1048:) the consulship, praetorship, plebeian tribunate, aedileship, quaestorship, and military tribunate. If an individual was not of the senatorial class, he could run for one of these offices if he was allowed to run by the emperor, or otherwise, he could be appointed to one of these offices by the emperor. During the transition from republic to empire, no office lost more power or prestige than the consulship, which was due, in part, to the fact that the substantive powers of republican Consuls were all transferred to the emperor. Imperial Consuls could preside over the senate, could act as judges in certain criminal trials, and had control over public games and shows. The Praetors also lost a great deal of power, and ultimately had little authority outside of the city. The chief Praetor in Rome, the urban praetor, outranked all other Praetors, and for a brief time, they were given power over the treasury. Under the empire, the plebeian tribunes remained sacrosanct, and, in theory at least, retained the power to summon, or to veto, the senate and the assemblies. Augustus divided the college of Quaestors into two divisions, and assigned one division the task of serving in the senatorial provinces, and the other the task of managing civil administration in Rome. Under Augustus, the Aediles lost control over the grain supply to a board of commissioners. It was not until after they lost the power to maintain order in the city, however, that they truly became powerless, and the office disappeared entirely during the 3rd century.
816:
and to conduct the campaign as he saw fit. He controlled all property held by the state, had the sole power to divide land and war spoils, was the chief representative of the city during dealings with either the Gods or leaders of other communities, and could unilaterally decree any new law. Sometimes he submitted his decrees to either the popular assembly or to the senate for a ceremonial ratification, but a rejection did not prevent the enactment of a decree. The king chose several officers to assist him, and unilaterally granted them their powers. When the king left the city, an Urban
Prefect presided over the city in place of the absent king. The king also had two Quaestors as general assistants, while several other officers assisted the king during treason cases. In war, the king occasionally commanded only the infantry, and delegated command over the cavalry to the commander of his personal bodyguards, the Tribune of the Celeres. The king sometimes deferred to precedent, often simply out of practical necessity. While the king could unilaterally declare war, for example, he typically wanted to have such declarations ratified by the popular assembly.
924:, during which time they could appoint people to the senate. Aediles were officers elected to conduct domestic affairs in Rome, and were vested with powers over the markets, and over public games and shows. Quaestors usually assisted the consuls in Rome, and the governors in the provinces with financial tasks. Though they technically were not magistrates, the Plebeian Tribunes and the Plebeian Aediles were considered to be the representatives of the people. Thus, they acted as a popular check over the senate (through their veto powers), and safeguarded the civil liberties of all Roman citizens.
867:
990:
986:). In theory at least, the tribunician powers (which were similar to those of the plebeian tribunes under the old republic) gave the emperor authority over Rome's civil government, while the proconsular powers (similar to those of military governors, or Proconsuls, under the old republic) gave him authority over the Roman army. While these distinctions were clearly defined during the early empire, eventually they were lost, and the emperor's powers became less constitutional and more monarchical.
33:
1060:
749:, under the old republic) gave him authority over the Roman army. While these distinctions were clearly defined during the early empire, eventually they were lost, and the emperor's powers became less constitutional and more monarchical. The traditional magistracies that survived the fall of the republic were the consulship,
1025:. As part of the census, the emperor had the power to assign individuals to a new social class, including the senatorial class, which gave the emperor unchallenged control over senate membership. The emperor also had the power to interpret laws and to set precedents. In addition, the emperor controlled the
919:
The consul of the Roman
Republic was the highest ranking ordinary magistrate. Two Consuls were elected every year, and they had supreme power in both civil and military matters. Throughout the year, one Consul was superior in rank to the other Consul, and this ranking flipped every month, between the
815:
of the army. His powers rested on law and legal precedent, and he could only receive these powers through the political process of an election. In practice, he had no real restrictions on his power. When war broke out, he had the sole power to organize and levy troops, to select leaders for the army,
935:
to serve as his most senior lieutenant. Often the
Dictator resigned his office as soon as the matter that caused his appointment was resolved. When the Dictator's term ended, constitutional government was restored. The last ordinary Dictator was appointed in 202 BC. After 202 BC, extreme emergencies
1014:
gave him power over Rome's civil apparatus, as well as the power to preside over, and thus to dominate, the assemblies and the senate. When an emperor was vested with the tribunician powers, his office and his person became sacrosanct, and thus it became a capital offense to harm or to obstruct the
1000:
By virtue of his proconsular powers, the emperor held the same grade of military command authority as did the chief magistrates (the Roman consuls and proconsuls) under the republic. However, the emperor was not subject to the constitutional restrictions that the old consuls and proconsuls had been
744:
were the "tribunician powers" and the "proconsular powers". In theory at least, the tribunician powers (which were similar to those of the plebeian tribunes under the old republic) gave the emperor authority over Rome's civil government, while the proconsular powers (similar to those of military
833:
to facilitate the election of a new king. Once the
Interrex found a suitable nominee for the kingship, he presented this nominee to the senate for an initial approval. If the senate voted in favor of the nominee, that person stood for formal election before the People of Rome in the
1632:, Vols. I (509–100BC), II (99–31BC), and Supplement (American Philological Association, New York, 1951, 1952, and 1960 respectively). This important work lists the magistrates for each year, and cites the ancient authors by whom they are mentioned.
1009:
including the right to declare war, to ratify treaties, and to negotiate with foreign leaders. The emperor's degree of
Proconsular power gave him authority over all of Rome's military governors, and thus, over most of the Roman army. The emperor's
911:
before serving in that office again. Since this did create problems for some magistrates, these magistrates occasionally had their command powers extended, which, in effect, allowed them to retain the powers of their office as a
896:) were technically not magistrates, they relied on the sacrosanctity of their person to obstruct. If one did not comply with the orders of a Plebeian Tribune, the Tribune could interpose the sacrosanctity of his person (
838:(the popular assembly). After the nominee was elected by the popular assembly, the senate ratified the election by passing a decree. The Interrex then formally declared the nominee to be king. The new king then took the
1015:
emperor. The emperor also had the authority to carry out a range of duties that, under the republic, had been performed by the Roman censors. Such duties included the authority to regulate public morality (
884:(a temporary position for emergencies) had the highest level of power. After the Dictator was the Consul (the highest position if not an emergency), and then the Praetor, and then the Censor, and then the
907:), which was held only by consuls and praetors. This gave a magistrate the constitutional authority to issue commands (military or otherwise). Once a magistrate's annual term in office expired, he had to
734:). Theoretically, the senate elected each new emperor; in practice each emperor chose his own successor, though the choice was often overruled by the army or civil war. The powers of an emperor (his
1172:
The
Political Works of Marcus Tullius Cicero: Comprising his Treatise on the Commonwealth; and his Treatise on the Laws. Translated from the original, with Dissertations and Notes in Two Volumes
1044:). The traditional magistracies were only available to citizens of the senatorial class. The magistracies that survived the fall of the republic were (by their order of rank per the
1721:
931:
was appointed for a term of six months. Constitutional government dissolved, and the
Dictator became the absolute master of the state. The Dictator then appointed a
2159:
1958:
932:
1743:
892:. Each magistrate could only veto an action that was taken by a magistrate with an equal or lower degree of power. Since plebeian tribunes (as well as
583:
908:
730:
During the transition from republic to the Roman empire, the constitutional balance of power shifted from the Roman Senate back to the executive (the
1898:
920:
two
Consuls. Praetors administered civil law, presided over the courts, and commanded provincial armies. Another magistrate, the Censor, conducted a
1860:
1038:
Under the empire, the citizens were divided into three classes, and for members of each class, a distinct career path was available (known as the
1953:
807:. During the period of the Roman Kingdom, the Roman King was the principal executive magistrate. He was the chief executive, chief priest, chief
2046:
2588:
1930:
1775:
2630:
2618:
1935:
1875:
861:
2677:
1978:
798:
3996:
959:
3991:
2593:
4001:
3965:
2603:
1913:
3910:
2598:
2332:
1667:
Orations and
Letters of Cicero: With Historical Introduction, An Outline of the Roman Constitution, Notes, Vocabulary and Index
576:
180:
556:
3880:
2705:
2232:
1968:
880:
The Roman magistrates were elected officials of the Roman
Republic. Each Roman magistrate was vested with a degree of power.
170:
3970:
3845:
2998:
2551:
341:
900:) to physically stop that particular action. Any resistance against the tribune was considered to be a capital offense.
2222:
1918:
1903:
857:
163:
146:
711:") an action that was being taken by a magistrate with an equal or lower degree of magisterial powers. By definition,
3890:
2650:
2217:
2212:
2188:
2039:
2011:
1865:
1800:
1218:
1189:
1157:
794:
569:
141:
974:) existed, in theory at least, by virtue of his legal standing. The two most significant components to an emperor's
740:) existed, in theory at least, by virtue of his legal standing. The two most significant components to an emperor's
3905:
2578:
2227:
2154:
1963:
1880:
1768:
955:
158:
2171:
2104:
1983:
1908:
151:
1748:
2925:
2850:
2608:
3421:
3261:
2865:
2317:
2032:
1925:
3960:
3885:
3644:
2700:
2583:
2129:
1870:
1761:
3920:
3584:
3476:
3246:
3018:
2840:
2748:
2613:
2556:
1973:
354:
3940:
3033:
2988:
2915:
2835:
2783:
2773:
2725:
2072:
938:
419:
121:
3541:
3451:
2960:
2940:
2935:
2920:
2873:
2813:
2768:
2570:
1026:
23:
3950:
3930:
3870:
3860:
3850:
3256:
2945:
2845:
2825:
2740:
2730:
2435:
2375:
2355:
2067:
457:
1001:
subject to. Eventually, he was given powers that, under the republic, had been reserved for the
3955:
3945:
3895:
3875:
3689:
3664:
3629:
3511:
3236:
2883:
2645:
2176:
2001:
1200:
903:
The most significant constitutional power that a magistrate could hold was that of "Command" (
3925:
3855:
3679:
3431:
3231:
3226:
3023:
2930:
2855:
2818:
2803:
2778:
2758:
2660:
1739:
Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and their Decline, by Montesquieu
671:, of which two were to be elected each year. Magistrates of the republic were elected by the
3935:
3900:
3589:
3456:
3356:
3281:
3146:
3109:
2485:
2149:
99:
3579:
8:
3865:
3714:
3516:
3386:
3336:
2655:
2252:
1825:
1738:
1065:
819:
The period between the death of a king, and the election of a new king, was known as the
667:
was founded in 509 BC, the powers that had been held by the king were transferred to the
234:
1726:
4006:
3915:
3639:
3446:
3301:
3241:
3161:
3104:
2968:
2204:
2183:
1993:
1805:
1784:
1672:
Lintott, A., "The Constitution of the Roman Republic", (Oxford University Press, 1999).
1129:
866:
812:
492:
131:
3554:
1655:
Gruen, E. S., "The Last Generation of the Roman Republic", (U California Press, 1974).
964:
The executive magistrates of the Roman Empire were elected individuals of the ancient
3549:
3401:
3156:
3116:
3094:
2302:
1842:
1214:
1185:
1153:
803:
The executive magistrates of the Roman Kingdom were elected officials of the ancient
411:
404:
207:
3614:
3574:
3506:
3441:
3366:
3361:
3133:
3056:
3003:
2798:
2793:
2682:
2541:
2490:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2400:
2322:
2262:
2247:
2242:
2166:
2094:
1835:
1820:
1815:
1727:
Rome at the End of the Punic Wars: An Analysis of the Roman Government; by Polybius
1206:
1124:
1119:
1089:
1031:
1006:
874:
835:
778:
766:
533:
527:
520:
506:
335:
244:
239:
224:
108:
3709:
3521:
3501:
3461:
3396:
3346:
3341:
3216:
3166:
3074:
2908:
2888:
2808:
2257:
2082:
1830:
989:
893:
659:
to republic, the constitutional balance of power shifted from the executive (the
249:
842:(a ritual search for omens from the Gods), and was vested with legal authority (
3764:
3406:
3141:
3089:
3061:
3008:
2993:
2973:
2788:
2763:
2720:
2710:
2536:
2510:
2440:
2425:
2390:
2350:
2111:
1890:
1177:
1114:
1040:
928:
881:
870:
774:
680:
664:
601:
538:
485:
329:
304:
213:
61:
1211:
Roman Voting Assemblies: From the Hannibalic War to the Dictatorship of Caesar
3985:
3296:
3266:
3181:
2715:
2692:
2505:
2360:
2345:
2292:
2099:
1852:
942:("ultimate decree of the senate"). This suspended civil government, declared
913:
804:
731:
700:
656:
617:
434:
284:
52:
1638:, Second Series (1970–2005), Volumes 8–13, (The Cambridge University Press).
3774:
3634:
3079:
3028:
2983:
2978:
2830:
2640:
2526:
2470:
2465:
2237:
2121:
2055:
1945:
1810:
1792:
1134:
1079:
1074:
1002:
965:
692:
688:
668:
660:
645:
621:
609:
347:
299:
269:
195:
70:
3569:
3191:
3013:
2903:
2297:
943:
821:
770:
390:
3794:
3734:
3699:
3491:
3426:
3416:
3311:
3196:
3084:
2667:
2635:
2380:
2307:
2139:
2134:
1017:
808:
684:
641:
633:
625:
471:
201:
81:
2024:
3824:
3819:
3779:
3704:
3674:
3654:
3531:
3471:
3381:
3331:
3326:
3251:
3211:
3099:
3069:
2878:
2753:
2546:
2430:
2405:
2284:
2006:
1753:
1084:
746:
720:
719:
were technically not magistrates since they were elected only by the
675:, and were each vested with a degree of power called "major powers" (
613:
543:
513:
379:
361:
324:
32:
3784:
3769:
3759:
3744:
3659:
3649:
3619:
3609:
3604:
3594:
3496:
3411:
3291:
3276:
3206:
3186:
3176:
3171:
3151:
2950:
2531:
2495:
2385:
2312:
2144:
1689:
1094:
993:
970:
904:
889:
844:
839:
830:
782:
762:
736:
704:
649:
478:
368:
279:
190:
88:
3804:
3799:
3789:
3754:
3749:
3739:
3684:
3669:
3486:
3481:
3466:
3436:
3391:
3371:
3351:
3306:
3038:
2893:
2672:
2480:
2475:
2365:
1104:
1011:
754:
750:
712:
696:
464:
443:
294:
274:
3814:
3694:
3624:
3564:
3559:
3526:
3286:
3271:
3221:
3201:
2623:
2500:
2395:
1109:
1022:
921:
885:
758:
716:
629:
499:
289:
851:
3599:
3321:
3048:
2340:
1099:
788:
637:
949:
3809:
3376:
3316:
2898:
2274:
1174:. By Francis Barham, Esq. London: Edmund Spettigue. Vol. 1.
708:
672:
1197:
The General History of Polybius: Translated from the Greek
1167:. U.S. Government Printing Office, Senate Document 103-23.
2370:
1150:
A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions
628:. His power, in practice, was absolute. He was the chief
450:
397:
725:
they were independent of all other powerful magistrates
1749:
What a Terrorist Incident in Ancient Rome Can Teach Us
1035:, and a member of each of the four major priesthoods.
1660:
Researches Into the History of the Roman Constitution
1203:. Oxford: Printed by W. Baxter. Fifth Edition, Vol 2.
781:
during his consulship in 44 BC, while the offices of
1055:
785:
and Roman censor were abolished shortly thereafter.
946:, and vested the consuls with Dictatorial powers.
1708:The Theory of the Mixed Constitution in Antiquity
936:were addressed through the passage of the decree
3983:
829:, the senate elected a senator to the office of
644:. When the king died, his power reverted to the
1710:, (Columbia University Press, New York, 1975).
1602:
1600:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1524:
1522:
2040:
1769:
1414:
1396:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1271:
1269:
1267:
577:
1744:The Roman Constitution to the Time of Cicero
1732:
1450:
1405:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
873:, tribune of the people, presiding over the
1609:
1595:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1531:
1519:
1510:
1501:
1483:
1476:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1432:
1387:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
862:Executive magistrates of the Roman Republic
852:Executive magistrates of the Roman Republic
2047:
2033:
1776:
1762:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1278:
1264:
799:Executive magistrates of the Roman Kingdom
789:Executive magistrates of the Roman Kingdom
652:to facilitate the election of a new king.
584:
570:
1701:The Development of the Roman Constitution
1337:
1248:
960:Executive magistrates of the Roman Empire
950:Executive magistrates of the Roman Empire
1492:
1471:
1459:
1441:
1423:
1232:
988:
865:
2054:
683:had more "major powers" than any other
3984:
1783:
1669:, (Scott, Foresman and Company, 1891).
1182:The Constitution of the Roman Republic
2028:
1757:
1630:The Magistrates of the Roman Republic
1213:. The University of Michigan Press (
1029:, since, as emperor, he was always
13:
1715:
1621:
927:In times of military emergency, a
858:Constitution of the Roman Republic
707:. Any magistrate could obstruct ("
14:
4018:
795:Constitution of the Roman Kingdom
687:, and after the dictator was the
3997:Government of the Roman Republic
1722:Cicero's De Re Publica, Book Two
1165:The Senate of the Roman Republic
1058:
982:) and the "proconsular powers" (
968:. The powers of an emperor (his
956:Constitution of the Roman Empire
663:) to the Roman Senate. When the
640:, and the sole commander of the
31:
16:Elected official in ancient Rome
3992:Government of the Roman Kingdom
1170:Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1841).
978:were the "tribunician powers" (
4002:Government of the Roman Empire
1677:The Emperor in the Roman World
1:
1636:The Cambridge Ancient History
1141:
2619:Frontiers and fortifications
1703:, (D. Apple & Co, 1886).
1665:Johnston, Harold Whetstone,
1662:, (William Pickering, 1853).
1148:Abbott, Frank Frost (1901).
811:, chief judge, and the sole
624:was the principal executive
608:) were elected officials in
7:
2678:Decorations and punishments
1184:. Oxford University Press (
1051:
848:) by the popular assembly.
655:During the transition from
10:
4023:
3585:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
2160:historiography of the fall
1679:, (Duckworth, 1977, 1992).
953:
855:
792:
3966:External wars and battles
3833:
3727:
3540:
3132:
3125:
3047:
2959:
2864:
2739:
2691:
2569:
2519:
2458:
2449:
2331:
2283:
2203:
2120:
2090:
2081:
2063:
1992:
1944:
1889:
1851:
1791:
1733:Secondary source material
1628:Broughton, T. Robert S.,
996:, the first Roman emperor
939:senatus consultum ultimum
773:abolished the offices of
420:Senatus consultum ultimum
315:Extraordinary magistrates
1684:Roman Constitutional Law
1652:, (Fontana Press, 1978).
1645:, (Fontana Press, 1993).
1226:
24:Politics of ancient Rome
3961:Roman–Iranian relations
2436:Optimates and populares
3971:Civil wars and revolts
3237:Sextus Pompeius Festus
2884:Conflict of the Orders
2243:Legislative assemblies
2002:Conflict of the Orders
1643:The Later Roman Empire
1027:religious institutions
997:
877:
648:, which then chose an
605:
181:Political institutions
3680:Simplicius of Cilicia
3432:Quintus Curtius Rufus
2661:Siege in Ancient Rome
2270:Executive magistrates
1163:Byrd, Robert (1995).
992:
984:imperium proconsulare
869:
3690:Stephanus Byzantinus
3595:Eusebius of Caesaria
3457:Sidonius Apollinaris
3147:Ammianus Marcellinus
2486:Tribune of the plebs
1152:. Elibron Classics (
260:Ordinary magistrates
3866:Distinguished women
3517:Velleius Paterculus
3357:Nicolaus Damascenus
3337:Marcellus Empiricus
2726:Republican currency
1919:reforms of Augustus
1066:Ancient Rome portal
1021:) and to conduct a
980:potestas tribunicia
933:Master of the Horse
779:Master of the Horse
3640:Phlegon of Tralles
3447:Seneca the Younger
2921:Naming conventions
2651:Personal equipment
2184:Later Roman Empire
1785:Roman Constitution
1682:Mommsen, Theodor,
1650:The Roman Republic
1130:Procurator (Roman)
1012:tribunician powers
998:
888:, and finally the
878:
813:commander-in-chief
767:military tribunate
755:plebeian tribunate
493:Triumvir monetalis
427:Titles and honours
3979:
3978:
3941:Pontifices maximi
3723:
3722:
3580:Diogenes Laërtius
3402:Pliny the Younger
3157:Asconius Pedianus
3117:Romance languages
2989:Civil engineering
2731:Imperial currency
2604:Political control
2565:
2564:
2199:
2198:
2022:
2021:
1969:(post Diocletian)
1959:(post Diocletian)
1914:reforms of Caesar
1706:von Fritz, Kurt,
1207:Taylor, Lily Ross
1195:Polybius (1823).
713:plebeian tribunes
598:Roman magistrates
594:
593:
412:Quaestio perpetua
405:Senatus consultum
208:Roman citizenship
4014:
3931:Magistri equitum
3846:Cities and towns
3839:
3765:Constantinopolis
3575:Diodorus Siculus
3507:Valerius Maximus
3442:Seneca the Elder
3362:Nonius Marcellus
3130:
3129:
2683:Hippika gymnasia
2646:Infantry tactics
2552:Consular tribune
2542:Magister equitum
2491:Military tribune
2456:
2455:
2416:Pontifex maximus
2411:Princeps senatus
2401:Magister militum
2167:Byzantine Empire
2088:
2087:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2026:
2025:
1909:reforms of Sulla
1778:
1771:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1699:Tighe, Ambrose,
1616:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1593:
1590:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1529:
1526:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1469:
1466:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1335:
1332:
1321:
1318:
1309:
1306:
1297:
1294:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1262:
1259:
1246:
1243:
1125:Princeps senatus
1120:Byzantine Senate
1090:Plebeian Council
1068:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1032:Pontifex Maximus
1007:Roman assemblies
894:plebeian aediles
875:Plebeian Council
836:Curiate Assembly
726:
717:plebeian aediles
586:
579:
572:
528:Pontifex maximus
521:Princeps senatus
507:Magister militum
342:Consular tribune
336:Magister equitum
164:Augustan reforms
35:
19:
18:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4011:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3837:
3835:
3829:
3719:
3555:Aëtius of Amida
3536:
3522:Verrius Flaccus
3502:Valerius Antias
3462:Silius Italicus
3397:Pliny the Elder
3342:Marcus Aurelius
3217:Cornelius Nepos
3167:Aurelius Victor
3121:
3043:
2955:
2889:Secessio plebis
2860:
2735:
2687:
2561:
2515:
2445:
2327:
2279:
2195:
2116:
2077:
2059:
2053:
2023:
2018:
1988:
1940:
1885:
1847:
1787:
1782:
1735:
1718:
1716:Primary sources
1713:
1658:Ihne, Wilhelm,
1624:
1622:Further reading
1619:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1596:
1591:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1532:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1472:
1467:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1338:
1333:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1265:
1260:
1249:
1244:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1178:Lintott, Andrew
1144:
1139:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1054:
962:
954:Main articles:
952:
864:
856:Main articles:
854:
801:
793:Main articles:
791:
724:
723:, and as such,
703:, and then the
699:, and then the
695:, and then the
691:, and then the
590:
561:
557:Other countries
548:
417:
374:
309:
254:
219:
175:
152:Sullan republic
117:
113:
104:
95:
91:
84:
74:
65:
56:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4020:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3842:
3840:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3407:Pomponius Mela
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3142:Aelius Donatus
3138:
3136:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3110:Ecclesiastical
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2851:Toys and games
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2391:Vigintisexviri
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2351:Cursus honorum
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2150:Western Empire
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1891:Roman Republic
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1687:
1686:, (1871-1888).
1680:
1673:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1648:Crawford, M.,
1646:
1639:
1633:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1608:
1594:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1530:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1336:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1277:
1263:
1247:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1204:
1193:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1115:Cursus honorum
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1053:
1050:
1046:cursus honorum
1041:cursus honorum
951:
948:
929:Roman Dictator
909:wait ten years
871:Gaius Gracchus
853:
850:
790:
787:
745:governors, or
677:maior potestas
673:people of Rome
665:Roman Republic
592:
591:
589:
588:
581:
574:
566:
563:
562:
560:
559:
553:
550:
549:
547:
546:
541:
536:
531:
524:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
486:Vigintisexviri
482:
475:
468:
461:
454:
447:
439:
438:
437:
429:
428:
424:
423:
416:
415:
408:
401:
394:
386:
383:
382:
376:
375:
373:
372:
365:
358:
351:
344:
339:
332:
327:
321:
318:
317:
311:
310:
308:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
266:
263:
262:
256:
255:
253:
252:
247:
242:
237:
231:
228:
227:
221:
220:
218:
217:
214:Cursus honorum
210:
205:
198:
193:
187:
184:
183:
177:
176:
174:
173:
168:
167:
166:
156:
155:
154:
144:
138:
135:
134:
128:
127:
126:
125:
116:
115:
106:
96:
94:
93:
86:
85:27 BC – AD 284
78:
77:
76:
75:27 BC – AD 395
67:
62:Roman Republic
58:
46:
45:
41:
40:
37:
36:
28:
27:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4019:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3297:Julius Paulus
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3232:Fabius Pictor
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2969:Amphitheatres
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:Deforestation
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:Siege engines
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2589:Establishment
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:Extraordinary
2518:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2506:Promagistrate
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:Twelve Tables
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1994:Miscellaneous
1991:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1853:Roman Kingdom
1850:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1694:The Histories
1691:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1641:Cameron, A.,
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1612:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1420:Polybius, 132
1417:
1408:
1402:Polybius, 136
1399:
1390:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1365:
1356:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1281:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1220:
1219:0-472-08125-X
1216:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1201:James Hampton
1198:
1194:
1191:
1190:0-19-926108-3
1187:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1158:0-543-92749-0
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1008:
1004:
995:
991:
987:
985:
981:
977:
973:
972:
967:
961:
957:
947:
945:
941:
940:
934:
930:
925:
923:
917:
915:
914:promagistrate
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
886:curule aedile
883:
876:
872:
868:
863:
859:
849:
847:
846:
841:
837:
832:
828:
825:. During the
824:
823:
817:
814:
810:
806:
805:Roman Kingdom
800:
796:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
739:
738:
733:
732:Roman Emperor
728:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
701:curule aedile
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:Roman consuls
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:Roman Kingdom
615:
612:. During the
611:
607:
603:
599:
587:
582:
580:
575:
573:
568:
567:
565:
564:
558:
555:
554:
552:
551:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
529:
525:
523:
522:
518:
516:
515:
511:
509:
508:
504:
502:
501:
497:
495:
494:
490:
488:
487:
483:
481:
480:
476:
474:
473:
469:
467:
466:
462:
460:
459:
455:
453:
452:
448:
446:
445:
441:
440:
436:
433:
432:
431:
430:
426:
425:
422:
421:
414:
413:
409:
407:
406:
402:
400:
399:
395:
393:
392:
388:
387:
385:
384:
381:
378:
377:
371:
370:
366:
364:
363:
359:
357:
356:
352:
350:
349:
345:
343:
340:
338:
337:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
320:
319:
316:
313:
312:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
285:Promagistrate
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
267:
265:
264:
261:
258:
257:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
232:
230:
229:
226:
223:
222:
216:
215:
211:
209:
206:
204:
203:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
188:
186:
185:
182:
179:
178:
172:
169:
165:
162:
161:
160:
157:
153:
150:
149:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
137:
136:
133:
130:
129:
124:
123:
119:
118:
112:
111:
107:
103:
102:
98:
97:
90:
87:
83:
80:
79:
73:
72:
68:
64:
63:
59:
55:
54:
53:Roman Kingdom
50:
49:
48:
47:
43:
42:
39:
38:
34:
30:
29:
25:
21:
20:
3911:Institutions
3775:Leptis Magna
3728:Major cities
3635:Philostratus
3422:Quadrigarius
3242:Rufus Festus
3105:Contemporary
2826:Romanization
2749:Architecture
2450:
2356:Collegiality
2269:
2205:Constitution
2056:Ancient Rome
1964:Constitution
1946:Roman Empire
1904:Constitution
1866:Constitution
1806:Constitution
1793:Ancient Rome
1707:
1700:
1693:
1683:
1676:
1675:Millar, F.,
1666:
1659:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1629:
1611:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1456:Lintott, 119
1452:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1411:Lintott, 113
1407:
1398:
1389:
1364:
1355:
1280:
1210:
1196:
1181:
1171:
1164:
1149:
1135:Acta Senatus
1080:Roman Empire
1075:Ancient Rome
1045:
1039:
1037:
1030:
1016:
1003:Roman Senate
999:
983:
979:
975:
969:
966:Roman Empire
963:
937:
926:
918:
902:
897:
879:
843:
826:
820:
818:
802:
763:quaestorship
741:
735:
729:
676:
654:
646:Roman Senate
622:King of Rome
610:ancient Rome
597:
595:
526:
519:
512:
505:
498:
491:
484:
477:
470:
463:
456:
449:
442:
418:
410:
403:
396:
389:
367:
360:
353:
346:
334:
314:
259:
212:
200:
196:Collegiality
132:Constitution
120:
109:
100:
71:Roman Empire
69:
60:
51:
3906:Geographers
3590:Dioscorides
3570:Cassius Dio
3192:Cassiodorus
3095:Renaissance
2701:Agriculture
2673:Auxiliaries
2614:Engineering
2451:Magistrates
2303:Citizenship
2298:Mos maiorum
2233:Late Empire
1984:Magistrates
1936:Magistrates
1881:Magistrates
1843:Magistrates
1615:Abbott, 379
1606:Abbott, 378
1592:Abbott, 377
1580:Abbott, 376
1571:Abbott, 349
1562:Abbott, 354
1553:Abbott, 356
1544:Abbott, 357
1528:Abbott, 345
1516:Abbott, 344
1507:Abbott, 240
1489:Cicero, 237
1438:Cicero, 236
1393:Holland, 27
1334:Abbott, 374
1320:Abbott, 341
1308:Abbott, 342
1296:Abbott, 196
1284:Abbott, 154
1275:Abbott, 151
944:martial law
898:intercessio
827:interregnum
822:interregnum
771:Mark Antony
751:praetorship
606:magistratus
391:Mos maiorum
171:Late Empire
114:AD 395–1453
3986:Categories
3795:Mediolanum
3735:Alexandria
3700:Themistius
3665:Porphyrius
3492:Tertullian
3427:Quintilian
3417:Propertius
3312:Lactantius
3262:Fulgentius
3197:Censorinus
3019:Sanitation
3004:Metallurgy
2961:Technology
2926:Demography
2874:Patricians
2841:Spectacles
2799:Literature
2794:Hairstyles
2631:Technology
2381:Praefectus
2333:Government
2323:Litigation
2308:Auctoritas
2253:Centuriate
2140:Principate
2135:Pax Romana
2095:Foundation
2012:Obligation
1979:Assemblies
1931:Assemblies
1876:Assemblies
1826:Centuriate
1816:Assemblies
1384:Abbott, 14
1368:Abbott, 12
1359:Abbott, 19
1350:Abbott, 16
1261:Abbott, 15
1142:References
1018:Censorship
759:aedileship
747:proconsuls
685:magistrate
661:Roman king
626:magistrate
472:Praefectus
380:Public law
235:Centuriate
225:Assemblies
202:Auctoritas
105:AD 395–476
92:AD 284–641
82:Principate
57:753–509 BC
4007:Roman law
3951:Quaestors
3881:Empresses
3871:Dynasties
3861:Dictators
3836:and other
3825:Volubilis
3820:Vindobona
3780:Londinium
3705:Theodoret
3675:Procopius
3655:Polyaenus
3630:Pausanias
3532:Vitruvius
3477:Symmachus
3472:Suetonius
3382:Petronius
3367:Obsequens
3332:Macrobius
3327:Lucretius
3252:Frontinus
3227:Eutropius
3212:Columella
3162:Augustine
3152:Appuleius
3100:Neo-Latin
3075:Classical
3066:Versions
2974:Aqueducts
2916:Patronage
2836:Sexuality
2809:Mythology
2784:Education
2774:Cosmetics
2599:Campaigns
2594:Structure
2547:Decemviri
2406:Imperator
2105:overthrow
2007:Roman law
1245:Abbott, 8
1085:Roman law
882:Dictators
721:plebeians
681:Dictators
514:Imperator
362:Decemviri
355:Triumviri
325:Corrector
66:509–27 BC
3956:Tribunes
3946:Praetors
3896:Generals
3876:Emperors
3785:Lugdunum
3770:Eboracum
3760:Carthage
3745:Aquileia
3660:Polybius
3650:Plutarch
3620:Libanius
3610:Josephus
3605:Herodian
3497:Tibullus
3412:Priscian
3387:Phaedrus
3347:Manilius
3292:Jordanes
3277:Hydatius
3207:Claudian
3187:Catullus
3177:Boëthius
3172:Ausonius
3090:Medieval
3062:Alphabet
3034:Theatres
3009:Numerals
2994:Concrete
2984:Circuses
2951:Bagaudae
2941:Adoption
2936:Marriage
2909:Assembly
2814:Religion
2789:Folklore
2769:Clothing
2764:Calendar
2721:Currency
2711:Commerce
2609:Strategy
2571:Military
2557:Triumvir
2537:Dictator
2532:Interrex
2511:Governor
2496:Quaestor
2459:Ordinary
2441:Province
2431:Tetrarch
2421:Augustus
2386:Vicarius
2376:Officium
2313:Imperium
2263:Plebeian
2223:Republic
2145:Dominate
2112:Republic
2073:Timeline
1836:Plebeian
1690:Polybius
1498:Byrd, 42
1480:Byrd, 24
1468:Byrd, 31
1447:Byrd, 32
1429:Byrd, 20
1209:(1966).
1180:(1999).
1095:Centuria
1052:See also
1005:and the
994:Augustus
976:imperium
971:imperium
905:Imperium
890:quaestor
845:imperium
840:auspices
831:Interrex
809:lawgiver
783:Interrex
775:dictator
742:imperium
737:imperium
705:quaestor
657:monarchy
650:Interrex
634:lawgiver
544:Tetrarch
534:Augustus
479:Vicarius
458:Officium
369:Interrex
330:Dictator
305:Governor
280:Quaestor
245:Plebeian
191:Imperium
147:Republic
122:Timeline
89:Dominate
3926:Legions
3886:Fiction
3856:Consuls
3851:Climate
3805:Ravenna
3800:Pompeii
3790:Lutetia
3755:Bononia
3750:Berytus
3740:Antioch
3715:Zosimus
3710:Zonaras
3685:Sozomen
3670:Priscus
3645:Photius
3487:Terence
3482:Tacitus
3467:Statius
3452:Servius
3437:Sallust
3392:Plautus
3372:Orosius
3352:Martial
3307:Juvenal
3282:Hyginus
3267:Gellius
3126:Writers
3057:History
3039:Thermae
3029:Temples
2979:Bridges
2946:Slavery
2894:Equites
2866:Society
2846:Theatre
2819:Deities
2779:Cuisine
2759:Bathing
2741:Culture
2716:Finance
2693:Economy
2584:Borders
2579:History
2481:Tribune
2476:Praetor
2366:Legatus
2361:Emperor
2248:Curiate
2218:Kingdom
2213:History
2189:History
2172:decline
2130:History
2100:Kingdom
2083:History
2068:Outline
1954:History
1899:History
1861:History
1821:Curiate
1801:History
1105:Praetor
697:praetor
616:of the
465:Praeses
444:Legatus
435:Emperor
295:Tribune
275:Praetor
240:Curiate
142:Kingdom
110:Eastern
101:Western
44:Periods
3936:Nomina
3921:Legacy
3901:Gentes
3838:topics
3834:Lists
3815:Smyrna
3695:Strabo
3625:Lucian
3615:Julian
3565:Arrian
3560:Appian
3550:Aelian
3527:Vergil
3302:Justin
3287:Jerome
3272:Horace
3257:Fronto
3247:Florus
3222:Ennius
3202:Cicero
3182:Caesar
3080:Vulgar
2904:Tribes
2831:Romans
2641:Legion
2624:castra
2501:Aedile
2471:Censor
2466:Consul
2426:Caesar
2396:Lictor
2318:Status
2258:Tribal
2238:Senate
2228:Empire
2122:Empire
2058:topics
1974:Senate
1926:Senate
1871:Senate
1831:Tribal
1811:Senate
1217:
1188:
1156:
1110:Aedile
1023:census
922:census
765:, and
693:consul
689:censor
630:priest
620:, the
614:period
539:Caesar
500:Lictor
300:Censor
290:Aedile
270:Consul
250:Tribal
159:Empire
3600:Galen
3542:Greek
3512:Varro
3322:Lucan
3134:Latin
3049:Latin
3024:Ships
3014:Roads
2999:Domes
2931:Women
2879:Plebs
2804:Music
2346:Forum
2341:Curia
1227:Notes
1199:. By
1100:Curia
638:judge
602:Latin
3916:Laws
3891:Film
3810:Roma
3377:Ovid
3317:Livy
3085:Late
2899:Gens
2856:Wine
2668:Navy
2636:Army
2275:SPQR
2177:fall
2155:fall
1215:ISBN
1186:ISBN
1154:ISBN
958:and
860:and
797:and
777:and
715:and
709:veto
642:army
596:The
3070:Old
2754:Art
2527:Rex
2371:Dux
2285:Law
679:).
451:Dux
398:Ius
348:Rex
3988::
1692:,
1597:^
1585:^
1533:^
1521:^
1473:^
1461:^
1373:^
1339:^
1325:^
1313:^
1301:^
1289:^
1266:^
1250:^
1234:^
1221:).
1192:).
1160:).
916:.
769:.
761:,
757:,
753:,
727:.
636:,
632:,
604::
2048:e
2041:t
2034:v
1777:e
1770:t
1763:v
1696:.
600:(
585:e
578:t
571:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
