Romanian Air Corps

1746: 2499: 2103: 2732: 2163: 1219: 2615: 984: 1331: 2708: 1656: 1162: 1527: 2720: 392: 505:. It laid down the conditions for admission to flight schools, the system of pilot licensing, the establishment of flight salary premiums, the continuous training of aircrew and the introduction of the higher pilot's license for aviators. This higher pilot's license was given to experienced aviators who performed missions in difficult conditions and its holders were permanently assigned to the Corps of Permanent Airmen. Pilots were required to fly at least 120 hours per year, otherwise, they were excluded from military aviation. 2696: 2279: 861:(Lt. Col.) Constantin Găvănescu. Following the reorganization of the aviation, the flight school of Cotroceni was disbanded and the training of pilots and observers was taken over by the Băneasa school of the Air League. To ensure the good running of the activity, 78 military specialists were dispatched to the aerodrome. At the end of 1915, the newly independent RAC was somewhat better equipped due to the ordered airplanes arriving from France, 37 pilots and 25 observers were also licensed this year. 2578: 1976: 840: 37: 652: 2677: 836:

Army Arsenal decided to experiment with dropping Romanian-designed bombs and practiced attacking ground targets from the air. On 12 January 1915 the first launching of a Romanian-made bomb from a height of 800 m (2,600 ft) took place. Two kinds of bombs were tested: one of 10 kg (22 lb) and the other of 5.5 kg (12 lb), with the latter being rated as the best one to be launched by hand. At the end of July 1915, the Aviation had 34 aircraft.

2392:. The aircraft, which was badly damaged, was seized by the Romanian authorities. As the German crew refused to give any help in repairing the R.XIVa, Lt. Petre Macavei together with a team of mechanics started the repair work on their own, managing to bring the aircraft to flight readiness on the 29th of October. With Major Haralambie Giossanu as the pilot and Captain Cezar Știubei as the navigator, the airplane took off towards Bucharest. After a short stop at 2567: 42: 1626:. By this point, the RAC had 80–90 aircraft available, approximately 150 pilots (of which 42 were French) and 84 observers. During the first three days of battle, the Romanian and French airmen carried out some 130 missions, including those of directing friendly artillery fire, with the airmen of the F.5 Squadron directing the Russian heavy artillery fire. All 12 squadrons of the Aeronautical groups participated in the offensive at Mărăști. 2419: 70: 1061: 268: 553: 753: 1295:

Commander of the Aviation Branch was Maj. Constantin Fotescu, while the Balloon Branch was commanded by Maj. Ion Iarca. With the new organization, 3 Aeronautical Groups, commanded by Romanian officers were created. However, some of the squadrons of these groups were led by French officers. Each group was assigned to an army and generally had 3 squadrons (2 reconnaissance and 1 fighter).

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equipment and the training level of both leaders and combat personnel. In order to meet the objective, the members of the Mission became directly involved and assumed command positions. In this regard, Major De Malherbe was appointed as Commander of the military aviation through Order no. 11/17 October 1916, and Major Gheorghe Rujinschi, the RAC’s Commander, became his deputy.

1633:. The front of the 1st Romanian army was divided into three sectors, after the number of reconnaissance squadrons. From early morning until nightfall, three Farman F.40s, one for each sector, kept watch for any enemy troop movement. No aircraft left the front area until its replacement arrived after three hours. The front was protected by the 1011:" gun systems, some machine guns and searchlights. Bucharest was protected by the Anti-aircraft Defence Branch of the Capital City, which was equipped with twenty 75 mm guns adapted for anti-aircraft use, two "Negrei" system 57 mm guns, 16 anti-aircraft machine guns and 8 sections of 60 and 90 cm searchlights. 869:

they fly on very well... The Romanians are missing modern airplanes and spare parts. Once they will receive the first 6 Nieuport 11 fighters and 12 Farman F.40s, the strength of the RAC will increase and I am very certain that the Romanian pilots, who are very well trained, will be formidable opponents for their enemies.

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In parallel with reconnaissance and combat missions, the aviation bombed enemy military and transport facilities. One of the most important bombing missions was done by the 3rd Aeronautical Group on 31 March, with 19 aircraft. The Romanian and French crews destroyed the railroad, docks and facilities from the Port of

369:. Then, the balloon was used in the field training exercises from 1907-1911. The positive results encouraged the officials to acquire 3 more kite balloons and the necessary mobile devices to produce and store hydrogen, which was used to inflate the balloons, and to transport the equipment into operational theaters. 1534:

From February, the Romanian and French specialists of the 2nd Aeronautical Group were able to intercept and decrypt the German radio messages, which contributed to completing the commanders’ big picture of the enemy’s strength, deployments and intentions obtained through surveillance and photography.

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of the French Mission. The task of the director of Aeronautics was to ensure the cooperation between the operations and the information bureaus and to centralize the information obtained during various missions. The RAC was composed of aviation, balloon, photo, meteorology, and training branches. The

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In order to improve the support for the land forces, the airmen decided to extend their missions by dropping bombs on enemy targets by hand in the absence of proper bomb dropping equipment. They threw 10 kg (22 lb) and 12 kg (26 lb) Romanian-designed "Drosescu" bombs against enemy

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to the throne. During the neutrality period, Romania invested in reorganizing, equipping and training its armed forces, allocating 17-22% of the country’s budget for defense. However, the money spent for defense was insufficient to acquire all the necessary equipment to modernize the entire military.

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or RGA was established in a former slaughterhouse. Of the 322 aircraft that were received by Romania during the war, between 242 and 292 aircraft, as well as 545 aircraft engines, were assembled at RGA. With many airplanes arriving severely damaged from the journey through Russia, the engineers from

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Aside from Aurel Vlacu, several other inventors designed and built aircraft in Romania, such as Nicolae Saru-Ionescu, who flew an airplane of his own design and construction at Cotroceni in 1911. However, he crashed on 28 August while performing a test flight and did not have the funds to repair his

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requested Romania to provide military aid for attacks on the various bands of looting soldiers and for the protection of the railways and supply depots. The request was sent to Gen. Shcherbachev in Iași, who in turn sent it to the Romanian government. On 25 January, the first Romanian military units

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At the beginning of the campaign, the Romanian Air Corps carried out surveillance and photographic reconnaissance missions to support the land forces. In the southern theater of operations, Romanian airplanes discovered German, Turkish and Bulgarian troop movements and informed the commanders of the

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Military pilots continued their training for participation in an eventual military campaign. The Romanian airmen believed that politicians did not understand the role of military aviation in setting policies. Therefore, between 1914 and 1916, some enthusiastic pilots along with some experts from the

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The first license-built aircraft in Romania was the Farman III, with the Ministry of War ordering six from the Cerchez & Co. workshops in 1911. The next initiative to start an aeronautical industry in Romania dates from 30 March 1915. On this date, an association was established with the aim of

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By the end of the campaign, the RAC lost 12 aircraft, and 12 pilots in combat, with another 2 pilots killed in training flights. The numbers of other aircrewmen lost is unknown. The Romanians shot down 5 aircraft in aerial combat, 3 aircraft were shot down by the French airmen and another 23 by the

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carrying a message, Romania thus becoming one of the first countries to use airplanes for military purposes. The English historian, Michael J.H. Taylor noting: "In 1910 the Romanian military aviation was established, being one of the nations that adopted aviation for military purposes. The Romanian

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During the campaigns of 1916–1919, Romanian airmen achieved about 10,000 flight hours, had about 700 aerial fights and shot down some 51-91 enemy aircraft, with another 55 shot down by anti-aircraft artillery. Twenty-two Romanian pilots and six air observers were killed in air combat and nine more

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Starting from the first lines of trenches down to the bottom where the 3rd line of enemy resistance should have been, disappearing under the plumes of smoke clouds, all that could constitute the area of a known objective was being picked apart by shell explosions of our artillery, light and heavy.

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The pilots performed several flights in my presence, which convinced me that they had received very good training. There is a small number of mechanics, however, they are very well trained. There is a need for more of them; the Romanian pilots have serious technical knowledge, knowing the aircraft

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The Romanian airmen continued to fly reconnaissance missions during the war. On 14 August, the Aviation was recalled to Bucharest. From the first experience of war, the ground commanders began to see the advantages of aviation, resulting in the fact that aircraft could be used very effectively in

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Although Romania did not have the financial and industrial resources to form and maintain large aviation units, the development Romanian military aviation managed to kept pace with the other European powers. From 1921, the aviation was organized for peacetime, with units being deployed in almost

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had 17 aircraft (including captured ones). Three days later, the first Romanian units crossed the Tisza, being covered by the crews of the N.7 and B.2 squadrons. On 31 July, a formation of Hungarian aircraft attacked the pontoon bridge across the river, but they were intercepted by the pilots of

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over the 3 Romanian divisions. The German infantry managed to occupy the south-west part of Mărășești. The enemy troops were attacked by the aircraft of the F.7 and F.9 squadrons which carried out 14 bombing missions that day. At the same time, the observers directed the fire of the Romanian and

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As a result of the rapid development of aviation, it was necessary to regulate its status within the military. A law on the organization of military aeronautics was issued on 1 April 1913 which organized the military aeronautics in two branches – the aviation and the balloon branch. The Military

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In 1914, 18 students enrolled for pilot training (eight officer cadets and eight non-commissioned officers). The Băneasa Flight School had another 10 students (five officers and five junior officers). With the international situation becoming more and more tense, through Order no. 421/1914, the

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and 162 soldiers and civilians (pilots, aerial observers, specialists in balloons, communications and wireless telegraphy, etc.). The Mission’s main aim was to transfer France’s knowledge and experience to its Romanian allies. The French worked to improve command and organizational structure,

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New Romanian aviator badges for pilots and observers also appeared in 1915. For officers, the badge was of silver metal and was worn on the chest on the left side and for non-commissioned officers it was made of silk of the same color and was worn on the left sleeve. An important stage in the

2731: 1257:. The initial raids against Cernavodă were ineffective, owing to the light weight of the bombs used. Better results were obtained once the bombers began receiving 100 lb (45 kg) bombs. Aircraft were used to attack enemy assembly areas and bivouacs, as well as munitions dumps. 1761:

The use of the RAC squadrons at the Battles of Mărăști and Mărășești supported the 1st and 2nd Romanian Armies and allowed those commanders to make informed decisions during the battles. The contributions of the RAC during the summer campaign of 1917 were also noted by General

608:...The machine climbed slowly to 1,200 m (3,900 ft)... Turning east, we climbed following the road to Sofia and the village of Zeljava we observed troops camped in 140 small forts. At 7.30 a.m. we were above Sofia at 1,200 m (3,900 ft) and passing over the 2656:, which was designed in 1922 by Ștefan Protopopescu. However, this serial production was stopped following an accident, which resulted in the death of the test pilot Ioan Sava, and the design of the aircraft was improved. After the design changes were finished, 25 new 1260:

On 2 December, a Romanian aircraft flown by the French Lt. De Maille and by Lt. Eugeniu Iorgulescu executed a raid on Sofia. The raid was meant as a reply to the bombings of Bucharest. The Romanian crew dropped three 16 kg (35 lb) "Drosescu" bombs over the

1007:, LZ 86, LZ 97 and LZ 101). On 15 August, the Romanian Anti-aircraft Defence Corps was established, with the mission to protect the important civil and military objectives against enemy aerial attacks. The Corps had 113 anti-aircraft guns, including "Negrei" and " 592:

carried out by Section II prompted the section's commander, Cpt. George Valentin Bibescu, to reorganize its activity. To this end, four Blériots with the 80 hp engines and two Blériots with the 50 hp engines formed the No. 2 and No. 3 Reserve Squadrons.

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with the goal of setting up fuel depots in case of mobilization, as well as for the identification of fields where reserve aerodromes could be set up. Through continued propaganda in the support of equipping the aviation with flying machines, the residents of

2491:), led by Lt. Col. Andrei Popovici, the 5 Aviation Groups, the Sea Aviation Squadron, the Balloon Group and the technical operation group were subordinated to the Higher Directorate of Aeronautics. Subordinated to the 10th Aeronautical Directorate were the 1682:

In the sectors where the damage done by the Romanian artillery was incomplete, the aviators of F.4 Squadron would carry out bombing missions. The pilots of the N.11 and N.3 squadrons ensured the protection of the front line by engaging enemy aircraft,

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mission. Another 3 aircraft arrived on 21 November. The airplanes were part of the contract signed by the Romanian representatives with their British counterparts. The British trained the Romanian pilots until January 1917, when they left the country.

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where Bulgarian troops were stationed. Two cannon shots were fired on the airplane without effect. On 30 July, two Blériots from No. 1 Squadron, Section II took off. The aircraft were flown by: Lt. Nicolae Capșa with Cpt. observer Ioan H. Arion and

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in 1924 and transformed into the Technical School of Aeronautics, with the classes lasting between six and eight years. Some of the graduates of this school continued their studies, becoming mechanical officers, and others, aeronautical engineers.

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fighters, 5 Caudron G.3 and 15 Nieuport 23. These aircraft were delivered by 11 August 1920. Another 150 Bréguets were ordered between 1921 and 1922. The number of aircraft in service with the RAC was about 240, this number will reach 560 by 1924.

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Following the discussions of a committee formed by Col. Rujinschi, it was decided that aeronautical units would form garrisons in the following places: Iași with the surrounding areas, Bucharest, Galați, Craiova, Brașov and Constanța (where the

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The year 1913 marked an important point for the Romanian aviation, with new aircraft purchases from France, Great Britain and Germany. At the end of the year the aviation had 20 licensed pilots and was equipped with 34 aircraft, as follows:

2099:. On 29 February, the French Military Mission left the country. On 3 March, while on a mission in the Tiraspol-Glinajia sector, a Romanian reconnaissance aircraft was damaged and forced to land by Bolshevik soldiers while over Slobozia. 1349:), which were the former workshops from Cotroceni and Băneasa that had moved to Iași in 1916. In the winter and spring of 1917, the aviation units were very active, despite the unfavorable weather conditions until the month of April. 1338:

On 1 January 1917 the Romanian Air Corps had 58 pilots and 12 observers, another 20 pilots and 18 observers were in training. A number of 53 aircraft were available while others were being assembled or repaired at the workshops of

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could participate directly in the pilot training and aircraft purchases through public donations. A contract was also signed between the Air League and the Ministry of War, which allowed the training of military pilots at the

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flown by Slt. Ion Dragomirescu was attacked by a Bolshevik airplane. Dragomirescu, who scored 2 other victories while flying for France, quickly shot down the enemy aircraft which crashed in flames near Moghilev.

1087:, arrived in Romania. The Mission was composed of 500 commissioned officers and 1150 non-commissioned officers, corporals, soldiers and civilians with different specialties. The aviation component consisted of 42 2511:

every province of the country. In order to continue equipping the squadrons of the RAC, Cpt. Mihai Savu was sent to Paris to negotiate the purchase of new airplanes. A contract was signed for the purchase of 101

2481:, an arsenal, as well as a central material depot. The Higher Directorate of Aeronautics, headed by Col. Gheorghe Rujinschi, and Maj. Haralambie Giossanu as the Chief of Staff, was the governing body within the 1745: 2606:

was located under the fuselage. Although the performances of this machine were reportedly similar to other aircraft used in the military at that time, the authorities did not approve its serial construction.

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branch. On 23 August 1915, the RAC was formed as an independent military arm and operated until 1 January 1924 when it became an equal to the Army and Navy, being redesignated as the Royal Romanian Air Force

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In the early interwar years, the military aviation included seven groups (two reconnaissance groups, one bomber, one fighter and a balloon group, as well as a technical operations and a training group), a

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Russian heavy artillery batteries, noting: "The shells hit the enemy trenches of the first line with great precision. The first enemy line at Găvanul was completely destroyed, and at Cota 114 a lot of

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And likewise, our positions, beginning with the first lines of trenches and battery emplacements identified by the enemy, were being pounded by enemy artillery with almost equal intensity to our own.

434:, this was followed by an order for 2 more Farmans. These licensed-built airplanes started to be delivered from 30 August. In the same year, the first officers began training at the flight school, 247:

in 1916, the RAC was organized into 4 squadron groups, each assigned to an army, and 4 balloon sections. Limited by the few aircraft the Corps had available, the Romanian airmen carried out mainly

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Continuing their training missions, the Romanian pilots were well prepared for the future conflict. Arriving at Bucharest on 4 August 1916, the French pilot Jules de Lareinthy de Tholozan noted:

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and 91 Farman F.40. Aside from the airplanes, Romania also purchased various equipment for reconnaissance and bomber aircraft, as well as a few thousands of "Gros" and "Michelin" type bombs and

2528:, the type of parachute was to be decided by a study. Maj. Negrescu was in charge of this issue and would start negotiations with American companies in order to acquire the necessary material. 2338:

With the end of the war, a number of 150 aircraft were captured from Hungary of which 107 were complete. These included: 22 Hansa-Brandenburg C.I, 20 UFAG C.I, 11 LVG C.VI, 34 Fokker D.VII, 16

2311:. The Romanian aircraft became more active from the end of May, including missions such as a formation of seven Romanian aircraft bombing the railway station from Miskolc on 1 June. A captured 2177:

In 1919, the Romanian Army was fighting on two fronts: in Bessarabia where Bolshevik troops were crossing the Dniester and attacking the settlements near the border, and in Hungary, where a

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The French roundel was also kept on some aircraft. Mainly on the ones flown by French pilots of the Military Mission, but some Romanian airmen flew on aircraft with French markings as well.

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designing and building aircraft. The 4 signatories were: Ion Stroescu, Tache Brumărescu, Corneliu Marinescu and Nicolae Tănase, but the association failed as it lacked sufficient funds.

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On 19 April, Lt. Nicolae Drosso and observer Lt. Aurel Constantinescu were assigned to photograph the Bolshevik positions on the left bank of the Dniester. During the mission, an enemy

1766:. During the month of August, the Romanian forces scored 32 victories, including those scored by the anti-aircraft artillery, with the French aviators obtaining a further 6 victories. 1586:

railway station. After dropping their bombs, the bombers were attacked by enemy fighters. The escorting airplane opened fire with its cannon, hitting one of the opposing aircraft with

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to the Romanian National Council. After crossing the mountains, flying at 2,500 m (8,200 ft) and in a temperature reaching −30 °C (−22 °F), the airplane landed on

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attacked the Romanian airmen. Constantinescu set the Anatra on fire, causing it to crash with the loss of both crewmen. This was the second aerial victory on the Bessarabian front.

2126:, who informed the government about the evolution of the war and about the intent for an eventual re-mobilization of the Romanian Army. For this action, Noël became a Knight of the 2645:, the Ministry of War approved the construction of Hansa-Brandenburg C.I at the new Arsenal. This was the first mass produced aircraft in Romania, with 120 aircraft equipped with 3950: 3382: 1003:

squadrons on the Romanian Front, totaling over 250 aircraft. They also deployed 20 balloon companies (10 Austro-Hungarian, 8 German and 2 Bulgarian), as well as 4 Zeppelins (

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Although Romania had the facilities to manufacture Farman and Bristol-Coandă airplanes under French and British license, the Ministry of War preferred to import airplanes.

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was established on 21 March. A report from 25 March showed that Romania had 51 aircraft in service, with another SPAD VII gifted from France at the beginning of the year.

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In order to maintain the training of all aviation personnel, the aviation units cooperated with the large infantry units in the summer of 1921, in the areas of Sibiu,

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were shot down by enemy anti-aircraft artillery. Twenty pilots, air observers and technical personnel died in training flights. Eleven airmen were decorated with the

1612: 153: 1265:, which was hit and caught fire. The anti-aircraft artillery around the city managed to hit the airplane which was forced to land, the crew being taken prisoner. 2460:, Cpt. Charles Mallet, Cpt. Augustin de Mailly-Nesle and Lt. Roger Lucy. Two airmen of the Military Mission died while flying for Romania, Slt. S. Cordonier and 2443: 300: 1699:

rockets. The numerous aerial battles and losses caused the Austro-Hungarian High Command to create new dedicated fighter units on the Romanian front. For this,

449: 1283:, advised by the Chief of the French Military Mission, decided to reorganize the Air Corps. A new Aeronautical Directorate was created, commanded by Lt. Col. 4311: 2719: 3595: 1829: 1596: 2512: 2456:

Additionally, the French pilots of the Military Mission shot down 28 aircraft and four officers were decorated with the Order of Michael the Brave: Cpt.

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after a 545 km (339 mi) flight done in 4 hours and 18 minutes. The R.70 was used by the Romanians for several years to train bomber pilots.

4208: 1512: 3494: 2087:. In Bessarabia, the air missions carried out by the F.4 Squadron, protected by Nieuport fighters of the N.3 Squadron, targeted the front sector of 2029: 3164: 2695: 1604:) Marin Popescu, who were patrolling in the area, joined in the fighting and drove the enemy fighters away, Craiu managing to damage one of them. 517:

22 June] 1913, Romania mobilized its army against Bulgaria. The Military Aeronautics Service was also mobilized and participated in the

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On 25 May, two Bréguet bombers, escorted by a third Bréguet, armed with a 37 mm (1.5 in) cannon took off with the mission to bomb the

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missions, though bombing missions with Romanian-made bombs were also executed. At the end of 1916, the RAC was reorganized with the help of the

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As the RAC received most of its aircraft from France, the French markings were overpainted with yellow to match the Romanian national colors.

1232: 882:. When the mobilization was decreed, the RAC had 44 aircraft ready. Of the 44 aircraft ordered from France, 23 were available: 8 Farman MF.7/ 857:

evolution of the Romanian military aviation was the establishment of the Romanian Air Corps on 23 August, which was put under the command of

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with infantry and cavalry. Some shortcomings have also been noted. For example, only one of the five Section I Farmans flew, piloted by Slt.

2138:. On 10 November, the second mobilization of the Romanian Army began. On 24 November, Lt. Vasile Niculescu and Cpt. Victor Precup flew from 2110:

Even after the Treaty of Bucharest, relations with the French were kept for the rest of the war. To this end, on 22 October, French aviator

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to carry out missions in the area. Thus, aerial reconnaissance at the mouths of the Danube established that the Bolshevik ships were in the

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was 20 km (12 mi) from the Romanian coast, two flights, one of Bristol-Coandă airplanes and another of Blériots, flew out to the

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After the conclusion of the summer military operations, the aviation continued their missions with the same intensity. From 22 September,

581:(Pvt.) Poly Vacas with Cpt. observer Ioan Viieșeanu. The airmen carried out a reconnaissance mission in northern Bulgaria, then landed at 4246: 2413: 2297: 564:(Cpt.) Constantin Fotescu and Cpt. observer Ioan H. Arion, executed the first combat mission, with a reconnaissance flight following the 1809:

region. On 7 November 1917, Romanian aviators scored 5 air victories through Egon Nasta, Paul Magâlea and Ion Muntenescu, all pilots of

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which started on 10 July. The Military School and the Aviation Park mobilized 5 "Farmans", which constituted the Section I of Aviation (

2758: 1730:, requested more modern fighters as "many dogfights are carried out on the Romanian front, the losses in men and material are heavy". 910:, 3 Farman HF.20. All aircraft were initially unarmed, the machine guns for the airplanes started to arrive only from September 1916. 2047:

flew over Galați, reaching Bârlad. Two Nieuports of N.11 Squadron went out to intercept, but could not catch the Russian airplanes.

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machine gun, Gruia damaged the enemy airplane which crash-landed near Silistra. This was the first Romanian air victory of the war.

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over the Imperial ship. The Romanian pilots simulated an aerial battle at an altitude of 1,500 m (4,900 ft), executing

2909: 259:. After the reorganization, it had 3 Aeronautical Groups, each assigned to a Romanian or Russian army, and 5 balloon companies. 2482: 3920: 3537: 3050: 1289: 4201: 4177: 4158: 3724: 3314: 2319:

flown by László Újvári and Géza Keisz on 12 June while on a reconnaissance mission, both Romanian airmen losing their lives.

1664: 2453:, Slt. Paul Magâlea, Maj. Constantin Cristescu, Cpt. Mihai Bădescu, Slt. Mihail Hurmuzescu and Lt. Col. Gheorghe Rujinschi. 4478: 4291: 4269: 4241: 1733:

In the morning of 19 August, the enemy troops launched an attack aided by a 3-hour artillery barrage, including the use of

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The aviators of the F.7 and F.9 squadrons carried out flights over the enemy positions, observer Constantin Nicolau from

1188:. On 4/5 September, while on a bombing raid over Ploiești, LZ 86 was hit by Romanian artillery, which damaged one of its 1824:

The Romanian and French aviators continued their missions until 9 December, when the Romanian Government had to sign an

1590:. The enemy pilot barely managed to regain control and avoided hitting the ground. Hearing the noise of the battle, Lt. 1067:

also served with the French Military Mission in Romania in early 1917, claiming he shot down a German airplane over the

4407: 4402: 4354: 2753: 2495:, led by Major Ștefan Protopopescu, the central materials depot and a technical service led by Maj. Gheorghe Negrescu. 2056: 476: 2381:. On board the airplane were the Minister of Propaganda of the Ukrainian People's Republic and his deputy, journalist 2034: 1617: 3793: 3462: 3102: 2465: 2283: 1211:, would also be damaged by anti-aircraft fire while over Bucharest on 26/27 September. The airship crash-landed near 613: 141: 2592:

machine. The same year, another inventor, Corneliu Marinescu, designed a three-seat bomber. The airplane, nicknamed

2268:, the leader of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, in which he was requested to intensify the fighting in Transylvania. 1742:

could be seen." On that day, the crews of the 2nd Aeronautical Group flew on 35 missions, totaling 88 flight hours.

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but while on the way, the damaged gondola detached, causing the ship to become unbalanced. The airship crashed near

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was also delivered from Germany and another 20 aircraft were available from the flight schools: 10 Bristol T.B.8, 7

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Between 1 August 1916 and 1 January 1917, the RAC received, following some procurement contracts, 152 aircraft: 11

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Aeronautics Service was put under the commanded of the General Inspectorate of Engineering and Aeronautics, led by

2540: 1180:, Bulgaria) received the order to bomb Bucharest. The zeppelins carried out raids on Bucharest, as well as on the 4483: 4442: 4004: 2614: 1734: 3243:"Dosarele secrete! Zeppelinele ucigașe de la Timișoara au lovit Bucureștiul, Ploieștiul, Chișinăul și Salonicul" 2842: 1539:

and sank two German military ships. From May onwards, the aviation started night bombings using Farman F.40 and

470:. The League was formed with the aim of supporting the national aviation with money and aircraft. This way, the 4379: 4286: 2370: 1038: 3356:"The Contribution of the Romanian Military Aeronautics in the Implementation and Defense of the Great Romania" 2063:. On 7 February, the Romanian M.C.G. sent four divisions to Bessarabia, which were supported by the airmen of 4231: 1630: 514: 319: 276: 4364: 3198: 2256:

was intercepted and forced to land behind the Romanian lines. The aircraft was being used for flights from

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Ministry of War tasked the command of the Aviation with survey missions in the country, especially around

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to deliver messages to the communist leaders. In the captured documents a letter was found addressed to

376:, the first aircraft company, the first aerodrome and the first flight school of Romania was founded at 4437: 4392: 4369: 2431: 1833: 805: 123: 3092: 2302: 3495:"Acțiunile aeronauticii militare române pe timpul marilor bătălii ale românilor din vara anului 1917" 2178: 1637:

of the Nieuport squadrons so that the whole front line of the 1st Army was defended by the aviation.

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executed the first reconnaissance missions. On 16 September, a German aircraft that was flying over

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In 1915, the Air Corps gained independence from the Engineer Inspectorate. When Romania entered the

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and, about 5 km (3.1 mi) from the city, we saw a fort with two cupolas near the road to

527:), commanded by Lt. Ștefan Paraschivescu. Aurel Vlaicu was also assigned to this section with his 4349: 4337: 4217: 2244:

On the front in Bessarabia, while on a reconnaissance mission in the Moghilev area on 9 April, a

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The German bombers stationed in northern Bulgaria also carried out raids in Romania. The port of

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Pătrașcu, Gabriel (2020). "Unitățile de gardă ale Aeronauticii și Marinei Regale (1930-1947)".

2748: 2685: 2661: 2642: 2366: 2362: 2343: 2234: 2051: 1298:

Following the quick advance of the Central Powers, it was decided to move the flight school to

1161: 828: 827:

chose neutrality for Romania. Soon after this decision, King Carol I died and was succeeded by

809: 589: 411: 2241:

airmen who enrolled in the RAC were also assigned to the squadrons of the 5th Aviation Group.

1980: 1871: 441: 3971: 2618: 2315:

flown by Slt. Stan Bucur and Lt. Mihail Hurmuzescu was attacked and shot down by 2 Hungarian

2133: 1655: 1607:

Reconnaissance and bombing missions continued through the month of June. The first artillery

1526: 1367: 1088: 973: 931: 879: 757: 596:

Cpt. Nicolae Capșa and Ioan H. Arion took off on 8 August 1913, at 6.05 a.m., with orders to

385: 248: 244: 537:

was transformed into the Section II of Aviation, contributing with 13 aircraft: 8 twin-seat

2646: 2603: 2492: 2355: 1715: 1601: 943: 643: 342: 85: 3865: 2422: 2147: 659:

and Maj. Ioan Macri (3rd and 4th from the right) in front of an 80 hp Bristol-Coandă, 1912

8: 2238: 1899: 1850: 1798: 1752: 1693:

obtaining important victories, for example, Egon Nasta shot down a captive balloon using

1587: 1398: 1358: 1250: 1019:

and the forces deployed south of the Danube River from being surrounded. On the front in

777: 733: 358: 4427: 2532: 1540: 1306:

was received. In June 1917, the school was moved again, with the pilot school moving to

1008: 996: 4387: 4332: 4301: 2657: 2339: 2185: 1568: 858: 824: 817: 337:

The first balloon unit of the Romanian Army was established in 1893 as part of the 1st

327: 292: 252: 198:) and subordinated to the Engineer Inspectorate, being organized in two branches – the 189: 75: 4251: 2146:

in a Farman F.40 to deliver three important documents, one of which was the letter of

633:

long-distance missions of over 200 km (120 mi) over the enemy lines, and in

541:

monoplanes with 80 hp engines, 2 single-seat Blériots with 50 hp engines, 2

4173: 4154: 3931: 3834: 3789: 3720: 3548: 3458: 3435: 3310: 3098: 3061: 2448: 2374: 1478: 1440:

From the beginning of the summer of 1917, 2 new squadrons were created for the group:

1411: 1269: 895: 436: 427:

aviation participated, with great success, in the campaigns of the First World War."

415: 391: 217: 177: 115: 2989: 2286: 1560: 1133: 773: 702: 4279: 3714: 2278: 2123: 1634: 1125: 1004: 692:

with a 100 hp engine; 8 twin-seat Blériot XI with 80 hp engines owned by

634: 419: 373: 296: 225: 3271:

From Bucharest to the Baltic German Air Operations on the Eastern Front, 1916-1917

1030: 4342: 4107:

Dan Iloiu; Valeriu Avram (1991). "Avionul de Recunoaștere Hansa Brandenburg C1".

4015: 2599: 2439: 2435: 2000: 1763: 793:

gathered funds and bought a Bristol T.B.8, the same was done by the residents of

444:

receiving the first pilot license in Romania and becoming the first pilot of the

350: 240: 119: 2536: 216:

In 1913, the newly established Military Aeronautics Service participated in the

4296: 3741:"100 éve légi ütközet zajlott Tiszaújváros határában. Tiszaújvárosi évfordulók" 2544: 2167: 2096: 1942: 1669: 1556: 1181: 992: 578: 487:(Gen.) Mihail Boteanu. The law also established the Corps of Permanent Airmen ( 288: 221: 105: 4089: 2308: 1629:

From 6 August, the Central Powers began their offensive, the beginning of the

546: 154:

List of aircraft of the Romanian Air Force § Beginnings & World War I

4457: 3935: 3850:

Valeriu Avram (1986). "Emblemele Avioanelor Românești Între Anii 1916-1921".

3552: 3439: 3065: 2665: 2577: 2521: 2077: 2060: 1727: 790: 706: 681: 673: 656: 471: 445: 275:

The first flight of Romanian military personnel happened on 2 July [

185: 95: 2503: 2351: 2115: 1975: 538: 349:(Lt.) Eugeniu Asachi. The balloon unit was equipped with a French spherical 4306: 2625:

In 1916, the workshops from Cotroceni and Băneasa were moved to Iași where

2543:. Also in 1921, the first school for aviation craftsmen was founded at the 2457: 2322:

On 25 July, the counteroffensive of the Romanian Army began. At this time,

2316: 2080: 1262: 1020: 883: 839: 689: 685: 677: 651: 609: 569: 498: 403: 354: 284: 4186: 2725:

This roundel is seen on photographs from 1916, appearing on some aircraft.

2676: 1254: 1246: 1200:, killing nine of its crewmen, including the commander. Another zeppelin, 1193: 1108: 1104: 192:. It was established on 1 April 1913 as the Military Aeronautics Service ( 4033: 2681: 2347: 2307:

and observer Ioan Vlad shot down an enemy two-seater near the village of

2245: 2171: 2092: 2043:. The first air missions were executed on 18 January, when three Russian 1787:

were transferred to Botoșani. At the start of October, two aircraft from

1189: 1137: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1034: 979:

The RAC also had 4 balloon sections, each with 1 Drachen captive balloon.

903: 899: 724: 628:. Total 150 km (93 mi) in 2 hours and 5 minutes of flight time. 621: 542: 528: 414:. The aircraft first flew on 17 June 1910. In September, during the fall 36: 2641:

was established. With the increase in need of training aircraft for the

2566: 2265: 1303: 1185: 380:. The school, conducted by French flight instructors, had five hangars, 3596:"Aviatorul militar Vasile Niculescu despre "Zborul Marii Uniri" (1979)" 2378: 1802: 1054: 887: 710: 431: 423: 407: 395: 346: 220:. Being organized in two sections, the Aeronautics Service carried out 4059:"De la Arsenalul Armatei la I.A.R. – primele fabrici de avioane (III)" 1815:

and through the crew of Dumitru Crăsnaru and Alexandru Vasilescu from

1548: 1249:

was a regular target for the bombers. Another priority target was the

1053:, on the Southern front. Troops and command centers at field army and 1015:

3rd Army, via thrown messages. This helped to prevent the troops from

781: 467: 4090:"The First Twenty Five Years. Romanian Aircraft Production 1911-1935" 2850: 2652:

The first Romanian-designed aircraft to be serially produced was the

2571: 2525: 2007: 1517: 1222: 1173: 1064: 813: 453: 381: 362: 338: 331: 280: 279:

20 June] 1874, when Marius Willemot, a French engineer from

41: 2701:

First roundel of Romania, with the darker blue, seen in use in 1912.

2548: 2438:, Cpt. Vasile Craiu, Slt. Egon Nasta, Slt. Gheorghe Stâlpeanu, Cpt. 2418: 2084: 1844:

From January 1918, the Aeronautical Groups were organized as given:

1572: 1544: 1536: 1472: 1299: 1072: 572:

road. The Blériot then turned north-west flying over the village of

271:"Mihai Bravul" (Michel-le-Brave), Willemot's balloon in France, 1874 2824: 2461: 2312: 2293: 2257: 2253: 2119: 2088: 2044: 1988: 1739: 1684: 1206: 1165: 1096: 1046: 1016: 891: 794: 785: 582: 502: 233: 203: 199: 3492: 2929: 2635:

After the war, in 1919, the RGA was moved back to Bucharest where

2139: 2106:

A Romanian Farman F.40, like the one flown by Niculescu and Precup

1987:

On 11 February, the RAC had 78 aircraft available, as follows: 18

1564: 1361: 1060: 267: 3165:"Primul bombardament aerian asupra Bucureștiului: 28 august 1916" 2653: 1806: 1552: 1239: 1212: 1050: 913:

At the beginning of the campaign, the RAC was organized as such:

769: 760: 705:" with 50 hp engines; 2 Bristol-Coandă without an engine; 1 655:

Lt. Ștefan Protopopescu (first from the right) together with Mr.

625: 617: 573: 561: 484: 479:. The instructors of the flight school were all military pilots. 402:

Also in November 1909, the Romanian Minister of War commissioned

377: 323: 315: 3716:

Aeronautica română în Războiul de Întregire națională: 1916-1919

3309:. Editura Centrul Tehnic-Editorial al Armatei. pp. 14, 17. 2072:

At the request of the 3rd Army Corps, the S.6 Squadron moved to

1511:

The RAC also had 5 balloon companies, equipped with Drachen and

1037:

of Lt. Panait Cholet and observer Ioan Gruia. Using the onboard

798: 4151:

Aeronautica română în Războiul de Întregire națională 1916-1919

2397: 2272: 2073: 1996: 1794: 1530:

Romanian Drachen captive balloon on the front in Moldavia, 1917

1401: 1311: 1307: 1177: 1145: 1068: 714: 552: 2296:

on 23 April and reaching the Tisza River on 1 May. On 19 May,

2006:

The entry of Romanian troops into Bessarabia to drive out the

878:

On 28 August 1916, Romania entered the war on the side of the

843:

Romanian model 1915 pilot badge, featuring the "Royal Eagle" (

752: 3918: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3656: 3654: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3510: 3508: 3476: 3474: 3413: 3411: 3224: 3222: 2965: 2434:: Lt. Ioan Peneș, Slt. Dumitru Darian, Lt. Petre Ioanin, Lt. 2393: 1608: 1576: 1543:

bombers against important enemy targets: the Port of Brăila;

1197: 601: 565: 494: 140:

Constantin Găvănescu – first commander (1915–1916); see also

2555: 2010:

troops, prompted the Romanian M.C.G. to send two squadrons,

823:

After the outbreak of the war, the Crown Council invoked by

688:

engine; 1 twin-seat "Nieuport" with an 80 hp engine; 1

357:

in 1900. In the beginning, the captive balloon was used for

3143: 3141: 2896: 2632:

RGA had to either repair or manufacture replacement parts.

2425:

was the single ace of Romania by Romanian victory standards

2261: 2143: 2022:, to the theater of operations. These squadrons would form 1141: 612:, where Arion released more manifestos. We turned over the 4115: 4069: 4005:"Organizarea aviației române în primul deceniu interbelic" 3888: 3836:Герої Українського неба. Пілоти Визвольної Війни 1917-1920 3666: 3651: 3606: 3559: 3505: 3471: 3408: 3362: 3219: 3207: 460:

took the initiative to establish the National Air League (

3180: 3178: 3116: 3114: 2684:. The blue color on the tail appears nearly white in the 2581:

The 3-seat bomber built by Corneliu Marinescu, nicknamed

3802: 3754:

Corneliu Năstase (2005). "LVG CVI în culori românești".

3138: 2200:

was formed. In March 1919, it consisted of 3 squadrons:

1045:

troop concentrations at Lepnic and Gogolia, against the

4127: 3900: 3876: 3691: 3576: 3396: 3335: 3323: 3281: 3249: 3126: 2987: 2154:

to be greeted by the enthusiastic inhabitants of Blaj.

4106: 4034:

Ion Gudju; Gheroghe Iacobescu; Ovidiu Ionescu (1974).

3951:"Misiunea Aeronautică Franceză în România (1916-1917)" 3493:

Valeriu Avram; Marius-Adrian Nicoară (9 August 2017).

3383:"Misiunea Aeronautică Franceză în România (1916-1917)" 3175: 3111: 2990:"Primii pași către o industrie aeronautică în România" 2795:

Comparing the two sources gives the following numbers.

2414:

Aerial victory standards of World War I § Romania

1805:

and managed the shoot down one German aircraft in the

3632:(in Romanian). No. 4/2001 (75). pp. 41, 47. 3299: 3072: 1302:

on 27 September. On 15 December, an order to move to

1176:

Geissert (commander of zeppelin LZ 101, stationed at

1057:

level, along the Northern front, were also targeted.

322:

7 July] 1874, Willemot flying together with

3854:(in Romanian). Vol. 1, no. 10. p. 26. 2786:

These were converted from Bristol-Coandă monoplanes.

556:

Blériot and Maurice Farman aircraft at Băneasa, 1912

4433:

Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops

4056: 3814: 3708: 3706: 3090: 2949:"1874: Balonul "Mihai-Bravul" și Ascensiunile Sale" 1801:. The aircraft were tasked with defending southern 3972:"Names carved on the Romanian Air Heroes memorial" 3832: 3429: 3267: 2804:After the establishment of the Romanian Air Force. 2649:engines being manufactured between 1922 and 1923. 2598:, had two seats in the fuselage for the pilot and 2335:, with Iosif Răcășanu managing to shoot one down. 1622:in the morning of 22 July marked the beginning of 1352:The 3 Aeronautical Groups were organized as such: 4474:Military units and formations established in 1913 3769:Cornel Năstase (2004). "Hansa Brandenburg W.29". 3628:Corneliu Năstase (2001). "SPAD VII - SPAD XIII". 3547:(in Romanian). No. 40/2008. pp. 47–50. 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 2524:was based). It was also decided to introduce the 922:(1st Squadron Group) - The group had 2 squadrons. 4455: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4002: 3930:(in Romanian). No. 7/1999. pp. 21–25. 3753: 3703: 3627: 3538:"Campania din Basarabia (ianuarie – iulie 1918)" 3060:(in Romanian). No. 61/2013. pp. 2–17. 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3005:Aurel Vlaicu, Un precursor al aviației romanești 2946: 2464:James Texier. Their names were inscribed on the 1892:All squadrons of this group were based at Bacău. 1172:A few hours after Romania's declaration of war, 701:School and training aircraft: 2 Bristol-Coandă " 295:and Dumitrescu in flight over the city with his 3921:"Români și Francezi pe cerul patriei 1916-1918" 2282:A Fokker D.VII. The Hungarian Red Air Arm used 1832:. Romania would eventually be forced to sign a 747: 3783: 3768: 3452: 2636: 2626: 2593: 2582: 2570:The aircraft built by Nicolae Saru-Ionescu at 2486: 2330: 2323: 2292:The Romanian Army advanced quickly, capturing 2225: 2218: 2210: 2204: 2195: 2189: 2131: 2064: 2023: 2017: 2011: 1965: 1957: 1950: 1939: 1930: 1923: 1915: 1908: 1897: 1883: 1876: 1865: 1859: 1848: 1816: 1810: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1770: 1750: 1688: 1641: 1502: 1495: 1488: 1469: 1459: 1452: 1445: 1431: 1424: 1417: 1396: 1387: 1380: 1373: 1356: 1340: 1334:The Romanian front line in early February 1917 1192:. The zeppelin tried to return to the base in 1024: 967: 959: 953: 947: 937: 925: 917: 844: 718: 693: 532: 522: 488: 461: 193: 53: 26: 4202: 4037:Romanian Aeronautical Constructions 1905-1974 4022: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3948: 3849: 3712: 3535: 3455:Austro-Hungarian Albatros Aces of World War 1 3434:(in Romanian). Editura Albatros. p. 74. 3380: 3048: 3011: 2988:Dan Antoniu; George Cicoș (27 October 2006). 2621:, the first mass-produced aircraft in Romania 2028:and would support the Romanian troops of the 1687:happening almost daily, with the aviators of 430:In April 1911, the Ministry of War ordered 4 3647:(in Romanian). No. 1/2020. p. 235. 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3353: 3240: 3162: 3158: 3156: 2777:His name also appears spelled as Găvănescul. 2410:List of World War I flying aces from Romania 1721: 1712: 1706: 1700: 1694: 1673: 142:Air commanders of World War I § Romania 4216: 4170:Illustrated History of Romanian Aeronautics 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2122:to Iași transporting the Romanian minister 508: 4209: 4195: 4052: 4050: 3985: 3051:"Din Istoria Aripilor Românești 1910-1916" 2983: 2981: 2979: 2899:"Romanian Aviation in the First World War" 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2759:Romanian military equipment of World War I 2754:List of Romanian Air Force units & WW1 1132:On 25 October 1916, 6 aircraft (including 648:, as the others were missing spare parts. 4148: 4133: 4121: 4075: 3906: 3894: 3882: 3808: 3697: 3685: 3660: 3612: 3582: 3570: 3520: 3514: 3480: 3417: 3402: 3368: 3341: 3329: 3287: 3255: 3234: 3228: 3213: 3196: 3184: 3153: 3147: 3132: 3120: 3002: 2556:Aircraft designs, assembly and production 4149:Avram, Valeriu; Armă, Alexandru (2018). 3919:Ion Pătroiu; Gheorghe Nicolescu (1999). 3912: 3866:"Un preuve de la mauvaise foi Allemande" 3642: 2675: 2613: 2576: 2565: 2497: 2417: 2277: 2161: 2101: 1999:, 1 Maurice Farman, 2 Caudron G.4 and 1 1974: 1744: 1654: 1579:-Brăila railroads and railway stations. 1525: 1329: 1217: 1160: 1059: 982: 838: 751: 650: 551: 390: 266: 4167: 4047: 3820: 3623: 3621: 3303:Comandanții Școlilor Aripilor Românești 3268:Richard L. DiNardo (17 December 2007). 3078: 2976: 2857: 2660:airplanes were produced in 1924 at the 2485:. The "10th Aeronautical Directorate" ( 2403: 1049:railroad station and the fuel depot in 987:57 mm "Negrei" anti-aircraft gun system 466:), on 5 May 1912, which was located in 4456: 4057:Octavian Silivestru (8 January 2021). 3773:(in Romanian). No. 85. p. 6. 3758:(in Romanian). No. 91. p. 6. 2924: 2922: 2897:Mihail Orzeață; Valeriu Avram (2018). 698:, which could be mobilized during war. 4190: 1111:equipped with 37 mm cannons, 10 808:enjoyed a special welcome. While the 620:. On return, captain Arion took more 4087: 3788:. Albatros Productions. p. 11. 3618: 2396:for refueling, the bomber landed at 388:airplanes were built under license. 3928:Buletinul Arhivelor Militare Române 3545:Buletinul Arhivelor Militare Române 3453:Paolo Varriale (18 December 2012). 3058:Buletinul Arhivelor Militare Române 2919: 2215:after receiving Bréguet 14 aircraft 1839: 1325: 873: 727:with a 50 hp engine, flown by 384:for spectators and workshops where 353:, which was replaced with a German 13: 4408:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service 4403:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service 2471: 2358:. 260 engines were also captured. 1726:. The unit's commander, Hauptmann 886:, 5 Blériot XI, 1 Farman HF.20, 4 14: 4495: 3719:(in Romanian). Editura Militară. 3457:. Osprey Publishing. p. 27. 3241:Petre Irimuș (18 December 2013). 3003:Gheorghiu, Constantin C. (1960). 2908:(3/2018): 206–231. Archived from 2466:Monument to the Heroes of the Air 2233:These squadrons took part in the 1826:armistice with the Central Powers 1079:At the beginning of October, the 195:Serviciul de Aeronautică Militară 55:Serviciul de Aeronautică Militară 52:1 April 1913 – 23 August 1915 as 4443:Bulgarian Army Aeroplane Section 2730: 2718: 2706: 2694: 2506:entered Romanian service in 1919 1285:François de Vergnette de Lamotte 1268:At the end of the year, General 1215:while trying to return to base. 1156: 804:Visiting Romania in the summer, 418:, Vlaicu flew his airplane from 68: 40: 35: 4153:(in Romanian). Editura Vremea. 4142: 4111:(in Romanian). No. 2–1991. 4100: 4081: 3964: 3942: 3858: 3843: 3826: 3784:Peter M. Grosz (January 2000). 3777: 3762: 3747: 3733: 3636: 3588: 3486: 3446: 3423: 3374: 3347: 3293: 3261: 3190: 3084: 2798: 2789: 2780: 2602:, while the third seat for the 1464:was also assigned to this group 1144:Wing 2 arrived in Romania from 450:military flight training school 59:23 August 1915 – 1 January 1924 4469:1913 establishments in Romania 4380:United States Army Air Service 4355:Canadian Air Force (1918–1920) 4247:Aircraft of the Central Powers 4242:Aircraft of the Entente Powers 3872:(in French). 14 December 1919. 3300:Marius-Adrian Nicoară (2012). 2996: 2958: 2940: 2835: 2817: 2771: 2369:R.70/18 which was used by the 2252:In the morning of 28 April, a 2157: 2130:and was awarded the ribbon of 1749:Romanian Nieuport fighters of 1720:) was created and assigned to 742: 1: 3743:(in Hungarian). 18 July 2019. 3097:. Trogen Books. p. 326. 3007:(in Romanian) (1st ed.). 2849:(in Romanian). Archived from 2811: 2166:Romanian troops crossing the 946:. The group had 3 squadrons: 717:25 hp engines (owned by 448:. On 1 April 1912, the first 262: 4365:Imperial Russian Air Service 3091:Ronald L. Tarnstrom (1998). 2373:for transport, performed an 2128:Order of the Star of Romania 2066:Grupul Aeronautic basarabean 2025:Grupul Aeronautic basarabean 1547:’s plants; the airfields at 1481:(will be re-assigned to the 1410:(will be re-assigned to the 1228:Kampfgeschwader 1 (Kagohl 1) 748:Neutrality years (1914–1916) 709:with a 70 hp engine; 1 490:Corpul Aeronauților Permanți 7: 4479:Aviation history of Romania 4428:Imperial German Air Service 3960:(in Romanian). p. 174. 3833:Yaroslav Tynchenko (2010). 3430:Constantin Nicolau (1983). 3392:(in Romanian). p. 172. 2742: 2671: 2628:Rezerva generală a aviației 2562:Rezerva generală a aviației 1702:Fliegerdetachement Nikitsch 1675:Fliegerdetachement Nikitsch 1342:Rezerva generală a aviației 1310:and the observer school to 676:with 80 hp engines; 4 672:with 50 hp engines; 7 440:(Second Lieutenant - Slt.) 367:fortifications of Bucharest 318:took place on 19 [ 314:). The last flight of this 188:until the formation of the 10: 4500: 4438:Ottoman Aviation Squadrons 2906:Romanian Military Thinking 2686:black and white photograph 2559: 2547:. The school was moved to 2432:Order of Michael the Brave 2407: 1834:peace treaty on 7 May 1918 806:Tsar Nicholas II of Russia 549:with a 70 hp engine. 4418: 4320: 4260: 4224: 4003:Adrian Deheleanu (2008). 2947:Ioan Vasile Buiu (2007). 2643:Piloting School of Tecuci 1797:, at the request of Gen. 1238:, which was stationed at 1093:non-commissioned officers 908:Bristol Coanda Monoplanes 820:and impressing the Tsar. 670:Bristol-Coanda Monoplanes 210:Aeronautica Regală Română 184:) was the air arm of the 152: 147: 134: 129: 111: 101: 91: 81: 63: 48: 34: 25: 20: 3786:Windsock Datafile Nr. 84 2764: 2057:Transylvanian volunteers 2052:Government of Bessarabia 509:Second Balkan War (1913) 477:flight school of Băneasa 4370:Royal Italian Air Corps 4350:Australian Flying Corps 4338:Royal Naval Air Service 4218:Aviation in World War I 2825:"Galeria comandantilor" 2488:Direcția 10 aeronautică 2363:Zeppelin-Staaken R.XIVa 1613:Romanian 4th Army Corps 1320:anti-aircraft artillery 1272:, the new Chief of the 1085:Henri Mathias Berthelot 1081:French Military Mission 1033:was intercepted by the 624:. At 8.10 we landed at 590:reconnaissance missions 588:The intensification of 458:George Valentin Bibescu 345:, under the command of 257:French Military Mission 4484:Romania in World War I 4399:Japanese air services 4094:Air Enthusiast 1996-05 3949:Valeriu Avram (1997). 3713:Valeriu Avram (2012). 3536:Valeriu Avram (2008). 3381:Valeriu Avram (1997). 3049:Valeriu Avram (2013). 2749:Romania in World War I 2689: 2662:Astra Aircraft Factory 2637: 2627: 2622: 2594: 2588: 2583: 2574: 2507: 2487: 2426: 2344:Hansa-Brandenburg W.29 2331: 2324: 2289: 2235:Hungarian-Romanian War 2226: 2219: 2211: 2205: 2196: 2190: 2184:In December 1918, the 2174: 2132: 2107: 2065: 2024: 2018: 2012: 1984: 1966: 1958: 1951: 1940: 1931: 1924: 1916: 1909: 1898: 1884: 1877: 1866: 1860: 1849: 1817: 1811: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1758: 1751: 1722: 1713: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1679: 1674: 1653: 1642: 1531: 1503: 1496: 1489: 1470: 1460: 1453: 1446: 1432: 1425: 1418: 1397: 1388: 1381: 1374: 1357: 1341: 1335: 1242: 1169: 1076: 1025: 988: 968: 960: 955:Escadrila "Alexandria" 954: 948: 938: 926: 918: 871: 853: 845: 764: 720:Liga Națională Aeriană 719: 695:Liga Națională Aeriană 694: 660: 630: 614:Metropolitan Cathedral 557: 534:Liga Națională Aeriană 533: 523: 489: 463:Liga Națională Aeriană 462: 412:Bucharest Army Arsenal 399: 272: 194: 181: 124:Hungarian–Romanian War 54: 27: 4329:British air services 4292:Aerial reconnaissance 4168:Antoniu, Dan (2014). 4134:Avram & Armă 2018 4122:Avram & Armă 2018 4076:Avram & Armă 2018 3907:Avram & Armă 2018 3895:Avram & Armă 2018 3883:Avram & Armă 2018 3809:Avram & Armă 2018 3698:Avram & Armă 2018 3686:Avram & Armă 2018 3661:Avram & Armă 2018 3613:Avram & Armă 2018 3583:Avram & Armă 2018 3571:Avram & Armă 2018 3515:Avram & Armă 2018 3481:Avram & Armă 2018 3418:Avram & Armă 2018 3403:Avram & Armă 2018 3369:Avram & Armă 2018 3354:Jănel Tănase (2018). 3342:Avram & Armă 2018 3330:Avram & Armă 2018 3288:Avram & Armă 2018 3256:Avram & Armă 2018 3229:Avram & Armă 2018 3214:Avram & Armă 2018 3185:Avram & Armă 2018 3148:Avram & Armă 2018 3133:Avram & Armă 2018 3121:Avram & Armă 2018 2679: 2647:Austro-Daimler 160 hp 2619:Hansa-Brandenburg C.I 2617: 2580: 2569: 2501: 2421: 2281: 2165: 2105: 1991:, 16 Nieuport 11, 14 1978: 1828:, following Russia's 1748: 1658: 1648: 1529: 1333: 1221: 1164: 1089:commissioned officers 1063: 986: 949:Escadrila "București" 866: 842: 755: 668:Military aircraft: 3 654: 606: 555: 394: 372:On 20 November 1909, 270: 249:aerial reconnaissance 3600:Arhiva Radio România 2638:Arsenalul Aeronautic 2493:Aeronautical Arsenal 2404:Victories and losses 2371:Ukrainian Government 2356:Hansa-Brandenburg FB 2041:Bessarabian campaign 1941:Grupul 3 Aeronautic 1872:Sopwith 1½ Strutters 1830:ceasefire agreements 1624:the summer offensive 1602:Sergeant First Class 1471:Grupul 3 Aeronautic 849:) and the cipher of 713:; 2 Blériot XI with 604:. The pilot noting: 513:On 5 July [ 334:and a third person. 4384:Greek air services 4225:People and aircraft 4018:. pp. 301–307. 2361:On 19 September, a 2239:Transylvanian Saxon 2050:On 6 February, the 1981:Sopwith 1½ Strutter 1900:Grupul 2 Aeronautic 1851:Grupul 1 Aeronautic 1799:Dmitry Shcherbachev 1772:Grupul 3 Aeronautic 1753:Grupul 1 Aeronautic 1705:(later re-named to 1631:Battle of Mărășești 1571:-Focșani and Buzău- 1399:Grupul 2 Aeronautic 1359:Grupul 1 Aeronautic 961:Escadrila "Budești" 684:with a 100 hp 524:Secția I de Aviație 452:was established in 442:Ștefan Protopopescu 359:aerial surveillance 341:Company in the 1st 4464:Romanian Air Corps 4375:Romanian Air Corps 4360:French Air Service 4333:Royal Flying Corps 4302:Flight over Vienna 3958:Muzeul Național IX 3390:Muzeul Național IX 3197:Bert Hall (1918). 3163:Dan-Eugen Sambra. 2690: 2623: 2589: 2575: 2508: 2427: 2340:Aviatik (Berg) D.I 2290: 2186:5th Aviation Group 2175: 2108: 1985: 1759: 1723:Fliegerkompanie 31 1680: 1532: 1477:, assigned to the 1406:, assigned to the 1366:, assigned to the 1336: 1243: 1170: 1077: 1026:Grupul 1 Escadrile 989: 972:- assigned to the 969:Grupul 4 Escadrile 942:- assigned to the 939:Grupul 3 Escadrile 930:- assigned to the 927:Grupul 2 Escadrile 919:Grupul 1 Escadrile 859:Lieutenant-Colonel 854: 765: 661: 622:stereoscopic views 558: 400: 398:under construction 365:that defended the 361:in support of the 328:Nicolae Haralambie 293:Constantin Poenaru 273: 190:Romanian Air Force 166:Romanian Air Corps 76:Kingdom of Romania 21:Romanian Air Corps 4451: 4450: 4393:Naval Air Service 4287:Bombing of cities 4270:Strategic bombing 4179:978-973-0-17209-6 4160:978-973-645-853-8 4124:, pp. 58–60. 4078:, pp. 16–17. 4012:Analele Banatului 3981:. 7 October 2009. 3897:, pp. 51–52. 3726:978-973-32-0900-3 3615:, pp. 41–42. 3517:, pp. 35–36. 3483:, pp. 29–31. 3420:, pp. 25–27. 3371:, pp. 21–22. 3316:978-606-524-114-5 3231:, pp. 13–15. 3216:, pp. 11–12. 2915:on 24 April 2023. 2479:seaplane squadron 2423:Dumitru Bădulescu 2375:emergency landing 2152:Câmpia Libertății 2148:Ion I.C. Brătianu 2134:Virtutea Militară 1479:1st Romanian Army 1412:1st Romanian Army 1368:2nd Romanian Army 1270:Constantin Prezan 1083:, led by General 944:Romanian 3rd Army 932:Romanian 2nd Army 711:Farman model 1912 639:Gheorghe Negrescu 493:), consisting of 416:military exercise 374:Cerchez & Co. 343:Engineer Regiment 218:Second Balkan War 182:Corpul de Aviație 159: 158: 116:Second Balkan War 28:Corpul de Aviație 4491: 4388:Army Air Service 4211: 4204: 4197: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4164: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4109:Revista Modelism 4104: 4098: 4097: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4054: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4031: 4020: 4019: 4016:Muzeul Banatului 4009: 4000: 3983: 3982: 3976: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3955: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3925: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3852:Revista Modelism 3847: 3841: 3840: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3771:Revista Modelism 3766: 3760: 3759: 3756:Revista Modelism 3751: 3745: 3744: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3710: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3688:, p. 44-50. 3683: 3664: 3663:, p. 42-43. 3658: 3649: 3648: 3645:Revista Misiunea 3640: 3634: 3633: 3630:Revista Modelism 3625: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3573:, p. 38-39. 3568: 3557: 3556: 3542: 3533: 3518: 3512: 3503: 3502: 3499:Revista Art-Emis 3490: 3484: 3478: 3469: 3468: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3387: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3308: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3173: 3172: 3160: 3151: 3145: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3109: 3108: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3055: 3046: 3009: 3008: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2985: 2974: 2973: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2926: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2903: 2894: 2855: 2854: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2821: 2805: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2734: 2722: 2710: 2698: 2640: 2630: 2597: 2586: 2533:Vălenii de Munte 2490: 2452: 2444:Marcel Drăgușanu 2391: 2334: 2327: 2325:Grupul 5 Aviație 2306: 2229: 2222: 2214: 2208: 2199: 2193: 2191:Grupul 5 Aviație 2179:communist regime 2137: 2124:Victor Antonescu 2068: 2038: 2027: 2021: 2019:Escadrila N.3bis 2015: 1969: 1961: 1954: 1946: 1934: 1927: 1919: 1912: 1904: 1887: 1880: 1870:after receiving 1869: 1863: 1855: 1840:Campaign of 1918 1820: 1814: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1756: 1725: 1719: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1677: 1668: 1645: 1621: 1521: 1506: 1499: 1492: 1483:6th Russian Army 1476: 1463: 1456: 1449: 1435: 1428: 1421: 1408:4th Russian Army 1405: 1391: 1384: 1377: 1365: 1344: 1326:Campaign of 1917 1293: 1282: 1236: 1210: 1109:Bréguet-Michelin 1028: 1001:Austro-Hungarian 971: 963: 957: 951: 941: 929: 921: 874:Campaign of 1916 848: 737: 729:Mircea Zorileanu 722: 697: 647: 635:liaison missions 536: 526: 492: 465: 410:airplane at the 309: 297:hydrogen balloon 230:leaflet dropping 197: 74: 72: 71: 57: 44: 39: 30: 18: 17: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4447: 4420: 4414: 4343:Royal Air Force 4322: 4316: 4262: 4256: 4220: 4215: 4180: 4161: 4145: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4105: 4101: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4055: 4048: 4040: 4032: 4023: 4014:(in Romanian). 4007: 4001: 3986: 3974: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3953: 3947: 3943: 3923: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3848: 3844: 3839:(in Ukrainian). 3831: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3782: 3778: 3767: 3763: 3752: 3748: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3727: 3711: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3684: 3667: 3659: 3652: 3641: 3637: 3626: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3560: 3540: 3534: 3521: 3513: 3506: 3491: 3487: 3479: 3472: 3465: 3451: 3447: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3385: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3317: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3266: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3239: 3235: 3227: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3176: 3161: 3154: 3150:, pp. 6–7. 3146: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3119: 3112: 3105: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3053: 3047: 3012: 3001: 2997: 2986: 2977: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2951: 2945: 2941: 2928: 2927: 2920: 2912: 2901: 2895: 2858: 2853:on 5 June 2009. 2841: 2840: 2836: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2745: 2738: 2735: 2726: 2723: 2714: 2711: 2702: 2699: 2674: 2564: 2558: 2545:Pipera airfield 2541:Sfântu Gheorghe 2483:Ministry of War 2474: 2472:Interwar period 2446: 2440:Grigore Gafencu 2436:Ermil Gheorghiu 2416: 2406: 2385: 2300: 2197:Grupul ardelean 2160: 2032: 2001:Morane-Saulnier 1842: 1764:Kurt von Morgen 1670:Albatros D.IIIs 1662: 1615: 1515: 1513:Caquot balloons 1504:Escadrila B.M.8 1328: 1287: 1276: 1251:railroad bridge 1230: 1204: 1159: 1150:Romanian Flight 1148:as part of the 896:Morane-Saulnier 876: 818:dives and loops 750: 745: 731: 641: 511: 351:captive balloon 312:Michel-le-Brave 303: 265: 241:First World War 162: 136: 122: 120:First World War 118: 69: 67: 58: 12: 11: 5: 4497: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4424: 4422: 4419:Central Powers 4416: 4415: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4326: 4324: 4321:Entente Powers 4318: 4317: 4315: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4297:Fokker Scourge 4294: 4289: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4277: 4266: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4221: 4214: 4213: 4206: 4199: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4178: 4165: 4159: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4126: 4114: 4099: 4080: 4068: 4065:(in Romanian). 4046: 4021: 3984: 3979:Early Aviators 3963: 3941: 3911: 3899: 3887: 3875: 3857: 3842: 3825: 3813: 3811:, p. 211. 3801: 3794: 3776: 3761: 3746: 3732: 3725: 3702: 3690: 3665: 3650: 3635: 3617: 3605: 3602:(in Romanian). 3587: 3575: 3558: 3519: 3504: 3501:(in Romanian). 3485: 3470: 3463: 3445: 3422: 3407: 3395: 3373: 3361: 3346: 3334: 3322: 3315: 3292: 3280: 3260: 3248: 3245:(in Romanian). 3233: 3218: 3206: 3203:. p. 124. 3189: 3174: 3171:(in Romanian). 3152: 3137: 3125: 3110: 3103: 3094:Balkan Battles 3083: 3071: 3010: 2995: 2992:(in Romanian). 2975: 2972:(in Romanian). 2957: 2954:(in Romanian). 2939: 2936:(in Romanian). 2918: 2856: 2834: 2831:(in Romanian). 2815: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2797: 2788: 2779: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2739: 2736: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2693: 2673: 2670: 2557: 2554: 2473: 2470: 2468:in Bucharest. 2405: 2402: 2237:. A number of 2231: 2230: 2227:Escadrila S.12 2223: 2216: 2168:pontoon bridge 2159: 2156: 2097:Dniester river 2030:6th Army Corps 1973: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1967:Escadrila N.10 1963: 1959:Escadrila S.12 1955: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1928: 1925:Escadrila N.11 1921: 1913: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1881: 1874: 1841: 1838: 1812:Escadrila N.11 1784:Escadrila N.10 1690:Escadrila N.11 1561:Târgu Secuiesc 1557:Miercurea-Ciuc 1524: 1523: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1500: 1497:Escadrila N.10 1493: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1461:Escadrila C.12 1457: 1454:Escadrila N.11 1450: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1429: 1422: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1385: 1378: 1327: 1324: 1182:oil refineries 1168:over Bucharest 1158: 1155: 1039:Hotchkiss 8 mm 993:Central Powers 981: 980: 977: 965: 935: 923: 898:monoplanes, 1 875: 872: 851:King Ferdinand 774:Turnu Măgurele 749: 746: 744: 741: 740: 739: 699: 510: 507: 301:"Mihai Bravul" 289:Iacob Lahovary 264: 261: 232:missions over 222:reconnaissance 170:Aviation Corps 160: 157: 156: 150: 149: 148:Aircraft flown 145: 144: 138: 132: 131: 127: 126: 113: 109: 108: 106:Aerial warfare 103: 99: 98: 93: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 65: 61: 60: 50: 46: 45: 32: 31: 23: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4496: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4417: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4207: 4205: 4200: 4198: 4193: 4192: 4189: 4181: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4146: 4136:, p. 84. 4135: 4130: 4123: 4118: 4110: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4077: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4051: 4039: 4038: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4017: 4013: 4006: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3980: 3973: 3967: 3959: 3952: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3922: 3915: 3909:, p. 38. 3908: 3903: 3896: 3891: 3885:, p. 51. 3884: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3853: 3846: 3838: 3837: 3829: 3822: 3817: 3810: 3805: 3797: 3795:9781902207261 3791: 3787: 3780: 3772: 3765: 3757: 3750: 3742: 3736: 3728: 3722: 3718: 3717: 3709: 3707: 3700:, p. 43. 3699: 3694: 3687: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3662: 3657: 3655: 3646: 3639: 3631: 3624: 3622: 3614: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3585:, p. 40. 3584: 3579: 3572: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3516: 3511: 3509: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3466: 3464:9781849087476 3460: 3456: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3419: 3414: 3412: 3405:, p. 24. 3404: 3399: 3391: 3384: 3377: 3370: 3365: 3357: 3350: 3344:, p. 19. 3343: 3338: 3332:, p. 17. 3331: 3326: 3318: 3312: 3305: 3304: 3296: 3290:, p. 18. 3289: 3284: 3273: 3272: 3264: 3258:, p. 73. 3257: 3252: 3244: 3237: 3230: 3225: 3223: 3215: 3210: 3202: 3201: 3193: 3186: 3181: 3179: 3170: 3166: 3159: 3157: 3149: 3144: 3142: 3135:, p. 59. 3134: 3129: 3122: 3117: 3115: 3106: 3104:9780922037148 3100: 3096: 3095: 3087: 3081:, p. 27. 3080: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3006: 2999: 2991: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2950: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2923: 2911: 2907: 2900: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2816: 2801: 2792: 2783: 2774: 2770: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2733: 2728: 2721: 2716: 2709: 2704: 2697: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2669: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2633: 2629: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2522:hydroaviation 2517: 2514: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2365:, registered 2364: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2333: 2332:Escadrila N.7 2326: 2320: 2318: 2317:Fokker D.VIIs 2314: 2310: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2288: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2274: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2221: 2220:Escadrila N.7 2217: 2213: 2212:Escadrila B.2 2209:- renamed to 2207: 2206:Escadrila S.2 2203: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2180: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2135: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2104: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2013:Escadrila F.4 2009: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1982: 1977: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1953: 1952:Escadrila F.9 1949: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1938: 1933: 1932:Escadrila N.3 1929: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1917:Escadrila S.8 1914: 1911: 1910:Escadrila F.5 1907: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1885:Escadrila N.1 1882: 1879: 1878:Escadrila F.2 1875: 1873: 1868: 1867:Escadrila S.6 1864:- renamed to 1862: 1861:Escadrila F.6 1858: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1819: 1818:Escadrila F.9 1813: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1793:were sent to 1791: 1790:Escadrila F.5 1785: 1779: 1778:Escadrila F.7 1773: 1767: 1765: 1755: 1754: 1747: 1743: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1728:Karl Nikitsch 1724: 1718: 1717: 1709: 1703: 1697: 1691: 1686: 1676: 1672:were used by 1671: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1644: 1643:Escadrila F.7 1638: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1625: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1569:Râmnicu Sărat 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1528: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1491: 1490:Escadrila F.5 1487: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1447:Escadrila F.9 1444: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1434: 1433:Escadrila N.3 1430: 1427: 1426:Escadrila F.7 1423: 1420: 1419:Escadrila F.4 1416: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1389:Escadrila N.1 1386: 1383: 1382:Escadrila F.6 1379: 1376: 1375:Escadrila F.2 1372: 1371: 1369: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1343: 1332: 1323: 1321: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1241: 1237: 1234: 1229: 1225:were used by 1224: 1220: 1216: 1214: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1167: 1163: 1157:Bombing raids 1154: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 985: 978: 975: 974:Northern Army 970: 966: 962: 956: 950: 945: 940: 936: 933: 928: 924: 920: 916: 915: 914: 911: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 870: 865: 862: 860: 852: 847: 846:Pajura Regală 841: 837: 833: 830: 826: 821: 819: 815: 811: 810:Imperial ship 807: 802: 800: 796: 792: 791:Turnu Severin 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 762: 759: 754: 735: 730: 726: 721: 716: 712: 708: 707:Bristol B.R.7 704: 700: 696: 691: 687: 683: 682:Rumpler Taube 679: 675: 674:Bristol T.B.8 671: 667: 666: 665: 658: 653: 649: 645: 640: 636: 629: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 605: 603: 599: 598:drop leaflets 594: 591: 586: 584: 580: 575: 571: 567: 563: 554: 550: 548: 544: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 516: 506: 504: 500: 499:air observers 496: 491: 486: 480: 478: 473: 472:civil society 469: 464: 459: 455: 451: 447: 446:Romanian Army 443: 439: 438: 437:Sublocotenent 433: 428: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 406:to build the 405: 397: 393: 389: 387: 383: 379: 375: 370: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 335: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 307: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 269: 260: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 237: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 214: 212: 211: 205: 201: 196: 191: 187: 186:Romanian army 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 161:Military unit 155: 151: 146: 143: 139: 133: 128: 125: 121: 117: 114: 110: 107: 104: 100: 97: 94: 90: 87: 86:Romanian Army 84: 80: 77: 66: 62: 56: 51: 47: 43: 38: 33: 29: 24: 19: 16: 4421:air services 4374: 4323:air services 4307:Bloody April 4169: 4150: 4143:Bibliography 4129: 4117: 4108: 4102: 4093: 4083: 4071: 4062: 4036: 4011: 3978: 3966: 3957: 3944: 3927: 3914: 3902: 3890: 3878: 3869: 3860: 3851: 3845: 3835: 3828: 3821:Antoniu 2014 3816: 3804: 3785: 3779: 3770: 3764: 3755: 3749: 3735: 3715: 3693: 3644: 3638: 3629: 3608: 3599: 3590: 3578: 3544: 3498: 3488: 3454: 3448: 3432:Proba de Foc 3431: 3425: 3398: 3389: 3376: 3364: 3349: 3337: 3325: 3302: 3295: 3283: 3270: 3263: 3251: 3236: 3209: 3199: 3192: 3187:, p. 9. 3168: 3128: 3123:, p. 5. 3093: 3086: 3079:Antoniu 2014 3074: 3057: 3004: 2998: 2969: 2960: 2942: 2933: 2910:the original 2905: 2851:the original 2846: 2843:"Începuturi" 2837: 2828: 2819: 2800: 2791: 2782: 2773: 2651: 2634: 2624: 2609: 2590: 2587:(the Locust) 2530: 2518: 2509: 2475: 2458:Maurice Gond 2455: 2428: 2383:Petro Benzya 2360: 2337: 2321: 2291: 2270: 2251: 2243: 2232: 2194:) nicknamed 2183: 2176: 2109: 2071: 2049: 2005: 1986: 1843: 1823: 1768: 1760: 1732: 1714:Jagdstaffel 1708:Kampfstaffel 1681: 1660:Oeffag-built 1649: 1639: 1628: 1606: 1595: 1592:Vasile Craiu 1583: 1581: 1533: 1351: 1337: 1316: 1297: 1267: 1263:Royal Palace 1259: 1244: 1226: 1171: 1149: 1138:Nieuport 12s 1134:Farman HF 27 1131: 1124: 1102: 1078: 1043: 1021:Transylvania 1013: 995:deployed 22 990: 912: 877: 867: 863: 855: 834: 822: 803: 766: 690:Albatros B.I 678:Farman HF.20 662: 657:C. H. Pixton 631: 610:Royal Palace 607: 595: 587: 570:Ferdinandovo 560:On 24 July, 559: 512: 481: 435: 429: 404:Aurel Vlaicu 401: 371: 355:kite balloon 336: 311: 274: 238: 215: 208: 173: 169: 165: 163: 15: 4263:and battles 2966:"Anul 1893" 2682:Nieuport 11 2680:A Romanian 2504:Bréguet 14s 2447: [ 2386: [ 2379:Cristinești 2348:Fokker D.VI 2342:, about 12 2309:Zagyvarékas 2301: [ 2246:Nieuport 23 2172:Tisza river 2158:War of 1919 2093:Grigoriopol 2033: [ 1979:A Romanian 1740:green smoke 1663: [ 1616: [ 1516: [ 1288: [ 1277: [ 1231: [ 1205: [ 1121:Nieuport 21 1117:Nieuport 11 1113:Caudron G.4 1071:, close to 1035:Farman F.40 904:Aviatik C.I 900:Caudron G.3 829:Ferdinand I 743:World War I 732: [ 725:Nieuport IV 703:coté a coté 642: [ 547:Blériot XXI 543:Farman MF.7 529:A Vlaicu II 304: [ 253:photography 245:Allied side 112:Engagements 4458:Categories 4232:Commanders 4088:D.Bernad. 2812:References 2604:bombardier 2560:See also: 2502:The first 2408:See also: 2352:Phönix C.I 2116:Bréguet 14 2112:Louis Noël 2055:formed of 1920:- ex-B.M.8 1803:Bessarabia 1735:gas shells 1223:AEG G.IIIs 1055:army corps 888:Voisin III 756:A Bristol 531:airplane. 424:Piatra Olt 408:A Vlaicu I 396:A Vlaicu I 347:Lieutenant 263:Beginnings 137:commanders 130:Commanders 4261:Campaigns 4252:Zeppelins 3936:1454-0924 3870:Le Miroir 3553:1454-0924 3440:223094304 3200:En l'air! 3066:1454-0924 2930:"Istoric" 2572:Cotroceni 2526:parachute 2298:Ioan Sava 2284:MAG-built 2170:over the 2045:SPAD VIIs 2008:Bolshevik 1989:Nieuports 1962:- ex-C.12 1696:Le Prieur 1685:dogfights 1597:Plutonier 1255:Cernavodă 1247:Constanța 1194:Timișoara 1174:Hauptmann 1129:rockets. 1126:Le Prieur 1105:Bréguet 5 1097:corporals 1065:Bert Hall 1009:Burileanu 814:Black Sea 778:Mărășești 763:8 (T.B.8) 618:Filipopol 503:mechanics 456:. Prince 454:Cotroceni 382:bleachers 363:artillery 339:Telegraph 332:Ion Ghica 281:Bucharest 96:Air corps 4280:Cuxhaven 3169:Historia 2743:See also 2672:Roundels 2600:observer 2462:Adjutant 2313:UFAG C.I 2294:Debrecen 2266:Béla Kun 2258:Budapest 2254:LVG C.VI 2120:Salonica 2089:Tiraspol 2083:east of 2061:Chișinău 2059:entered 1993:Sopwiths 1646:noting: 1635:fighters 1588:shrapnel 1304:Botoșani 1190:gondolas 1186:Ploiești 1166:Zeppelin 1047:Svishtov 1031:Călărași 1017:Dobrudja 795:Silistra 786:Medgidia 686:Mercedes 583:Segarcea 519:campaign 234:Bulgaria 202:and the 200:aviation 178:Romanian 4312:Battles 2658:Proto 2 2654:Proto 1 2595:Lăcusta 2584:Lăcusta 2537:Făgăraș 2442:, Slt. 2287:Fokkers 2114:flew a 2081:channel 2078:Ochakov 2039:in the 1997:Farmans 1807:Bolgrad 1611:of the 1553:Covasna 1549:Focșani 1541:Bréguet 1240:Razgrad 1213:Tarnovo 1107:and 12 1051:Rusciuk 880:Entente 825:Carol I 782:Pașcani 770:Craiova 761:Biplane 758:Tractor 626:Orhanie 579:Private 574:Rabisha 562:Captain 539:Blériot 485:General 468:Băneasa 432:Farmans 420:Slatina 378:Chitila 326:(Col.) 324:Colonel 316:balloon 287:(Maj.) 283:, took 243:on the 226:liaison 204:balloon 135:Notable 64:Country 4275:German 4176: 4157: 3934: 3792: 3723: 3551: 3461: 3438: 3313: 3101: 3064: 2549:Mediaș 2398:Pipera 2354:and 4 2273:Anatra 2085:Vâlcov 2074:Chilia 1902:Tecuci 1795:Ismail 1757:, 1917 1609:salvos 1584:Traian 1573:Făurei 1563:; the 1545:Brașov 1537:Brăila 1473:Galați 1402:Tecuci 1312:Vaslui 1308:Odessa 1300:Bârlad 1274:M.C.G. 1178:Yambol 1146:Imbros 1073:Galați 1069:Danube 997:German 715:Anzani 545:and 1 495:pilots 386:Farman 299:named 285:Majors 82:Branch 73: 49:Active 4063:RADOR 4041:(PDF) 4008:(PDF) 3975:(PDF) 3954:(PDF) 3924:(PDF) 3541:(PDF) 3386:(PDF) 3307:(PDF) 3275:(PDF) 3054:(PDF) 2952:(PDF) 2913:(PDF) 2902:(PDF) 2765:Notes 2451:] 2394:Adjud 2390:] 2377:near 2305:] 2140:Bacău 2118:from 2037:] 1995:, 26 1943:Roman 1853:Bacău 1775:with 1716:Harja 1667:] 1620:] 1577:Ianca 1565:Buzău 1520:] 1362:Bacău 1292:] 1281:] 1235:] 1209:] 1202:LZ 81 1198:Utvin 1140:) of 1119:, 10 1115:, 18 1095:, 36 1091:, 45 1005:LZ 81 902:; an 884:MF.11 736:] 723:); 1 646:] 602:Sofia 600:over 566:Vidin 308:] 4237:Aces 4174:ISBN 4155:ISBN 3932:ISSN 3790:ISBN 3721:ISBN 3549:ISSN 3459:ISBN 3436:OCLC 3311:ISBN 3099:ISBN 3062:ISSN 2970:RoAF 2934:RoAF 2847:RoAF 2829:RoAF 2666:Arad 2539:and 2513:SPAD 2412:and 2350:, 4 2346:, 6 2262:Kyiv 2144:Blaj 2016:and 1781:and 1594:and 1559:and 1142:RNAS 1136:and 999:and 991:The 958:and 894:, 4 799:Iași 797:and 784:and 680:; 1 515:O.S. 501:and 320:O.S. 277:O.S. 251:and 228:and 164:The 102:Role 92:Type 2664:in 2367:DLR 2260:to 2142:to 1711:or 1485:): 1414:): 1347:RGA 1253:at 1184:of 422:to 213:). 176:) ( 174:RAC 168:or 4460:: 4172:. 4092:. 4061:. 4049:^ 4024:^ 4010:. 3987:^ 3977:. 3956:. 3926:. 3868:. 3705:^ 3668:^ 3653:^ 3620:^ 3598:. 3561:^ 3543:. 3522:^ 3507:^ 3497:. 3473:^ 3410:^ 3388:. 3221:^ 3177:^ 3167:. 3155:^ 3140:^ 3113:^ 3056:. 3013:^ 2978:^ 2968:. 2932:. 2921:^ 2904:. 2859:^ 2845:. 2827:. 2668:. 2535:, 2449:fr 2388:uk 2303:ro 2069:. 2035:ro 2003:. 1947:: 1905:: 1856:: 1836:. 1821:. 1665:de 1618:ro 1555:, 1551:, 1518:fr 1370:: 1322:. 1314:. 1290:fr 1279:ro 1233:de 1207:de 1023:, 952:, 801:. 780:, 776:, 772:, 734:ro 644:ro 585:. 568:- 497:, 330:, 306:ro 291:, 236:. 224:, 180:: 4210:e 4203:t 4196:v 4182:. 4163:. 4096:. 4043:. 3938:. 3823:. 3798:. 3729:. 3555:. 3467:. 3442:. 3358:. 3319:. 3277:. 3107:. 3068:. 2688:. 2188:( 2095:- 2091:- 1983:. 1678:. 1600:( 1575:- 1567:- 1522:. 1345:( 1075:. 976:. 964:. 934:. 892:V 890:/ 738:. 310:( 207:( 172:(

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