Roman–Etruscan Wars

1705:, a Roman ally. The Sutrines sent to Rome for aid and Camillus, now victorious against the Volsci and Aequi, marched to their relief, but before any help could arrive they were forced into a conditional surrender, being allowed to leave without weapons and only one garment apiece. Meeting the exiled Sutrines that same day, Camillus ordered the baggage left behind and marched his now unencumbered army to Sutrium where he found the enemy still dispersed and busy plundering the city. Camillus ordered all the gates closed and attacked before the Etruscans could concentrate their forces. The now trapped Etruscans at first intended to fight to the end, but when hearing that their lives would be spared, they surrendered in great numbers. Sutrium was thus captured twice in the same day. Livy provides a description of the amount of spoils taken. Having won three simultaneous wars, Camillus returned to Rome in triumph. The Etruscan prisoners were publicly sold; after the gold owed to Rome's matrons had been repaid (they had contributed their gold to ransom Rome from the Gauls), enough was left for three golden bowls inscribed with the name of Camillus and placed in the 1746:; this might have been the meeting place during the 4th century as well. However, modern historians consider the Etruscan league to have been a purely religious organization dedicated to celebrate common Etruscan festivals, it was never a military alliance. Rather, the Roman annalistic records and other sources seem to describe a disunited Etruria divided into several rival city states. References to all of Etruria united against Rome are therefore considered unhistorical. The original Roman records perhaps stated there had been fighting against "the Etruscans" without specifying the city. Later writers have then expanded this to involve all of Etruria including plausible, but fictitious, meetings of the Etruscan league. 1734:

attack the walls on the side the enemy was holding. Attacked from both within and without the city, the Etruscans fled in panic and were killed in great numbers. Having recaptured Sutrium, the Roman army marched to Nepete, which by that time had surrendered to the Etruscans after treachery from some of the townsmen. Camillus first attempted to convince the Nepesines to throw out the Etruscans. When they refused, he captured the city by storm. All the Etruscans and those who had sided with them were killed and a Roman garrison put in place. After this victory no further conflict is reported between Romans and Etruscans until 358 when Rome again clashed with Tarquinii.

1049: 128: 1193: 3781: 4336: 1507:, mindful of the undisciplined conduct of the soldiers in the recent past, held their men back from fighting until repeated provocations by the Etruscan cavalry made the start of combat inevitable. Fabius compelled those of the soldiers who were most eager to engage the enemy to swear to return victorious before he would give the order for battle. Once the fight had begun, the Roman commanders fought with great vigor, particularly after 25: 1801:. He, however, accomplished nothing of note except convening his army, at camp near Sutrium, in Assembly and passing a law taxing the manumission of slaves. Worrying about the precedent this could set, the tribunes of the plebs made it a capital offence to convene the Assembly outside the usual place. D.S. also records a war between the Romans and the Falisci where nothing of note took place—only raiding and pillaging. 1396:, fled the Etruscan camp, leading away a group of Roman virgins. Porsena demanded she be returned, and the Romans consented. Upon her return, however, Porsena, being impressed by her bravery, allowed her to choose half the remaining hostages to be freed. She selected from among the hostages the young Roman boys to be freed. The Romans honoured Cloelia with the unusual honour of a statue at the top of the 568: 1825:. Then, in 354, the Romans forced the Tarquinienses to surrender after killing a large number of them in battle. The prisoners taken were all put to the sword, except 358 nobles who were sent to Rome, where they were scourged and beheaded in the Forum as retribution for the Romans immolated by the Tarquinienses in 358. According to Diodorus only 260 were executed in the Forum. 1894:

used by the Late Roman Republic; these are therefore unlikely to have been invented and provide a secure date for the end of this war. As usual Livy portrays Rome as victorious, but with the war dominated by raiding and no records of any towns attacked the scale of the fighting appears to have been limited. Rome was certainly not yet able at this stage to dominate Etruria.

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military endeavors against the city-states of Etruria were discrete reactions to an array of individual factors and events. The Etruscans themselves never united in a large-scale war against the growing strength of Rome." Rather than a single event, she wrote that the geographic proximity of the Romans and Etruscans as neighbours inhabiting opposite banks of the river

1884:(traditionally reigned 640–616 BC); however, the oldest archaeological finds at the site have been dated to the mid-4th century. Protecting the coast and the mouth of the Tiber from Tarquinian attacks would have provided motive for founding a colony here; later historians might then have confused the dictator Marcius Rutilus with king Ancus Marcius. 1763:

triumph could be based on authentic information, if so this would help confirm the fighting in 389. He also believes the campaign of 386 could be historical as well, although with some of the detail transplanted from 389. A major victory by Camillus in this year would explain why no further fighting is recorded on Rome's Etruscan frontier until 358.

1511:, the brother of the consul, was slain. Manlius, leading the army's opposite wing, was dangerously wounded and forced to retire from the line. As his men began to fall back in disarray, Marcus Fabius arrived to prevent their slaughter and assure them that their leader was not dead. Manlius was able to appear himself and reassure the soldiers. 1687:. Camillus chose to march against the Volsci first, leaving, according to Livy, a force commanded by consular tribune L. Aemilius Mamercinus in the Veientine territory to guard against the Etruscans. In the course of two campaigns Camillus inflicted crushing victories against the Volsci and the Aequi and was now ready to take on the Etruscans. 1515:

invaders assaulted the consul's position, and after a volley of missiles was repulsed, a final charge overwhelmed Manlius, who was mortally wounded. The Roman troops again began to panic, but one of the fallen consul's officers moved his body and cleared a way for the Etruscans to escape, allowing Fabius to crush them as they fled.

1814:

The people of Rome awarded Marcius with a triumph, but this was not confirmed by the senate. This is supported by the Fasti Triumphales, which records that C. Marcius Rutilus, dictator, triumphed over the Etruscans on 6 May. According to D.S. the Etruscans pillaged Roman territory, raiding as far as the Tiber before returning home.

936:, he brought the rest of the army to the gates of Fidenae to provoke them into exiting the city. Seeing the appearance of disorder the Fidenates sallied out in pursuit and were caught in the ambush. Romulus' troops wheeled, drove the Fidenates through their gates so closely that they were not able to close them, and took the town. 1876:

captured from the late 4th century. The notice of 8,000 Etruscans killed in 356 might therefore likewise date back to contemporary records. Casualty figures are in any case notoriously prone to exaggeration both by commanders and historians. Forsythe (2005) has proposed this campaign as the context for the foundation of

1364:

identity and what had been his intent. He threatened that he was but merely the first of three hundred Roman youths who would attempt such a deed. To demonstrate the determination of the Romans, Mucius thrust his right hand into one of the Etruscan camp fires, thereby earning for himself and his descendants the

1875:

While Beloch rejected the dictatorship of Marcius Rutilus, Oakley (1998) believes it unlikely that the first plebeian dictatorship had been invented. Roman historians appear to have invented many early casualty reports, but they also seem to have had access to authentic records of enemies killed and

1871:

where 306 men of the Fabii are supposed to have fallen in battle against the Etruscans. Others have made comparisons with depictions of gladiators and killing of prisoners in Etruscan art. The priests brandishing snakes and torches could be inventions, but could also reflect an Etruscan magical rite

1832:

had sided with Tarquinii in sympathy with their fellow Etruscans. These were confirmed when consul C. Sulpicius Peticus, who was ravaging Tarquinian territory, reported that the Roman salt-works had been raided. Part of the plunder had been sent to Caere and no doubt some of the raiders had been men

1813:

as dictator, the first time a plebeian had been so named. Marcius transported his troops across the Tiber on rafts. After first catching a number of Etruscan raiders, he captured the Etruscan camp in a surprise attack and took 8,000 prisoners, the rest either killed or chased out of Roman territory.

1808:

commanded the Romans against the Falisci and Tarquinienses. The Etruscan army had brought priests wielding snakes and torches, and at first this sight caused the Roman soldiers to flee in panic back to their entrenchments, but the consul shamed his men into resuming the struggle. The Etruscans were

1762:

Oakley (1997) considers the accounts of a Roman victory against Etruscans in 389 to be historical, although all the details beyond the bare fact that Sutrium was successfully relieved have likely been invented. Except for the repayment of the gold to the matrons, Livy's description of Camillus' 389

1624:

The Sabine army was camped outside the walls of Veii. The Roman army attacked the Sabine defences. The Sabines sallied forth from their camp, but the Romans had the better of the fighting, and took the gate of the Sabine camp. The forces of Veii then attacked from the city, but in some disorder,

1363:

stealthily entered the Etruscan camp with the intent of assassinating Porsena. However, when Mucius came close to the king, he could not tell the king and his secretary apart, and killed the secretary in error. Mucius was captured by the Etruscans, and brought before Porsena. He openly declared his

1117:

went to war with Veii (after the expiry of an earlier truce) and with the rest of the Etruscans. Little is said of the war, except that the king was conspicuous for his valour and good fortune, that he routed a great army of the Etruscans and Veientes, and that the war helped cement his position in

1100:

The battle commenced. However, Mettius and the Alban troops headed slowly towards the mountains, intending to desert. Tullus exhorted his troops, telling them the Alban army had moved pursuant to his orders. The Fidenates, who being Roman colonists understood Latin, heard what Tullus said about the

947:

with the Fidenates (who were also Etruscan), and accordingly launched an incursion into Roman territory. After having done so, the Veientes returned to Veii with their booty. Romulus and the Roman army followed and met the Veientes in battle outside the walls of Veii. The Romans were victorious and

1968:

were devastating their country and asking for the protection of Rome in exchange for a treaty and hostages. The Senate assented after a few moments' deliberation and dispatched heralds to tell the Samnites to withdraw. Encountering the Samnite army they were told that if they spoke in Samnium they

1837:

dictator and declared war upon Caere. The Caerites now bitterly regretted their actions and sent envoys to Rome to plead for peace. In view of their old friendship the Romans granted the Caerites a hundred-year truce. The Romans then turned their attention to the Falisci, but no enemy was found in

1796:

was assigned to that war. However, the Tarquinienses defeated Fabius and sacrificed 307 Roman prisoners of war. The following year, 357, Rome also declared war against the Falisci. They had fought with the Tarquinienses and refused to give up the Roman deserters who had fled to Falerii after their

1758:

Cornell (1995) believes the Gallic sack of Rome to have been a setback from which she rapidly recovered, and sees the Roman victories that followed as continuation of an aggressive expansionist policy begun in the 420s. The accounts of these victories have been exaggerated and elaborated, and some

1754:

who held that the Gallic sack had a severe and long-lasting effect on Rome's fortunes. Accordingly, Camillus' stunning victories against the Etruscans and Volsci so soon after must be inventions designed to minimize the scale of the Roman defeat. Different later writers then treated these invented

1733:

received command of this second army and the war against the Etruscans. By the time Camillus and Valerius arrived at Sutrium, the Etruscans had taken half the city, the Sutrines desperately defending the rest behind street barricades. Camillus divided his army into two and ordered his colleague to

1724:

In 387 there were rumours in Rome that Etruria was in arms and the Romans once again turned to Camillus who was one of six elected consular tribunes for 386. However, Camillus was diverted by news that the Volscians had invaded the Pomptine territory. With Camillus occupied, the Etruscans attacked

1540:

In the same year the Fabii addressed the senate, proposing that their family alone bear the financial and military burden of the war with Veii. The senate agreed, with thanks, and the people extolled the name of the Fabii. The following day the Fabii armed themselves and, numbering 306 including

1484:

Livy suggests that in the first year of the war the Romans paid little attention to it, as their own strength was more than sufficient, and they were distracted by internal matters. However the Veientine army entered Roman territory in the following year, 482 BC, and ravaged the countryside. Livy

1097:. The army of Veii also crossed the Tiber, and, with the Fidenates, formed up battle lines next to the river, the Veientes closest to the river and the Fidenates nearest the mountains. The Roman-Alban army formed up facing them, the Romans towards the Veientes and the Albans towards the Fidenates. 769:

509 BC. Other historians such as Brice (2014) emphasise that little about the Etruscan Wars survives in the ancient sources: though "the general course of the war" could be discerned, it is impossible to reconstruct a continuous narrative. He argued that the wars occurred so early in Roman history

1893:

in 353, but this theory is rejected by Oakley (1998) who thinks this only happened in 274/273. C. Julius Iullus, the dictator of 352, is otherwise unknown. This and the constitutional peculiarities of his appointment may vouch for the historicity of this dictatorship. Time-limited truces were not

1770:

Livy's report of the capture of Cortuosa and Contenebra in 388 has received much less skepticism than the campaigns of 389 and 386. No further records of Cortuosa and Contenebra have been preserved and their sites are today unknown. As there would have been little incentive for ancient writers to

1858:

Modern historians accept as historical the overall outline of the war, but the historicity of many individual events have been disputed. Livy, as usual, makes aggression by Rome's enemies the cause of the war, and, in this case, that may well be true. Rome was, at the time, already involved in a

1433:

were sent back to Porsena, to advise him that the Romans would never re-admit Tarquinius, and that Porsena should out of respect for the Romans cease requesting Tarquinius' readmittance. Porsena agreed, telling Tarquinius to continue his exile elsewhere than Clusium. Porsena also restored to the

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Similarly, Amanda Grace Self (2016) stated that "Rome's Etruscan Wars were not a simple process of expansion into barbarian-inhabited lands", but a complex series of disparate conflicts across centuries: "The Romans had no notion of a planned, unified war against the Etruscan people. Rather, the

1514:

The Etruscans took advantage of a lull in the fighting to attack the Roman camp, breaching the defenses of the reserves. However, word of the attack reached the consuls, and Manlius stationed his men around the exits to the camp, surrounding the Etruscans. Desperate to make their escape, the

1766:

Forsythe (2005) takes a more sceptical view. He believes only the existence of three golden bowls dedicated by Camillus to Juno to be historical. From these ancient writers have invented a series of lightning victories against the traditional enemies of Rome at the time of Camillus—viz., the

1849:

campaigned against Falerii and his colleague C. Sulpicius Peticus against Tarquinii. There was no battle, but the Falisci and Tarquinienses were weary of war after having their territories ravaged year after year, and asked for a truce. The Romans granted each city a forty-years' truce.

1159:

in Etruria, garnered the support of the cities of Veii and Tarquinii, recalling to the former their regular losses of war and of land to the Roman state, and to the latter his family ties. The armies of the two cities followed Tarquin to battle but were defeated by the Roman army in the

774:

is our best surviving source for this early period, but he wrote four centuries after the events and drew on sources that were recorded at least two centuries after the events they described." He put the beginning of the Etruscan Wars in 483 BC with the first of three Roman wars with

1759:

events duplicated, but essentially describe historical events that fit into this broader picture of Roman expansion. While the role of Camillus has been exaggerated, the frequency in which he is recorded to have held office attest to his political importance in Rome during this era.

1775:

near Tarquinii have revealed a settlement founded about 650 and destroyed in the early 4th century. While San Giovenale's identity as ancient Cortuosa or Contenebra cannot be confirmed, it is still reasonable to attribute its destruction to the campaign described by Livy under 388

1635:

was assigned the war, but no fighting occurred, as the Veientes sued for peace, which the Romans accepted. Upon the Veientes giving tribute of grain and money, a truce of forty years was agreed. Manlius was awarded an ovation as a result, which he celebrated on 15 March.

2038:

a doublet is a term used when two different narrative accounts describe the same actual event. This can happen when a writer confronted with conflicting evidence erroneously concludes his sources are describing different events rather than different accounts of the same

948:

the Veientes fled into the city. The Romans, not having the strength to take the city by storm, instead laid waste their lands. The Veientes sued for peace, and a one-hundred year treaty was concluded upon the Veientes giving to the Romans a part of their own territory.

1863:

and invading Gauls, and Tarquinii's war goals aggressive: to wrest control of the lower Tiber from Rome. Caere here appear rather subservient to Tarquinii. The Falerii may have been motivated by a desire to reclaim the territories lost to Rome some forty years earlier.

1749:

The many similarities between accounts of the campaigns of 389 and 386—in both Camillus is placed in command, defeats the Volsci and comes to the aid of Sutrium—has caused several modern authors to consider these to be doublets of each other. This was the view taken by

1980:. A day-long battle brought no victory but in the night the Etruscans withdrew to their fortified cities leaving their camp and equipment to the Romans. Encamping his army at the Etrurian border Barbatus led a lightly armed force in the devastation of the countryside. 1385:, Porsena sent ambassadors to Rome to offer peace. Terms were negotiated. Porsena requested the throne be restored to Tarquinius, but the Romans refused. However the Romans did agree to return to the Veientes lands taken from them in previous wars, and Roman 1290:

heard of the approach of Porsena's army, and were afraid lest the people of Rome should out of fear let the enemy into the city. Accordingly, the senate took a number of measures to strengthen the resolve of the populace, including purchasing grain from the

791:

beds at the Tiber's mouth) and trade routes in the area, including the river itself for navigation. Usually, conflicts began with small-scale Etruscan raiding of the Roman countryside, and often ended in sieges of cities on either side.

1720:

where the towns of Cortuosa and Contenebra were captured. The former was taken by surprise and fell at the first assault. At Contenebra a small garrison attempted to resist, but after a few days succumbed to superior Roman numbers.

1299:, nationalising licences for the sale of salt (which was at the time costly), and exempting the lower classes from taxes and port customs duties. The measures were successful, and the mood of the populace turned against the enemy. 1174:

writes that later in 509 BC Valerius returned to fight the Veientes. It is unclear whether this was continuing from the Battle of Silva Arsia, or was some fresh dispute. It is also unclear what happened in this dispute.

1809:

scattered and their camp captured. This caused the whole of Etruria to rise, and, under the leadership of the Tarquinienses and Falisci, they marched against the Roman salt works. In this emergency the Romans nominated

1318:. Herminius and Larcius retreated as the bridge was almost destroyed. Horatius waited until the bridge had fallen, then swam back across the river under enemy fire. A statue was erected to Horatius in the 1537:

was dealing with an incursion by the Aequi. Verginius, being too hasty, was almost cut off along with his army, and was only saved when Fabius arrived with his army after dealing with the Aequi.

1798: 1413:, and that this somehow relates to the war with Clusium. Livy concludes most likely it is because, when Porsena departed Rome, he left behind as a gift for the Romans his stores of provisions. 2002:

was destroyed after a slave revolt. The Etruscans were assimilated into Roman culture and Rome became one of the Mediterranean superpowers amongst the Greeks and the Carthaginians, though the

1755:

victories in different ways, assigning them to different years with different incidental detail, until in Livy's writings they emerge as separate, but ultimately both unhistorical, events.

1089:

The Fidenates openly revolted against Rome. Tullus summoned Mettius and his army from Alba Longa and, together with the Roman army, marched on Fidenae. The Roman and Alban army crossed the

951:

In the second war with Fidenae and Veii in the 7th century (see below), Livy describes Fidenae as a Roman colony. It may be that a colony was established there after the defeat by Romulus.

1552:

In 478 BC the Fabii successfully ravaged the territory of Veii. The Veientes called up an army of Etruscans, and attacked the Fabian post at the Cremera. A Roman army led by the consul

1563:

In 477 BC hostilities were renewed, and the fighting increased, with incursions by the Fabii into Veientine territory, and vice versa. The Veientes devised an ambush, which led to the

630: 741:. Information about many of the wars is limited, particularly those in the early parts of Rome's history, and in large part is known from ancient texts alone. The conquest of 3552: 1934:

when the Etruscans decided to invade Rome in combination with some Gallic allies they had purchased. The planned attack was a violation of a former treaty with Rome. The

1887:

Scourging followed by beheading was common Roman practice and this detail might be just plausible invention by a later annalist. Some historians believe Caere became a

1771:

invent the capture of obscure villages, modern historians tend to consider mention of otherwise unknown sites to be based on genuine records. Excavations at modern

1477:

In the years between 483 and 476 BC the Veientes waged a war against Rome, assisted by auxiliaries from among the Etruscans. On the Roman side, the members of the

1841:

In 352 due to rumours—groundless, as it turned out—that the twelve cities of Etruria had formed a league against Rome, the Romans decided to appoint a dictator.

596: 1701:, narrate the fighting between Romans and Etruscans in very similar terms. While Camillus was away campaigning against the Volsci, the Etruscans laid siege to 623: 1973:

as to which consul would take which war Barbatus won command of the army in Etruria while Centumatus undertook the initial campaign in the Third Samnite War.

1742:

The sources frequently refer to meetings of the Etruscan league at the temple of Voltumna. The league still existed during the Roman Empire when it met near

1485:

also says that the Veientes threatened to besiege Rome itself in the following year, 481 BC, but that command of the Roman forces was given to the consul

46: 39: 616: 1602:. Thereafter the Veientes withdrew from Rome and set about ravaging the countryside, until they were defeated by the Romans in the following year. 1676:

all raised armies in hope of exploiting this blow to Roman power. According to Livy the leading men of all of Etruria gathered at the sanctuary of

1101:

Albans and feared the Alban army would charge down upon them from the rear: accordingly they fled the battle. The Romans then routed the Veientes.

1496:, which encouraged the Veientes to take the field in the hope of breaking Roman power. They were supported by troops from other Etruscan cities. 1767:

Etruscans, the Aequi and the Volsci—and dated them to the year after the Gallic sack when Rome was supposed to be beset by enemies on all sides.

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Although the battle was a great victory for Fabius, the loss of his brother and his colleague was a severe blow, and he declined the honor of a

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was nominated by the consuls while they were still in camp, rather than in the city as usual. During 351, the final year of the war, consul

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was the scene of virtually the final battles between Etruscans and Romans in 310 and 283 BC, in both of which the Romans were victorious.

1784:

As usual Livy provides the only full narrative for this war. Parts of his account are corroborated by Diodorus and the Fasti Triumphales.

89: 589: 374: 270: 1960:

for reasons unknown. Sulpicius held an election, which brought Barbatus and Gnaeus Fulvius Maximus Centumatus into consular office. The

61: 4428: 1614: 186: 4423: 2392: 2380: 2365: 2353: 2338: 2326: 2259: 2247: 2235: 2216: 1949:

consul. He joined the army in Etruria and began to waste the country hoping to provoke the Etruscans to battle, which they refused.

1729:

and Sutrium. However, Camillus soon defeated the Volscians; meanwhile, a second army was raised at Rome. Camillus and his colleague

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believed the siege was a historical event that had taken place, many modern historians think the war was at least partly mythical.

162: 68: 3836: 3495: 3387: 3248: 1942: 1834: 1610:

In 475 BC the Veientes and Sabines commenced hostilities against Rome, only a year after the defeat of Veii in the previous war.

1500: 928:(an Etruscan people) decided to suppress Rome as a future threat and began to lay waste to its territory, in opposition to which 328: 1556:

came to relieve the siege, and a charge by the Roman cavalry resulted in the retreat of the Veientine army, who withdrew to the

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Warfare in the Roman Republic: From the Etruscan Wars to the Battle of Actium: From the Etruscan Wars to the Battle of Actium

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featured prominently, and it became almost a personal struggle by that family against Veii. Rome was successful in the war.

75: 1578:

with an army against the Veientes, but the Romans were defeated once again. The Veientes marched on Rome, and occupied the

1842: 1632: 1429:

In 507 BC Porsena once again sent ambassadors to the Roman senate, requesting the restoration of Tarquinius to the throne.

1128:

over the Etruscans, including on 25 November 571 BC and 25 May 567 BC (the date of the third triumph is not legible on the

1792:

Livy writes that in 358 BC, Rome declared war on Tarquinii after forces from that city had raided Roman territory. Consul

1450: 3660: 3581: 1375:(Mucian Meadows). Porsena, shocked at the youth's bravery, dismissed him from the Etruscan camp, free to return to Rome. 1838:

the field and the Roman army returned home after ravaging Faliscan territory, having made no attempt at any enemy city.

1416:

Livy also records that, after the war, a number of the Etruscan soldiers returned to Rome to seek shelter following the

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Livy is our only written source for the subsequent years. He writes that in 388 a Roman army invaded the territory of

1332:

During the siege, the consul Valerius baited a group of the Clusian army with a herd of cattle driven out through the

4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 3134: 3087: 1706: 1530: 1371:("Lefty"). Mucius was also granted farming land on the right hand back of the Tiber, which later became known as the 136: 108: 1325:

As the attack had been unsuccessful, Porsena next determined to blockade the city. He established a garrison on the

3628: 3616: 3232: 474: 152: 1420:, and that a number of the Etruscans remained in Rome, and were granted an area to live which became known as the 4035: 1945:

who however died after a fall from his horse in a display of horsemanship. The election held to replace him made

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was assigned the conduct of the war. The Roman army was reinforced by auxiliaries from the Latin allies and the

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leapt across the bridge to hold off the enemy, giving the Romans time to destroy the bridge. He was joined by

1275:

Tarquinius, having failed to regain the throne using his allies of Tarquinii and Veii, next sought the aid of

795:

There is also disagreement about when the Etruscan–Roman Wars ended, with Kohn (2013) pointing to the sack of

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ravaged the territory of Tarquinii, but others held that he commanded jointly with his colleague against the

1168:

collected the spoils of the routed Etruscans, and returned to Rome to celebrate a triumph on 1 March 509 BC.

676: 460: 393: 181: 3918: 3826: 1345: 1262: 1409:

Livy recounts that during his own time, public auctions of goods at Rome were by tradition referred to as

3986: 3611: 3225: 82: 1074:, the Fidenates and Veientes again went to war with Rome. According to Livy they were incited to war by 3981: 3907: 3750: 2487: 1828:

Livy is the only source for the final years of the war. In 353 rumours reached Rome that the people of

1567:, most likely on 18 July 477 BC, in which the Veientes were victorious and all the Fabii killed. Only 1504: 1462: 1258: 1152: 1147:

In 509 BC the Roman monarchy was overthrown, and the republic commenced with the election of the first

770:

that "extensive elements of the narratives are shrouded in mythology and should be heavily discounted.

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Rome was the eventual victor in the wars and the last Etruscan resistance was crushed in 264 BC when

1311: 696: 1389:

were agreed to be given in exchange for the withdrawal from the Janiculum of the Etruscan garrison.

1139:, Rome renewed a treaty with the Etruscans. It is not clear which earlier peace treaty was renewed. 4125: 3596: 3562: 3515: 3266: 1797:

defeat, even though the Fetials had demanded their surrender. This campaign was assigned to consul

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Conflict in Ancient Greece and Rome: The Definitive Political, Social, and Military Encyclopedia

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The Beginnings of Rome – Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000–264 BC)

1392:

The peace was agreed, and hostages taken by Porsena. One of the hostages, a young woman named

3971: 3876: 3806: 3669: 3591: 3505: 3483: 3473: 3370: 3360: 3318: 3296: 1868: 1867:

Some scholars have seen the sacrifice of 307 Roman prisoners as another version of legendary

1810: 1665: 1564: 1161: 1142: 738: 701: 455: 191: 3780: 3162:

Sankey, Margaret (2002). "Roman–Etruscan Wars (509–234 B.C.E.)". In Sandler, Stanley (ed.).

4208: 3463: 3365: 3355: 3281: 1992: 1590:, and there were two indecisive battles against the Veientes, the first near the temple of 1434:

Romans their hostages, and also the lands of Veii that had been taken from Rome by treaty.

939:

The Veientes were concerned at the situation with Fidenae both because of its proximity to

666: 445: 387: 8: 4077: 4006: 4001: 1661: 1136: 572: 296: 4120: 4071: 3690: 3646: 3444: 3276: 2111: 1751: 661: 541: 1969:

would never leave there alive; consequently, the Senate declared war on Samnium. In a

1680:

to form an alliance against Rome. Beset by dangers on all sides, the Romans appointed

1386: 1329:, blocked river transport, and sent raiding parties into the surrounding countryside. 4335: 4168: 4115: 4024: 4016: 3901: 3866: 3816: 3457: 3449: 3439: 3345: 3197: 3169: 3149: 3130: 3104: 3083: 3064: 3038: 2629: 2283: 2035: 2003: 1595: 1458: 1120: 803:

in 273 BC was the effective end of the Wars, though adding that the 241 BC revolt of

548: 414: 403: 3012: 4058: 4029: 3956: 3856: 3793: 3700: 3695: 3685: 3677: 3557: 3468: 3392: 3333: 2665: 1710: 1698: 1075: 1071: 1059: 1037: 807:

was "a last gasp". While Margaret Sankey (2002) dated the Roman–Etruscan Wars from

525: 514: 429: 148: 1880:, Rome's port. Traditional history attributes the founding to Rome's fourth king, 4160: 4053: 3976: 3846: 3841: 3745: 3725: 3574: 3412: 3350: 3338: 3328: 3191: 3163: 3098: 3032: 1625:

and a Roman cavalry charge routed the Veientes, giving Rome the overall victory.

1337: 1315: 1114: 1063: 519: 497: 440: 819:

in 209 BC ended the long-standing rivalry between the Etruscans and the Romans.

4183: 4064: 3991: 3821: 3801: 3765: 3521: 3424: 3397: 2503: 1684: 1645: 1542: 1359:

The siege continued. Next, with the approval of the senate a Roman youth named

1333: 1303: 1241: 944: 762: 734: 534: 504: 465: 1628:

Valerius was awarded a triumph for the victory, which he celebrated on 1 May.

225: 4352: 4278: 4140: 4048: 4042: 3923: 3720: 3532: 3510: 3407: 3402: 1881: 1772: 1599: 1571:

survived because he was too young to go to war and therefore stayed in Rome.

1519: 1302:

Porsena and his forces attacked Rome. As his troops were surging towards the

1267: 1125: 1016: 884: 730: 509: 481: 409: 1650: 4339: 4258: 4150: 4130: 3811: 3760: 3527: 3434: 3429: 3382: 3301: 1939: 1877: 1523: 1438: 1422: 1360: 1353: 1341: 1287: 1276: 1148: 1054: 999: 954: 909: 867: 758: 726: 681: 608: 3129:. Vol. I: Introduction and Book VI. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1143:

War with Veii and Tarquinii, after the overthrow of the monarchy in 509 BC

4135: 4110: 3710: 3490: 3419: 3306: 1914: 1340:, two miles from Rome. Spurius Larcius was posted with troops inside the 1192: 686: 419: 310: 3638: 3190:

Self, Amanda Grace (2016). "Etruscan Wars". In Phang, Sara Elise (ed.).

4092: 3323: 1957: 1557: 1478: 1079: 932:

marched on Fidenae and camped a mile from it. Setting an ambush in the

450: 215: 171: 4303: 4288: 4263: 4233: 4203: 3871: 3705: 3217: 1970: 1938:

reneged and the Etruscans found themselves facing a Roman army under

1717: 1579: 1397: 1326: 1165: 1156: 812: 435: 16:

Conflicts between the Romans and Etruscans – 8th to 3rd centuries BCE

4178: 24: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4293: 4273: 4105: 4100: 3891: 3851: 3740: 2006:

survived for another 300 years (until the early first century AD).

1999: 1977: 1779: 1743: 1694: 1677: 1574:

Upon hearing of the grave defeat, the Roman senate sent the consul

1365: 1319: 796: 1817:

According to some of the writers consulted by Livy, in 355 consul

1541:

the consul, marched through Rome and out of the right side of the

1322:, along with land at the public expense, and also private awards. 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4228: 4223: 4213: 4188: 3886: 3715: 3148:, vol. II: Books VII–VIII, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965: 1961: 1931: 1730: 1702: 1660:

In 390 BC a Gaulish warband first defeated the Roman army at the

1618: 1546: 1466: 1444: 1430: 1402: 1393: 1378:

Most historical sources say the siege ended with a peace treaty.

1356:. The trap was successful, and the band of Clusians were killed. 1280: 1246: 1021: 983: 933: 929: 925: 921: 905: 889: 851: 804: 742: 200: 1104: 3933: 3861: 1726: 1669: 1587: 1292: 1083: 290: 1283:

in 508 BC. Clusium was at that time a powerful Etruscan city.

1070:

In the 7th century BC, during the reign of Rome's third king,

920:

In the 8th century BC, during the reign of Rome's first king,

765:, some historians put the start of the Roman–Etruscan Wars in 4323: 4283: 4268: 4218: 4193: 4173: 3938: 3913: 3896: 3730: 1988: 1935: 1860: 1829: 1822: 1673: 1296: 1094: 800: 787:

naturally drove them to conflict over resources (such as the

784: 1930:

Prior to 298 BC war had already broken out between Rome and

1118:

Rome, as he had only recently become king. According to the

4298: 4198: 3008: 2573: 2555: 2537: 2519: 2469: 2448: 2430: 1690: 1591: 1454: 1382: 1306:, one of the bridges over the Tiber leading into the city, 1216: 1171: 1110: 1090: 1025: 987: 940: 893: 855: 788: 776: 771: 2677:

Livy, vi.3.1–10; Plutarch, Camillus 35.1–4, D.S. xiv.117.5

1457:

makes no mention of the involvement of the Etruscans, the

1135:

Livy records that during the reign of Servius' successor,

822: 1651:

Fighting at Sutrium, Nepete and near Tarquinii 389–386 BC

1472: 1082:, who had been defeated by and had become in substance a 1668:. The ancient writers report that in 389 the Etruscans, 955:

Second War with Fidenae and Veii, under Tullus Hostilius

3165:

Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Volume 1

2059: 2057: 2055: 1529:

In 479 BC the war with Veii was assigned to the consul

1336:. Titus Herminius was ordered to lay in wait along the 2730: 2728: 2093: 2081: 2197: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2069: 799:

in 264 BC. Brice (2014) argued the Roman conquest of

2625: 2623: 2052: 1400:, showing Cloelia mounted on a horse—that is, as an 2769: 2767: 2725: 2185: 2173: 1093:and camped near the confluence of the Anio and the 757:in 509 BC, in which the Romans ousted the Etruscan 2161: 2144: 2127: 2115: 1605: 1352:; while Valerius himself led troops down from the 2620: 4350: 2764: 1872:which Livy and his sources have not understood. 1780:War with Tarquinii, Falerii and Caere 359–351 BC 2664:Livy, vi.2.2–14; Plutarch, Camillus 34.1–35.1; 1925: 1582:. The Roman senate recalled the other consul 1445:War between Rome and the Sabines in 505–504 BC 3654: 3233: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2375: 2373: 2348: 2346: 2321: 2319: 2306: 2304: 1178: 1105:War with the Etruscans, under Servius Tullius 624: 590: 3756:Arruns Tarquinius (son of Tarquin the Proud) 3617:Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire 3082:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2465: 2463: 1833:of Caere. Accordingly, the Romans nominated 638: 1639: 1489:and nothing notable occurred in that year. 1451:war between republican Rome and the Sabines 3661: 3647: 3240: 3226: 2600: 2370: 2343: 2316: 2301: 1991:was strong enough to further resist until 1976:The Etruscans attacked immediately before 1545:. Heading north, they set up camp at the 753:Based on the traditional narrative of the 631: 617: 597: 583: 3668: 3103:. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 165–167. 2460: 1920: 1897: 1847:T. Quinctius Pennus Capitolinus Crispinus 1737: 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 3077: 1964:spoke before the Senate saying that the 1853: 1047: 3388:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 3058: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 1787: 823:War with Fidenae and Veii under Romulus 725:, were a series of wars fought between 4351: 3247: 3161: 3143: 3124: 2508:Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri VII 2203: 2063: 1473:The Fabian war with Veii in 483–476 BC 45:Please improve this article by adding 3642: 3221: 3030: 2191: 2138: 2075: 1956:followed by Publius Sulpicius became 1799:Gnaeus Manlius Capitolinus Imperiosus 1655: 612: 4419:3rd century BC in the Roman Republic 4414:4th century BC in the Roman Republic 4409:5th century BC in the Roman Republic 4404:6th century BC in the Roman Republic 3496:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain 3189: 3096: 3007: 2221: 2179: 2167: 2155: 2121: 2099: 2087: 1109:In the 6th century BC, according to 18: 4399:6th century BC in the Roman Kingdom 4394:7th century BC in the Roman Kingdom 4389:8th century BC in the Roman Kingdom 1465:celebrated a triumph over both the 1411:"selling the goods of king Porsena" 13: 1804:According to Livy, in 356, consul 1066:, late 5th to early 4th century BC 14: 4445: 4429:Wars involving the Roman Republic 3011:(1853). "Book X Sections 10-12". 1709:before the feet of the statue of 1707:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus 1631:In the following year the consul 1531:Titus Verginius Tricostus Rutilus 4424:Wars involving the Roman Kingdom 4334: 4083:English words of Etruscan origin 3957:Battle of Alalia (540 BC–535 BC) 3779: 3629:Military history of ancient Rome 3080:A Critical History of Early Rome 1469:and the Veientes in May 504 BC. 1191: 962:Second War with Fidenae and Veii 748: 566: 126: 23: 4036:Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum 3837:Etruscan names for Greek heroes 3612:Civil wars of the Third Century 3146:A Commentary on Livy Books VI–X 3127:A Commentary on Livy Books VI–X 3024: 3001: 2992: 2983: 2974: 2965: 2956: 2947: 2938: 2929: 2920: 2911: 2902: 2893: 2884: 2875: 2866: 2857: 2848: 2839: 2830: 2821: 2812: 2803: 2794: 2785: 2776: 2755: 2752:Oakley (1997), pp. 347–348, 399 2746: 2737: 2716: 2707: 2698: 2689: 2680: 2671: 2658: 2649: 2634: 2585: 2567: 2549: 2531: 2513: 2497: 2481: 2442: 2424: 2415: 2406: 2397: 2385: 2358: 2331: 2289: 2276: 2264: 2252: 2240: 2209: 2028: 1995:triumphed over them in 280 BC. 1983: 1606:Veii-Sabine alliance 475–474 BC 1155:, whose family originated from 811:509 to 234 BC, she stated that 755:overthrow of the Roman monarchy 3997:Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC) 3972:Battle of the Cremera (477 BC) 3196:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 893–895. 3168:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 748–749. 2105: 1910:Battle of Lake Vadimo (283 BC) 1904:Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC) 1418:War between Clusium and Aricia 1: 2046: 1731:P. Valerius Potitus Poplicola 1522:that had been offered by the 817:defeat at the Metaurus Valley 808: 766: 745:was completed in 265–264 BC. 677:Roman conquest of the Hernici 461:Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes 47:secondary or tertiary sources 4002:Battle of Populonia (282 BC) 3827:Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum 3097:Kohn, George Childs (2013). 3037:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 66–70. 2782:Oakley (1997), pp 63–67, 348 1492:In 480 BC, Rome was rent by 1381:At this point, according to 1346:Titus Lucretius Tricipitinus 1263:Titus Lucretius Tricipitinus 375:Frontiers and fortifications 7: 3987:Capture of Fidenae (435 BC) 2009: 1926:Battle of Volterrae, 298 BC 1124:, Servius celebrated three 187:Decorations and punishments 10: 4450: 3992:Battle of Veii (c. 396 BC) 3982:Battle of Fidenae (437 BC) 3908:Sarcophagus of the Spouses 3751:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 2980:Oakley (1998), pp. 199–202 2734:Oakley (1997), pp. 348–349 2722:Oakley (1997), pp. 402–404 2488:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 1907: 1901: 1725:the border strongholds of 1643: 1615:Publius Valerius Poplicola 1505:Gnaeus Manlius Cincinnatus 1463:Publius Valerius Poplicola 1348:waited with troops at the 1259:Publius Valerius Publicola 1179:War with Clusium in 508 BC 1153:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 4434:Etruscan military history 4332: 4159: 4091: 4015: 3947: 3929:Tomb of the Roaring Lions 3788: 3777: 3771:Titus Vestricius Spurinna 3736:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 3676: 3625: 3570:Roman conquest of Britain 3541: 3255: 1487:Spurius Furius Medullinus 1312:Titus Herminius Aquilinus 1252: 1235: 1199: 1190: 1185: 1031: 1010: 966: 961: 899: 878: 834: 830:War with Fidenae and Veii 829: 652: 4384:3rd-century BC conflicts 4379:4th-century BC conflicts 4374:5th-century BC conflicts 4369:6th-century BC conflicts 4364:7th-century BC conflicts 4359:8th-century BC conflicts 4126:National Etruscan Museum 3977:Battle of Cumae (474 BC) 2998:Oakley (1998), pp. 10–12 2021: 1640:Battle of Veii c. 396 BC 1598:, and the second at the 1584:Gaius Horatius Pulvillus 1569:Quintus Fabius Vibulanus 1554:Lucius Aemilius Mamercus 1449:In 505–504 BC there was 643:Roman expansion in Italy 490:Claustra Alpium Iuliarum 475:Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes 145:Military of ancient Rome 4146:Tumulus of Montefortini 3267:Roman conquest of Italy 3078:Forsythe, Gary (2005). 3063:. New York: Routledge. 3059:Cornell, T. J. (1995). 2917:Oakley (1998), pp. 9–10 2016:Roman conquest of Italy 1835:Titus Manlius Torquatus 1501:Marcus Fabius Vibulanus 1461:record that the consul 1308:Publius Horatius Cocles 573:Ancient Rome portal 3967:Siege of Rome (508 BC) 3962:Siege of Rome (509 BC) 3144:Oakley, S. P. (1998), 3125:Oakley, S. P. (1997). 3031:Brice, Lee L. (2014). 1947:Marcus Valerius Corvus 1921:Conclusion of the wars 1898:Battles of Lake Vadimo 1890:civitas sine suffragio 1738:Modern interpretations 1682:Marcus Furius Camillus 1576:Titus Menenius Lanatus 1549:and fortified a post. 1533:, while his colleague 1253:Commanders and leaders 1067: 1062:of a soldier making a 1032:Commanders and leaders 900:Commanders and leaders 34:relies excessively on 3877:Monterozzi necropolis 3670:Etruscan civilization 3597:Domitian's Dacian War 3516:Liberators' civil war 2989:Oakley (1998), p. 213 2971:Oakley (1998), p. 197 2953:Oakley (1998), p. 190 2944:Oakley (1998), p. 188 2935:Oakley (1998), p. 186 2926:Oakley (1998), p. 173 2761:Oakley (1997), p. 423 1869:Battle of the Cremera 1854:Modern interpretation 1794:Gaius Fabius Ambustus 1697:, and more summarily 1565:Battle of the Cremera 1162:Battle of Silva Arsia 1051: 456:Neckar-Odenwald Limes 271:Technological history 58:"Roman–Etruscan Wars" 4209:Civita di Bagnoregio 3882:Mythological figures 3602:Trajan's Dacian Wars 3287:Roman–Hernician wars 2743:Cornell, pp. 318–319 2492:Romaike Archaiologia 1993:Tiberius Coruncanius 1859:serious war against 1819:C. Sulpicius Peticus 1633:Gnaeus Manlius Vulso 1560:and sued for peace. 1151:. The deposed king, 1113:, Rome's sixth king 761:and established the 717:, also known as the 446:Lower Germanic Limes 345:Strategy and tactics 280:Military engineering 182:Unit types and ranks 4078:Tyrsenian languages 4007:Roman-Etruscan Wars 3919:Terracotta warriors 3501:Roman–Parthian Wars 3292:Roman–Volscian wars 3272:Roman–Etruscan Wars 2494:, ix. 5, 6, 11, 12. 2102:, pp. 165–167. 2090:, pp. 893–895. 1662:Battle of the Allia 1494:internal dissension 1137:Tarquinius Superbus 723:Etruscan–Roman Wars 715:Roman–Etruscan Wars 672:Roman–Volscian wars 657:Roman–Etruscan Wars 441:Lauter Valley Limes 4121:Monteleone Chariot 4072:Tabula Cortonensis 3852:Haruspex/Extispicy 3691:Villanovan culture 3607:Roman–Persian Wars 3506:Caesar's civil war 3378:Roman–Seleucid war 3277:Roman-Aequian wars 3249:Ancient Roman wars 3100:Dictionary of Wars 1843:Gaius Julius Iulus 1811:C. Marcius Rutilus 1806:M. Fabius Ambustus 1788:Ancient narratives 1656:Ancient narratives 1078:, the dictator of 1068: 990:, modern-day Italy 858:, modern-day Italy 662:Roman-Aequian wars 542:Limes Tripolitanus 163:Structural history 4346: 4345: 4116:Impasto (pottery) 3867:Liver of Piacenza 3817:Chimera of Arezzo 3636: 3635: 3592:Jewish–Roman wars 3464:Sulla's civil war 3458:Bellum Octavianum 3346:Illyro-Roman Wars 3319:Roman–Gallic wars 3297:Roman–Sabine wars 3155:978-0-19-815226-2 3070:978-0-415-01596-7 2881:Livy, vii.19.6–10 2836:Livy, vii.17.3–10 2713:Livy, vi.9.3–10.5 2630:Fasti Triumphales 2284:Fasti Triumphales 2078:, pp. 66–70. 2036:textual criticism 2004:Etruscan language 1459:Fasti Triumphales 1273: 1272: 1231: 1230: 1121:Fasti Triumphales 1046: 1045: 1006: 1005: 918: 917: 874: 873: 759:Tarquinii dynasty 737:periods) and the 710: 709: 702:Roman–Sabine wars 607: 606: 558: 557: 549:Limes Mauretaniae 404:Limes Britannicus 365: 364: 329:Political history 319: 318: 239: 238: 119: 118: 111: 93: 4441: 4338: 4059:Lemnian language 4030:Cippus Perusinus 3949:Military history 3783: 3701:Founding of Rome 3696:Padanian Etruria 3663: 3656: 3649: 3640: 3639: 3558:Marcomannic Wars 3469:Mithridatic Wars 3393:Celtiberian Wars 3282:Roman–Latin wars 3242: 3235: 3228: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3158: 3140: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3093: 3074: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3019: 3018: 3005: 2999: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2981: 2978: 2972: 2969: 2963: 2962:Forsythe, p. 279 2960: 2954: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2936: 2933: 2927: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2909: 2908:Livy, vii.22.3–5 2906: 2900: 2897: 2891: 2890:Livy, vii.20.1–9 2888: 2882: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2864: 2863:Livy, vii.19.2–3 2861: 2855: 2852: 2846: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2819: 2818:Livy, vii.16.7–8 2816: 2810: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2792: 2791:Livy, vii.12.6–7 2789: 2783: 2780: 2774: 2773:Forsythe, p. 257 2771: 2762: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2723: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2669: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2647: 2638: 2632: 2627: 2618: 2609: 2598: 2589: 2583: 2582:, ii. 50, vi. 1. 2571: 2565: 2553: 2547: 2535: 2529: 2517: 2511: 2501: 2495: 2485: 2479: 2467: 2458: 2446: 2440: 2428: 2422: 2419: 2413: 2410: 2404: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2314: 2308: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2142: 2136: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2040: 2032: 1699:Diodorus Siculus 1596:Praenestine Gate 1201: 1200: 1195: 1183: 1182: 1076:Mettius Fufetius 1072:Tullus Hostilius 1060:bronze sculpture 1038:Tullus Hostilius 968: 967: 959: 958: 836: 835: 827: 826: 810: 768: 667:Roman–Latin wars 647: 646: 644: 633: 626: 619: 610: 609: 599: 592: 585: 571: 570: 569: 430:Limes Germanicus 380: 379: 357:Infantry tactics 350: 349: 306:Triumphal arches 276: 275: 257:Wars and battles 249:Campaign history 168: 167: 130: 129: 123: 122: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4349: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4328: 4155: 4087: 4054:Raetic language 4011: 3943: 3847:Fanum Voltumnae 3842:Tiburtine Sibyl 3832:Etruscan League 3784: 3775: 3746:Servius Tullius 3726:Caelius Vibenna 3672: 3667: 3637: 3632: 3621: 3587:Civil war of 69 3575:Boudican revolt 3544: 3537: 3413:Cantabrian Wars 3351:Macedonian Wars 3258: 3251: 3246: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3156: 3137: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3090: 3071: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3027: 3022: 3014:History of Rome 3006: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2800:Livy, vii.15.10 2799: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2695:Livy, vi.4.8–11 2694: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2643:Ab Urbe condita 2639: 2635: 2628: 2621: 2614:Ab Urbe condita 2610: 2601: 2594:Ab Urbe condita 2590: 2586: 2579:Ab Urbe Condita 2572: 2568: 2561:Ab Urbe Condita 2554: 2550: 2543:Ab Urbe Condita 2536: 2532: 2525:Ab Urbe Condita 2518: 2514: 2502: 2498: 2486: 2482: 2475:Ab Urbe Condita 2468: 2461: 2454:Ab Urbe Condita 2447: 2443: 2436:Ab Urbe Condita 2429: 2425: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2390: 2386: 2378: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2351: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2324: 2317: 2309: 2302: 2294: 2290: 2281: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2178: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2154: 2145: 2137: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2110: 2106: 2098: 2094: 2086: 2082: 2074: 2070: 2062: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2043: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2012: 1986: 1971:casting of lots 1954:Appius Claudius 1928: 1923: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1856: 1790: 1782: 1740: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1642: 1608: 1475: 1447: 1316:Spurius Larcius 1261: 1219: 1181: 1145: 1115:Servius Tullius 1107: 1064:votive offering 1058:, a life-sized 1024: 991: 957: 908: 892: 859: 825: 751: 711: 706: 692:Cisalpine Gauls 648: 642: 640: 639: 637: 603: 567: 565: 560: 559: 554: 526:Limes Sarmatiae 520:Anastasian Wall 498:Pannonian Limes 377: 367: 366: 361: 347: 337: 336: 335: 331: 321: 320: 315: 301: 273: 263: 262: 261: 251: 241: 240: 235: 210: 196: 165: 155: 127: 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 44: 40:primary sources 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4447: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4344: 4343: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4165: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4097: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4068: 4065:Tabula Capuana 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4039: 4032: 4027: 4021: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3953: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3802:Apollo of Veii 3798: 3796: 3786: 3785: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3773: 3768: 3766:Lars Tolumnius 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3682: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3666: 3665: 3658: 3651: 3643: 3634: 3633: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3578: 3577: 3567: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3549: 3547: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3522:Bellum Siculum 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3487: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3466: 3461: 3454: 3453: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3432: 3427: 3425:Jugurthine War 3422: 3417: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3398:Lusitanian War 3395: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3374: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3348: 3343: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3321: 3316: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3263: 3261: 3259:Roman Republic 3253: 3252: 3245: 3244: 3237: 3230: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3203:978-1610690201 3202: 3187: 3175:978-1576073445 3174: 3159: 3154: 3141: 3135: 3122: 3110:978-1135954949 3109: 3094: 3088: 3075: 3069: 3056: 3044:978-1610692991 3043: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3020: 3000: 2991: 2982: 2973: 2964: 2955: 2946: 2937: 2928: 2919: 2910: 2901: 2899:Livy, vii.21.9 2892: 2883: 2874: 2872:D.S., xvi.45.8 2865: 2856: 2854:Livy, vii.18.2 2847: 2845:D.S., xvi.36.4 2838: 2829: 2827:D.S., xvi.31.7 2820: 2811: 2809:Livy, vii.16.2 2802: 2793: 2784: 2775: 2763: 2754: 2745: 2736: 2724: 2715: 2706: 2704:Livy, vi.6.2–4 2697: 2688: 2686:Livy, vi.4.1–3 2679: 2670: 2657: 2648: 2633: 2619: 2599: 2584: 2566: 2548: 2530: 2512: 2504:Paulus Orosius 2496: 2480: 2459: 2441: 2423: 2414: 2405: 2396: 2384: 2369: 2357: 2342: 2330: 2315: 2300: 2288: 2275: 2263: 2251: 2239: 2220: 2208: 2206:, p. 749. 2196: 2184: 2182:, p. 167. 2172: 2170:, p. 893. 2160: 2158:, p. 894. 2143: 2126: 2124:, p. 165. 2114: 2104: 2092: 2080: 2068: 2066:, p. 748. 2050: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2026: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2011: 2008: 1985: 1982: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1908:Main article: 1902:Main article: 1899: 1896: 1855: 1852: 1789: 1786: 1781: 1778: 1739: 1736: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1646:Battle of Veii 1644:Main article: 1641: 1638: 1607: 1604: 1543:Carmental Gate 1509:Quintus Fabius 1474: 1471: 1446: 1443: 1439:ancient Romans 1334:Esquiline Gate 1304:Pons Sublicius 1271: 1270: 1265: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1242:Roman Republic 1238: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1197: 1196: 1188: 1187: 1180: 1177: 1144: 1141: 1106: 1103: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1019: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1003: 997: 993: 992: 982: 980: 976: 975: 974:7th century BC 972: 964: 963: 956: 953: 945:consanguinuity 916: 915: 912: 902: 901: 897: 896: 887: 881: 880: 876: 875: 872: 871: 865: 861: 860: 850: 848: 844: 843: 842:8th century BC 840: 832: 831: 824: 821: 763:Roman Republic 750: 747: 708: 707: 705: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 653: 650: 649: 636: 635: 628: 621: 613: 605: 604: 602: 601: 594: 587: 579: 576: 575: 562: 561: 556: 555: 553: 552: 545: 538: 535:Limes Arabicus 530: 529: 522: 517: 512: 507: 505:Limes Alutanus 501: 500: 494: 493: 485: 484: 478: 477: 471: 470: 469: 468: 466:Wetterau Limes 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 425: 424: 423: 422: 417: 415:Hadrian's Wall 412: 399: 398: 397: 396: 383: 378: 373: 372: 369: 368: 363: 362: 360: 359: 353: 348: 343: 342: 339: 338: 333: 332: 327: 326: 323: 322: 317: 316: 314: 313: 308: 302: 300: 299: 294: 286: 283: 282: 274: 269: 268: 265: 264: 260: 259: 253: 252: 247: 246: 243: 242: 237: 236: 234: 233: 228: 222: 219: 218: 212: 211: 209: 208: 203: 197: 195: 194: 189: 184: 178: 175: 174: 166: 161: 160: 157: 156: 147: 141: 140: 132: 131: 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4446: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4341: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4279:San Giovenale 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4141:Tomb of Orcus 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4049:Pyrgi Tablets 4047: 4045: 4044: 4043:Liber Linteus 4040: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3924:Titus Larcius 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3721:Aulus Vibenna 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3652: 3650: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3631: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3554: 3553:Germanic wars 3551: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3533:War of Actium 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3511:War of Mutina 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3408:Sertorian War 3406: 3404: 3403:Numantine War 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3238: 3236: 3231: 3229: 3224: 3223: 3220: 3205: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3188: 3177: 3171: 3167: 3166: 3160: 3157: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3136:0-19-815277-9 3132: 3128: 3123: 3112: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3095: 3091: 3089:0-520-24991-7 3085: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3046: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3016: 3015: 3010: 3004: 2995: 2986: 2977: 2968: 2959: 2950: 2941: 2932: 2923: 2914: 2905: 2896: 2887: 2878: 2869: 2860: 2851: 2842: 2833: 2824: 2815: 2806: 2797: 2788: 2779: 2770: 2768: 2758: 2749: 2740: 2731: 2729: 2719: 2710: 2701: 2692: 2683: 2674: 2668:, xiv.117.1–4 2667: 2661: 2652: 2645: 2644: 2637: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2616: 2615: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2596: 2595: 2588: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2546:, ii. 48, 49. 2545: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2527: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2477: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2457:, ii. 46, 47. 2456: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2439:, ii. 45, 46. 2438: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2418: 2409: 2403:Livy, 2.42–51 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2374: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2347: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2320: 2313: 2307: 2305: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2279: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2218: 2212: 2205: 2200: 2194:, p. 68. 2193: 2188: 2181: 2176: 2169: 2164: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2141:, p. 66. 2140: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2123: 2118: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2096: 2089: 2084: 2077: 2072: 2065: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2051: 2037: 2031: 2027: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1981: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1943:Titus Manlius 1941: 1937: 1933: 1918: 1916: 1911: 1905: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1885: 1883: 1882:Ancus Marcius 1879: 1873: 1870: 1865: 1862: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1795: 1785: 1777: 1774: 1773:San Giovenale 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1747: 1745: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1722: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1647: 1637: 1634: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1499:The consuls, 1497: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1482: 1480: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1442: 1440: 1437:Although the 1435: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1269: 1268:Lars Porsenna 1266: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1186:Siege of Rome 1184: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1164:. The consul 1163: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1140: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1116: 1112: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1050: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1017:Roman Kingdom 1015: 1014: 1009: 1001: 998: 995: 994: 989: 985: 981: 978: 977: 973: 970: 969: 965: 960: 952: 949: 946: 942: 937: 935: 931: 927: 923: 913: 911: 907: 904: 903: 898: 895: 891: 888: 886: 885:Roman Kingdom 883: 882: 877: 869: 866: 863: 862: 857: 853: 849: 846: 845: 841: 838: 837: 833: 828: 820: 818: 814: 806: 802: 798: 793: 790: 786: 780: 778: 773: 764: 760: 756: 749:Periodisation 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 729:(in both the 728: 724: 720: 719:Etruscan Wars 716: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 654: 651: 645: 634: 629: 627: 622: 620: 615: 614: 611: 600: 595: 593: 588: 586: 581: 580: 578: 577: 574: 564: 563: 551: 550: 546: 544: 543: 539: 537: 536: 532: 531: 528: 527: 523: 521: 518: 516: 515:Trajan's Wall 513: 511: 510:Limes Moesiae 508: 506: 503: 502: 499: 496: 495: 492: 491: 487: 486: 483: 482:Norican Limes 480: 479: 476: 473: 472: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 433: 432: 431: 427: 426: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 410:Antonine Wall 408: 407: 406: 405: 401: 400: 395: 392: 391: 390: 389: 385: 384: 382: 381: 376: 371: 370: 358: 355: 354: 352: 351: 346: 341: 340: 330: 325: 324: 312: 309: 307: 304: 303: 298: 297:Siege engines 295: 293: 292: 288: 287: 285: 284: 281: 278: 277: 272: 267: 266: 258: 255: 254: 250: 245: 244: 232: 229: 227: 224: 223: 221: 220: 217: 214: 213: 207: 204: 202: 199: 198: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 179: 177: 176: 173: 170: 169: 164: 159: 158: 154: 150: 146: 143: 142: 138: 134: 133: 125: 124: 121: 113: 110: 102: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: – 59: 55: 54:Find sources: 48: 42: 41: 37: 32:This article 30: 26: 21: 20: 4259:Poggio Colla 4151:Vicus Tuscus 4131:Negau helmet 4070: 4063: 4041: 4034: 3906: 3807:Architecture 3761:Lars Porsena 3627: 3582:Armenian War 3545:Roman Empire 3528:Perusine War 3520: 3456: 3435:Servile Wars 3430:Cimbrian War 3383:Galatian War 3302:Samnite Wars 3271: 3207:. 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Roman–Etruscan Wars

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