1784:
1776:
7959:
7670:
7398:
7023:
4668:
Liégeois, Jean-Pierre (1994). "Roma, Gypsies, Travellers", p. 34.
4308:
2710:
2689:
one. The Roma language shares the most lexical similarities with
2052:
1680:
1614:
1500:
1492:
1264:
1245:
1106:
944:
755:
630:
334:
319:
121:
89:
6354:
Ioan Durnescu (15 February 2019). "Pains of Reentry Revisited".
6300:
Regele Cioabă se plânge la Guvern că rămâne fără supuşi – Gandul
5723:. CEUP collection. Budapest: Central European University Press.
5638:. CEUP collection. Budapest: Central European University Press.
5573:. CEUP collection. Budapest: Central European University Press.
5398:. CEUP collection. Budapest: Central European University Press.
5327:. CEUP collection. Budapest: Central European University Press.
5250:[National Journal Proposal: "Gypsy" instead of "Roma"].
4525:, an agency of the Romanian government dealing with Roma affairs
4240:
or village peopled by members of the Romani community of Romania
1725:
1396:"Scenes Among the Tsigani of Rumania", clipping from newspaper,
1213:
Situation of Roma in Late Medieval and Early Modern Transylvania
1086:, which may have been a contributory factor in their migration.
833:
In February 2016, during the International Roma Conference, the
830:, are the likely ancestral populations of modern European Roma.
7856:
7367:
7303:
7268:
7258:
7033:
7018:
6883:. Recensamant.referinte.transindex.ro. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.
6157:
6129:
4421:
4411:
4200:
4150:
2714:
2686:
1756:
1676:
1381:
and the Americas. This migration was the primary origin of the
1326:
1275:
enshrining slavery in the founding acts of the principalities.
1170:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1090:
399:
349:
304:
289:
2677:
as their native language, the rest (around 8-9%) speaking the
1475:
took place in 1930; 242,656 persons (1.6%) were registered as
1411:
Wallachia, with Romani groups adopting a Romanian, Hungarian,
1195:
the boyars are their absolute masters. At will, they sell them
7425:
7362:
4323:
4289:
4157:
2701:
and its grammar structure closely resembles the one found in
1693:
1633:
The Roma of Northern Transylvania during the Second World war
1610:
1515:, from 1938 to 1940, adopted discriminatory policies against
1456:
1330:
1237:, the ownership of whom was later transferred to the town of
1182:
860:
807:
784:
394:
156:
6223:"INSTRUMENT FOR PRE-ACCESSION ASSISTANCE (IPA II) 2014-2020"
5530:
2080:
The Romani minority in Romania by municipality (2002 census)
1815:
1357:
Roma village in Romania after the abolition of slavery, 1884
5150:
Minoritatea Roma – cea mai importanta minoritate din Europa
4909:
Dorian, Frederick; Duane, Orla; McConnachie, James (1999).
4872:
4679:"Facts and Figures: National strategy for Roma Integration"
6675:"Rezultate 2011 – Recensamantul Populatiei si Locuintelor"
5600:
Ion Nistor, Istoria Basarabiei, Humanitas, Bucuresti, 1991
4945:
Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely)
1423:
as their mother tongue, 29.97% spoke Romani, 24.39% spoke
794:, presumably from the northwestern Indian regions such as
6597:
5759:
6738:
Simon Broughton; Mark Ellingham; Richard Trillo (1999).
6617:
6615:
5149:
5227:[Discrimination is learned ... in the family].
3843:
And the partially Hungarian-speaking segregated areas:
6731:
6511:"Sondaj IRES: 7 din 10 români nu au încredere în romi"
5248:"Propunere Jurnalul Naţional: "Ţigan" în loc de "rom""
5014:
4908:
2681:. Both the Roma and the Romanian languages are of the
2064:
The Romani minority in Romania by county (2002 census)
2056:
The Romani minority in Romania by county (2011 census)
1261:
areas of today's Romania then under Habsburg control.
6612:
6181:"The Situation of Roma in an Enlarged European Union"
5955:"Conflicte interetnice în istoria recentă a României"
5093:
6697:
6399:
International Journal of Social Research Methodology
5712:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5371:
4120:
Notable Romanian Romani musicians and bands include
1140:
6309:. Gandul.info (2007-09-10).Retrieved on 2012-01-15.
5680:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5567:Achim, Viorel (2013). "Chapter III. Emancipation".
5562:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5310:
4775:Mendizabal, Isabel; et al. (6 December 2012).
4770:
4768:
4307:Type of houses owned by wealthy Romani families in
4108:, while the rest belong to other religions such as
1908:, there are some reports of discrimination against
1850:party, stated that the Roma are "a social plague".
1365:
Picture of a house which is home to a Gypsy family.
6779:"ORD DE URGENTA 57 03/07/2019 - Portal Legislativ"
6739:
5539:. Bucharest: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică.
4868:
4866:
4864:
1542:
1527:was rooted in university departments dedicated to
4338:Gábor Hungarian speaking Romani from Transylvania
889:There are two spellings of the word in Romanian:
8510:
6915:(in Romanian). September 3, 2003. Archived from
5777:. Gfbv.it (2004-02-25). Retrieved on 2012-01-15.
5659:
5618:
5543:
5533:Bucharest: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică.
5348:
5307:
4836:
4765:
919:government-sponsored (Courthiade) writing system
6742:World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East
6590:
5982:"Basescu a pierdut procesul "tiganca imputita""
5271:"Romania's Government Moves to Rename the Roma"
4941:
4912:World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East
4861:
1580:
1193:, visiting Wallachia and Moldova, noted that: "
8015:(approximately 10,000 in the mid-19th century)
5183:
5174:
1265:Roma slavery immediately prior to emancipation
8142:
7768:
7343:Scandinavian Travellers (Tavinger, Romanisæl)
7213:
7049:Deportations of Romani people to Transnistria
7039:List of towns in Romania by Romani population
6982:
6535:
6396:
6353:
4978:
4904:
4902:
4839:"Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India"
4534:List of towns in Romania by Romani population
726:
52:Percentage of Roma population by municipality
7782:
6996:
6952:By Gabor Fleck, Cosima Rughinis (Eds.) 2009
5979:
5952:
5948:
5946:
5481:. Freiburg: University of Freiburg, Thesis.
5302:Romania Declines to Turn Roma Into 'Gypsies'
4326:leaders in 1941, with Romani flower sellers.
1348:
8156:
7125:National Day of Commemorating the Holocaust
6842:. (PDF). insse.ro. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.
6561:
6011:
5920:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5466:
4737:. Univ of Hertfordshire Press. p. 70.
4563:
4561:
4559:
1821:In November 2011, the mayor of the city of
8149:
8135:
7775:
7761:
7220:
7206:
6989:
6975:
6278:ENAR Shadow Report 2008: Racism in Romania
6207:. Decade of Roma Inclusion. Archived from
6007:
6005:
6003:
5609:
5501:
4899:
4774:
4284:An example wealthy Romani's house, termed
2697:, the most phonological similarities with
1694:During the communist regime and after 1989
1064:
733:
719:
46:
6625:[Population and Housing Census].
6623:"Recensamantul Populatiei Si Locuintelor"
5943:
5486:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5205:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5046:
5036:
4810:
4800:
4610:, Rowman & Littlefield, 2016, p. 33,
4602:Margaret Beissinger, Speranta Radulescu,
4367:, violinist and conductor, the father of
4172:An "Emperor of Roma from Everywhere", as
1483:, a process which was accelerated by the
864:caste of travelling musicians and dancers
788:caste of travelling musicians and dancers
6479:
5476:
5463:
5152:. Romanes.ro. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.
5062:
4935:
4832:
4830:
4556:
2075:
2067:
2059:
2051:
1853:A 2000 EU report about Romani said that
1711:
1703:
1391:
1360:
1352:
1052:(Gypsy), the traditional and colloquial
814:. It shares many phonetic features with
783:word डोम (doma) and means a member of a
758:'s largest minorities. According to the
6687:
6475:
6473:
6272:
6270:
6069:"Romanian mayor fined over 'Roma wall'"
6000:
5838:
5749:
5747:
5245:
5225:"Discriminarea se invata... in familie"
5222:
5177:Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române
5070:"Can Romas be part of Indian diaspora?"
4983:(4/1995). Brno: Muzeum romské kultury.
4972:
4942:Šebková, Hana; Žlnayová, Edita (1998),
4730:
4647:Council of Europe - Roma and Travellers
1569:, the regime deported 25,000 Romani to
1438:
907:Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române
779:Their original name is from the Indian
14:
8511:
6321:The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice
6040:
5889:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5809:
5438:
5419:
5268:
1934:
877:
871:
8130:
7756:
7201:
6970:
6892:
6186:. European Commission. Archived from
5896:. Columbia University Press. p.
5716:
5631:
5566:
5391:
5320:
4837:Sindya N. Bhanoo (11 December 2012).
4827:
4115:
3562:
6853:"Regele Cioabă vs. Iulian impăratul"
6470:
6447:
6267:
5744:
5072:. khaleejtimes.com. 29 February 2016
4322:Nazi era image. Posed photo of some
1846:, a senator member of the far-right
68:Regions with significant populations
8038:Citizens of the Republic of Moldova
7227:
6895:"Cioabă şi oalele sparte din şatră"
5893:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust
5823:
5269:Murray, Rupert Wolfe (2010-12-08).
4998:"5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma"
4199:proclaimed himself King of Roma at
835:Indian Minister of External Affairs
702:
24:
6591:Ivana Kottasová (August 7, 2022).
5953:Gabriel Sala (February 25, 2017).
5246:Antoniu, Gabriela (2 March 2009).
4192:) (2,916 people) and 0.20% others.
1929:
1893:In another survey made in 2013 by
818:, while its grammar is closest to
25:
8530:
6935:
6628:Institutul Naţional de Statistică
5980:Bogdana Boga (November 8, 2007).
5203:Romani: A Linguistic Introduction
4671:
4343:
3929:96% (L2 speakers, native:Romani)
3861:Percentage of Hungarian speakers
3616:Percentage of Hungarian speakers
1708:A Roma family travelling by wagon
1141:Slavery in Wallachia and Moldavia
1117:
7805:Officially recognised minorities
7072:
7067:
6432:Evenimentul Zilei. April 7, 2010
5799:Kulturális Innovációs Alapítvány
4630:Human Rights Watch, 1991, p. 5,
4331:
4315:
4300:
4277:
4261:
4245:
4229:
4222:
4158:Self-proclaimed "Romani royalty"
2732:Romani population (2011 census)
2092:Romani population (2011 census)
1906:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
1838:, Dorin Florea, complained that
1427:, with smaller numbers speaking
1226:at the end of the 17th century.
701:
191:
6901:
6893:Popan, Cosmin (June 10, 2006).
6886:
6867:
6845:
6833:
6819:
6809:
6795:
6785:
6771:
6667:
6642:
6584:
6555:
6536:Diana Meseșan (March 9, 2022).
6529:
6503:
6441:
6425:
6390:
6347:
6312:
6293:
6289:European Network Against Racism
6242:
6215:
6197:
6173:
6161:(in Romanian). December 8, 2020
6145:
6133:(in Romanian). January 13, 2020
6117:
6105:(in Romanian). January 29, 2020
6089:
6061:
6041:Liberă, Europa (May 20, 2020).
6034:
5973:
5914:
5883:
5858:
5803:
5780:
5768:
5603:
5594:
5524:
5495:
5295:
5262:
5239:
5223:Popescu, Eugenia (2011-07-19).
5195:
5162:
5143:
5114:
5084:
5008:
4990:
4849:
4724:
1915:
1688:Columbia Guide to the Holocaust
1643:In August 1940, as part of the
1543:Persecution during World War II
1487:carried out following the war.
1451:was established which included
1282:
1041:Сыған/ســىــعــان (syǵan), and
6942:Assessment for Roma in Romania
5775:Society for Threatened Peoples
4715:
4697:
4662:
4651:
4640:
4620:
4596:
3588:
848:
13:
1:
6859:(in Romanian). Archived from
6411:10.1080/13645579.2020.1818416
4981:Bulletin Muzea Romské Kultury
4915:. Rough Guides. p. 147.
4578:(in Romanian). Archived from
4549:
3906:székelyszáldobosi cigánytelep
2683:Indo-European language family
1491:crafts and adopt the role of
1270:the principalities, with the
7389:Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians
7094:National Agency for the Roma
6562:Sorin Dojan (May 30, 2022).
5921:Ionuţ Benea (June 5, 2015).
5720:The Roma in Romanian History
5635:The Roma in Romanian History
5570:The Roma in Romanian History
5477:Mircescu, Gabriella (1700).
5395:The Roma in Romanian History
5324:The Roma in Romanian History
5128:. 2014-07-19. Archived from
5038:10.1371/journal.pone.0048477
4523:National Agency for the Roma
4494:, Romanian-Roma abolitionist
4256:(head of a Romani community)
3797:sepsikőröspataki cigánytelep
1912:who took refuge in Romania.
1671:government with that of the
1581:Deportations to Transnistria
1093:, with Roma likely reaching
1082:due to the expansion of the
7:
6012:Alina Mihai (May 3, 2020).
5502:Prisacariu, Roxana (2015).
4705:"Roma inclusion in Romania"
4516:
4195:A "King of Roma". In 1992,
4071:
2685:, while the Hungarian is a
2664:
1690:puts the figure at 28,000.
10:
8535:
6448:V.M. (November 27, 2010).
6438:. Retrieved on 2012-01-15.
5890:Niewyk, Donald L. (2000).
5441:"The cost of Roma slavery"
4757:: CS1 maint: postscript (
4168:The Romani community has:
4161:
1883:Pro Democrația association
1697:
1636:
1546:
1511:The Royal Dictatorship of
1121:
1069:
855:Names of the Romani people
852:
774:
279:Romani people by sub-group
8458:
8420:
8162:
8113:
8028:
8005:
7946:Non-recognized minorities
7944:
7803:
7790:
7438:
7381:
7251:
7244:
7235:
7169:
7138:
7112:
7081:
7065:
7004:
6710:. McFarland. p. 50.
6569:Radio Free Europe Romania
6515:Radio Free Europe Romania
4879:. McFarland. p. 50.
4802:10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039
4731:Hancock, Ian F. (2005) .
4208:Curtea de Argeş Cathedral
4180:– the first Rom state in
1947:—
1349:From emancipation to 1918
1191:Louis-Alexandre de Launay
132:
127:
100:
95:
86:southeastern Transylvania
72:
67:
62:
57:
45:
8006:Historical ethnic groups
7968:* (self-declared, 1,536)
7962:* (self-declared, 3,890)
7784:Ethnic groups in Romania
7120:Decade of Roma Inclusion
6998:Romani people in Romania
6840:Census 2002, by religion
6746:. Rough Guides. p.
6368:10.1177/0306624X19828573
5511:Institute for Federalism
5439:Necula, Ciprian (2012).
4734:We are the Romani People
4188:(93,546 people), 3.01% (
3855:Name of segregated area
3610:Name of segregated area
1639:Romani people in Hungary
1333:and the surroundings of
790:The Roma originate from
18:Roma minority in Romania
8157:Romani people in Europe
6482:"Tele-vremea țiganilor"
6333:10.1111/1468-2311.00239
4486:Florin "Rambo" Lambagiu
4059:héjjasfalvi cigánytelep
1300:Grigore Alexandru Ghica
1220:autonomous principality
1178:Danubian Principalities
1065:History and integration
8205:Bosnia and Herzegovina
7986:* (self-declared, 207)
7980:* (self-declared, 532)
7481:Bosnia and Herzegovina
7130:Racism Breaks the Game
5839:Baumgartner, Gerhard.
5819:. Boulder. p. 47.
5788:Transylvania's History
5764:Jewish Virtual Library
5201:Matras, Yaron (2005).
5184:
5175:
5126:In Other Words Project
4569:"Romanian 2011 census"
4106:Seventh-Day Adventists
2081:
2073:
2065:
2057:
1904:In the context of the
1717:
1709:
1651:, including of all of
1403:
1366:
1358:
1306:(4 ducats) or settled
1293:Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei
6047:Europa Liberă România
5845:Voices of the victims
5156:May 26, 2014, at the
5102:Ziua Activistului Rom
4576:Recensamantromania.ro
4216:Hohenzollern monarchs
3583:medium of instruction
2079:
2071:
2063:
2055:
1921:Historical population
1829:, decided to build a
1715:
1707:
1659:, was transferred to
1649:Northern Transylvania
1575:Northern Transylvania
1395:
1364:
1356:
1169:), and spoon-makers (
940:(not Romani) plural.
853:Further information:
63:621,573 (2011 census)
6863:on December 8, 2006.
6211:on January 29, 2015.
5612:Neue Zürcher Zeitung
5445:Perspective Politice
5304:at balkaninsight.com
4148:. The musical genre
4080:, 69.9% of Roma are
1887:Romanian citizenship
1439:The inter-war period
8421:States with limited
7348:Scottish Travellers
7059:2006 Ferentari riot
7054:1993 Hădăreni riots
6805:. 22 February 2014.
6077:. November 18, 2011
5870:Regi.tankonyvtar.hu
5758:November 11, 2004 (
5029:2012PLoSO...748477R
4793:2012CBio...22.2342M
4709:European Commission
4683:European Commission
4544:2006 Ferentari riot
4512:, former footballer
4470:, former footballer
4354:king of the Gypsies
4288:, pictured here in
4268:Romanian president
4164:King of the Gypsies
4082:Orthodox Christians
3852:Locality name (HU)
3849:Locality name (RO)
3814:tasnádi cigánytelep
3607:Locality name (HU)
3604:Locality name (RO)
2741:Hungarian language
1922:
1733:1993 Hădăreni riots
1645:Second Vienna Award
1521:national minorities
1097:, then part of the
839:Government of India
340:Kale (Finnish Roma)
335:Kale (Iberian Roma)
42:
7284:English Romanichal
7156:Taraful Haiducilor
7044:Slavery in Romania
6879:2012-03-05 at the
6305:2010-09-13 at the
6283:2016-03-04 at the
6276:Delia-Luiza Niță,
5793:2017-06-09 at the
5004:. 23 October 2013.
4529:Slavery in Romania
4116:Cultural influence
4008:hiripi cigánytelep
3889:tordai cigánytelep
3712:erdődi cigánytelep
3563:Status of language
2738:Romanian language
2679:Hungarian language
2082:
2074:
2066:
2058:
1920:
1801:June 1990 Mineriad
1718:
1710:
1683:) now in Romania.
1404:
1367:
1359:
1124:Slavery in Romania
1099:Kingdom of Hungary
1029:цыгане (tsygane),
456:Bosnia-Herzegovina
33:
8519:Romani in Romania
8506:
8505:
8124:
8123:
7972:Megleno-Romanians
7750:
7749:
7434:
7433:
7195:
7194:
7151:Shukar Collective
7146:Fanfare Ciocărlia
7099:Party of the Roma
6960:. Full text from
6958:978-973-8973-09-1
6919:on April 29, 2019
6913:Curierul Naţional
6757:978-1-85828-635-8
6717:978-0-7864-9470-5
6205:"Decade in Brief"
6193:on March 5, 2009.
5907:978-0-231-11200-0
4958:978-80-7044-205-0
4787:(24): 2342–2349.
4744:978-1-902806-19-8
4504:Daniel Dumitrescu
4402:Ștefan Bănică Jr.
4134:Taraf de Haïdouks
4112:and Lutheranism.
4076:According to the
4069:
4068:
3841:
3840:
3729:ákosi cigánytelep
3560:
3559:
2669:According to the
2662:
2661:
2050:
2049:
1827:Cătălin Cherecheș
1773:Vălenii Lăpuşului
1700:Racism in Romania
1673:Arrow Cross Party
1525:Scientific racism
1321:, annexed by the
1224:Habsburg monarchy
1161:), bear-baiters (
1114:still occurring.
1014:زرگری (zargari),
884:Romanian language
768:Council of Europe
743:
742:
345:Kale (Welsh Roma)
170:
169:
16:(Redirected from
8526:
8459:Dependencies and
8163:Sovereign states
8151:
8144:
8137:
8128:
8127:
8030:Immigrant groups
7777:
7770:
7763:
7754:
7753:
7684:
7249:
7248:
7222:
7215:
7208:
7199:
7198:
7161:Mahala Rai Banda
7076:
7071:
6991:
6984:
6977:
6968:
6967:
6929:
6928:
6926:
6924:
6905:
6899:
6898:
6890:
6884:
6874:Recensământ 2002
6871:
6865:
6864:
6849:
6843:
6837:
6831:
6830:
6823:
6817:
6813:
6807:
6806:
6799:
6793:
6789:
6783:
6782:
6775:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6764:
6745:
6735:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6724:
6701:
6695:
6685:
6679:
6678:
6671:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6660:
6646:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6636:
6619:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6605:
6588:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6577:
6559:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6533:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6507:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6486:
6477:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6445:
6439:
6429:
6423:
6422:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6362:(8): 1482–1498.
6351:
6345:
6344:
6316:
6310:
6297:
6291:
6274:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6254:
6246:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6227:
6219:
6213:
6212:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6185:
6177:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6138:
6121:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6110:
6093:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6082:
6065:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6054:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6009:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5950:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5887:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5862:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5836:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5807:
5801:
5786:Árpád E. Varga,
5784:
5778:
5772:
5766:
5751:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5714:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5629:
5616:
5615:
5607:
5601:
5598:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5564:
5541:
5540:
5528:
5522:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5508:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5474:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5436:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5389:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5318:
5305:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5266:
5260:
5259:
5254:. Archived from
5243:
5237:
5236:
5231:. Archived from
5229:cronicaromana.ro
5220:
5214:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5180:
5166:
5160:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5097:
5091:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5050:
5040:
5012:
5006:
5005:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4976:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4961:, archived from
4950:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4906:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4870:
4859:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4834:
4825:
4824:
4814:
4804:
4772:
4763:
4762:
4756:
4748:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4685:. European Union
4675:
4669:
4666:
4660:
4655:
4649:
4644:
4638:
4624:
4618:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4584:
4573:
4565:
4500:, football coach
4408:Cornelia Catangă
4335:
4319:
4304:
4281:
4265:
4249:
4233:
4214:where Romania's
4174:Iulian Rădulescu
3903:Székelyszáldobos
3846:
3845:
3658:Sepsiszentgyörgy
3601:
3600:
2735:Romani language
2724:
2723:
2084:
2083:
1936:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1863:Turkish minority
1817:
1567:Second World War
1517:Jewish Romanians
1473:interwar Romania
1429:Slavic languages
1187:legal personhood
1076:Byzantine Empire
923:
916:
912:
881:
875:
748:, traditionally
735:
728:
721:
705:
704:
679:Hungarian-Slovak
385:Sepečides Romani
195:
172:
171:
162:Romani mythology
58:Total population
50:
43:
41:
32:
21:
8534:
8533:
8529:
8528:
8527:
8525:
8524:
8523:
8509:
8508:
8507:
8502:
8460:
8454:
8440:Northern Cyprus
8422:
8416:
8337:North Macedonia
8158:
8155:
8125:
8120:
8109:
8024:
8001:
7940:
7799:
7786:
7781:
7751:
7746:
7678:
7621:North Macedonia
7430:
7377:
7274:Burgenland Roma
7240:
7231:
7229:Romani diaspora
7226:
7196:
7191:
7165:
7134:
7108:
7077:
7063:
7014:Romani language
7006:
7000:
6995:
6938:
6933:
6932:
6922:
6920:
6907:
6906:
6902:
6891:
6887:
6881:Wayback Machine
6872:
6868:
6851:
6850:
6846:
6838:
6834:
6825:
6824:
6820:
6814:
6810:
6801:
6800:
6796:
6790:
6786:
6777:
6776:
6772:
6762:
6760:
6758:
6736:
6732:
6722:
6720:
6718:
6702:
6698:
6686:
6682:
6673:
6672:
6668:
6658:
6656:
6648:
6647:
6643:
6634:
6632:
6621:
6620:
6613:
6603:
6601:
6589:
6585:
6575:
6573:
6560:
6556:
6546:
6544:
6540:(in Romanian).
6534:
6530:
6520:
6518:
6509:
6508:
6504:
6494:
6492:
6484:
6478:
6471:
6461:
6459:
6446:
6442:
6430:
6426:
6395:
6391:
6352:
6348:
6317:
6313:
6307:Wayback Machine
6298:
6294:
6285:Wayback Machine
6275:
6268:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6247:
6243:
6234:
6232:
6225:
6221:
6220:
6216:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6190:
6183:
6179:
6178:
6174:
6164:
6162:
6151:
6150:
6146:
6136:
6134:
6123:
6122:
6118:
6108:
6106:
6095:
6094:
6090:
6080:
6078:
6067:
6066:
6062:
6052:
6050:
6039:
6035:
6025:
6023:
6010:
6001:
5991:
5989:
5978:
5974:
5964:
5962:
5951:
5944:
5934:
5932:
5919:
5915:
5908:
5888:
5884:
5874:
5872:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5849:
5847:
5837:
5824:
5816:
5813:Roma of Hungary
5808:
5804:
5795:Wayback Machine
5785:
5781:
5773:
5769:
5752:
5745:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5715:
5660:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5630:
5619:
5608:
5604:
5599:
5595:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5565:
5544:
5535:(in Romanian).
5529:
5525:
5515:
5513:
5506:
5500:
5496:
5475:
5464:
5454:
5452:
5437:
5420:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5390:
5349:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5319:
5308:
5300:
5296:
5287:
5285:
5267:
5263:
5244:
5240:
5221:
5217:
5200:
5196:
5186:Academia Română
5182:(in Romanian).
5168:
5167:
5163:
5158:Wayback Machine
5148:
5144:
5135:
5133:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5107:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5075:
5073:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5013:
5009:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4977:
4973:
4965:
4959:
4948:
4940:
4936:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4907:
4900:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4871:
4862:
4856:Current Biology
4854:
4850:
4835:
4828:
4781:Current Biology
4773:
4766:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4729:
4725:
4720:
4716:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4688:
4686:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4656:
4652:
4645:
4641:
4626:Holly Cartner,
4625:
4621:
4604:Anca Giurchescu
4601:
4597:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4557:
4552:
4519:
4506:, olympic boxer
4492:Ioana Rudăreasa
4482:, Olympic boxer
4476:, Olympic boxer
4442:, manele singer
4436:, manele singer
4430:, manele singer
4404:, actor, singer
4398:, actor, singer
4380:Damian Drăghici
4376:, jazz musician
4374:Johnny Răducanu
4346:
4339:
4336:
4327:
4320:
4311:
4305:
4296:
4282:
4273:
4266:
4257:
4250:
4241:
4234:
4225:
4212:Orthodox Church
4166:
4160:
4126:Johnny Răducanu
4122:Grigoraş Dinicu
4118:
4098:Greek Catholics
4090:Roman Catholics
4074:
3794:Sepsikőröspatak
3655:Sfântu-Gheorghe
3591:
3565:
2842:Bistrița-Năsăud
2667:
2257:Bistrița-Năsăud
1918:
1769:Plăieşii de Sus
1702:
1696:
1641:
1635:
1588:Romanianisation
1583:
1551:
1549:Romani genocide
1545:
1449:Greater Romania
1445:First World War
1441:
1387:First World War
1351:
1285:
1267:
1215:
1176:Slavery in the
1143:
1126:
1120:
1072:
1067:
1018:غجري (ghajri),
952:цигани (cigani)
879:[ˈʀoma]
873:[ˈroma]
857:
851:
843:Indian diaspora
777:
739:
694:
576:North Macedonia
422:
421:
418:Romani diaspora
409:
300:Burgenland Roma
281:
280:
166:
53:
36:
35:
34:Roma in Romania
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8532:
8522:
8521:
8504:
8503:
8501:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8464:
8462:
8461:other entities
8456:
8455:
8453:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8426:
8424:
8418:
8417:
8415:
8414:
8412:United Kingdom
8409:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8225:Czech Republic
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8166:
8164:
8160:
8159:
8154:
8153:
8146:
8139:
8131:
8122:
8121:
8119:
8118:
8114:
8111:
8110:
8108:
8107:
8101:
8095:
8089:
8083:
8077:
8071:
8065:
8059:
8053:
8047:
8041:
8034:
8032:
8026:
8025:
8023:
8022:
8019:Dobrujan Arabs
8016:
8009:
8007:
8003:
8002:
8000:
7999:
7993:
7987:
7981:
7975:
7969:
7963:
7957:
7950:
7948:
7942:
7941:
7939:
7938:
7932:
7926:
7920:
7914:
7908:
7902:
7896:
7890:
7884:
7878:
7872:
7866:
7860:
7853:Crimean Tatars
7851:(divided into
7846:
7840:
7834:
7828:
7822:
7816:
7809:
7807:
7801:
7800:
7794:
7792:
7791:Dominant group
7788:
7787:
7780:
7779:
7772:
7765:
7757:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7744:
7742:United Kingdom
7739:
7734:
7729:
7728:
7727:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7686:
7685:
7676:Basque Country
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7521:Czechoslovakia
7518:
7516:Czech Republic
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7442:
7440:
7436:
7435:
7432:
7431:
7429:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7412:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7391:
7385:
7383:
7379:
7378:
7376:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7329:
7328:
7318:
7313:
7312:
7311:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7255:
7253:
7246:
7242:
7241:
7236:
7233:
7232:
7225:
7224:
7217:
7210:
7202:
7193:
7192:
7190:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7173:
7171:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7142:
7140:
7139:Musical groups
7136:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7116:
7114:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7085:
7083:
7079:
7078:
7066:
7064:
7062:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7010:
7008:
7002:
7001:
6994:
6993:
6986:
6979:
6971:
6965:
6964:
6945:
6937:
6936:External links
6934:
6931:
6930:
6900:
6897:(in Romanian).
6885:
6866:
6844:
6832:
6818:
6808:
6794:
6784:
6770:
6756:
6730:
6716:
6696:
6680:
6666:
6641:
6611:
6583:
6554:
6528:
6502:
6480:Vasile Dâncu.
6469:
6440:
6424:
6405:(6): 761–766.
6389:
6346:
6327:(3): 237–244.
6311:
6292:
6266:
6241:
6214:
6196:
6172:
6144:
6116:
6088:
6060:
6033:
5999:
5972:
5942:
5913:
5906:
5882:
5857:
5822:
5802:
5779:
5767:
5743:
5729:
5658:
5644:
5617:
5602:
5593:
5579:
5542:
5523:
5494:
5488:10.1.1.466.589
5462:
5418:
5404:
5347:
5333:
5306:
5294:
5261:
5258:on 2014-07-12.
5238:
5235:on 2011-07-19.
5215:
5194:
5161:
5142:
5113:
5092:
5083:
5061:
5023:(11): e48477,
5007:
4989:
4971:
4957:
4934:
4921:
4898:
4885:
4860:
4848:
4843:New York Times
4826:
4764:
4743:
4723:
4714:
4696:
4670:
4661:
4650:
4639:
4619:
4595:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4507:
4501:
4498:Mircea Lucescu
4495:
4489:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4468:Bănel Nicoliţă
4465:
4459:
4453:
4443:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4415:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4387:
4377:
4371:
4362:
4356:
4345:
4344:Notable people
4342:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4330:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4312:
4306:
4299:
4297:
4283:
4276:
4274:
4270:Traian Băsescu
4267:
4260:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4204:
4193:
4162:Main article:
4159:
4156:
4117:
4114:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3940:Lingurár-telep
3938:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3791:Valea Crișului
3788:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3624:Marosvásárhely
3622:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3590:
3587:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1917:
1914:
1910:Ukrainian Roma
1812:Traian Băsescu
1698:Main article:
1695:
1692:
1634:
1631:
1582:
1579:
1544:
1541:
1440:
1437:
1375:Russian Empire
1350:
1347:
1323:Russian Empire
1284:
1281:
1266:
1263:
1229:The region of
1214:
1211:
1165:), musicians (
1142:
1139:
1122:Main article:
1119:
1118:Slavery period
1116:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
968:(atsinganoi),
850:
847:
792:northern India
776:
773:
741:
740:
738:
737:
730:
723:
715:
712:
711:
710:
709:
696:
695:
693:
692:
687:
682:
672:
661:United Kingdom
658:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
491:Czechoslovakia
488:
486:Czech Republic
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
416:
415:
414:
411:
410:
408:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
278:
277:
276:
273:
272:
271:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
197:
196:
188:
187:
181:
180:
168:
167:
165:
164:
159:
154:
152:Pentecostalism
149:
144:
139:
133:
130:
129:
125:
124:
98:
97:
93:
92:
70:
69:
65:
64:
60:
59:
55:
54:
51:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8531:
8520:
8517:
8516:
8514:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8473:Faroe Islands
8471:
8469:
8466:
8465:
8463:
8457:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8445:South Ossetia
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8427:
8425:
8419:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8297:Liechtenstein
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8167:
8165:
8161:
8152:
8147:
8145:
8140:
8138:
8133:
8132:
8129:
8116:
8115:
8112:
8105:
8102:
8099:
8096:
8093:
8090:
8087:
8084:
8081:
8078:
8075:
8072:
8069:
8066:
8063:
8060:
8057:
8054:
8051:
8048:
8045:
8042:
8039:
8036:
8035:
8033:
8031:
8027:
8021:(145 in 1850)
8020:
8017:
8014:
8011:
8010:
8008:
8004:
7997:
7994:
7991:
7988:
7985:
7982:
7979:
7976:
7974:(1,200–2,000)
7973:
7970:
7967:
7964:
7961:
7958:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7947:
7943:
7936:
7933:
7930:
7927:
7924:
7921:
7918:
7915:
7912:
7909:
7906:
7903:
7900:
7897:
7894:
7891:
7888:
7885:
7882:
7879:
7876:
7873:
7870:
7867:
7864:
7861:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7847:
7844:
7841:
7838:
7835:
7832:
7829:
7826:
7823:
7820:
7817:
7814:
7811:
7810:
7808:
7806:
7802:
7797:
7793:
7789:
7785:
7778:
7773:
7771:
7766:
7764:
7759:
7758:
7755:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7732:United States
7730:
7726:
7723:
7722:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7682:
7677:
7674:
7673:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7437:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7396:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7380:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7358:Servitka Roma
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7327:
7324:
7323:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7310:
7307:
7306:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7264:Bergitka Roma
7262:
7260:
7257:
7256:
7254:
7250:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7234:
7230:
7223:
7218:
7216:
7211:
7209:
7204:
7203:
7200:
7188:
7187:Mădălin Voicu
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7177:Delia Grigore
7175:
7174:
7172:
7168:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7111:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7082:Organisations
7080:
7075:
7070:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7003:
6999:
6992:
6987:
6985:
6980:
6978:
6973:
6972:
6969:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6950:
6946:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6918:
6914:
6910:
6904:
6896:
6889:
6882:
6878:
6875:
6870:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6848:
6841:
6836:
6828:
6822:
6812:
6804:
6798:
6788:
6780:
6774:
6759:
6753:
6749:
6744:
6743:
6734:
6719:
6713:
6709:
6708:
6700:
6693:
6689:
6684:
6676:
6670:
6655:
6651:
6645:
6630:
6629:
6624:
6618:
6616:
6600:
6599:
6594:
6587:
6572:(in Romanian)
6571:
6570:
6565:
6558:
6543:
6539:
6532:
6517:(in Romanian)
6516:
6512:
6506:
6491:(in Romanian)
6490:
6483:
6476:
6474:
6458:(in Romanian)
6457:
6456:
6451:
6444:
6437:
6433:
6428:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6393:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6350:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6315:
6308:
6304:
6301:
6296:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6279:
6273:
6271:
6255:(in Romanian)
6251:
6245:
6231:
6224:
6218:
6210:
6206:
6200:
6189:
6182:
6176:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6148:
6132:
6131:
6126:
6120:
6104:
6103:
6098:
6092:
6076:
6075:
6070:
6064:
6049:(in Romanian)
6048:
6044:
6037:
6022:(in Romanian)
6021:
6020:
6015:
6008:
6006:
6004:
5988:(in Romanian)
5987:
5983:
5976:
5961:(in Romanian)
5960:
5956:
5949:
5947:
5931:(in Romanian)
5930:
5929:
5924:
5917:
5909:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5894:
5886:
5871:
5867:
5861:
5846:
5842:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5815:
5814:
5806:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5789:
5783:
5776:
5771:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5756:
5750:
5748:
5732:
5730:9786155053931
5726:
5722:
5721:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5647:
5645:9786155053931
5641:
5637:
5636:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5613:
5606:
5597:
5582:
5580:9786155053931
5576:
5572:
5571:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5538:
5534:
5527:
5512:
5505:
5498:
5489:
5484:
5480:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5407:
5405:9786155053931
5401:
5397:
5396:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5336:
5334:9786155053931
5330:
5326:
5325:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5303:
5298:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5265:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5242:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5219:
5212:
5211:9780521023306
5208:
5204:
5198:
5189:
5187:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5171:
5165:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5146:
5132:on 2014-07-19
5131:
5127:
5123:
5117:
5104:
5103:
5096:
5087:
5071:
5065:
5058:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5011:
5003:
4999:
4993:
4986:
4982:
4975:
4968:on 2016-03-04
4964:
4960:
4954:
4947:
4946:
4938:
4924:
4922:9781858286358
4918:
4914:
4913:
4905:
4903:
4888:
4886:9780786494705
4882:
4878:
4877:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4857:
4852:
4844:
4840:
4833:
4831:
4822:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4771:
4769:
4760:
4754:
4746:
4740:
4736:
4735:
4727:
4718:
4710:
4706:
4700:
4684:
4680:
4674:
4665:
4659:
4654:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4636:9781564320377
4633:
4629:
4623:
4617:
4616:9781442267084
4613:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4585:on 2020-05-09
4581:
4577:
4570:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4555:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4474:Marian Simion
4472:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4462:Nicole Cherry
4460:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4428:Adrian Minune
4426:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4396:Ștefan Bănică
4394:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4369:Mădălin Voicu
4366:
4363:
4360:
4359:Mădălin Voicu
4357:
4355:
4351:
4350:Florin Cioabă
4348:
4347:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4313:
4310:
4303:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4286:Romani Palace
4280:
4275:
4271:
4264:
4259:
4255:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4223:Image gallery
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4146:Nicole Cherry
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4025:Alsófernezely
4024:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3920:Marossárpatak
3919:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
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3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3785:
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3779:
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3728:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3689:Boroșneu Mare
3688:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3649:
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3623:
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3505:
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3500:
3497:
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3478:
3475:
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3470:
3467:
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3440:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
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3413:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3399:
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3390:
3386:
3383:
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3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3361:
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3353:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
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3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2956:Caraș-Severin
2954:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
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2835:
2832:
2829:
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2824:
2821:
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2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
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2680:
2676:
2672:
2658:
2655:
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2650:
2648:
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2640:
2637:
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2618:
2614:
2611:
2609:
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2605:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2543:Caraș-Severin
2541:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2492:
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2488:
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2476:
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2471:
2468:
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2453:
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2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
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2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
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2377:
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2371:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2349:
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2345:
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2336:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
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2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1872:Florin Cioabă
1867:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1799:. During the
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1749:Bolintin-Deal
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1722:Eugen Grigore
1716:A Roma couple
1714:
1706:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:, control of
1646:
1640:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1540:
1539:(1940-1944).
1538:
1537:Ion Antonescu
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1289:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1131:Ștefan Răzvan
1125:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1084:Ottoman Turks
1081:
1077:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1002:
999:
995:
992:
988:
985:
981:
978:
974:
971:
967:
964:
960:
957:
953:
950:
946:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
920:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
887:
885:
880:
874:
869:
865:
862:
856:
846:
844:
840:
836:
831:
829:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
799:
798:and Maratha.
797:
793:
789:
786:
782:
772:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
752:
747:
736:
731:
729:
724:
722:
717:
716:
714:
713:
708:
700:
699:
698:
697:
691:
688:
686:
683:
680:
676:
675:United States
673:
670:
666:
662:
659:
656:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
423:
419:
413:
412:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
390:Servitka Roma
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
295:Bergitka Roma
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
275:
274:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
200:
199:
198:
194:
190:
189:
186:
185:Romani people
183:
182:
178:
174:
173:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
134:
131:
126:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
61:
56:
49:
44:
39:
19:
8450:Transnistria
8356:
8104:Bangladeshis
7818:
7798:(16,792,868)
7645:
7294:Finnish Kale
7289:Erromintxela
7182:Nicolae Păun
7104:Romani CRISS
7089:Aven Amentza
7005:Demographics
6997:
6962:Google Books
6948:
6921:. Retrieved
6917:the original
6912:
6903:
6888:
6869:
6861:the original
6856:
6847:
6835:
6821:
6811:
6797:
6787:
6773:
6761:. Retrieved
6741:
6733:
6721:. Retrieved
6706:
6699:
6688:Hancock 2005
6683:
6669:
6657:. Retrieved
6653:
6644:
6633:. Retrieved
6626:
6604:September 1,
6602:. Retrieved
6596:
6586:
6574:. Retrieved
6567:
6557:
6545:. Retrieved
6531:
6519:. Retrieved
6514:
6505:
6493:. Retrieved
6488:
6460:. Retrieved
6453:
6443:
6427:
6402:
6398:
6392:
6359:
6355:
6349:
6324:
6320:
6314:
6295:
6257:. Retrieved
6244:
6233:. Retrieved
6230:Ec.europa.eu
6229:
6217:
6209:the original
6199:
6188:the original
6175:
6163:. Retrieved
6156:
6147:
6135:. Retrieved
6128:
6119:
6107:. Retrieved
6100:
6091:
6079:. Retrieved
6072:
6063:
6051:. Retrieved
6046:
6036:
6024:. Retrieved
6017:
5990:. Retrieved
5985:
5975:
5963:. Retrieved
5958:
5933:. Retrieved
5926:
5916:
5892:
5885:
5873:. Retrieved
5869:
5860:
5848:. Retrieved
5844:
5812:
5805:
5798:
5782:
5770:
5754:
5734:. Retrieved
5719:
5649:. Retrieved
5634:
5611:
5605:
5596:
5584:. Retrieved
5569:
5536:
5532:
5526:
5514:. Retrieved
5510:
5497:
5478:
5453:. Retrieved
5448:
5444:
5409:. Retrieved
5394:
5338:. Retrieved
5323:
5297:
5286:. Retrieved
5274:
5264:
5256:the original
5251:
5241:
5233:the original
5228:
5218:
5202:
5197:
5173:
5164:
5145:
5134:. Retrieved
5130:the original
5125:
5116:
5106:, retrieved
5101:
5095:
5086:
5074:. Retrieved
5064:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5002:Live Science
5001:
4992:
4984:
4980:
4974:
4963:the original
4944:
4937:
4926:. Retrieved
4911:
4890:. Retrieved
4875:
4855:
4851:
4842:
4784:
4780:
4733:
4726:
4717:
4699:
4687:. Retrieved
4682:
4673:
4664:
4653:
4642:
4622:
4598:
4587:. Retrieved
4580:the original
4575:
4539:Antiziganism
4480:Dorel Simion
4446:Sandu Ciorbă
4440:Vali Vijelie
4434:Florin Salam
4418:Nicolae Guţă
4361:, politician
4285:
4253:
4237:
4167:
4149:
4119:
4086:Pentecostals
4075:
3842:
3692:Nagyborosnyó
3592:
3566:
3554:
3549:
3544:
2719:
2668:
2656:
2651:
2646:
1916:Demographics
1903:
1898:
1894:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1844:Sorin Lavric
1840:Mureș County
1820:
1809:
1730:
1719:
1687:
1685:
1665:
1655:and part of
1642:
1627:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1571:Transnistria
1563:Nazi Germany
1555:Soviet Union
1552:
1510:
1506:
1501:Roma Voivode
1497:
1489:
1476:
1453:Transylvania
1442:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1372:
1368:
1335:Cetatea Albă
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1290:
1286:
1283:Emancipation
1277:
1268:
1250:
1243:
1228:
1216:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1175:
1158:
1144:
1135:
1127:
1095:Transylvania
1088:
1073:
1058:
1049:
1047:
1022:
1007:
1000:
993:
986:
979:
972:
965:
958:
951:
942:
933:
929:
928:. The final
925:
902:
898:
894:
890:
888:
858:
832:
824:
800:
778:
749:
744:
605:
325:Judeo-Romani
315:Crimean Roma
114:Transylvania
37:
30:Ethnic group
27:Ethnic group
8488:Isle of Man
8423:recognition
8397:Switzerland
8332:Netherlands
8013:Circassians
7923:Macedonians
7815:(1,227,623)
7700:Switzerland
7679: [
7631:Netherlands
7333:Polska Roma
7321:Muslim Roma
7252:Uncontested
7238:Settlements
7113:Initiatives
7007:and history
6923:November 5,
6521:February 8,
6053:February 8,
6026:February 8,
5252:jurnalul.ro
4812:10230/25348
4510:Petre Marin
4488:, kickboxer
4450:Gipsy music
4294:Cluj County
4197:Ioan Cioabă
4178:Cem Romengo
4078:2011 census
4056:Héjjasfalva
3957:Cigánysereg
3866:Cluj-Napoca
3858:Population
3780:Oncsa-telep
3644:Dankó Pista
3621:Târgu-Mureș
3613:Population
3589:Segregation
3578:Crăciunești
3555:3.09 %
2671:2011 census
2657:3.09 %
1836:Târgu Mureș
1818:fined him.
1781:Valea Largă
1533:biopolitics
1485:land reform
1481:smallholder
1399:The Graphic
1379:Scandinavia
1235:Bran Castle
1197:(the Roma)
849:Terminology
760:2011 census
707:WikiProject
641:Switzerland
586:Netherlands
571:New Zealand
370:Polska Roma
285:Afro-Romani
268:Settlements
203:Archaeology
142:Catholicism
102:Vlax Romani
8367:San Marino
8327:Montenegro
8307:Luxembourg
8287:Kazakhstan
8190:Azerbaijan
8080:Pakistanis
7984:Krashovani
7954:Aromanians
7875:Bulgarians
7859:) (20,282)
7825:Ukrainians
7813:Hungarians
7616:Montenegro
7439:By country
7373:Welsh Kale
7338:Ruska Roma
6763:8 December
6723:8 December
6690:, p.
6635:2020-10-06
6542:Libertatea
6455:Hotnews.ro
6235:2017-08-19
6137:8 February
5288:2021-04-29
5136:2021-04-29
5108:2009-01-28
4928:2017-06-05
4892:2017-06-05
4689:31 January
4589:2011-12-10
4550:References
4252:Purported
4042:Parângului
4036:Sighișoara
3746:Cigányszer
3641:Székelyhíd
3627:Hidegvölgy
1793:Sâncrăieni
1637:See also:
1559:Iron Guard
1547:See also:
1519:and other
1465:Bessarabia
1443:After the
1319:Bessarabia
1080:Asia Minor
977:Portuguese
966:ατσίγγανοι
764:Hungarians
566:Montenegro
420:by country
380:Ruska Roma
375:Romanichal
8478:Gibraltar
8302:Lithuania
8068:Filipinos
8040:(177,000)
7929:Albanians
7917:Armenians
7821:(621,573)
7796:Romanians
7601:Lithuania
7461:Australia
7456:Argentina
7416:Bosha/Lom
7382:Contested
7353:Sepečides
7299:Kalderash
7279:Cascarots
7245:Subgroups
7029:Kalderash
6462:March 29,
6419:225206490
6341:145517603
6259:April 18,
6109:March 29,
5992:March 29,
5986:Ziare.com
5965:April 25,
5959:Descoperă
5935:March 29,
5841:"Hungary"
5483:CiteSeerX
5283:0040-781X
4753:cite book
4456:Connect-R
4365:Ion Voicu
4352:, former
4186:Romanians
4182:Târgu Jiu
4138:Connect-R
4130:Ion Voicu
4022:Nagybánya
4019:Baia Mare
3991:Kis Telep
3869:Kolozsvár
3695:Cigányrét
3431:Teleorman
3374:Satu Mare
3260:Mehedinți
3241:Maramureș
3165:Hunedoara
3051:Dâmbovița
3013:Constanța
2918:Bucharest
2707:Rajasthan
2621:Constanța
2608:Bucharest
2517:Hunedoara
2452:Teleorman
2400:Maramureș
2270:Mehedinți
2192:Satu Mare
2166:Dâmbovița
1823:Baia Mare
1805:Bucharest
1789:Sânmartin
1745:Cuza Vodă
1653:Maramureș
1623:Berezovka
1596:blackouts
1421:Hungarian
1272:Phanariot
1254:Joseph II
1171:lingurari
1103:Wallachia
1033:cyganie,
956:Hungarian
949:Bulgarian
924:is spelt
917:. In the
796:Rajasthan
690:Venezuela
556:Lithuania
436:Australia
431:Argentina
365:Romanisæl
330:Kalderash
310:Cascarots
147:Calvinism
137:Orthodoxy
110:Hungarian
96:Languages
78:Bucharest
74:Wallachia
8513:Category
8498:Svalbard
8483:Guernsey
8430:Abkhazia
8382:Slovenia
8377:Slovakia
8352:Portugal
8210:Bulgaria
8098:Mexicans
8086:Iranians
8074:Africans
7990:Slovenes
7978:Székelys
7956:(26,500)
7899:Italians
7871:(13,654)
7865:(18,076)
7845:(23,487)
7843:Lipovans
7839:(27,698)
7833:(36,042)
7827:(50,920)
7666:Slovenia
7661:Slovakia
7641:Portugal
7501:Colombia
7491:Bulgaria
7316:Manouche
7309:Machvaya
6877:Archived
6659:17 March
6654:insse.ro
6547:24 March
6384:73447392
6376:30767582
6303:Archived
6281:Archived
6102:Mediafax
6074:Euronews
6019:Mediafax
5928:Adevărul
5791:Archived
5762:), from
5516:18 March
5455:18 March
5154:Archived
5057:23209554
5017:PLOS ONE
4821:23219723
4517:See also
4464:, singer
4458:, singer
4392:, singer
4254:bulibașa
4102:Baptists
4094:Reformed
4084:, 18.4%
4072:Religion
4053:Vânători
4039:Segesvár
3988:Mezőbánd
3968:Vânători
3900:Doboșeni
3777:Margitta
3774:Marghita
3763:Kishilib
3740:Ghelința
3184:Ialomița
3146:Harghita
2975:Călărași
2861:Botoșani
2675:Romanian
2665:Language
2634:Botoșani
2530:Harghita
2179:Ialomița
2114:Călărași
1761:Cărpiniş
1753:Ogrezeni
1737:Turulung
1529:Eugenics
1513:Carol II
1477:(țigani)
1461:Bukovina
1425:Romanian
1339:Chișinău
1312:linguari
1111:Moldavia
1054:Romanian
1037:cikáni,
1001:Zigeuner
994:zigeuner
973:tsiganes
938:Romanian
901:(plural
893:(plural
804:Gujarati
781:Sanskrit
669:Scotland
626:Slovenia
621:Slovakia
601:Portugal
471:Colombia
466:Bulgaria
360:Machvaya
263:Religion
238:Language
228:Folklore
177:a series
175:Part of
128:Religion
122:Dobrogea
106:Romanian
90:Dobrogea
82:Moldavia
8407:Ukraine
8357:Romania
8317:Moldova
8275:Ireland
8270:Iceland
8265:Hungary
8255:Germany
8250:Georgia
8240:Finland
8235:Estonia
8230:Denmark
8215:Croatia
8200:Belgium
8195:Belarus
8185:Austria
8180:Armenia
8175:Andorra
8170:Albania
8064:(1,000)
8062:Indians
8058:(2,243)
8056:Chinese
8052:(2,384)
8050:Afghans
8046:(5,000)
7966:Csángós
7960:Hutsuls
7925:(1,264)
7919:(1,361)
7913:(2,477)
7907:(2,543)
7901:(3,203)
7895:(3,271)
7889:(3,668)
7883:(5,408)
7877:(7,336)
7869:Slovaks
7831:Germans
7737:Uruguay
7720:Ukraine
7710:Tunisia
7646:Romania
7611:Moldova
7571:Ireland
7561:Hungary
7551:Germany
7546:Georgia
7536:Estonia
7526:Denmark
7506:Croatia
7476:Belgium
7471:Belarus
7466:Austria
7451:Algeria
7446:Albania
7404:Kawliya
7399:Garachi
7326:Zargari
7024:Ciurari
6576:June 6,
6495:May 16,
5875:15 June
5850:15 June
5736:2 March
5651:2 March
5586:2 March
5411:2 March
5340:2 March
5191:. 1988.
5076:4 March
5048:3509117
5025:Bibcode
4789:Bibcode
4414:-singer
4309:Buzescu
4104:, 0.8%
4100:, 0.9%
4096:, 1.1%
4088:, 3.8%
3923:Szerbia
3917:Glodeni
3872:Patarét
3828:Csedreg
3825:Cidreag
3760:Ozsdola
3743:Gelence
3675:Diószeg
3638:Săcueni
3574:Ormeniş
3570:Vâlcele
3550:621,573
3526:Vrancea
3412:Suceava
3336:Prahova
3108:Giurgiu
3032:Covasna
2711:Haryana
2703:Merwari
2699:Bengali
2691:Punjabi
2652:621,573
2491:Suceava
2426:Prahova
2322:Vrancea
2309:Covasna
2153:Giurgiu
2043:569,477
2032:621,573
2021:535,140
2010:401,087
2002:+254.2%
1999:227,398
1977:104,216
1955:262,501
1944:200,000
1765:Găiseni
1741:Vârghiș
1724:, from
1681:Salonta
1661:Hungary
1657:Crișana
1615:Ochakov
1493:pedlars
1469:Romania
1413:Székely
1308:vătraşi
1231:Făgăraș
1167:lăutari
1107:Prizren
1070:Arrival
1027:Russian
1023:zingari
1020:Italian
1012:Persian
1005:Turkish
987:gitanos
984:Spanish
980:ciganos
945:cognate
936:is the
897:), and
820:Bengali
816:Marwari
812:Punjabi
775:Origins
756:Romania
685:Uruguay
651:Ukraine
606:Romania
581:Moldova
536:Ireland
531:Hungary
521:Germany
516:Georgia
506:Finland
501:Estonia
496:Denmark
476:Croatia
451:Belgium
446:Belarus
441:Austria
426:Albania
405:Zargari
355:Lăutari
320:Gurbeti
233:History
213:Culture
208:Cuisine
118:Turkish
8493:Jersey
8435:Kosovo
8402:Turkey
8392:Sweden
8372:Serbia
8362:Russia
8347:Poland
8342:Norway
8322:Monaco
8292:Latvia
8260:Greece
8245:France
8220:Cyprus
7996:Gagauz
7935:Rusyns
7911:Czechs
7887:Greeks
7881:Croats
7857:Nogais
7849:Tatars
7819:Romani
7725:Crimea
7715:Turkey
7695:Sweden
7656:Serbia
7651:Russia
7636:Poland
7626:Norway
7606:Mexico
7591:Latvia
7586:Kosovo
7576:Israel
7556:Greece
7541:France
7511:Cyprus
7496:Canada
7486:Brazil
7368:Ursari
7304:Lovari
7269:Boyash
7259:Arlije
7170:People
7034:Ursari
7019:Boyash
6956:
6754:
6714:
6631:. 2011
6436:Evz.ro
6417:
6382:
6374:
6339:
6165:3 July
6158:Pro TV
6130:Digi24
6081:7 July
5904:
5727:
5642:
5577:
5485:
5402:
5331:
5281:
5209:
5055:
5045:
4955:
4919:
4883:
4819:
4741:
4634:
4614:
4452:singer
4424:singer
4422:manele
4412:fiddle
4386:player
4210:, the
4201:Horezu
4151:manele
3971:Vadász
3954:Bonyha
3951:Bahnea
3811:Tasnád
3808:Tășnad
3757:Ojdula
3678:Sziget
3672:Diosig
3596:Săcele
3530:11,966
3507:Vaslui
3488:Vâlcea
3469:Tulcea
3454:14,525
3416:12,178
3397:17,946
3378:17,388
3359:15,004
3340:17,763
3283:46,947
3264:10,919
3245:12,211
3226:15,634
3207:11,288
3188:14,278
3112:15,223
3093:16,990
3089:Galați
3074:29,839
3055:27,355
2998:22,531
2979:22,939
2941:20,376
2922:23,973
2899:Brăila
2884:18,519
2880:Brașov
2846:11,937
2827:34,640
2808:15,284
2789:16,476
2770:16,526
2751:14,292
2728:County
2715:Punjab
2687:Uralic
2641:1.01%
2628:1.25%
2615:1.27%
2612:23,973
2602:1.36%
2589:1.46%
2586:11,288
2576:1.50%
2569:Vaslui
2563:1.61%
2556:Tulcea
2550:1.70%
2537:1.71%
2524:1.79%
2511:1.87%
2504:Vâlcea
2498:1.92%
2495:12,178
2485:1.96%
2472:2.12%
2469:14,525
2459:2.16%
2446:2.18%
2433:2.33%
2430:17,763
2420:2.48%
2417:15,284
2407:2.55%
2404:12,211
2394:2.66%
2387:Brăila
2381:2.69%
2378:16,476
2368:3.17%
2365:16,990
2361:Galați
2355:3.26%
2352:22,531
2342:3.37%
2339:18,519
2335:Brașov
2329:3.52%
2326:11,966
2316:3.93%
2303:4.02%
2300:15,634
2290:4.04%
2287:16,526
2277:4.11%
2274:10,919
2264:4.17%
2261:11,937
2251:4.17%
2248:14,292
2238:4.51%
2235:20,376
2225:4.52%
2222:17,946
2212:4.52%
2209:29,839
2199:5.05%
2196:17,388
2186:5.21%
2183:14,278
2173:5.27%
2170:27,355
2160:5.41%
2157:15,223
2147:6.02%
2144:34,640
2134:6.69%
2131:15,004
2121:7.48%
2118:22,939
2108:8.52%
2105:46,947
2088:County
2035:+16.2%
2024:+33.4%
2013:+76.4%
1991:−38.4%
1988:64,197
1980:+95.1%
1969:−79.6%
1966:53,425
1958:+31.3%
1757:Reghin
1677:Dachau
1669:Horthy
1433:German
1402:, 1908
1341:, and
1327:Soroca
1304:lăieşi
1258:Romani
1239:Braşov
1163:ursari
1159:aurari
1155:boyars
1151:Cumans
1147:Tatars
1091:Danube
1043:Slovak
1039:Kazakh
1031:Polish
1016:Arabic
998:German
970:French
959:cigány
868:Romani
751:Țigani
655:Crimea
646:Turkey
636:Sweden
616:Serbia
611:Russia
596:Poland
591:Norway
561:Mexico
551:Latvia
546:Kosovo
526:Greece
511:France
481:Cyprus
461:Brazil
400:Ursari
350:Lovari
305:Boyash
290:Arlije
258:People
8468:Åland
8387:Spain
8312:Malta
8282:Italy
8106:(100)
8100:(224)
8094:(500)
8092:Kurds
8088:(610)
8082:(700)
8076:(700)
8070:(800)
8044:Arabs
7992:(175)
7937:(262)
7931:(520)
7905:Poles
7863:Serbs
7837:Turks
7705:Syria
7690:Sudan
7683:]
7671:Spain
7596:Libya
7581:Italy
7531:Egypt
7426:Lyuli
7409:Nawar
7363:Sinti
6857:Maxim
6485:(PDF)
6415:S2CID
6380:S2CID
6337:S2CID
6253:(PDF)
6226:(PDF)
6191:(PDF)
6184:(PDF)
5817:(PDF)
5507:(PDF)
5170:"rom"
4966:(PDF)
4949:(PDF)
4583:(PDF)
4572:(PDF)
4390:Andra
4324:NSDAP
4290:Turda
4238:șatră
4142:Andra
4110:Islam
4092:, 3%
4005:Hirip
3974:Gödör
3937:Zágon
3934:Zagon
3886:Torda
3883:Turda
3831:Tanya
3803:100%
3769:100%
3752:100%
3735:100%
3718:100%
3709:Erdőd
3706:Ardud
3701:100%
3667:100%
3650:100%
3545:Total
3511:5,913
3492:6,939
3473:3,423
3450:Timiș
3435:8,198
3393:Sibiu
3355:Sălaj
3321:9,504
3302:6,398
3298:Neamț
3279:Mureș
3222:Ilfov
3169:7,475
3150:5,326
3131:6,698
3036:8,267
3017:8,554
2960:7,272
2937:Buzău
2903:8,555
2865:4,155
2823:Bihor
2804:Bacău
2785:Argeș
2695:Hindi
2647:Total
2638:4,155
2625:8,554
2599:6,398
2595:Neamț
2573:5,913
2560:3,423
2547:7,272
2534:5,326
2521:7,475
2508:6,939
2482:6,698
2465:Timiș
2456:8,198
2443:9,504
2413:Bacău
2391:8,555
2374:Argeș
2313:8,267
2296:Ilfov
2231:Buzău
2218:Sibiu
2140:Bihor
2127:Sălaj
2101:Mureș
2046:−8.4%
2040:2022
2029:2011
2018:2002
2007:1992
1996:1977
1985:1966
1974:1956
1963:1948
1952:1930
1941:1887
1797:Racoş
1785:Apața
1777:Racşa
1619:Balta
1611:Golta
1457:Banat
1417:Saxon
1343:Bălți
1331:Otaci
1183:serfs
1059:Țigan
1057:word
1050:Țigan
1035:Czech
1008:Çigan
991:Dutch
963:Greek
947:with
934:rromi
903:rromi
861:Dalit
808:Hindi
802:with
785:Dalit
631:Spain
541:Italy
395:Sinti
253:Names
248:Music
243:Media
223:Dress
218:Dance
157:Islam
40:, Rom
38:Țigan
7893:Jews
7855:and
7566:Iraq
7421:Lori
6954:ISBN
6925:2006
6765:2015
6752:ISBN
6725:2015
6712:ISBN
6661:2023
6606:2022
6578:2022
6549:2022
6523:2020
6497:2020
6489:IRES
6464:2020
6372:PMID
6261:2020
6167:2021
6139:2021
6111:2020
6083:2013
6055:2021
6028:2021
5994:2020
5967:2020
5937:2020
5902:ISBN
5877:2021
5852:2021
5738:2021
5725:ISBN
5653:2021
5640:ISBN
5588:2021
5575:ISBN
5518:2021
5457:2021
5413:2021
5400:ISBN
5342:2021
5329:ISBN
5279:ISSN
5275:Time
5207:ISBN
5078:2016
5053:PMID
4953:ISBN
4917:ISBN
4881:ISBN
4817:PMID
4759:link
4739:ISBN
4691:2023
4632:ISBN
4612:ISBN
4190:Roma
4144:and
4065:15%
4048:27%
4031:19%
4014:92%
4002:Hrip
3997:42%
3985:Band
3980:18%
3963:22%
3946:26%
3912:26%
3909:1148
3892:1200
3878:16%
3875:3000
3837:94%
3820:77%
3786:97%
3726:Ákos
3723:Acâș
3715:1135
3698:1222
3684:96%
3681:1620
3664:1830
3661:Őrkő
3647:1870
3633:85%
3630:2500
3387:75%
3368:10%
3292:30%
3203:Iași
3159:79%
3127:Gorj
3070:Dolj
3045:70%
2994:Cluj
2836:35%
2766:Arad
2747:Alba
2713:and
2693:and
2582:Iași
2478:Gorj
2348:Cluj
2283:Arad
2244:Alba
2205:Dolj
1930:Pop.
1926:Year
1899:IRES
1895:IRES
1881:The
1831:wall
1816:CNCD
1795:and
1726:Iași
1621:and
1531:and
1463:and
1383:Vlax
1310:and
1246:serf
913:and
899:rrom
895:romi
828:Ḍoma
810:and
746:Roma
665:term
104:and
88:and
7998:(5)
7394:Dom
6748:147
6598:CNN
6407:doi
6364:doi
6329:doi
5898:422
5797:at
5760:PDF
5451:(2)
5043:PMC
5033:doi
4807:hdl
4797:doi
4384:nai
4062:650
4045:627
4028:631
4011:643
3994:780
3977:800
3960:829
3943:850
3926:996
3895:7%
3834:638
3817:650
3800:689
3783:758
3766:770
3749:860
3732:920
3539:0%
3536:47%
3533:53%
3520:0%
3517:49%
3514:51%
3501:0%
3498:70%
3495:30%
3482:0%
3479:61%
3476:39%
3463:1%
3460:40%
3457:59%
3444:0%
3441:44%
3438:56%
3425:0%
3422:73%
3419:27%
3406:1%
3403:80%
3400:19%
3384:12%
3381:13%
3365:41%
3362:49%
3349:0%
3346:75%
3343:25%
3330:0%
3327:61%
3324:39%
3317:Olt
3311:0%
3308:46%
3305:54%
3289:21%
3286:49%
3273:0%
3270:42%
3267:58%
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