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Trees were used to provide shade, structural support for vining plants, as well as harvested for fruit. More elaborate gardens could also include more formally planned orchards, while more simple gardens would intersperse trees amongst the other plants. Common tree varieties in Roman gardens included
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was a shaded avenue where the master of the house could ride horseback or be carried by his slaves. It generally encircled the ambulation or was constructed as a separate oval-shaped space. Paths or walkways were often constructed through the garden. These were made with loose stone, gravel, sand, or
213:
Later, the different influences of
Egyptian, Persian, and Greek gardens became a part of Roman horticulture, producing villa and palatial pleasure gardens, along with public parks and gardens meant for enjoyment or to exercise in. No type of garden was specifically reserved for wealthy Romans; all a
537:
A variety of flowers would have been found in a Roman garden. Rose, violet, geranium, and buttercup pollen samples have been uncovered at garden sites, and lilies, irises, daisies, and other common flowers feature prominently in garden frescoes. Large scale, commercial flower gardens have also been
348:
A non-residential garden refers to a garden either planted and maintained for public use, or one dedicated to the people after the death of the owner. These consisted of temple gardens, sacred grovesâcollections of trees established in honor of a specific deity, parks, etc. Non-residential gardens
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The common practices and elements of Roman gardens spread alongside the Roman Empire itself, simultaneously influencing and being influenced by the conquered territories. The garden design was typically altered to match the climate of its new setting. Much of the influence of the Roman garden on
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Reserved for imperial families alone, very large and extravagant. Imperial gardens could be constructed in various places. Palace gardens, in cities were transformed as power shifted from one ruling family to another, while imperial villa gardens were largely the same as a typical country villa,
610:
Vining plants were often planted in terracotta pots and trained to grow up garden structures for decoration and shade. Grapes were frequently interspersed throughout the garden. A villa rustica, for example, might additionally contain equipment for processing grapes into wine. Additional vining
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Roman gardens are typically divided into two categories: the enclosed garden and the open garden. However, all Roman gardens were generally made up of the same basic elements. Depending on the formality, function, or type of garden, elements may be added or embellished more, or may be omitted
305:
was typically a country house for wealthy people, that was accessible from the city, and served as a retreat from urban living. Villas and their gardens are categorized by location: maritime, suburban, and country villas being the most common kinds. A notable example is the maritime villa at
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was a villa set in the countryside, often the hub of a large agricultural estate. Gardens at these sites were planted at a large scale, and often are found with processing equipment, suggesting that the Villas were producing goods for profit. These gardens could be technologically complex,
85:
to Europe around 60 BC. It was seen as a place of peace and tranquillity, a refuge from urban life, and a place filled with religious and symbolic meaning. As Roman culture developed and became increasingly influenced by foreign civilizations, the use of gardens expanded.
128:
Persian gardens developed in response to the arid climate. Gardens were enclosed to gather winter warmth, protect them from drying winds, and differentiate them from the barren and glaring
Persian terrain. The soil was cultivated to became rich and fertile. When
161:
gardens of Roman homes. Open peristyle courts were designed to connect homes to the outdoors. Athens did not adopt the Roman style that was used to beautify temple groves and create recreational spaces in the less traditional
Grecian cities of
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that would personalize the garden, such as statues. The patio would normally be decorated with outside garden furniture, a water basin or fountain, and be the starting point of a walk that would show off all the features of the garden.
529:. The types of plants in a specific garden often depended on the purpose, location, and scale of the garden, but were commonly planted in size order, with the smaller plants at towards the front of the bed, and the larger at the back.
478:
The garden walls had both aesthetic and practical value. Walls were decorated with statues, paintings, and design elements to enhance the theming of the garden. More practical gardens, such as the shop garden at
Pompeii excavated by
156:
were adapted from the
Grecian model, where such a garden also served the purpose of growing fruit, but while Greeks had "sacred grove" style gardens, they did not have much in the way of domestic gardens to influence the
644:, and even 20th century landscape architects. Further, gardening implements and technologies in Italy are very similar: modern Italian gardens feature interplanting of various species, and the use of terracotta pots.
504:
depicting garden scenes, as well as pollen and root cavity analysis. Romans cultivated both local and imported plant species. The most popular plants found in a typical Roman family's garden were pine trees, roses,
431:
Terrace gardens were constructed when a hilly landscape made it difficult to enjoy a typical garden layout. These gardens consisted of stepped levels, often designed to contrast the other levels.
538:
excavated, such as the Garden of
Hercules at Pompeii. Flowers and other plants such as parsley were cultivated for aesthetic purposes, as well as to be used in perfume or ceremonial garlands.
450:. The ambulation bordered a variety of flowers, trees, and other foliage, and it served as an ideal place for a leisurely stroll after a meal, conversation, or other recreational activities.
314:
describes at length in his letters. Villa gardens were lavishly decorated, and could include private spaces for exercise, known as gymnasiums, and larger open areas for hunting game.
424:â from a Greek word, where "peri" means "around" and "style" means "column" â denotes a type of open courtyard, which is surrounded by walls of columns supporting a
16:
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to herbs and vegetables for everyday culinary and medicinal use, as well as trees. Types of plants in Roman gardens can be determined from historical sources,
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packed earth. Gardens featured many ornamental objects, from sculpture to frescoes to sundials. These depicted nature scenes or were put in place as a shrine (
387:
Pleasure gardens would incorporate different designs according to the taste of their builders. All gardens of this type have the same basic parts to them: a
1988:
240:
in Rome. Outside Rome, gardens tended to proliferate at centers of wealth. Modified versions of Roman garden designs were adopted in Roman settlements in
349:
were constructed and dedicated to the people by the elite, and attached to other buildings or monuments constructed for public use, such as theaters or
2668:
545:
A small garden in Casa della Nave Europa, in
Pompeii. This garden reconstruction highlights the interplanting of trees, florals, and other vegetation.
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is found inside the house, it is considered part of the garden because it has an opening that would allow Romans to collect rain water, known as an
27:
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conquered parts of
Western Asia, he brought back with him new varieties of fruits and plants that prompted a renewed interest in horticulture.
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50:
with the gardens enclosed by buildings. Archaeologists have been able to recreate the layout and analyse the plants used in the garden.
275:
toward the front of the house to collect rainwater and illuminate the area surrounding it. Toward the back of the house was often a
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1981:
1961:
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olive, chestnut, cypress, pine, almond, and mulberry trees, as well as imported citrus trees. Pliny the Elder writes, in the
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trees. Also possibly included were a variety of dwarf trees, often pruned for ornamental purposes, tall trees, marigolds,
360:
Additionally, commercial gardens, that typically specialized in growing produce or flowers, also fall into this category.
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show that gardens attached to residences were scaled down to meet the space constraints of the home of the average Roman.
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1974:
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Pagnoux, Clémence; Celant, Alessandra; Coubray, Sylvie; Fiorentino, Girolamo; Zech-Matterne, Véronique (September 2013).
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located in Malibu, features many common elements of an upscale garden, such as water features, pergolas, and a peristyle.
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Herbs were a common feature of a Roman kitchen garden, cultivated for culinary and medicinal purposes. Species such as
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Pagnoux, Clémence; Celant, Alessandra; Coubray, Sylvie; Fiorentino, Girolamo; Zech-Matterne, Véronique (2013-01-08).
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gardening techniques, through acquaintance with Greek gardening. The gardens of
Ancient Persia were organized around
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145:(porches) served to connect the home with the outdoors, creating outdoor living spaces. Even before Alexander,
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285:(an open courtyard). These gardens are common in urban dwellings, such as those within the walls of Pompeii.
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This free-standing structure was usually one story, containing multiple rooms for everyday activities and an
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in
Herculaneum, where extensive pollen analysis has been conducted to identify the flora cultivated.
1664:"The introduction of Citrus to Italy, with reference to the identification problems of seed remains"
1617:"The introduction of Citrus to Italy, with reference to the identification problems of seed remains"
483:, contained fragments of pottery embedded into the perimeter walls, to prevent vandalism and theft.
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of Athens is said to have torn down the walls of his garden to transform it into a public space.
47:
1850:
Jashemski, Wilhelmina F.; Kathryn L. Gleason; Kim J. Hartswick; Amina-AĂŻcha Malek, eds. (2018).
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A reproduction of the plan Villa at Laurentum, as described in the letters of Pliny the Younger.
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Ancient Roman Gardens (Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium on the History of Landscape Architecture, VII)
1220:""The Garden of Hercules at Pompeii" (II.viii.6): The Discovery of a Commercial Flower Garden"
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and other sites. Although archaeological evidence of rills have yet to be found in classical
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Roman gardens were built to suit a range of activities. Initially, lower class Romans used
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The Roman garden's history, function, and style is investigated through archaeological and
8:
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plants found in gardens include bean varieties, as well as vining flowers. Additionally,
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141:, gardening techniques, used to beautify the homes of the wealthy, were fully developed.
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1896:. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1987. 200-06. Print.
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incorporating irrigation, grafts, and cross pollination. Notable examples include
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Semple, Ellen Churchill (1929-01-01). "Ancient Mediterranean Pleasure Gardens".
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Semple, Ellen Churchill (1929-01-01). "Ancient Mediterranean Pleasure Gardens".
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Semple, Ellen Churchill (1929-01-01). "Ancient Mediterranean Pleasure Gardens".
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Pollen analysis of soil samples from the A.D. 79 level at station Boscoreale
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125:, scholars believe that the Romans learned this technique from the Greeks.
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Jones, F. M. A. "Roman Gardens, Imagination, and Cognitive Structure."
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1514:"Pollen and Seed Studies of Wisconsinan Vegetation in Illinois, U.S.A"
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MacDougall, Elisabeth Blair; Wilhelmina F. Jashemski, eds. (1981).
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civilian needed was to have their own land or home. Excavations in
440:(garden walk or terrace) was a core element of Roman gardens. The
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as a source of food to provide for their families and mainly grew
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had existed in Egypt as early as 2800 BC. At the time of the
2961:
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1888:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.
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Turner, Tom, and Marie Luise Schroeter Gothein. "Ancient Rome."
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1332:"The Excavation of a Shop-House Garden at Pompeii (I. XX. 5)"
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575:
526:
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146:
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Reconstruction of the garden of the House of the Painters in
628:. This preserved version of Roman garden designs led to the
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at the entrance, a terrace, an orchard or vineyard, several
2663:
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187:
114:
78:
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10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[2715:passow]2.0.co;2
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that certain trees were planted in honor of various gods.
202:
every garden should be close to the house and should have
2591:
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later eras passes through the gardening practices of the
174:, which adopted the Western peristyle domestic gardens.
1962:
Marie-Luise Gothein on the gardens of the Roman world
260:
Gardens were usually built in one of six structures:
1835:
Earth Perfect? : Nature, Utopia and the Garden.
1467:"The lost dimension: pruned plants in Roman gardens"
1029:. Betty Radice. Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin Books.
915:"Elements of a Roman-Style Pleasure Garden | Italy"
1828:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
194:, a garden was a part of every farm. According to
1830:. Vol. 7. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2010. 271â76. Print.
1715:. John F. Healy. London, England: Penguin Books.
615:, native to the area, has been found in gardens.
602:were grown across the Empire, as far as Britain.
3074:
1917:. London: Gardenvisit. Com, 2004. N. pag. Print.
1585:
1583:
1058:
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109:Roman gardening was influenced by Egyptian and
1996:
1880:, vol. 67, no. 5, Dec. 2014, pp. 781â812.
1982:
2858:List of organic gardening and farming topics
1908:The Roman Garden: Space, Sense, and Society.
1580:
1051:
1903:Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2010.
1989:
1975:
1773:. J. Paul Getty Museum. pp. 111â139.
1192:. J. Paul Getty Museum. pp. 107â108.
343:
1854:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1840:
1329:
1217:
464:) to the gods or otherworldly creatures.
65:, and thrived from 150 BC to 350 AD. The
1819:Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2001.
977:. J. Paul Getty Museum. pp. 76â94.
540:
371:
353:, in a practice commonly referred to as
292:
41:
26:
15:
1464:
1330:Jashemski, Wilhelmina F. (1977-04-01).
1218:Jashemski, Wilhelmina F. (1979-10-01).
496:The plants that were grown ranged from
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1901:Roman Landscape: Culture and Identity.
1518:Geological Society of America Bulletin
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1319:
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937:
858:
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255:
1970:
1915:Garden History Reference Encyclopedia
1801:. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum.
1708:
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1213:
1211:
1209:
1167:. J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 107.
1022:
3103:Types of garden by country of origin
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1833:Giesecke, Annette and Naomi Jacobs.
1796:
1768:
1748:. J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 48.
1743:
1668:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany
1621:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany
1594:. J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 51.
1589:
1566:. J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 46.
1561:
1471:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany
1444:. J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 43.
1439:
1414:. J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 28.
1409:
1389:. J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 80.
1384:
1302:. J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 19.
1297:
1277:. J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 13.
1272:
1187:
1162:
1142:. J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 55.
1137:
1117:. J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 16.
1112:
1067:. J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 14.
1062:
1002:. J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 94.
997:
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705:
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681:
632:, elements of which were adopted by
444:often overlooked a lower garden, or
263:
31:Reconstruction of the garden of the
3055:
1316:
832:Beeson, Anthony (15 October 2019).
741:. J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 4.
716:. J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 8.
686:. J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 3.
565:
532:
334:
13:
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1465:Gleason, Kathryn L. (2019-04-10).
1428:
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14:
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1026:The letters of the younger Pliny
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317:
93:research, famously conducted at
1906:von Stackelberg, Katharine T.
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1737:
1702:
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1403:
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1336:American Journal of Archaeology
1291:
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1224:American Journal of Archaeology
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1088:GrĂŒger, Eberhard (2002-03-13).
1081:
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228:became a national indulgence.
61:became highly developed under
1:
1837:London: Black Dog Pub., 2012.
669:
104:
1952:Resources in other libraries
1712:Natural history, a selection
224:wrote that during his time,
7:
2889:Index of pesticide articles
1894:Ancient Roman Villa Gardens
1852:Gardens of the Roman Empire
1023:Pliny, the Younger (1969).
664:Agriculture in ancient Rome
647:
491:
190:and vegetables. In Ancient
10:
3119:
3088:Ancient Roman architecture
2033:Climate-friendly gardening
1799:Gardens of the Roman World
1771:Gardens of the Roman World
1746:Gardens of the Roman World
1592:Gardens of the Roman World
1564:Gardens of the Roman World
1483:10.1007/s00334-019-00729-2
1442:Gardens of the Roman World
1412:Gardens of the Roman World
1387:Gardens of the Roman World
1300:Gardens of the Roman World
1275:Gardens of the Roman World
1190:Gardens of the Roman World
1165:Gardens of the Roman World
1140:Gardens of the Roman World
1115:Gardens of the Roman World
1065:Gardens of the Roman World
1000:Gardens of the Roman World
975:Gardens of the Roman World
739:Gardens of the Roman World
713:Gardens of the Roman World
684:Gardens of the Roman World
3012:
2934:
2909:Plant disease forecasting
2871:
2863:Vegan organic agriculture
2838:
2713:Genetically modified tree
2600:
2143:
2008:
1947:Resources in your library
1892:MacDougall, Elisabeth B.
1709:Pliny, the Elder (1991).
1680:10.1007/s00334-012-0389-4
1633:10.1007/s00334-012-0389-4
1512:GRĂGER, EBERHARD (1972).
877:10.1017/S0017383500010986
618:
486:
363:
236:, a public garden on the
1910:London: Routledge, 2009.
1841:Henderson, John (2004).
654:Gardens of ancient Egypt
549:
97:, literary sources, and
3098:Ancient gardens in Rome
3083:Culture of ancient Rome
1843:Roman Book of Gardening
838:. Amberley Publishing.
344:Non-residential gardens
340:though more elaborate.
177:
48:Fishbourne Roman Palace
2848:Biodynamic agriculture
2785:Postharvest physiology
2733:Landscape architecture
2430:Indonesian home garden
1822:Gagarin, Michael, and
1797:Bowe, Patrick (2004).
1769:Bowe, Patrick (2004).
1744:Bowe, Patrick (2004).
1590:Bowe, Patrick (2004).
1562:Bowe, Patrick (2004).
1440:Bowe, Patrick (2004).
1410:Bowe, Patrick (2004).
1385:Bowe, Patrick (2004).
1298:Bowe, Patrick (2004).
1273:Bowe, Patrick (2004).
1188:Bowe, Patrick (2004).
1163:Bowe, Patrick (2004).
1138:Bowe, Patrick (2004).
1113:Bowe, Patrick (2004).
1063:Bowe, Patrick (2004).
998:Bowe, Patrick (2004).
973:Bowe, Patrick (2004).
859:Lawson, James (1950).
737:Bowe, Patrick (2004).
710:Bowe, Patrick (2004).
682:Bowe, Patrick (2004).
546:
384:
379:, a recreation of the
298:
101:and mosaics in homes.
51:
39:
24:
2095:Historic conservation
1845:. New York: Routlage.
1815:Ciarallo, Annamaria.
659:Giardino all'italiana
544:
521:, narcissi, violets,
375:
296:
139:18th dynasty of Egypt
45:
30:
19:
3025:Gardening portal
2924:Aquamog weed remover
2899:List of insecticides
481:Wilhelmina Jashemski
1817:Gardens of Pompeii.
1530:1972GSAB...83.2715G
940:Geographical Review
919:www.lifeinitaly.com
799:Geographical Review
764:Geographical Review
256:Places for a garden
131:Alexander the Great
67:Gardens of Lucullus
33:House of the Vettii
2894:List of fungicides
2659:Companion planting
861:"The Roman Garden"
547:
385:
299:
63:Roman civilization
52:
40:
25:
3070:
3069:
2942:Community orchard
2768:drought tolerance
1928:Library resources
865:Greece & Rome
312:Pliny the Younger
81:, introduced the
3110:
3093:Gardens in Italy
3058:
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2999:Plant collecting
2935:Related articles
2872:Plant protection
2053:French intensive
1991:
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1977:
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1967:
1899:Spencer, Diana.
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626:Byzantine Empire
566:Herbs and spices
533:Flowering plants
498:flowering plants
335:Imperial gardens
329:Villa Boscoreale
232:constructed the
208:ornamental trees
154:pleasure gardens
91:archaeobotanical
46:Museum model of
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3109:
3108:
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3004:Turf management
2989:Lists of plants
2984:List of gardens
2930:
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2139:
2004:
1995:
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558:Natural History
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467:Even though an
415:garden features
381:Villa de Papyri
377:The Getty Villa
366:
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234:Porticus Liviae
200:De agri cultura
184:kitchen gardens
180:
107:
71:Horti Lucullani
57:and ornamental
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1826:. "Gardens."
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2615:Permaculture
2602:Horticulture
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1942:Online books
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75:Pincian Hill
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59:horticulture
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3061:WikiProject
2830:Monoculture
2825:Viticulture
2803:agriculture
2763:propagation
2703:HĂŒgelkultur
2625:sustainable
2610:Agriculture
2552:Therapeutic
2532:Shakespeare
2343:Renaissance
2135:Xeriscaping
2130:Sustainable
2125:Square foot
2115:Proplifting
2080:Garden tool
2048:Foodscaping
1524:(9): 2715.
1094:. PANGAEA.
634:Renaissance
303:Roman villa
289:Roman villa
282:peristylium
267:(townhouse)
238:Oppian Hill
204:flower beds
3077:Categories
2723:Indigenous
2620:stock-free
2592:Zoological
2472:Pollinator
2365:Greenhouse
2308:Sharawadgi
2296:Vietnamese
2257:East Asian
2165:Australian
2120:Raised bed
2085:Green wall
1870:1029851777
1780:0892367407
1755:0892367407
1601:0892367407
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984:0892367407
946:(3): 436.
924:2015-11-11
805:(3): 431.
770:(3): 435.
748:0892367407
693:0892367407
670:References
447:ambulation
356:euergetism
119:Pasargadae
105:Influences
73:), on the
2994:Perennial
2957:Floristry
2904:Pesticide
2884:Herbicide
2879:Fungicide
2773:hardiness
2537:Shrubbery
2517:Sculpture
2338:landscape
2267:Cantonese
2242:Container
2237:Community
2205:Byzantine
2200:Butterfly
2190:Botanical
2090:Guerrilla
2038:Community
2028:Butterfly
2023:Arboretum
2018:Allotment
2010:Gardening
2002:gardening
1878:Mnemosyne
1696:129486222
1688:0939-6314
1649:129486222
1641:0939-6314
1546:0016-7606
1499:135391846
1491:0939-6314
1372:191396900
1356:0002-9114
1260:191363595
1244:0002-9114
1100:899273360
901:161230389
885:0017-3835
580:coriander
519:hyacinths
473:impluvium
455:gestation
428:(porch).
422:Peristyle
308:Laurentum
250:Britannia
159:peristyle
3037:Category
2947:Features
2853:Grafting
2813:forestry
2795:Tropical
2780:Pomology
2753:cuttings
2748:breeding
2582:Wildlife
2562:Tropical
2512:Scottish
2462:Pleasure
2450:Paradise
2445:Charbagh
2415:Monastic
2410:Medieval
2320:Floating
2274:Japanese
2225:Communal
2215:Colonial
2180:Biblical
2145:Types of
2110:Parterre
1731:25317380
648:See also
592:rosemary
515:mulberry
511:rosemary
492:Overview
461:aedicula
410:nymphaea
401:pergolas
310:, which
230:Augustus
143:Porticos
3049:Commons
2962:Ikebana
2914:Pruning
2840:Organic
2790:Roguing
2676:Cutting
2567:Victory
2542:Spanish
2522:Sensory
2467:Prairie
2435:Persian
2425:Orchard
2390:Kitchen
2385:Keyhole
2380:Italian
2375:Islamic
2370:Hanging
2329:French
2315:Fernery
2303:English
2262:Chinese
2247:Cottage
2175:Baroque
2147:gardens
2100:History
1526:Bibcode
1045:5011968
638:Baroque
600:mustard
588:parsley
523:saffron
507:cypress
426:portico
405:shrines
216:Pompeii
168:Corinth
111:Persian
95:Pompeii
37:Pompeii
22:Pompeii
2799:Urban
2696:Taiwan
2691:Canada
2654:Botany
2647:Saikei
2642:Bonsai
2587:Winter
2572:Walled
2507:School
2502:Sacred
2457:Physic
2420:Mughal
2400:Market
2355:German
2333:formal
2325:Flower
2291:Korean
2210:Cactus
2195:Bottle
2155:Alpine
2105:Native
2058:Garden
2043:Forest
1930:about
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598:, and
572:garlic
513:, and
487:Plants
469:atrium
442:xystus
437:xystus
364:Design
277:hortus
273:atrium
242:Africa
222:Horace
192:Latium
172:Patras
164:Sparta
152:Roman
2743:Plant
2681:Flora
2630:urban
2577:Water
2557:Trial
2527:Shade
2487:Roman
2360:Greek
2350:Front
2252:Dutch
2220:Color
1692:S2CID
1645:S2CID
1495:S2CID
1368:S2CID
1360:JSTOR
1256:S2CID
1248:JSTOR
956:JSTOR
897:S2CID
889:JSTOR
815:JSTOR
780:JSTOR
596:onion
576:basil
550:Trees
527:thyme
389:patio
351:baths
265:Domus
188:herbs
147:Cimon
115:rills
2664:Crop
2497:Rose
2492:Roof
2482:Rock
2477:Rain
2440:BÄgh
2405:Mary
2395:Knot
2279:Roji
2170:Back
2000:and
1866:OCLC
1856:ISBN
1803:ISBN
1775:ISBN
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1727:OCLC
1717:ISBN
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1031:ISBN
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881:ISSN
840:ISBN
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688:ISBN
584:dill
453:The
434:The
395:, a
301:The
248:and
246:Gaul
206:and
178:Uses
170:and
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2284:Zen
2185:Bog
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