Tribal assembly - Knowledge

1206:) who then counted the ballots and reported the results to the presiding magistrate. The majority of votes in each tribe decided how that tribe voted. The presiding magistrate (either a consul or a praetor) ensured that each tribe had at least five members voting; if a tribe did not, then individuals from other tribes were reassigned to the vacant places in that tribe. The order in which the tribes voted was determined by lot. An urn into which lots were cast was brought in. From this point, the plebeian tribunes were not allowed to exercise their right to veto. The first tribe to vote was called 1143:(priests who performed augury), either in attendance or on-call, who would be available to help interpret the omens of the gods. The meeting could only proceed if the omens were favourable. On several occasions, presiding magistrates claiming unfavourable omens suspended sessions that were not going the way they wanted. If after the assembly, the augurs decided that some formality had been neglected, its vote became void. In the case of elections, those persons who had been elected to an office had to resign. 1456:

during the census, and the names of citizens and their families were entered in the registers of the tribes. Lintott notes that "the tribe was the critical indicator of Roman citizenship" for the adult sons of Roman fathers and also for "those incorporated into the citizen body from the outside". A man who came of age was enrolled as an adult in the tribe of his father, and could change it only through adoption into another family. Inhabitants of

44: 649:: four urban tribes of the citizens in the city of Rome, and thirty-one rural tribes of citizens outside the city. Each tribe voted separately and one after the other. In each tribe, decisions were made by majority vote, and its decision counted as one vote regardless of how many electors each tribe held. Once a majority of tribes had voted in the same way on a given measure, the voting ended, and the matter was decided. 851: 932:(the assembly of the soldiers, another voting assembly), a deviation from correct procedure found in the late Republic, or instances in which these officials had the plebeian tribunes propose bills for them. Lintott disagrees with the notion that there was only one assembly based on the tribes, which was the one of the plebeians. He notes that there are examples in which laws were proposed to the 1036:' account of how Telines, a ruler of Gela, a Greek town in Sicily, used the rites of Demeter and Persephone to bring back to Gela a group of political exiles. This story of civil discord, reconciliation and integration and the cult of Demeter was used to fabricate the tale of the first plebeian secession where the plebeians seceded from Rome but were then reconciled and returned to the city. The 1253:, a teller, an official who asked the people for their votes or collected votes) indicates that in later times, but before the introduction of the written ballot, the assembled men were asked to express their votes verbally, and that this was recorded with marks inscribed in tablets. However, there is no evidence for either of these. The written ballot was introduced by a series of laws, the 1028:

history were poorly documented. Based on T. P. Wiseman's view that many of Rome's early historical traditions 'were created, propagated, accepted and reshaped' from the middle of the fourth century BC onward, through dramas played on the stage at religious festivals, Forsythe argues that the story of the plebeian secession was invented to explain the origin of the temple of

1318:), in a counter-clockwise order: Romilia, Voltinia, Voturia, Aemilia, Horatia, Maecia, Scaptia, Pomptina, Falerina, Lemonia, Papiria, Ufentina, Terentina, Pupinia, Menenia, Publilia, Cornelia, Claudia, Camilia, Aniensis, Fabia, Pollia, Sergia, Clustumina, Quirina, Velina, Stellatina, Tromentina, Galeria, Sabatina, Arniensis. This list omits the 1158:) to be voted on, and after the prayer he laid his bill before the people. For electoral meetings, he announced the names of the candidates. If the meeting was for a trial, he acquainted the people with the nature of the offence on which the people had to pass a verdict. He concluded the announcement with the words 1234:. It was believed that the order of the lot was chosen by the gods, and thus, that the position held by the tribes which voted earlier was the position of the gods. If the voting process was not complete by nightfall, the electors were dismissed, and the voting had to begin again the next day. Laws passed by the 912:(plebeian council by the tribes) for assemblies based on the tribes which were exclusively for the plebeians. However, they are not found in the ancient Roman literature related to the Roman Republic. Therefore, they denote a distinction which can be disputed. It is based on the text by Gellius quoted above. 1421:

judicial functions, though these functions had fallen into disuse long before. This assembly's electoral functions also became nominal, with the assemblies being dominated by the emperor. Augustus filled half of the magistracies with his own candidates, though the magistracies as a whole had, by this

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In addition to the presiding magistrate of an assembly, several other magistrates acted as assistants, to help resolve procedural disputes, and to provide a mechanism for electors to appeal the decisions of the presiding magistrate. Since the Romans believed that the gods communicated their approval

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towns who were incorporated into the Roman state by being given Roman citizenship were also registered in tribes. Consequently, "the tribe might therefore, come to bear little relationship to the whereabouts of the citizen's domicile or property." With regard to the tribal assembly, the tribes were

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and the plebeians. During this first secession, the plebeians created their own institutions which were separate from those of the Roman state, which at that time was controlled by the patricians, and were intended to protect the interests of the plebeians. These included the plebeian tribunes, the

967:

distinction is a misplaced convention established by modern historians. He argues that it is found only in the quote by Gellius which comes from a text which was written in the imperial period; that is, after the fall of the Roman Republic and long after the assemblies of the Republic had ceased to

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distinction and the use of the quote by Gellius as its basis. They argue that this terminology is a convention established by modern historians which ancient writers did not make and that there was no assembly based on tribes other than the one where the plebeians met to vote and which was presided

1455:

The thirty-five tribes were not ethnic or kinship groups, but geographic divisions into which Roman citizens were distributed. They were administrative districts which served for the purposes of taxation, the military levy, and for the registration of citizens. This registration occurred regularly

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There were several means by which an assembly could be adjourned. Besides unfavourable auspices, this could happen on religious grounds when the gods manifested their displeasure by rain, thunder, or lightning, or if the sun set before the proceedings were completed: the last because the auspices

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was an assembly of the whole of the Roman people, and opines that the plebeian secession was a myth created in later times. Roman historians emerged in the late third and early second century BC, some three hundred years after the date attributed to this secession and the events of Rome's early

1103:, call away) an assembly which had already been convened. Thus, "whoever of them first summons the people to an election has the law on his side, because it is unlawful to take the same action twice with the people nor can one minor magistrate call away an assembly from another." However, a 660:. The presiding magistrate made all decisions on matters of procedure and legality. His power over the assembly could be nearly absolute. One check on his power came in the form of vetoes by other magistrates. Also, any decision made by a presiding magistrate could be vetoed by the 1434:

continued to exist until the third century AD, but its remaining functions were only symbolic. It took auspices and gave prayer. It conferred the emperor's legislative powers and other authority only in a ceremonial manner. It proclaimed the laws presented to it for approval by

724:(coming together) referred to meetings where 'nothing was legally enacted'. They were convened to hear public announcements and pronouncements, speeches and debates, to witness the interrogation of someone accused of in a trial, and to watch executions. Opinions expressed in a 1286:. The first four tribes were the urban tribes, in the order: Suburana, Palatina, Esquilina, Collina. The rural tribes followed, concluding with Aniensis. Crawford postulates that the rustic tribes were enumerated along the major roads leading from Rome (the 976:, who must have been far more knowledgeable in these matters than Laelius Felix." Cicero lived during the late Republic. Livy was born during the late Republic and wrote a detailed history of the republican period. Forsythe also argues that the word 876:

with reference both of them. One was the assembly by the tribes which was used for plebeian meetings to which the patricians were excluded and which was convened by the plebeian tribunes. The other assembly based on the tribes was convened by the

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function. This implies that Laelius Felix was not sufficiently familiar with these republican institutions. Forsythe argues that the distinctions between two assemblies based on the tribes "has no support in the extensive writings of

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to appoint practically all offices without consulting the senate or the people. Some actions were still passed using the assemblies, with certain laws providing for the erection of temples, the remission of rents in 41 BC, and the

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In the politically volatile final years of the Roman Republic, the popular assemblies were susceptible to corruption, and vulnerable to politically-motivated violence by contending political factions. The establishment of the

1084:

interval before the assembly voted the verdict. There are disagreements among scholars about how many days this interval lasted. Mommsen proposes 24 days, Michels 25 days. Lintott gives a flexible suggestion, 17 days or more.

1218:. When a majority of tribes had voted the same way, voting ended. The results of votes of each tribe was announced in an order also determined by lot before the announcement of the final result. This announcement was called 1409:

governing inheritance in 40 BC; similarly, various laws granting the triumvirs the right to wear the civic crown were passed by plebiscite, as it would have been unseemly for them to grant themselves those honours.

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in which private citizens had to ask the presiding magistrate for permission to speak. This debate took place before the bill was vetoed or put to the vote. If the vote was for an election, the candidates used the

1494:(tribunes of the public treasury) who had the tribal register, collected the property tax, and paid the soldiers registered in the tribe. Later this title became obsolete, and the heads of the tribes were called 1151:). In the politically volatile years of the late Republic, assemblies were sometimes broken up by riots. If an assembly convened as a court, its being broken up was equivalent to an acquittal of the accused. 782:. Moreover, the tribunes neither summon patricians nor have the power to propose anything to them. Thus, measures which were accepted on the proposal of the plebeian tribunes are not properly called laws ( 2173:

Taylor, L. R., Voting Districts of the Roman Republic: The Thirty-Five, Urban and Rural Tribes (Papers and Monographs of the American Academy in Rome), University of Michigan Press, Revised edition, 2013;

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were involved in the census. By the late republic, their main task was to distribute bribes. Because tribal membership was re-registered once every five years in each census, it became possible to crudely

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had the power to allocate new lands to existing tribes as a part of the census. Thus, the censors had the power to apportion tribes in a manner that might be advantageous to them, or to their partisans.

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On the day of the vote, the tribes convened at dawn. The meeting started with a prayer, unaccompanied by sacrifice. For legislative meetings, the presiding magistrate was the one who proposed the bill (

885:, and was an assembly of the whole of the Roman people, both patricians and plebeians. However, the ancient sources did not have a differentiation in terminology for the two of them and used the term 1413:

With the establishment of absolute rule by the emperors after the fall of the Republic, the Republican assemblies were emasculated. Augustus, the first emperor, became the real legislator and the

2133:

The Political Works of Marcus Tullius Cicero: Comprising his Treatise on the Commonwealth; and his Treatise on the Laws. Translated from the original, with Dissertations and Notes in Two Volumes

818:. Since the meetings of the plebs excluded the patricians, they were not considered as representing the whole of the Roman people and because of this, according to Laelius Felix, the term 2139: 1040:(Games of Ceres) were held annually to celebrate the anniversary of the dedication of the temple of Ceres, which was dated by the tradition two years before the first secession. 1147:

were considered valid only for one day, from dawn to sunset. Other reasons were the veto of a plebeian tribune, or if one of the assembled citizens suffered an epileptic fit (

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in 287 BC, the patricians refused to accept the plebiscites as being binding on them on the ground that, because of their exclusion, did not apply to the whole of the people.

1245:(vote) indicates that in the early days the men in the assembly made a crash with their arms to signal approval, rather than vote. Another speculation is that the term 948:

of 9 BC. Moreover, the consuls conducted the elections of the curule aediles, who were not plebeian officials, before the tribes. Therefore, it is likely that the term

952:

was used both for the assemblies presided over by the consuls and the praetors and the assemblies presided over by the plebeian tribunes. Further, Livy mentions a

1060:, an interval of at least three market-days between the announcement of the election and the vote of the assembly, during which no legislation was permitted. The 1056:(messengers) were sent "to inform those in country districts" about the convening of the assembly. Later, for elections it was established that there should be a 1261: 992:.' His conclusion is that the mentioned distinction is an artificial modern construction with no authority in ancient texts, that 'the ancients speak only of a 2733: 1068:

interval between the announcement of a law and the vote. In the case of prosecutions before an assembly, the presiding magistrate was required to give notice (

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by the consuls, who did not preside over the assembly of the plebeians. For example, the law that increased the number of quaestors to twenty, attributed to

2532: 1279:). This was an introduction of secret ballots, which reduced undue influence or intimidation by the powerful elites, which had until then been a problem. 2262: 594: 718:(a purpose-built meeting place), referred to assemblies convened to make decisions on legislative or judicial matters, or to hold elections. The word 2472: 2434: 2527: 1869: 728:

did not have any legal validity. The Tribal Assembly was a comitia. Private citizens who did not hold political office could make speeches in a

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applied to assemblies which represented the whole of the Roman people. Measures passed by assemblies of the whole citizen body were called

3162: 2504: 2349: 630:, citizens did not elect legislative representatives. Instead, they voted themselves on legislative matters in the popular assemblies (the 3204: 3192: 2509: 2449: 1003:

According to Roman tradition, in 494 BC, fifteen years after the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the Roman Republic,

3251: 2552: 1379:(the Field of Mars) a large flat area that could accommodate the simultaneous voting of all the tribes, thus speeding up the process. 4565: 1426:

transferred the comitia's remaining electoral authority to the senate. Although the emperors received many of their powers from the

3167: 4539: 3177: 2487: 686:) in 82 BC. There are disagreements among modern historians regarding the number and nature of the tribal assembly (see below). 4484: 3172: 2906: 2283:

Orations and Letters of Cicero: With Historical Introduction, An Outline of the Roman Constitution, Notes, Vocabulary and Index

587: 191: 567: 4454: 3279: 2806: 2542: 181: 4544: 4419: 3572: 2185: 3125: 352: 2796: 2492: 2477: 2276: 2250: 2229: 2212: 2179: 2151: 855: 174: 157: 1361:) which provided access to the tribunal were built by the second century BC. Meetings were also sometimes held in the 1023:

Forsythe takes the revisionist view further. He rejects the idea there was a plebeian assembly and maintains that the

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of the people) to indicate meetings by the tribes which involved the whole of the Roman people (populus) and the term

4464: 3224: 2791: 2786: 2762: 2613: 2585: 2439: 2374: 2168: 2118: 1366: 580: 152: 4479: 3152: 2801: 2728: 2537: 2454: 2342: 1194:(depart to your separate groups, citizens). The tribes voted one by one. The voters assembled in enclosures called 169: 2745: 2678: 2557: 2482: 2295: 1282:

Although the order of voting was determined by lot, there was also an official order of the tribes, known as the

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to hear debates or to enable canvassing by electoral candidates before voting. The actual voting took place in a

162: 17: 3499: 3424: 3182: 2224:

Gruen, Erich, "The Last Generation of the Roman Republic", University of California Press, new edition, 1995;

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Roman Voting Assemblies: From the Hannibalic War to the Dictatorship of Caesar (Thomas Spencer Jerome Lectures)

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over by the plebeian tribunes, who submitted bills to its vote. References to laws which were submitted to the

3995: 791: 3835: 3439: 2891: 2606: 2499: 2319: 980:

was used for formal assemblies convened 'to vote on legislative, electoral and judicial matters', and that

766:, which he based on a quote from a passage written by Laelius Felix, a jurist of the early second-century: 2138:

Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, Second Edition, Harry Thurston Peck, Editor (1897): Comitia

4570: 4534: 4459: 4218: 3274: 3157: 2703: 2444: 2335: 2184:

Smith, W., Wayte, W., Marindin, G. E., (Eds), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890): Tribus

2082: 1853:

Smith, W., Wayte, W., Marindin, G. E., (Eds), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890): Comitia

1354: 2096:

Smith, W., Wayte, W., Marindin, G. E., (Eds), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890): Tribus

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could call off one summoned by magistrates other than a consul. If an assembly was called "to address a

4494: 4158: 4050: 3820: 3592: 3414: 3322: 3187: 3130: 2547: 2309: 1422:

point, so little political importance that imperial control over elections was minimal. His successor,

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begun. The voters were not sorted into their tribes. For legislative matters there was a debate on the

365: 4514: 3607: 3562: 3489: 3409: 3357: 3347: 3299: 2646: 1127:

at the same time. Lintott suggests that this rule was intended to prevent rivalry among magistrates.

430: 132: 1353:; that is, as a platform to deliver the votes. Once this place became too crowded, the steps of the 4115: 4025: 3534: 3514: 3509: 3494: 3447: 3387: 3342: 3144: 1325:

The location of the meetings of the Tribal Assembly varied. Up to 145 BC, they were centred on the

34: 2060: 2034: 4524: 4504: 4444: 4434: 4424: 3830: 3519: 3419: 3399: 3314: 3304: 3009: 2949: 2929: 2641: 1461:

its voting districts. Each tribe had further subdivisions, which in the urban tribes were called

468: 4529: 4519: 4469: 4449: 4263: 4238: 4203: 4085: 3810: 3457: 3219: 2750: 2575: 1483:(which in a rural context meant villages and hamlets) and had a fortress. Professional guilds ( 1255: 1008: 937: 679: 2236:

Researches Into the History of the Roman Constitution: With an Appendix upon the Roman Knights

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and the result of its vote was announced immediately. The tribes which voted next were called

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without laying any measure before them, it was lawful for any number of magistrates to hold a

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by the consuls in the ancient literature must have pertained to bills they presented to the

4509: 4474: 4163: 4030: 3930: 3855: 3720: 3683: 3059: 2723: 2146:, "The Constitution of the Roman Republic" Oxford University Press, USA; new edition 2003; 996:

and that it is likely that in Republican times there was a single tribal assembly known as

110: 4153: 1506:, who were treasurers. These two types of officials probably had their own registers; the 8: 4439: 4288: 4090: 3960: 3910: 3229: 2826: 2399: 1873: 1554: 929: 245: 2054: 2028: 4489: 4213: 4020: 3875: 3815: 3735: 3678: 3542: 2778: 2757: 2567: 2379: 2358: 1389: 1275: 839: 631: 503: 142: 4128: 2314: 1198:

and voted by placing a pebble or written ballot into an appropriate jar. The baskets (

4123: 3975: 3730: 3690: 3668: 2876: 2416: 2272: 2246: 2225: 2208: 2175: 2164: 2147: 2114: 1029: 422: 415: 218: 1230:

was usually the most important tribe, because it often decided the matter through a

4188: 4148: 4080: 4015: 3940: 3935: 3707: 3630: 3577: 3372: 3367: 3256: 3115: 3064: 3024: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2974: 2896: 2843: 2836: 2821: 2816: 2740: 2668: 2409: 2394: 2389: 2156: 1564: 1559: 1231: 872:

there were two assemblies of the tribes and that the ancient sources used the term

815: 661: 639: 635: 544: 538: 531: 517: 346: 325: 270: 255: 250: 235: 119: 1469:, in an urban context it meant neighbourhood) and in the rural tribes were called 1099:). Among other things, it established that lesser magistrates could not call off ( 4283: 4095: 4075: 4035: 3970: 3920: 3915: 3790: 3740: 3648: 3482: 3462: 3382: 2831: 2656: 1370: 1299: 865: 260: 1610:

Abbott, F. F., A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions, p. 252

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was a generic term 'for any kind of public meetings of citizens, including both

4338: 3980: 3715: 3663: 3635: 3582: 3567: 3547: 3362: 3337: 3294: 3284: 3110: 3084: 3014: 2999: 2964: 2924: 2685: 2464: 2143: 1457: 1375: 869: 861: 676: 627: 612: 549: 496: 340: 315: 224: 72: 1373:. In the late Republic, the meetings were held outside the city walls, at the 845: 4559: 3870: 3840: 3755: 3289: 3266: 3079: 2934: 2919: 2866: 2673: 2426: 1287: 1076:), then at the end of each hearing he announced the adjournment to the next ( 835: 445: 295: 63: 1357:

at the forum's south-east end were used as the tribunal. Elevated gangways (

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This has been taken as referring to the assembly which was reserved for the

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In the Tribal Assembly, citizens were organized on the basis of thirty-five

4348: 4208: 3653: 3602: 3557: 3552: 3404: 3214: 3100: 3044: 3039: 2811: 2695: 2629: 2519: 2384: 2366: 2163:, William Morrow, 1965; new edition by University of Michigan Press, 1991; 1549: 1516: 1405: 1311: 1104: 878: 653: 358: 310: 280: 206: 81: 2207:(Fontana History of the Ancient World), Fontana Press; New edition, 2011; 4143: 3765: 3587: 3477: 2871: 1798:

Michels, A. K., The Calendar of the Roman Republic (1967), pp. 88, 191ff.

1529: 1512: 1450: 1336: 1307: 1303: 1273:(106 BC) for capital punishment trials (which were conducted before the 1131:

or disapproval with proposed actions, the presiding magistrate performed

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role in passing laws became only a ceremonial one. He also removed the

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that was convened by the consuls in 446 BC, during the early Republic.

807: 619:) was an assembly consisting of all Roman citizens convened by tribes ( 482: 212: 92: 2598: 4398: 4393: 4353: 4278: 4248: 4228: 4105: 4045: 3955: 3905: 3900: 3825: 3785: 3673: 3643: 3452: 3327: 3120: 3004: 2979: 2858: 2580: 2327: 1398: 1033: 850: 803: 554: 524: 390: 372: 335: 43: 4358: 4343: 4333: 4318: 4233: 4223: 4193: 4183: 4178: 4168: 4070: 3985: 3865: 3850: 3780: 3760: 3750: 3745: 3725: 3524: 3105: 3069: 2959: 2886: 2718: 1706:

Senatus Populesque Romanus: Studies in Roman Republican Legislation

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the tribes. While land could never be taken away from a tribe, the

1423: 1335:(open-air space) built for public meetings at the north end of the 1327: 882: 798:(the Roman people) were bound by whatever the plebs had determined. 795: 668: 489: 379: 290: 201: 99: 4378: 4373: 4363: 4328: 4323: 4313: 4258: 4243: 4060: 4055: 4040: 4010: 3965: 3945: 3925: 3880: 3612: 3467: 3246: 3054: 3049: 2939: 1183:

for canvassing, and there were no speeches by private citizens.

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Forsythe presents a more recent account of the argument that the

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Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres

1995:

Lintott, A., The Constitution of the Roman Republic, pp. 46, 55

1984:

Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres

1341: 1132: 1048:

The convening of the assembly was announced three market-days (

969: 830:(laws), whereas those passed only by the plebeians were called 720: 672: 510: 300: 1912:

Lintott, A., The Constitution of the Roman Republic, pp. 46–47

1780:

Lintott, A., The Constitution of the Roman Republic, pp. 44–45

1717:

Lintott, A., The Constitution of the Roman Republic, pp. 54–55

790:. Patricians were not bound by these bills until the dictator 774:) but some part thereof to be present ought to proclaim not a 694:

The Romans distinguished between two types of assemblies, the

4173: 3895: 3622: 2914: 1539: 1534: 1475: 1140: 1089: 4383: 3950: 3890: 3472: 2848: 2135:. By Francis Barham, Esq. London: Edmund Spettigue. Vol. 1. 1136: 973: 846:

Disagreements on the number and nature of tribal assemblies

675:. It conducted trials for non-capital crimes. However, the 652:

The Tribal Assembly was chaired by a magistrate, usually a

2285:(1891), reproduction by Ulan Press, 2012; ASIN: B009FU4FVQ 2128:. U.S. Government Printing Office, Senate Document 103-23. 2073:

Lintott, A., The Constitution of the Roman Republic, p. 51

1885:

Lintott, A., The Constitution of the Roman Republic, p. 45

1753:

Forsythe, G., A Critical History of Early Rome, pp. 172–75

1735:

Forsythe, G., A critical History of Early Rome, pp. 180–81

1655:

Lintott, A., The Constitution of the Roman Republic, p. 53

1088:

There could be only one assembly operating at a time. The

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from the city of Rome, which started the two hundred-year

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A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions

1960:

Lintott, A.,The Constitution of the Roman Republic, p. 48

1933:

Lintott, A.,The Constitution of the Roman Republic, p. 46

1810:

Lintott, A.,The Constitution of the Roman Republic, p. 44

1601:

Lintott, A.,The Constitution of the Roman Republic, p. 42

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and to arrange themselves by the tribes with the formula

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of the gods) the night before a meeting. There were also

461: 408: 1072:) to the accused of the first day of the investigation ( 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 2217:

Crawford, Michael, "Tribus, Tesserae, et Regions," in

2016:. New York: Cooper Square Publishers Inc. p. 459. 1920: 1918: 1789:

Mommsen. T., Romische Staadtrecht (1887), I, pp. 375–6

1669:. New York: Cooper Square Publishers Inc. p. 119. 1642:. New York: Cooper Square Publishers Inc. p. 330. 1186:

After the above, the voters were told to break up the

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Lintott notes that some modern historians reject the

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and the citizens only exercised their right to vote.

1982:

Crawford, M. H., "Tribus, Tesserae, et Regions," in

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Dionysius of Halicanassus, Roman Antiquities, 6.17.3

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in 43 BC effectively abolished the functions of the

1202:) that held the votes were watched by officers (the 1032:, and its plebeian associations. It was inspired by 1915: 1651: 1649: 1238:took effect as soon as the results were announced. 1744:Wiseman, T. P., Remus, a Roman Myth (1995), p. 129 1479:– which were rural sub-districts with a number of 1345:, a speaking platform on the southern side of the 1894:Taylor, L. R., Roman Voting Assemblies. pp. 2, 16 1396:, as the triumvirs were granted authority by the 810:(the aristocracy), and which was convened by the 682:gave this responsibility to special jury courts ( 4557: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1837:Taylor, L.R., Roman Voting Assemblies, pp. 6, 63 1683:(1975) 53, pp. 302–37; "Comitia Tributa Again", 1646: 1265:(137 BC) for non-capital punishment trials, the 2271:(1859), reproduction by Wentworth Press, 2016; 1349:, was used for speeches. It was also used as a 2245:, Bristol Classical Press; new edition, 1992; 2056:A Constitutional and Political History of Rome 2030:A Constitutional and Political History of Rome 806:(or plebs, the commoners), thus excluding the 2614: 2343: 1942:Taylor, L. R., Roman Voting Assemblies, p. 77 1924:Taylor, L. R., Roman Voting Assemblies, p. 66 1840: 1828:Taylor, L. R., Roman Voting Assemblies, p. 63 1806: 1804: 1583:Taylor, L. R., Roman Voting Assemblies, p. 40 1095:(who was consul in 53 BC) wrote a rule book ( 854:Chart showing the checks and balances of the 588: 2263:The Roman Constitution to the Time of Cicero 2048: 2046: 2044: 1951:Taylor, L. R.,Roman Voting Assemblies, p. 76 1903:Taylor, L. R., Roman Voting Assemblies, p. 2 1870:Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities 1708:, (Acta Inst. Rom. Fin 13) (1993), pp. 74–96 1592:Taylor, L. R., Roman Voting Assemblies, p. 7 1490:The tribes were originally presided over by 1619:Taylor,L. R., Roman Voting Assemblies, p. 2 714:(coming together), which was the plural of 2621: 2607: 2350: 2336: 1801: 758:wrote about a further distinction between 595: 581: 2269:The Development of the Roman Constitution 2041: 864:notes that many modern historians follow 2011: 1664: 1637: 1365:, an open space in front and around the 849: 2628: 1700:as a Legislative Body', in Paanen, U., 1679:Develin, E., "Comitia Tributa Plebis", 822:applied to them. By contrast, the term 740:. Citizens always assembled first in a 14: 4558: 2357: 2052: 2026: 1971:The Constitution of the Roman Republic 1487:), were organised along tribal lines. 1043: 834:(resolutions of the plebs). Until the 2602: 2331: 2059:. London: Methuen & Co. pp. 2033:. London: Methuen & Co. pp. 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1241:It has been speculated that the word 1115:convened by another magistrate and a 770:He who orders not the entire people ( 2086:, 2nd Ed. (1970): "Tribuni Aerarii." 942:lex Gabinia Calpurnia de insula Delo 892:Many modern historians use the term 2221:(2002) vol. 146, pp. 1125–1135 24: 2190: 1998: 1269:(131 BC) for legislation, and the 856:constitution of the Roman Republic 690:Definitions of types of assemblies 25: 4587: 2289: 1430:, this was only a formality. The 1367:temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus 1162:(command your wish, citizens). A 794:carried that law whereby all the 4566:Government of the Roman Republic 2126:The Senate of the Roman Republic 2012:Botsford, George Willis (1909). 1665:Botsford, George Willis (1909). 1638:Botsford, George Willis (1909). 1369:, on the southern summit of the 1170:(the crier or herald). Then the 667:The Tribal Assembly elected the 42: 2131:Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1841). 2090: 2076: 2067: 2020: 1989: 1976: 1963: 1954: 1945: 1936: 1927: 1906: 1897: 1888: 1879: 1831: 1822: 1813: 1792: 1783: 1774: 1765: 1756: 1747: 1738: 1729: 1726:Livy, The History of Rome, 3.71 1720: 1711: 1690: 1673: 634:, the Comitia Tributa, and the 2243:The Emperor in the Roman World 2053:Taylor, Thomas Marris (1899). 2027:Taylor, Thomas Marris (1899). 1986:(2002) vol. 146, pp. 1125–1135 1658: 1631: 1628:Gellius, Attic Nights, 15.27.4 1622: 1613: 1604: 1595: 1586: 1577: 1093:Marcus Valerius Messalla Rufus 27:Assembly of the Roman Republic 13: 1: 2103: 1322:, one of the earlier tribes. 3193:Frontiers and fortifications 2320:Resources in other libraries 2109:Abbott, Frank Frost (1901). 1819:Gellius, Attic Nights, 13.16 1771:Appian, The Civil Wars, 1.29 1259:(139 BC) for elections, the 752:(for this term, see below). 7: 3252:Decorations and punishments 2281:Whetstone Johnston, Harold 2083:Oxford Classical Dictionary 1523: 1441:, rather than a real vote. 1355:Temple of Castor and Pollux 1080:). After this, there was a 1020:and the plebeian assembly. 10: 4592: 4159:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 2734:historiography of the fall 1448: 1382: 1160:velitis, jubeatis Quirites 638:). Bills were proposed by 4540:External wars and battles 4407: 4301: 4114: 3706: 3699: 3621: 3533: 3438: 3313: 3265: 3143: 3093: 3032: 3023: 2905: 2857: 2777: 2694: 2664: 2655: 2637: 2566: 2518: 2463: 2425: 2365: 2315:Resources in your library 1444: 910:Concilium Plebis Tributum 431:Senatus consultum ultimum 326:Extraordinary magistrates 2257:Roman Constitutional Law 2200:, (Fontana Press, 1993). 1876:, Editor (1897): Comitia 1570: 868:'s view that during the 617:Comitia (Populi) Tributa 35:Politics of ancient Rome 4535:Roman–Iranian relations 3010:Optimates and populares 1135:(the divination of the 4545:Civil wars and revolts 3811:Sextus Pompeius Festus 3458:Conflict of the Orders 2817:Legislative assemblies 2576:Conflict of the Orders 2198:The Later Roman Empire 1256:lex Gabinia tabellaria 1009:Conflict of the Orders 938:Lucius Cornelius Sulla 898:Comitia Populi Tributa 858: 800: 680:Lucius Cornelius Sulla 616: 192:Political institutions 4254:Simplicius of Cilicia 4006:Quintus Curtius Rufus 3235:Siege in Ancient Rome 2844:Executive magistrates 2124:Byrd, Robert (1995). 1262:lex Cassia tebellaria 1005:the plebeians seceded 853: 812:tribunes of the plebs 768: 684:quaestiones perpetuae 4264:Stephanus Byzantinus 4169:Eusebius of Caesaria 4031:Sidonius Apollinaris 3721:Ammianus Marcellinus 3060:Tribune of the plebs 2113:. Elibron Classics ( 2014:The Roman Assemblies 1687:(1977) 55, pp. 425–6 1667:The Roman Assemblies 1502:there were also the 1166:was read out by the 1064:of 98 BC required a 271:Ordinary magistrates 4440:Distinguished women 4091:Velleius Paterculus 3931:Nicolaus Damascenus 3911:Marcellus Empiricus 3300:Republican currency 2493:reforms of Augustus 1874:Harry Thurston Peck 1555:Centuriate Assembly 1192:discedite, quirites 1044:Assembly procedures 732:, but not before a 4571:Popular assemblies 4214:Phlegon of Tralles 4021:Seneca the Younger 3495:Naming conventions 3225:Personal equipment 2758:Later Roman Empire 2359:Roman Constitution 2255:Mommsen, Theodor. 2205:The Roman Republic 2203:Crawford, Michael 1872:, Second Edition, 1696:Sandberg, K., The 1640:The Roman Assembly 1390:Second Triumvirate 1276:Comitia Centuriata 1062:lex Caecilia Didia 1052:) in advance. The 944:of 58 BC; and the 930:Comitia Centuriata 859: 840:Quintus Hortensius 792:Quintus Hortensius 632:Comitia Centuriata 504:Triumvir monetalis 438:Titles and honours 4553: 4552: 4515:Pontifices maximi 4297: 4296: 4154:Diogenes Laërtius 3976:Pliny the Younger 3731:Asconius Pedianus 3691:Romance languages 3563:Civil engineering 3305:Imperial currency 3178:Political control 3139: 3138: 2773: 2772: 2596: 2595: 2543:(post Diocletian) 2533:(post Diocletian) 2488:reforms of Caesar 2296:Library resources 2196:Cameron, Avril, 2157:Taylor, Lily Ross 1504:divisores tribuum 1496:curatores tribuum 1149:morbus comitialis 1107:could call off a 706:(contracted from 662:plebeian tribunes 605: 604: 423:Quaestio perpetua 416:Senatus consultum 219:Roman citizenship 16:(Redirected from 4583: 4505:Magistri equitum 4420:Cities and towns 4413: 4339:Constantinopolis 4149:Diodorus Siculus 4081:Valerius Maximus 4016:Seneca the Elder 3936:Nonius Marcellus 3704: 3703: 3257:Hippika gymnasia 3220:Infantry tactics 3126:Consular tribune 3116:Magister equitum 3065:Military tribune 3030: 3029: 2990:Pontifex maximus 2985:Princeps senatus 2975:Magister militum 2741:Byzantine Empire 2662: 2661: 2623: 2616: 2609: 2600: 2599: 2483:reforms of Sulla 2352: 2345: 2338: 2329: 2328: 2267:Tighe, Ambrose. 2241:Millar, Fergus, 2097: 2094: 2088: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2050: 2039: 2038: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2009: 1996: 1993: 1987: 1980: 1974: 1967: 1961: 1958: 1952: 1949: 1943: 1940: 1934: 1931: 1925: 1922: 1913: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1886: 1883: 1877: 1867: 1854: 1851: 1838: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1820: 1817: 1811: 1808: 1799: 1796: 1790: 1787: 1781: 1778: 1772: 1769: 1763: 1760: 1754: 1751: 1745: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1727: 1724: 1718: 1715: 1709: 1698:Concilium Plebis 1694: 1688: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1644: 1643: 1635: 1629: 1626: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1608: 1602: 1599: 1593: 1590: 1584: 1581: 1565:Curiate Assembly 1560:Plebeian Council 1498:. Besides these 1232:bandwagon effect 994:Comitia Tributa' 965:Concilium Plebis 921:Concilium Plebis 906:Concilium Plebis 816:plebeian council 636:plebeian council 597: 590: 583: 539:Pontifex maximus 532:Princeps senatus 518:Magister militum 353:Consular tribune 347:Magister equitum 175:Augustan reforms 46: 30: 29: 21: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4411: 4409: 4403: 4293: 4129:Aëtius of Amida 4110: 4096:Verrius Flaccus 4076:Valerius Antias 4036:Silius Italicus 3971:Pliny the Elder 3916:Marcus Aurelius 3791:Cornelius Nepos 3741:Aurelius Victor 3695: 3617: 3529: 3463:Secessio plebis 3434: 3309: 3261: 3135: 3089: 3019: 2901: 2853: 2769: 2690: 2651: 2633: 2627: 2597: 2592: 2562: 2514: 2459: 2421: 2361: 2356: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2304: 2303: 2301:Tribal Assembly 2299: 2292: 2234:Ihne, Wilhelm. 2193: 2191:Further reading 2144:Lintott, Andrew 2106: 2101: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2051: 2042: 2025: 2021: 2010: 1999: 1994: 1990: 1981: 1977: 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4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3871:Julius Paulus 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3806:Fabius Pictor 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3689: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3543:Amphitheatres 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3280:Deforestation 3278: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3230:Siege engines 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3163:Establishment 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3094:Extraordinary 3092: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3080:Promagistrate 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2867:Twelve Tables 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2819: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2636: 2631: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2612: 2610: 2605: 2604: 2601: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2568:Miscellaneous 2565: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2427:Roman Kingdom 2424: 2418: 2415: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2341: 2339: 2334: 2333: 2330: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2284: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2195: 2194: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2169:9780472081257 2166: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2120: 2119:0-543-92749-0 2116: 2112: 2108: 2107: 2093: 2087: 2084: 2079: 2070: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2023: 2015: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1992: 1985: 1979: 1972: 1969:Lintott, A., 1966: 1957: 1948: 1939: 1930: 1921: 1919: 1909: 1900: 1891: 1882: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1834: 1825: 1816: 1807: 1805: 1795: 1786: 1777: 1768: 1759: 1750: 1741: 1732: 1723: 1714: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1693: 1686: 1682: 1676: 1668: 1661: 1652: 1650: 1641: 1634: 1625: 1616: 1607: 1598: 1589: 1580: 1576: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1452: 1442: 1440: 1439: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1380: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1156:rogatio legis 1152: 1150: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1041: 1039: 1038:Ludi Ceriales 1035: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 966: 962: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 922: 918: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 890: 888: 884: 880: 875: 871: 867: 863: 857: 852: 843: 841: 837: 836:lex Hortensia 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 767: 765: 761: 757: 753: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 722: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 687: 685: 681: 678: 674: 670: 665: 663: 659: 655: 650: 648: 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 598: 593: 591: 586: 584: 579: 578: 576: 575: 569: 566: 565: 563: 562: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 540: 536: 534: 533: 529: 527: 526: 522: 520: 519: 515: 513: 512: 508: 506: 505: 501: 499: 498: 494: 492: 491: 487: 485: 484: 480: 478: 477: 473: 471: 470: 466: 464: 463: 459: 457: 456: 452: 451: 447: 444: 443: 442: 441: 437: 436: 433: 432: 425: 424: 420: 418: 417: 413: 411: 410: 406: 404: 403: 399: 398: 396: 395: 392: 389: 388: 382: 381: 377: 375: 374: 370: 368: 367: 363: 361: 360: 356: 354: 351: 349: 348: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 333: 331: 330: 327: 324: 323: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 296:Promagistrate 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 278: 276: 275: 272: 269: 268: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 243: 241: 240: 237: 234: 233: 227: 226: 222: 220: 217: 215: 214: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 199: 197: 196: 193: 190: 189: 183: 180: 176: 173: 172: 171: 168: 164: 161: 160: 159: 156: 154: 151: 150: 148: 147: 144: 141: 140: 135: 134: 130: 129: 123: 122: 118: 114: 113: 109: 108: 101: 98: 94: 91: 90: 84: 83: 79: 75: 74: 70: 66: 65: 64:Roman Kingdom 61: 60: 59: 58: 54: 53: 50: 49: 45: 41: 40: 36: 32: 31: 19: 4576:Roman tribes 4485:Institutions 4349:Leptis Magna 4302:Major cities 4209:Philostratus 3996:Quadrigarius 3816:Rufus Festus 3679:Contemporary 3400:Romanization 3323:Architecture 2930:Collegiality 2779:Constitution 2630:Ancient Rome 2538:Constitution 2520:Roman Empire 2478:Constitution 2440:Constitution 2404: 2380:Constitution 2367:Ancient Rome 2310:Online books 2300: 2282: 2268: 2256: 2242: 2235: 2218: 2204: 2197: 2160: 2132: 2125: 2110: 2092: 2085: 2078: 2069: 2055: 2029: 2022: 2013: 1991: 1983: 1978: 1970: 1965: 1956: 1947: 1938: 1929: 1908: 1899: 1890: 1881: 1833: 1824: 1815: 1794: 1785: 1776: 1767: 1758: 1749: 1740: 1731: 1722: 1713: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1666: 1660: 1639: 1633: 1624: 1615: 1606: 1597: 1588: 1579: 1550:Roman censor 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1454: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1418: 1414: 1412: 1406:lex Falcidia 1404: 1397: 1393: 1386: 1374: 1362: 1358: 1350: 1346: 1340: 1332: 1326: 1324: 1319: 1284:ordo tribuum 1283: 1281: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1260: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1240: 1235: 1227: 1224:praerogativa 1223: 1219: 1216:jure vocatae 1215: 1211: 1208:praerogativa 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1153: 1148: 1145: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1112: 1108: 1100: 1096: 1087: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1047: 1037: 1024: 1022: 1011:between the 1002: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 964: 960: 958: 953: 949: 946:lex Quinctia 945: 941: 933: 925: 920: 916: 914: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 891: 886: 873: 860: 831: 827: 823: 819: 801: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 769: 763: 759: 754: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 719: 715: 711: 710:). The word 707: 703: 699: 695: 693: 683: 666: 651: 644: 625: 620: 608: 606: 537: 530: 523: 516: 509: 502: 495: 488: 481: 474: 467: 460: 453: 429: 421: 414: 407: 400: 378: 371: 364: 357: 345: 223: 211: 207:Collegiality 143:Constitution 131: 120: 111: 82:Roman Empire 80: 71: 62: 4480:Geographers 4164:Dioscorides 4144:Cassius Dio 3766:Cassiodorus 3669:Renaissance 3275:Agriculture 3247:Auxiliaries 3188:Engineering 3025:Magistrates 2877:Citizenship 2872:Mos maiorum 2807:Late Empire 2558:Magistrates 2510:Magistrates 2455:Magistrates 2417:Magistrates 2259:. 1871–1888 1530:Roman tribe 1513:gerrymander 1451:Roman tribe 1337:Roman Forum 1300:Praenestina 1267:lex Papiria 1220:renuntiatio 1097:On Auspices 1082:trinundinum 1070:diem dicere 1066:trinundinum 1058:trinundinum 832:plebiscites 788:plebiscites 640:magistrates 402:Mos maiorum 182:Late Empire 125:AD 395–1453 4560:Categories 4369:Mediolanum 4309:Alexandria 4274:Themistius 4239:Porphyrius 4066:Tertullian 4001:Quintilian 3991:Propertius 3886:Lactantius 3836:Fulgentius 3771:Censorinus 3593:Sanitation 3578:Metallurgy 3535:Technology 3500:Demography 3448:Patricians 3415:Spectacles 3373:Literature 3368:Hairstyles 3205:Technology 2955:Praefectus 2907:Government 2897:Litigation 2882:Auctoritas 2827:Centuriate 2714:Principate 2709:Pax Romana 2669:Foundation 2586:Obligation 2553:Assemblies 2505:Assemblies 2450:Assemblies 2400:Centuriate 2390:Assemblies 2104:References 1973:, pp. 46–7 1438:acclamatio 1271:lex Coelia 1243:suffragium 1228:principium 1212:principium 1074:inquisitio 1013:patricians 889:for both. 838:passed by 808:patricians 702:) and the 671:, and the 483:Praefectus 391:Public law 246:Centuriate 236:Assemblies 213:Auctoritas 116:AD 395–476 103:AD 284–641 93:Principate 68:753–509 BC 4525:Quaestors 4455:Empresses 4445:Dynasties 4435:Dictators 4410:and other 4399:Volubilis 4394:Vindobona 4354:Londinium 4279:Theodoret 4249:Procopius 4229:Polyaenus 4204:Pausanias 4106:Vitruvius 4051:Symmachus 4046:Suetonius 3956:Petronius 3941:Obsequens 3906:Macrobius 3901:Lucretius 3826:Frontinus 3801:Eutropius 3786:Columella 3736:Augustine 3726:Appuleius 3674:Neo-Latin 3649:Classical 3640:Versions 3548:Aqueducts 3490:Patronage 3410:Sexuality 3383:Mythology 3358:Education 3348:Cosmetics 3173:Campaigns 3168:Structure 3121:Decemviri 2980:Imperator 2679:overthrow 2581:Roman law 1685:Athenaeum 1681:Athenaeum 1508:curatores 1500:curatores 1419:comitia's 1415:comitia's 1399:lex Titia 1247:rogatores 1034:Herodotus 1016:plebeian 982:concilium 820:concilium 804:plebeians 780:concilium 764:concilium 750:concilium 738:concilium 708:conventio 700:comitatus 669:quaestors 525:Imperator 373:Decemviri 366:Triumviri 336:Corrector 77:509–27 BC 4530:Tribunes 4520:Praetors 4470:Generals 4450:Emperors 4359:Lugdunum 4344:Eboracum 4334:Carthage 4319:Aquileia 4234:Polybius 4224:Plutarch 4194:Libanius 4184:Josephus 4179:Herodian 4071:Tibullus 3986:Priscian 3961:Phaedrus 3921:Manilius 3866:Jordanes 3851:Hydatius 3781:Claudian 3761:Catullus 3751:Boëthius 3746:Ausonius 3664:Medieval 3636:Alphabet 3608:Theatres 3583:Numerals 3568:Concrete 3558:Circuses 3525:Bagaudae 3515:Adoption 3510:Marriage 3483:Assembly 3388:Religion 3363:Folklore 3343:Clothing 3338:Calendar 3295:Currency 3285:Commerce 3183:Strategy 3145:Military 3131:Triumvir 3111:Dictator 3106:Interrex 3085:Governor 3070:Quaestor 3033:Ordinary 3015:Province 3005:Tetrarch 2995:Augustus 2960:Vicarius 2950:Officium 2887:Imperium 2837:Plebeian 2797:Republic 2719:Dominate 2686:Republic 2647:Timeline 2410:Plebeian 2159:(1966). 1545:Collegia 1524:See also 1485:collegia 1424:Tiberius 1351:tribunal 1347:comitium 1328:comitium 1312:Flaminia 1204:custodes 1054:viatores 1050:nundinae 883:praetors 796:Quirites 778:, but a 716:comitium 677:dictator 555:Tetrarch 545:Augustus 490:Vicarius 469:Officium 380:Interrex 341:Dictator 316:Governor 291:Quaestor 256:Plebeian 202:Imperium 158:Republic 133:Timeline 100:Dominate 4500:Legions 4460:Fiction 4430:Consuls 4425:Climate 4379:Ravenna 4374:Pompeii 4364:Lutetia 4329:Bononia 4324:Berytus 4314:Antioch 4289:Zosimus 4284:Zonaras 4259:Sozomen 4244:Priscus 4219:Photius 4061:Terence 4056:Tacitus 4041:Statius 4026:Servius 4011:Sallust 3966:Plautus 3946:Orosius 3926:Martial 3881:Juvenal 3856:Hyginus 3841:Gellius 3700:Writers 3631:History 3613:Thermae 3603:Temples 3553:Bridges 3520:Slavery 3468:Equites 3440:Society 3420:Theatre 3393:Deities 3353:Cuisine 3333:Bathing 3315:Culture 3290:Finance 3267:Economy 3158:Borders 3153:History 3055:Tribune 3050:Praetor 2940:Legatus 2935:Emperor 2822:Curiate 2792:Kingdom 2787:History 2763:History 2746:decline 2704:History 2674:Kingdom 2657:History 2642:Outline 2528:History 2473:History 2435:History 2395:Curiate 2375:History 1517:censors 1473:(sing. 1465:(sing. 1394:comitia 1383:Decline 1333:templum 1308:Salaria 1304:Valeria 1251:rogator 1249:(sing. 1236:comitia 1176:rogatio 1164:rogatio 1117:praetor 1109:comitia 1101:avocare 1018:aediles 986:comitia 978:comitia 881:or the 879:consuls 824:comitia 776:comitia 772:populus 756:Gellius 746:comitia 734:comitia 712:comitia 696:comitia 658:praetor 626:In the 476:Praeses 455:Legatus 446:Emperor 306:Tribune 286:Praetor 251:Curiate 153:Kingdom 121:Eastern 112:Western 55:Periods 4510:Nomina 4495:Legacy 4475:Gentes 4412:topics 4408:Lists 4389:Smyrna 4269:Strabo 4199:Lucian 4189:Julian 4139:Arrian 4134:Appian 4124:Aelian 4101:Vergil 3876:Justin 3861:Jerome 3846:Horace 3831:Fronto 3821:Florus 3796:Ennius 3776:Cicero 3756:Caesar 3654:Vulgar 3478:Tribes 3405:Romans 3215:Legion 3198:castra 3075:Aedile 3045:Censor 3040:Consul 3000:Caesar 2970:Lictor 2892:Status 2832:Tribal 2812:Senate 2802:Empire 2696:Empire 2632:topics 2548:Senate 2500:Senate 2445:Senate 2405:Tribal 2385:Senate 2298:about 2275: 2249: 2228: 2211: 2178: 2167: 2150: 2117: 1458:Italic 1445:Tribes 1359:pontes 1342:rostra 1339:. The 1316:Clodia 1296:Latina 1222:. 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