3660:. In West Africa, the Yoruba people leave offerings for Eshu-Elegba at the crossroads. In Hoodoo, the crossroads has spiritual power, and rituals are performed at the crossroads, where there is a spirit that resides to receive offerings. However, the spirit that resides at the crossroads in Hoodoo is not named Eshu-Elegba. Folklorist Newbell Niles Puckett recorded a number of crossroads rituals in Hoodoo practiced among African Americans in the South and explained their meaning. Puckett wrote, "Possibly this custom of sacrificing at the crossroads is due to the idea that spirits, like men, travel the highways and would be more likely to hit upon the offering at the crossroads than elsewhere." In addition to leaving offerings and performing rituals at the crossroads, sometimes spiritual work or "spells" are left there to remove unwanted energies. The belief in an entity that lords over the crossroads is present not only in African Diasporic traditions but also in Indigenous traditions around the world. However, Black Hoodoo practitioners in the Chesapeake region have pushed back on the misinterpretation of that finding, knowing the crossroads artifact to invoke what would later be known as The Man at the Crossroads. As entities shifted, reformed, and were reborn, they married with North American land to emerge as new deities.
4271:. By identifying as Christian, African American conjurers were able to hide their Hoodoo practices in the Christian religion. The beginnings of the African American church have its roots in African traditions. When Africans were enslaved in America, they brought their religious worldviews with them that synchronized with Christianity. These African worldviews in Black churches include ancestral spirits that can be petitioned through prayer for assistance in life, spirit possession, laying on of hands to heal, ecstatic forms of worship using drums with singing and clapping, and respecting and living in harmony with nature and the spirits of nature. For example, in Hoodoo, the divine can be commanded to act through the use of mojo bags, prayers, spiritual works or "spells" and laying tricks. One does not have to wait on God but can command the divine to act at will through the use of Hoodoo rituals. This is what makes African American Christianity in Hoodoo different from other forms of Christianity. By seeing God in this way, Hoodoo practices are preserved in and outside the
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Black cemeteries and at grave sites in the Kongo region. The T-shaped headstone peculiar to Black cemeteries in North
Florida during the 1920s through the 1950s corresponds to the lower half of the Kongo cosmogram that symbolizes the realm of the ancestors and spiritual power. In Bantu-Kongo spirituality, the spirit realm is in the color white. African Americans decorated the graves of their family members with white items such as white conch seashells, representing the watery divide located on the horizontal line of the Kongo cosmogram that is a boundary between the realm of the living and the realm of the dead. By placing seashells on graves, African Americans were creating a boundary (barrier) between the recently deceased and them, keeping the spirit in the realm of the dead below the Kongo cosmogram. Another reason was to guide the recently deceased into the ancestral realm or return their spirit back to Africa.
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deceased. Former slave
Reverend Irving E. Lowrey recorded this practice in his slave narrative when he attended the funeral of Mary, an enslaved woman who died of poisoning. Her infant child was passed over her coffin so that her spirit would not return to visit the baby, scaring it. Lowrey wrote in his narrative: "Mary's baby was taken to the graveyard by its grandmother, and before the corpse was deposited in the earth, the baby was passed from one person to another across the coffin. The slaves believed that if this was not done, it would be impossible to raise the infant. The mother's spirit would come back for her baby and take it to herself. This belief is held by many of the descendants of these slaves, who practice the same thing at the present day." The practice of passing babies and small children over coffins continues in Gullah Geechee communities in the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia.
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2394:, a former slave, abolitionist, and author, wrote in his autobiography that he sought spiritual assistance from an enslaved conjurer named Sandy Jenkins. Sandy told Douglass to follow him into the woods where they found a root that Sandy told Douglass to carry in his right pocket to prevent any white man from whipping him. Douglass carried the root on his right side as instructed by Sandy and hoped the root would work when he returned to the plantation. The cruel slave-breaker Mr. Covey told Douglass to do some work, but as Mr. Covey approached Douglass, Douglass had the strength and courage to resist Mr. Covey and defeated him after they fought. Covey never bothered Douglass again. In his autobiography, Douglass believed the root given to him by Sandy prevented him from being whipped by Mr. Covey.
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while some simply did not care. Laws passed preventing enslaved
African Americans from providing medical care for themselves further exacerbated this problem. Slaveholders passed preventative medical laws on their slaves because they feared slaves would poison them with their herbal knowledge. In 1748, Virginia passed a law to prevent African Americans from administering medicines, because white Americans feared Black folk practitioners would poison them. However, some white Americans in Virginia continued to rely on African American herbal doctors because their cures were better than the white doctors'. In addition, in 1749 in South Carolina the General Assembly passed a law prohibiting slaves from practicing medicine or dispensing medication, punishable by death. Slaveholders feared a possible
5590:, provided jobs for unemployed writers to write and collect the experiences of former slaves. Writers, both Black and white, documented the experiences of the last generation of African Americans born into slavery. Former African American slaves told writers about their slave experience, providing readers a glimpse into the lives of the enslaved. Slave narratives revealed the culture of African Americans during slavery. African American former slaves talked about conjure, rootwork, Hoodoo, healing with herbs, removing curses, talking to spirits, using graveyard dirt to curse people, divination with cards and a walking boy, Hoodoo in Black churches, hiding conjure practices from their enslavers, cursing their enslavers, animal sacrifice, and other conjure practices. "Hoodoo, as used in the
4704:(conjure bags) to carry a spirit or spirits with you. Dirt from graveyards provides a means to have connections to spirits of the dead. To calm the spirits of ancestors, African Americans leave the last objects they used in life on top of their graves, believing them to contain the last essence of the person before they died, as a way of acknowledging them. The cemetery is seen as a final resting place for the dead and as a doorway to the realm of the spirits. In Hoodoo, the spirits of the dead can be petitioned or conjured to carry out certain tasks for the conjurer, either positive or negative. This practice of ancestral reverence, using graveyard dirt, working with spirits of the dead, and decorating graves of family members and giving food offerings to dead relatives so they will not
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prevented whites from catching runaway slaves. In other narratives, slaves made a jack ball to know if a slave would be whipped or not. Slaves chewed and spit the juices of roots near their enslavers secretly to calm the emotions of the slaveholders, which prevented whippings. Slaves relied on conjurers to prevent whippings and being sold further South. A story from a former slave, Mary
Middleton, a Gullah woman from the South Carolina Sea Islands, tells of an incident where a slaveholder was physically weakened from conjure. A slaveholder beat one of his slaves badly. The slave he beat went to a conjurer, and the conjurer made the slaveholder weak by sunset. Middleton said, "As soon as the sun was down, he was down too, he down yet. De witch done dat."
5856:, Bible conjure, and conjuring in the African American tradition. By the twentieth century, white drugstore owners and mail-order companies owned by white Americans changed the culture of hoodoo. The hoodoo that is practiced outside the African American community is not the hoodoo created by African Americans. It is called "marketeered" hoodoo. Other words for marketeered hoodoo are commercialized or tourist hoodoo. Hoodoo was modified by white merchants and replaced with fabricated practices and tools while some of the hoodoo practices by African Americans in the twentieth century into the present day went underground. Marketeered hoodoo spread further outside the African American community into other communities when hoodoo was marketed on the
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American Christianity as enslaved African Americans reinterpreted Christianity to fit their situation in America as slaves. For example, God was seen as powerful and his power could help free slaves. This created an "invisible institution" on slave plantations as enslaved Africans practiced the ring shout, spirit possession, and healing rituals to receive messages from spirit about freedom. These practices were done in secret away from slaveholders. This was done in the Hoodoo church among the enslaved. Nat Turner had visions and omens which he interpreted as coming from spirit, and that spirit told him to start a rebellion to free slaves through armed resistance. Turner combined African spirituality with Christianity.
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oneself from evil spirits, broken lines and fragmented shapes are sewn into fabrics and quilts. Some of the meanings of the
African symbols sewn into quilts were kept secret. Scholars suggest some of the African American women who made quilts might have been in a secret society that retained the true spiritual meanings of the symbols seen in their quilts. Only initiates trained in quilt making received the spiritual meanings of the African symbols. Some of the symbols mention the crossroads, the Kongo cosmogram, and the ancestors. Certain colors are used in quilts to protect from evil and invoke ancestral spirits. Scholars interviewed an African American quilt maker in Oregon and have found
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3679:, associated with lightning and thunder. This fear and respect toward thunder and lightning survived in African American communities. Folklorist Puckett wrote, "and thunder denotes an angry creator." Puckett recorded several beliefs surrounding the fear and respect for thunder and lightning in the African American community. In Hoodoo, objects struck by lightning hold great power. However, the name Shango and other African deity names were lost during slavery. Therefore, the name Shango does not exist in Hoodoo, but simply the name "the thunder god." Enslaved and free Black people in New York were known among whites in the area to take an oath to thunder and lightning. During the
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5449:, which tells the story of African Americans after the Civil War and how they used conjure to fix their everyday problems. Additionally, Chesnutt does not portray the African American characters in the book as racially inferior to whites. The African Americans in the book use their wit and intelligence, combining Hoodoo practices to solve their problems. The style of writing is phonetic, with Chesnutt using dialogue with language as spoken by African Americans in the South during his time. This provides readers with an example of African American Vernacular and culture. The book also discusses the North's economic opportunist exploitation of the South during the
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4909:, a spirit that owns the sea. Shells are associated with water and help the soul transition in the afterlife because seashells help the soul move from the realm of the living into the realm of the dead (ancestors), which is associated with water. Other artifacts found at the African Burial Ground were shiny objects and reflective materials. These were used by Africans to communicate with spirits because shiny and reflective materials were thought to be able to capture the "flash of the spirit". Between 1626 and the 1660s, the majority of Africans imported to colonial New York were from the Kongo-Angolan region, because New York had been colonized by the
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because "it was haunted by the spirits of Black people who were beaten to death." This location was so feared by the Black people in the area that they placed a fence around it. Wearing a silver dime around the ankle or neck can protect someone from evil spirits and conjure. Another method to protect from evil spirits was to carry a small bag filled with salt and charcoal. In
Indiana, African Americans sprinkled chamber lye on the front and back steps to prevent evil spirits from entering the home. Curses can come from malevolent spirits not conjured by a conjurer, and evil spirits are more active at night. Another spirit feared in Gullah culture is the
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4658:, a wealthy slaveholder from Virginia who traveled to South Carolina "to keep the slave economic system viable through agricultural reform". In Ruffin's records, he spelled Simbi as "Cymbee", because he did not know the original spelling of the word. In Ruffin's records, he recorded a few conversations he had with some of the slaves. One enslaved boy said he saw a Cymbee spirit running around a fountain one night when he was trying to get a drink of water. An enslaved man said he saw a Cymbee sitting on a plank when he was a boy before it glided into the water. The Simbi (Cymbee) spirits can bring healing, fertility, and prosperity.
5860:. There are a plethora of videos on the internet of people fabricating spells calling them hoodoo and others claiming to be experts on hoodoo and offering paid classes and writing books. As a result, people outside of the African American community think marketeered hoodoo is authentic Hoodoo. Scholars are concerned about the number of people who are not from the African American community writing books on Hoodoo, because they have reduced Hoodoo to just spells and tricks. That Hoodoo is all about how to hex people and cast candle spells for love and money. This portrays hoodoo negatively, and turned it materialistic. For example,
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3971:; however, the spiritual use of herbs and the practice of Hoodoo (conjuring) remained African in origin as enslaved African Americans incorporated African religious rituals in the preparation of North American herbs and roots. Spiritual ritual preparations of herbs and roots were important to slaves as they believed combining ceremonies and prayers with medicinal preparations would imbue the medicines with spiritual power and invoke healing spirits that would make the herbal remedies more effective in healing. Enslaved African Americans also used their knowledge of herbs to poison their enslavers.
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Hoodoo in a way that is fully expressed by Black practitioners. It is often described as "...terms that respect the syncretism of Voudon-based religious systems". It can be seen as a way of doing things that provides "the Black Artist with a vehicle to merge art with politics without compromising either". Neo-Hoodoo is a behavior that gives "'...non-Western voices which express life and creativity' intrude on or break the 'controlling patterns' of the 'dominant culture'". This is a radical form of Black writing that inspires resistance to suppression in the literary world.
2281:), churches, and other places. Slaves created methods to decrease their noise when they practiced their spirituality. In a slave narrative from Arkansas, slaves prayed under pots to prevent nearby white people from hearing them at such times. A former slave in Arkansas named John Hunter said the slaves went to a secret house only they knew and turned the iron pots face up so their slaveholder could not hear them. They would place sticks under wash pots about a foot from the ground, because "f they'd put it flat on the ground the ground would carry the sound."
3776:. In West-Central Africa and in African American communities, only initiates trained in the secrets of the serpent and spirits were allowed to have a conjure stick. These sticks conjured illness and healing, and the spirit of a conjure stick can warn the conjurer of impending danger. Cowrie shells were found on the site and were used by enslaved African Americans to connect with the spiritual element of water "to ensure spiritual guidance over bodies of water." In West Africa, cowrie shells were used for money and corresponded to African water spirits.
3251:. Other charms found in several slave cabins included silver coins, beads, polished stones, and bones, which were made into necklaces or carried in pockets for protection. These artifacts provide examples of African rituals at Ashland Plantation. Slaveholders tried to stop African practices among their slaves, but enslaved African Americans disguised their rituals by using American materials, applying African interpretations to them, and hiding the charms in their pockets or making them into necklaces to conceal these practices from their slaveholders.
4107:. Gullah people gather roots from their backyards and gardens and make medicines to heal diseases and treat illnesses. In northeast Missouri, historians and anthropologists interviewed African Americans and found continued West African herbal traditions of using roots and herbs to treat illnesses. The knowledge of how to find herbs in nature and make them into teas and tonics continued in African American communities. The remedy most commonly used in Black communities in northeast Missouri to ward off a cold was carrying a small bag of
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Christian faith among enslaved and free
African Americans. After Nat Turner's Rebellion, laws were passed in Virginia to end the education of free and enslaved Black people and only allow white ministers to be present at all church services for slaves. White ministers preached obedience to slavery, while enslaved and free Black ministers preached resistance to slavery using the stories of the Hebrews and Moses in the Old Testament of the Bible. There was a blend of African spiritual practices in both slave revolts of Vesey and Turner.
3772:. Stagville Plantation was owned by a wealthy slaveholding family called the Bennehan family; they enslaved 900 African American people. Stagville was one of many large slave plantations in the American South. Inside the Bennehan house, a walking stick was found placed between the walls to curse the Bennehan family. An enslaved person secretly placed the walking stick to put evil spirits on their enslavers, cursing the family for enslaving them. The walking stick was carved into an image of a West African snake spirit (deity) called
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to support their families, and for their protection against the law. As Black people traveled to northern areas, Hoodoo rituals were modified because there were not a lot of rural country areas to perform rituals in woods or near rivers. Therefore, African
Americans improvised their rituals inside their homes or secluded areas in the city. Herbs and roots needed were not gathered in nature but bought in spiritual shops. These spiritual shops near Black neighborhoods sold botanicals and books used in modern Hoodoo.
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come the war took place? They think they knows, but they don't. John de
Conqueror had done put it into the white folks to give us our freedom." Anne Sutton said High John de Conqueror taught Black people about freedom and to prepare for their freedom in an upcoming war. The High John the Conqueror root was used to prevent whippings from slaveholders and to win freedom from chattel slavery. The root was given to Frederick Douglass to prevent him from being whipped and beaten by a slave-breaker. Former slave
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4275:. Also, ghosts and haunts can be controlled in Hoodoo because they emanate from God. Rootworkers control spirits through the use of Hoodoo rituals by capturing spirits using the spiritual tools used in Hoodoo. The difference between Afro-Christianity and European American Christianity is that spirits can be controlled by using the herbal ingredients in nature, because the herbs and nature have a spirit, and if the spirits of nature and the divine can be influenced, so can other spirits such as ghosts.
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4339:, in which she calls Moses, "the finest Hoodoo man in the world". Obvious parallels between Moses and intentional paranormal influence (such as magic) occur in the biblical accounts of his confrontation with Pharaoh. Moses conjures, or performs magic "miracles" such as turning his staff into a snake. However, his greatest feat of conjure was using his powers to help free the Hebrews from slavery. This emphasis on Moses-as-conjurer led to the introduction of the pseudonymous work the
4823:. During the ring shout, African Americans shuffle their feet on the floor or ground without lifting their feet, in the belief that thus creating static electricity from the earth connects them with its spiritual energy. Shuffling like this with singing and clapping is also done to connect with ancestral spirits. The spiritual energy intensifies until someone is pulled into the center of the ring shout by the spirit. This is done to allow the spirit to enter and govern the ring.
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5667:. Mobile, Alabama became the home for these diverse Africans, where their religious and spiritual practices blended with Christianity. After the Civil War, a group of 32 Africans founded their own community, calling it Africatown. In their community, they practiced African burial practices for their dead. African names were given to their children so they would know what region in Africa their ancestry was from. Zora Neale Hurston wrote a book about Africatown called,
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3072:, however, is not a unitary symbol like a Christian cross or a national flag. The physical world resides at the top of the cosmogram and the spiritual (ancestral) world resides at the bottom of the cosmogram. At the horizontal line is a watery divide that separates the two worlds from the physical and spiritual, and thus the "element" of water has a role in African American spirituality. The Kongo cosmogram cross symbol has a physical form in Hoodoo called the
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counter-clockwise sacred circle dancing, blood sacrifice, divination, supernatural source of malady, water immersion, and spirit possession. These traits allowed culturally diverse Africans to find common culturo-spiritual ground. According to the author, Hoodoo developed under the influence of that complex, with African divinities moving back into their natural forces, unlike in the Caribbean and Latin America, where the divinities moved into Catholic saints.
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4901:; over 500 artifacts were excavated, showing continued African traditions in New York City's Black community. Of 146 beads recovered, nine of them had come from West Africa. The other beads were manufactured in Europe; these had also been used by enslaved and free people for their burial practices, incorporating an African spiritual interpretation of European beads. For example, many of the Africans buried, including women, men, and children, had beads,
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5893:. African American folk magic changed in urban northern areas as African Americans did not have access to fresh herbs and roots from their backyards or neighborhoods as some bought their supplies from stores that profited from African American folk practices. White merchants profited from African American folk magic and placed stereotypical images of Indians onto hoodoo product labels to sell merchandise that appeared mystical, exotic, and powerful.
2311:(W. E. B. Du Bois) studied African American churches in the early twentieth century. Du Bois asserts the early years of the Black church during slavery on plantations were influenced by Voodooism. Black church records from the late nineteenth century into the early twentieth century in the South recorded that a number of church members practiced conjure and combined Christian and African spiritual concepts to harm or heal members in their community.
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bad deeds. Ancestors are important spirits in Hoodoo that intercede in people's lives, providing guidance and protection, and are revered. The practice in Hoodoo of ancestral veneration through prayers and offerings had its origins in Africa. In Hoodoo, ancestors can appear in people's dreams to provide information and guidance. However, they are offended when they are not venerated and may cause trouble in the lives of a family's members.
3747:. In 1800, Gabriel Prosser planned a slave revolt in Virginia. Historians assert that Prosser became the leader of the planned rebellion because he was a blacksmith, and slaves respected and feared blacksmiths because of their ability to forge weapons and their connection to the spirit of iron. Prosser and other enslaved blacksmiths made weapons for the rebellion, but the revolt never happened because two slaves informed the authorities.
4240:"Een hoodoo, anyting dat oona da do is de plan ob God ondastan?, God hab sompin fa do wid ebryting oona da do weda ee good ar bad, E got sompin fa do wid um ... jes wa fa oona, oona gwine git um." A translation of this is, "In hoodoo, anything that you do is the plan of God, understand? God has something to do with everything that you do whether it's good or bad, he's got something to do with it... what is for you, will come to you."
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are mixed graveyard dirt from a murdered victim's grave. The cursed items are buried under a person's porch steps to cause misfortune. To prevent being "fixed" (cursed), it is considered a good idea to burn loose hairs, combed or fallen from the head, so a conjurer cannot make a cursing powder from a person's hair. Placing personal concerns in containers and burying them to cause harm was practiced in West African countries such as
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Throughout the American South in African American neighborhoods, some houses have bottle trees and baskets placed at entrances to doorways for spiritual protection. Additionally, nkisi culture influenced jar container magic. An African American man in North Carolina buried a jar under the steps with water and string in it for protection. If someone conjured him, the string would turn into a snake. The man interviewed called it
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2299:. Brown recorded a secret Voudoo ceremony at midnight in the city of St. Louis. Slaves circled around a cauldron, and a Voudoo queen had a magic wand. Snakes, lizards, frogs, and other animal parts were thrown into the cauldron. During the ceremony, spirit possession took place. Brown also recorded other conjure (Hoodoo) practices among the enslaved population. Enslaved Africans in America held on to their African culture.
3368:. Another Bantu-Kongo practice in Hoodoo is making a cross mark (Kongo cosmogram) and standing on it to take an oath. This practice is done in Central Africa and in the United States in African American communities. The Kongo cosmogram is also used as a powerful charm of protection when drawn on the ground. The solar emblems or circles at the ends and the arrows are not drawn, just the cross marks, which look like an X.
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2491:. Benjamin Rucker was born in Virginia in 1892. Rucker learned stage magic and conjure from an African American named Prince Herman (Alonzo Moore). After Prince Herman's death, Rucker changed his name in honor of his teacher to Black Herman. Black Herman traveled between the North and South and provided conjure services in Black communities, such as card readings, crafting health tonics, and other services. However,
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protection. Sacrificed animals and other charms were found where the crossroads symbols were drawn by enslaved African Americans and four holes drilled into charms to symbolize the Bakongo cosmogram. Other West-Central African traditions found on plantations by historians include the use of six-pointed stars as spiritual symbols. A six-pointed star is a symbol in West Africa and in African American spirituality.
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2277:. It regulated the lives of enslaved and free people and prohibited and made it illegal for enslaved Africans to practice their traditional religions. Article III in the Code Noir states: "We forbid any public exercise of any religion other than Catholic." The Code Noir and other slave laws resulted in enslaved and free African Americans conducting their spiritual practices in secluded areas such as woods (
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oils containing herbs such as cinnamon, wintergreen, lavender, and so forth. Colors are also important in Hoodoo to conjure different results the person is looking for. For example, "Red, for victory. Pink, for love (some say for drawing success). Green, to drive off (some say for success), Blue, for success and protection (for causing death also), Yellow for money, Brown for drawing money and people."
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4037:. Enslaved African Americans only trusted their own doctors and not white doctors because enslaved doctors' cures were sometimes considered better than those of white doctors. Enslaved African Americans and freemen learned the local flora and knew what plants to use for treating illnesses. Enslaved herb doctors were the primary doctors on slave plantations, and some of them also practiced conjure.
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Americans put eyelets on shoes and boots to trap spirits. Archaeologists also found small carved wooden faces. The wooden carvings had two faces carved into them on both sides, which were interpreted to represent an African American conjurer who was a two-headed doctor. In Hoodoo, a two-headed doctor is a conjurer who can see into the future and has knowledge about spirits and things unknown.
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4905:, and wristlets. In some African societies, beads are believed to bring protection, wealth, fertility, and health to the wearer, while in West Africa, African women wear beads around their waist as markers of beauty. Also found were beads still wrapped around the waist of the remains of enslaved women, and about 200 shells. Beads, shells, and iron bars are associated with the Yoruba deity
3392:, that he sought the help of several conjurers during his enslavement. Bibb went to these conjurers (Hoodoo doctors) in hopes that the charms they provided would prevent slaveholders from whipping and beating him. The conjurers gave Bibb conjure powders to sprinkle around the bed of the slaveholder, put in the slaveholder's shoes, and carry a bitter root and other charms for protection.
3572:, and the men wore traditional wide-leg pants. Some enslaved West African Muslims practiced Hoodoo. Instead of using Christian prayers in the creation of charms, Islamic prayers were used. Enslaved Black Muslim conjure doctors' Islamic attire was different from that of other slaves, making them easy to identify and ask for conjure services regarding protection from slaveholders. The
3012:" For example, Kail recorded at former slave plantations in the American South: "The beliefs and practices of African traditional religions survived the Middle Passage (the Transatlantic slave trade) and were preserved among the many rootworkers and healers throughout the South. Many of them served as healers, counselors, and pharmacists to slaves enduring the hardships of slavery."
3354:. The nkisi (singular) and minkisi (plural) are objects created by hand and inhabited by a spirit or spirits. These objects can be bags (mojo bags or conjure bags), gourds, shells, or other containers. Various items are placed inside a bag to give it a particular spirit or job to do. Mojo bags and minkisi are filled with graveyard dirt, herbs, roots, and other materials by the
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healed a church member by sacrificing a live chicken, slitting its throat, and tying it to a person's leg for two days. This is a continued African tradition of using chickens to heal and conjure protection. Hurston noted that Mother Seals incorporated other African Diaspora practices into her Spiritual church, and observed her reverence for a Haitian Vodou snake loa spirit,
3967:, and cultivated for white American slaveholders for their economic gain. African Americans mixed their knowledge of herbs from Africa with European and regional Native American herbal knowledge. In Hoodoo, African Americans used herbs in different ways. For example, when it came to the medicinal use of herbs, African Americans learned some medicinal knowledge of herbs from
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whereas sinners are buried the opposite way avoid their being harmed by the light. Another tale is that ghosts cannot cross water. If a hoodoo doctor wants to conjure a ghost across water, a mirror ceremony is held. Spirits who have died from sickness in bed can walk among the living any night other than Friday night, which is reserved for those who have died in the dark.
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on another plantation whom Epsey was romantically interested in. According to Lowery's written account, it was rumored that Epsey received a poison from an enslaved conjurer and secretly administered it to Mary, who died six months later. Lowery wrote that many of the conjure practices of enslaved Black people in Sumter County were influenced by Vodun from West Africa.
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stereotypical representation without collapsing completely into stereotype". The postcolonial theory of Hoodoo and the fact that Hoodoo is neo-African still leads to assumptions that it is uncivilized. Reed's Hoodoo aesthetic celebrates syncretism as a religious cultural practice, countering Western Civilization's desire to universalize itself through Christianity.
3784:, a country in West Africa. Some African Americans in South Carolina and Georgia continue to give their children African names for spiritual and cultural reasons. The spiritual reason is for their ancestors to provide their children with spiritual power and protection. The cultural reason is so their children will know which region in Africa their ancestry is from.
5270:, which African Americans attended to practice Hoodoo secretly inside the church. New Orleans and Memphis have several Spiritual churches where Hoodoo and Voudoo are practiced. Rituals of healing, communing with ancestral spirits, worship services, shouting, eclectic belief systems, Hoodoo, and elaborate Voodoo rituals were performed inside the churches.
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liberate Black people from oppression. African Americans in various African diaspora religions spiritually heal their communities by establishing healing centers that provide emotional and spiritual healing from police brutality. In addition, altars with white candles and offerings are placed in areas where an African American was murdered by police, and
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herbalists, or divine healers to distinguish themselves from members in their community who practiced conjure to harm people. This tradition of faith healing has its roots in the slave community. When enslaved people needed healing, they searched for members in the slave community who had knowledge of herbalism and knew how to perform spiritual healing.
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Hoodoo to the West African practice of creating gris-gris charms and the Central African practice of creating minkisi containers. As white spiritual merchants exploited Hoodoo and turned it into just tricks and spells, African Americans moved more of the traditional Hoodoo practicesâsuch as animal sacrifice, incorporating animal parts in spiritual work,
5283:. African American Hoodoo religious and spiritual leaders in Spiritual churches did not refer to themselves as rootworkers or hoodoo doctors, but as "spiritual advisors" to avoid negative attention from their community and the local authorities. Hiding Hoodoo practices inside Black churches was necessary for African Americans because some people were
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appropriate Black culture and claim it as their own for profit. With the advent of the internet, African American music and culture has become consumed more rapidly around the world on a daily basis. The internet resulted in the mass consumption and appropriation and sometimes mocking of Black culture by whites and non-Black people in social media.
3811:. A person's foot track is used to send someone away by mixing their foot track with herbs, roots, and insects, specific ingredients used in Hoodoo to send someone away, and grinding into a powder and placing the powder in a container and throwing it into a flowing river that leaves town, and in a few days the person will leave town. Among the
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There are other ways people become a Hoodoo doctor, such as being born into a family of practitioners or through a mentor under an apprenticeship. Initiations are not required to become a Hoodoo doctor or rootworker. Other Hoodoo initiations include ritual isolations, learning about charms, herbs, roots, and dream lore from a community elder.
2401:. African American conjurers were seen as a threat by white Americans because slaves went to free and enslaved conjurers to receive charms for protection and revenge against their slaveholders. Enslaved Black people used Hoodoo to bring about justice on American plantations by poisoning slaveholders and conjuring death onto their oppressors.
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harm to slaveholders. "In their physical manifestations, minkisi (nkisi) are sacred objects that embody spiritual beings and generally take the form of a container such as a gourd, pot, bag, or snail shell. Medicines that provide the minkisi with power, such as chalk, nuts, plants, soil, stones, and charcoal, are placed in the container."
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and carry crab claws for their protection. The plan was to free those enslaved through armed resistance and the use of conjure. Denmark Vesey and Gullah Jack were not successful because their plan was revealed and stopped. From other historical research and records, Gullah Jack performed a ceremony and made the enslaved eat a half-cooked
5594:, is used to describe attempts to control the actions and health of other people (or prevent others from controlling you) through the use of potions, charms, and incantations." Some of the African American former slaves told writers what region of Africa their family was from. These regions were the Kongo or regions in West Africa. The
3667:, archaeologists uncovered evidence of West African and Central African practices. A Hoodoo spiritual bundle containing nails, a stone axe, and other items was found embedded four feet below the streets near the capital. The axe inside the Hoodoo bundle showed what archaeologists believe is a cultural link to the Yoruba people's deity
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minkisi conjuring bags to activate it with ancestral spirits, and during the slave trade, Bakongo people were brought to colonial New York. The New York slave revolt of 1712 and others in the United States showed a blending of West and Central African spiritual practices among enslaved and free Black people. Conjure bags, also called
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ancestors and the Holy Spirit resided. The ring shout tradition continues in Georgia with the McIntosh County Shouters. At Cathead Creek in Georgia, archeologists found artifacts made by enslaved African Americans that linked to spiritual practices in West-Central Africa. Enslaved African Americans and their descendants, after the
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4086:(wetlands). Whether a Hoodoo practitioner is a swamper or not, collecting certain roots and herbs in nature requires a prayer before taking the root or herb, an offering to the spirit of the plants, and a ceremony. If there are snakes that guard herbs and roots, the snakes should not be killed by the Hoodoo practitioner.
4487:. One of the slaves said that he could not talk about the conspiracy as Jack bound his speech with conjure. According to records, Jack "charmed" enslaved men to join the revolt. Gullah Jack used the spiritual knowledge he had from Angola and made protective charms for other slaves for their spiritual protection.
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changes in their life from an elder or a skilled diviner. Conjure doctors diagnose illnesses and determine treatments using divination. This practice was brought to the United States during the transatlantic slave trade and was later influenced by other systems of divination. There are several forms of
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According to some scholars, the research and understanding of African American Hoodoo should be examined from the Black American experience, and not from the interpretation of marketeers and exploiters found in books and online published by people who are not African American. White Americans want to
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identified as Christian, attended Spiritual churches, and healed church members by laying on of hands, using herbal medicines, and sometimes combining conjure to remove curses and heal physical ailments. Some were also astrologers. Black Americans who practiced Hoodoo called themselves faith healers,
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practices. Zora Neale Hurston documented Spiritual churches that incorporated Hoodoo practices. A Spiritual church in New Orleans called The Eternal Life Christian Spiritualist Church, was led by an African American woman, Mother Catherine Seals, who performed Hoodoo to heal her clients. Mother Seals
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In the Kongo region, Bakongo people placed broken objects on top of graves so the recently deceased could travel to the land of the dead. The broken items symbolized that the person's connection to the living was broken by death and that they needed to return to the realm of the dead. The practice of
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look similar to African spirit possession. In Hoodoo, African Americans perform the ring shout to become touched or possessed by the Holy Spirit and to communicate with the spirits of dead ancestors. African Americans replaced African spirits with the Christian God (Holy Spirit) during possession. In
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In a process known as "seeking", a hoodoo practitioner will ask for the salvation of a person's soul in order for a Gullah church to accept them. A spiritual leader will assist in the process and after believing the follower is ready, they will announce it to the church. A ceremony will commence with
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from South Carolina mentioned a pastor who spoke to spirits to help him find some hidden money. This record from a slave narrative revealed how Hoodoo and the Black church were intertwined. Another slave narrative from Indiana mentioned a location that the African American population refused to enter
4542:, before High John the Conqueror returned to Africa, he told the newly freed slaves that if they ever needed his spirit for freedom his spirit would reside in a root they could use. According to some scholars, the origin of High John the Conqueror may have originated from African male deities such as
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Enslaved African Americans most often treated their own medical problems themselves using the herbal knowledge they brought with them from Africa, as well as some herbal knowledge learned from regional Native Americans. Many slaveholders lacked the knowledge to treat their slaves' medical conditions,
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During slavery, some enslaved African Americans served as community doctors for Black people and whites, despite many white Americans being cautious of Black doctors because some enslaved Africans poisoned their masters. Enslaved Africans found herbal cures for animal poisons and diseases that helped
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honoring in West Africa's Vodun tradition. It was documented by a former slave in Missouri that conjurers took dried snakes and frogs and ground them into powders to "Hoodoo people." A conjurer made a powder from a dried snake and a frog, put it in a jar, and buried it under the steps of the target's
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among Gullah people, a male conjurer is called Nganga. Some Kikongo words have an "N" or "M" at the beginning of the word. However, when Bantu-Kongo people were enslaved in South Carolina, the letters N and M were dropped from some of the title names. For example, in Central Africa, the word to refer
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was enslaved in his youth, Kongo-related artifacts were found. Enslaved African Americans created items to ward off evil spirits by creating a Hoodoo bundle near the entrances to chimneys, believed to be where spirits enter. The Hoodoo bundle contained pieces of iron and a horseshoe. Enslaved African
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bundles were found on other plantations in Virginia and Maryland. For example, nkisi bundles were found for the purpose of healing or misfortune. Archeologists found objects believed by the enslaved African American population in Virginia and Maryland to have spiritual power, such as coins, crystals,
3177:
in Hoodoo has its origins in the Kongo region from the Kongo cosmogram (Yowa Cross). Ring shouters dance in a counterclockwise direction that follows the pattern of the rising of the sun in the east and the setting of the sun in the west. The ring shout follows the cyclical nature of life represented
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For some African Americans that practiced rootwork, providing conjure services in the Black community for African Americans to obtain love, money, employment, and protection from the police was a way to help Black people during the Jim Crow era in the United States so Black people can gain employment
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people from Ghana. Historians suggest the powder made by Peter the Doctor probably included some cemetery dirt to conjure the ancestors to provide spiritual militaristic support from ancestral spirits as help during the slave revolt. The Bakongo people in Central Africa incorporate cemetery dirt into
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According to Yvonne Chireau, "Hoodoo is an African American-based tradition that makes use of natural and supernatural elements in order to create and effect change in the human experience." Hoodoo was created by African Americans, who were among over 12 million enslaved Africans from various Central
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and a writer. She documented African American folklore and spiritual practices in Black communities in the United States and the Caribbean. Hurston traveled to Eatonville, Florida, and New Orleans, Louisiana, writing about the spiritual practices of Black people, and publishing her findings in books
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about the spiritual beliefs and conjure practices of the Black congregation in Sanctified Churches. African Americans talked about nailing a horseshoe over the door to ward off evil and making conjure balls to remove diseases. British historians traced the origins of the creation of conjure balls in
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bundles for removing curses from people using Hoodoo. Doc Harris built his church in a secluded area in the Black community so he and his family could practice their traditions in private. African Americans in Spiritual churches blended African spiritual traditions with Christian practices, creating
5025:
In Hoodoo, personal concerns such as hair, nail clippings, bones, blood, and other bodily fluids are mixed with ingredients for either a positive or a negative effect. The items are placed inside conjure bags or jars and mixed with roots, herbs, animal parts, sometimes ground into a powder, or they
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Researchers found burial practices by African Americans in Florida that were similar to those of Bantu-Kongo peoples. Researchers noticed the similarities between the grave sites of African Americans in Florida and those of the Bakongo people in Central Africa. Headstones with a T shape were seen in
4944:
was discovered with the remains of an African American woman. Also excavated at the site were conjure bags (mojo bags)âthese conjuring bundles had crystals, roots, beads, feathers, animal parts, and other items for protection from malign forces and to communicate with spirits. Other artifacts found
4847:
interviewed African Americans and recorded the ring shout tradition practiced by the Gullah Geechee in Georgia. The songs sung during the ring shout and in shouting originated among their ancestors who were transported from Africa into slavery in America, where they replaced African songs and chants
4723:
Those people on the west coast of Africa, the Ewe-speaking natives, make offerings such as food or drinks, usually pouring palm wine and banana beer, over an ancestor's grave. Church members are commonly known to be buried with their feet facing east so they can rise on the last day towards the sun,
4514:
These practices among the enslaved population created a Hoodoo Christian Church or "Hoodoonized" version of Christianity on slave plantations, where enslaved Africans covertly went into the woods at night to practice their religion, a blend of African spirituality with Christianity. Hoodoo countered
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was tied around the head and ears. To treat measles, mullein leaves were boiled into a tea. To treat the common cold, pine straw was made into a tea. Salt was used to prevent a troublesome person from returning to your home by throwing salt behind the person as they walked out of the house, ensuring
4024:
Among slaves, there was a spiritual belief to refuse to plow a field in a straight path. Some slaves believed in the West African Mande concept that evil spirits travel in a straight path, and to protect from evil spirits, enslaved African Americans refused to plow fields in a straight path to break
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Bakongo spiritual protections influenced African American yard decorations. In Central Africa, Bantu-Kongo people decorated their yards and entrances to doorways with baskets and broken shiny items to protect against evil spirits and thieves. This practice is the origin of the bottle tree in Hoodoo.
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to resist a cruel overseer on a plantation in St. Louis. Unlike other enslaved people, Dinkie never worked in the same way. He was feared and respected by both Black and white people. Dinkie was known to carry a dried snakeskin, frog, and lizard, and sprinkled goofer dust on himself, speaking to the
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A man named William Webb helped enslaved people on a plantation in Kentucky resist their oppressors using mojo bags. Webb told the enslaved people to gather some roots and put them in bags, then "march around the cabins several times and point the bags toward the master's house every morning." After
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culture in the United States brought over by enslaved Africans. For example, archeologists found artifacts used by enslaved African Americans to control spirits by housing spirits inside caches or nkisi bundles. These spirits inside objects were placed in secret locations to protect an area or bring
3115:
In an African American church on the Eastern Shore of Virginia, Kongo cosmograms were designed into the window frames of the church. The church was built facing an axis of an eastâwest direction so the sun rises directly over the church steeple in the east. The burial grounds of the church also show
2536:
in the early twentieth century, a Hoodoo practitioner Buzzard, placed a curse on a developing company that continued to build properties in Gullah cemeteries where Buzzard's ancestors are buried. According to locals, because of the curse the company and others following have never been able to build
2526:
and racism in the Black community. Black American keynote speakers that are practitioners of Hoodoo spoke at an event at The Department of Arts and Humanities at California State University about the importance of Hoodoo and other African spiritual traditions practiced in social justice movements to
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Another slave story talks about an enslaved woman named Old Julie who was a conjure woman known among the slaves on the plantation for conjuring death. Old Julie conjured so much death that her slaveholder sold her away to stop her from killing people on the plantation with conjure. Her enslaver put
2302:
Some scholars assert that Christianity did not have much influence on some of the enslaved Africans as they continued to practice their traditional spiritual practices. Hoodoo was a form of resistance against slavery whereby enslaved Africans hid their traditions using the Christian religion against
5685:
Scholars estimate that about 250,000 enslaved Africans were brought to the United States illegally between 1808 and 1859. This resulted in the further Africanization of African American spirituality in the coastal regions of the Southeast, because many of the slave ships landed in the coastal areas
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said her father came from Africa on the slave ship the Wanderer. She thinks her father was Igbo, and he talked about his life in Africa and the culture there and how it survived in her family. Other African Americans interviewed talked about the origins of their conjure practices that came from the
5606:
from Africa. However, this act did not stop the illegal smuggling of enslaved Africans to the United States. The illegal slave trade continued into the 1860s, and sometimes resulted in a re-Africanization of African American culture with the importation of new Africans to the United States. Some of
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stereotypical images of African Americans were drawn in comics to vilify Black people and their folk religions. Black American comic book creators portrayed Hoodoo and Voodoo in their comics as tools against white supremacy. Black creators had story scenes in their comics of Black superheroes using
5221:
Enslaved African Americans held diviners in high respect, believing that they had knowledge about unknown events, and that using divination, conjurers could tell if a slave would be whipped, sold, or escape to freedom. Autobiographies of former slaves tell about slaves seeking counsel from enslaved
5094:
in Hoodoo originated from African practices. In West-Central Africa, divination was (and is) used to determine what an individual or a community should know that is important for survival and spiritual balance. In Africa and in American Hoodoo, people turn to divination seeking guidance about major
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decorated trees with bottles, plates, pieces of broken pots, and other items to drive away evil. This practice was brought to the United States during the transatlantic slave trade. The purpose of bottle trees is to protect a home or a location from evil spirits by trapping them inside the bottles.
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in New York City. The African Burial Ground reserved a location called the Ancestral Libation Chamber for people to perform spiritual ceremonies to pay their respects to the enslaved and free Africans buried at the monument. African Americans and other African-descended people continue to travel to
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In the Kongo culture, people "become" Simbi spirits after death. Therefore, ancestors in the Kongo culture are called by that name. It is believed one's soul returns to God after death, however, the spirit may remain on Earth. Spirits can interact with the world by providing good fortune or causing
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are performed by rivers to invoke the blessings of the Simbi spirits to bring healing, fertility, and prosperity to people. West Africans and African Americans wear white clothing to invoke the water spirits during such water ceremonies. Simbi spirits reside in forests, mountains, and the water and
4426:
The Bible was used in slave religion as a magical formula that provided information on how to use herbs in conjure and how to use the Bible to conjure specific results and spirits to bring about change in the lives of people, which is a continued practice today. Rootworkers remove curses by reading
4020:
in September 1850, recalled an incident where an enslaved woman named Mary on the Frierson plantation was believed to have died from conjure. A rumor circulated that an enslaved woman named Epsey from another plantation poisoned Mary because she was jealous of the attention Mary received from a man
5321:
and other African American ministers founded the Church of God in Christ, which has a predominantly African American membership. Bishop Mason was known among his congregation to heal members using roots, herbs, and anointing oil. Bishop Mason and other Pentecostal pastors were rootworkers and used
5063:
Conjure can be made using many things or nothing at all. There are certain items commonly used in Hoodoo if needed. "Fast Luck" and "Red Fast Luck" are herbal scrubs used to bring luck into stores or a person's life. "Essence of Van Van" and "Fast Scrubbing Essence" are mixtures of one to thirteen
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and interviewed African Americans in the Gullah Geechee Nation and recorded some of their spiritual traditions and cultural practices. Their recordings showed African cultural and spiritual practices that have survived in the Gullah Nation of South Carolina. The video showed a ring shout, singing,
4826:
Researchers noticed the African American ring shout looks similar to counterclockwise circle dances in West Africa. In West Africa, a counterclockwise circle dance is performed during a funeral to send the soul to the ancestral realm (land of the dead), because energy and souls travel in a circle.
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Nat Turner's mother came on a slave ship from Africa. Research has not determined what part of Africa she was from. She had a profound spiritual influence on his life, and taught him about African spirituality, a fact evident in his life as he used visions and celestial interpretation of planetary
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with him at all times for his spiritual protection. For the slaves' spiritual protection, Gullah Jack gave them rootwork instructions for a possible slave revolt planned by his co-conspirator Denmark Vesey. Gullah Jack instructed the enslaved to eat a peanut butter-like mash, eat parched cornmeal,
4278:
The origins of Afro-Christianity began with Bantu-Kongo people in Central Africa. Prior to the Bakongo people coming to the United States and being enslaved on plantations, the Bakongo (Bantu-Kongo) people were introduced to Christianity by European missionaries and some converted to the Christian
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placed around a baby's neck to relieve pain. The inside of the beech tree bark was boiled in water to treat cold and pneumonia. Bay leaf was used by African Americans to attract money by placing a bay leaf next to a dollar bill inside a wallet or a purse, and the person would always attract money.
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to colonial Boston" which helped reduce the spread of smallpox in the colony. Onesimus told Mather that when he was in Africa, Africans performed inoculations to reduce the spread of diseases in their societies. An enslaved man was given his freedom when he discovered a cure for a snake bite using
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that linked to the Yoruba people's spiritual belief and practice in the reverence of Ogun. This is why African Americans incorporate horseshoes and metal tools in Hoodoo: because there is a spirit that corresponds to metal that can be invoked for protection from physical and spiritual harm. Yoruba
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engravings drawn as crossroads (an X) inside the house. This was done to ward a place from a harsh slaveholder. Also, the Kongo cosmogram is evident in Hoodoo practice among Black Americans. Archeologists unearthed on a former slave plantation in South Carolina clay bowls made by enslaved Africans
3123:
in Brooklyn, New York, at the Lott Farmstead, Kongo-related artifacts were found on the site. The Kongo-related artifacts included a Kongo cosmogram engraved onto ceramics and nkisi bundles that had cemetery dirt and iron nails left by enslaved African Americans. Researchers suggest the iron nails
2553:
and other African-derived traditions are opening and owning spiritual stores online and in Black neighborhoods to provide spiritual services to their community and educate African-descended people about Black spirituality and how to heal themselves physically and spiritually. The culture of Hoodoo
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and mysticism may be seen in the colored wax candles in glass jars that are often labeled for specific purposes such as "Fast Luck" or "Love Drawing." Some African Americans sold hoodoo products in the Black community. An African American woman, Mattie Sampson, worked as a salesperson in an active
5807:
The culture of Hoodoo was created by African Americans. There are regional styles to this tradition, and as African Americans traveled the tradition of Hoodoo changes according to African Americans' environment. Hoodoo includes reverence to ancestral spirits, African American quilt making, animal
5428:
and African American spirituality. The series documents Hurston's life and her experience in collecting information on Hoodoo in Black communities in the South, showing photos and interviews with Hurston and her thoughts about African American folk magic, her Hoodoo initiation experience, and her
5273:
Washington "Doc" Harris, an African American from Memphis, Tennessee, founded the Saint Paul Spiritual Holy Temple. The Spiritual church was nicknamed by the Black people in the area as "Voodoo Village." Although no actual Voodoo took place inside his Spiritual church, Hoodoo was practiced in the
5135:
The practice of Augury is deciphering phenomena (omens) that are believed to foretell the future, often signifying the advent of change. Before his rebellion, Nat Turner had visions and omens from spirits to free the enslaved through armed resistance. In African American communities, a child born
5017:
The spirits are said to be attracted to the sunlight that flickers inside the bottle. As the sunlight passes through it, the spirit is trapped in the bottle and banished with the sunlight. Sometimes items such as stones or graveyard dirt are placed inside the bottle to further attract the spirit.
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around her body, and lying on a couch (sofa) for three days nude so she could have a vision and acceptance from the spirits. In addition to lying on a couch nude wrapped in snakeskins for her initiation, Hurston had to drink the blood of the Hoodoo doctors who initiated her from a wine glass cup.
4727:
Those who have died because of their capturers can get justice in the afterlife by using Hoodoo. For example, "If a murder victim is buried in a sitting position, the murderer will be speedily brought to justice." The victim who is sitting in front of the heavenly throne can request justice to be
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and the Civil War did not bring freedom for Black people. According to one woman interviewed by Hurston, Aunt Shady Anne Sutton, "These young Negroes reads they books and talk about the war freeing the Negroes, by Aye Lord! A heap sees, but a few knows. 'Course, the war was a lot of help, but how
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was known among the slaves to have dreams and visions that came true. In the Hoodoo tradition, dreams and visions come from spirits, such as the ancestors or the Holy Spirit in the Christian faith. Relying on dreams and visions for inspiration and knowledge is an African practice blended with the
4438:
Enslaved and free Black people also used the Bible as a tool against slavery. Free and enslaved people who could read found the stories of the Hebrews in the Bible in Egypt similar to their situation in the United States as slaves. The Hebrews in the Old Testament were freed from slavery in Egypt
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was brought to the United States during the transatlantic slave trade and developed into Afro-Christianity among African Americans that is seen in Hoodoo and in some Black churches. As a result, African American Hoodoo and Afro-Christianity developed differently and was not influenced by European
4261:
Not only is Yahweh's providence a factor in Hoodoo practice, but Hoodoo thought understands the deity as the archetypal Hoodoo doctor. From this perspective, biblical figures are often recast as Hoodoo doctors and the Bible becomes a source of spells and is, itself, used as a protective talisman.
4072:
Zora Neale Hurston conducted research in African American communities and documented the herbal practices of Black people. African American rootworkers sometimes served two roles, as herbal doctors or conjure doctors. African American herbal doctors used their knowledge of herbs to treat diseases
3103:
sacred circle dances in Hoodoo are performed to communicate with ancestral spirits using the sign of the Yowa cross. Communication with the ancestors is a traditional practice in Hoodoo that was brought to the United States during the slave trade originating among Bantu-Kongo people. In Savannah,
5880:
used Hoodoo to make money, and changed the tradition as a form of selfish magic that is all about spells for love, money, and hexes in order to sale candles, oils, and trinkets. This kind of Hoodoo presented by charlatans not from the Black community is the hoodoo most people know. The Spiritual
5561:
The ideas expressed in "A Portrait of the Artist as a Shadow of His Former Self" by Kerry James Marshall are compared to Ishmael Reed's Neo-Hoodoo concept of balancing invisibility as visual. The painter describes his work ethic for the painting as being to "...bring that figure close to being a
5524:
published in 1977, tells the story of the character Milkman, an African American in search of his African ancestors. Milkman lived in the North but returned to the South in search of his ancestry. By the end of the book, Milkman learns he comes from a family of African medicine people, gains his
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into Hoodoo. African Americans in the Sea Islands (Gullah Geechee people) performed initiations of community members by combining West African initiation practices with Christian practices called "Seeking Jesus." Young people spent time in nature "seeking Jesus," and received guidance from Black
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dirt is sometimes used. Dirt from the grave of an ancestor provides protection, while dirt taken from the grave of a person who is not an ancestor is used to harm an enemy, or also for protection. Before taking graveyard dirt, one must pay for it with three pennies or some other form of payment.
4379:
dates to the mid-19th century. White Americans marketed hoodoo to African Americans for their own personal profit, which was not planned to maintain the African traditions in hoodoo. The incorporation of European grimoires ("books of spells") into hoodoo began in the twentieth century during the
4193:
Many African American midwives practiced Hoodoo. Hoodoo and midwifery practices were combined in African American communities. During childbirth, midwives spiritually protected the house because it was believed that evil spirits might harm a newborn's spirit being born into the world. Protective
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22.198 Cane / This cane is from the Arts of Africa collection. Bantu-Kongo people in Central Africa and African Americans in the United States crafted similar canes. Historians noted similar meanings and religious uses of canes between African and African American people, who carved animals and
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is a simple cross (+) with one line. The Kongo cosmogram symbolizes the rising of the sun in the east and the setting of the sun in the west and represents cosmic energies. The horizontal line in the Kongo cosmogram represents the boundary between the physical world (realm of the living) and the
2375:
Bishop Jamison, born enslaved in Georgia in 1848, wrote an autobiographical account of his life. On a plantation in Georgia, there was an enslaved Hoodoo man named Uncle Charles Hall who prescribed herbs and charms for slaves to protect themselves from white people. Hall instructed the slaves to
2134:
Recent scholarly publications spell the word with a capital letter. The word has different meanings depending on how it is spelled. Some authors spell Hoodoo with a capital letter to distinguish it from commercialized hoodoo, which is spelled with a lowercase letter. Other authors have different
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in African American folk stories is a Black man from Africa enslaved in the United States whose spirit resides in a root conjured in Hoodoo. White American drugstore owners replaced conjure doctors in African American communities, and began putting an image of a white man on their High John the
5557:
in 1970, the term "Neo-Hoodoo" celebrates the practices of rituals, folklore, and spirituality in the Americas beyond Christianity and traditional religion. "Neo-Hoodoo believes that every man is an artist and a priest. You can bring your own creative ideas to Neo-Hoodoo." Neo-Hoodoo celebrates
5217:
The walking boy was a traditional form of divination practiced by African Americans on slave plantations, and the practice continued after chattel slavery. A conjurer would take a bottle, tie a string to it, and place a bug inside the bottle. The conjurer pulled the bottle as the bug moved. The
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Parents who died suddenly or by accidental death are believed to return in spirit and visit their children. The spirit of a dead parent might haunt their children, causing spiritual harm to them. To prevent this, small children and babies of the deceased parent are passed over the coffin of the
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the ARC or African Religion Complex, which was a collection of eight traits that all the enslaved Africans had in common and were somewhat familiar to all held in the agricultural slave labor camps known as plantation communities. These traits included naturopathic medicine, ancestor reverence,
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adaptation for the religion. By blending the ideas laid out by the Christian Bible, the faith is made more acceptable. This combines the teachings of Christianity that Africans brought to America were given and the traditional beliefs they brought with them. This practice in Hoodoo of combining
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Other Bantu-Kongo practices present in Hoodoo include the use of conjure canes. In the United States, these canes are decorated with specific objects to conjure spirits and achieve specific results. This practice was brought to the United States during the transatlantic slave trade from Central
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by the Holy Spirit or ancestral spirits. Enslaved African Americans performed the counterclockwise circle dance until someone was pulled into the center of the ring by the spiritual vortex at the center. The spiritual vortex at the center of the ring shout was a sacred spiritual realm where the
3144:
On another plantation in Maryland, archeologists unearthed artifacts that showed a blend of Central African and Christian spiritual practices among slaves. This was Ezekiel's Wheel in the Bible that blended with the Central African Kongo cosmogram. This may explain the connection enslaved Black
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dogs from tracking their scent. Former slave Ruby Pickens Tartt from Alabama told of a man who could fool the dogs, saying he "done lef' dere and had dem dogs treein' a nekked tree. Dey calls hit hoodooin' de dogs". An enslaved conjurer could conjure confusion in the slave catchers' dogs, which
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has become a part of modern Hoodoo because African Americans connected with the story of Moses freeing the Hebrews from slavery in Egypt and his use of magical powers against the Egyptians. Also, African Americans practiced Hoodoo centuries before the introduction of European grimoires. Hoodoo
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and came to the United States in the 1860s. Her quilts incorporate West African features of "a red striped pattern, patchwork, and two broad asymmetrical panels." This pattern design is similar to the Mande people's religious concepts that evil spirits travel in a straight path, and to protect
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was a cross with four suns showing Bakongo influence, quilting the Kongo cosmogram onto her quilts. Other African symbols were seen in Powers' quilts. However, scholars suggest Harriet Powers' cross symbols may also be a West African cross, as West Africans also had crosses as symbols, but the
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in Louisiana. Historians call the locations where crossroad symbols were possibly found inside slave cabins and African American living quarters 'Crossroads Deposits.' Crossroads deposits were found underneath floorboards and in the northeast sections of cabins to conjure ancestral spirits for
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preached prosperity to his congregation. African American faith movements emphasize having faith in God's power through fasting, prayer, and sometimes using conjure. Some Black church members believed the power to heal, prophecy, conjure, and curse came from God. However, other church members
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in the Sea Islands. The region of Africa these ethnic groups were taken from was called the "Rice Coast," made up of what is now Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. These areas in Africa were suitable for rice cultivation because of their moist semitropical climate; the European slave traders
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As one scholar explained, "The cultural marketplace of items and ideas has handled the faith and practice of hoodoo roughly. Instead of being viewed as a legitimate religion, it is perceived as a system of magic rife with effeminate witchdoctors, pin cushioned voodoo dolls, and miscellaneous
5622:
In the 1930s, a local chapter of the Federal Writers' Project in Savannah, Georgia called the Georgia Writers' Project interviewed former slaves and descendants of former slaves who either came directly from Africa on the slave ship the Wanderer or had a family member come from Africa on the
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are responsible for the life and growth of nature. These beings, considered the guardians of the lands and the people who live on them, are feared and respected. If someone disrespects a Simbi by destroying its natural habitat, the Simbi might drown them. To obtain the powers of the Bisimbi,
3112:. The holes in the floor provided breathable air for escaped slaves hiding in the basement of the church. The Kongo cosmogram sun cycle also influenced how African Americans in Georgia prayed. It was recorded that some African Americans in Georgia prayed at the rising and setting of the sun.
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who is a trickster spirit in West Africa. By the twentieth century, white drugstore owners began selling High John the Conqueror products with the image of a white King on their labels, commercializing hoodoo. Zora Neale Hurston documented some history about High John the Conqueror from her
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that showed the culture of Hoodoo portrayed as an altar with a collection of bottled tinctures and a chalkboard with Hoodoo herbal knowledge. The artist grew up in the Hill District of Pittsburgh and saw practitioners of Hoodoo who were mostly Black women. Black women played a role in their
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to more urban areas in the North is characterized by the items used in Hoodoo. White pharmacists opened their shops in African American communities and began to offer items both asked for by their customers, as well as things they themselves felt would be of use. Examples of the adoption of
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Henry Clay Bruce, a Black abolitionist and writer, recorded his experience of enslaved people on a plantation in Virginia who hired a conjurer to prevent slaveholders from selling them to plantations in the Deep South. Louis Hughes, an enslaved man who lived on plantations in Tennessee and
5483:
by Gloria Naylor, Mama Day is a conjure woman with an encyclopedic knowledge of plants and the ability to contact her ancestors. The book focuses on the benevolent aspects of Hoodoo as a means for elders to help the community and carry on tradition, with her saving Bernice's fertility.
4538:" and myth as well as the "nature sack." In African American folk stories, High John the Conqueror was an African prince who was kidnapped from Africa and enslaved in the United States. He was a trickster, and used his wit and charm to deceive and outsmart his slaveholders. After the
4744:. A skilled conjurer can alter a person's destiny through divinities or evil forces. This means a conjurer can shorten someone's life by conjuring death onto them. A conjurer can protect a person's destiny from another conjurer who is trying to change it. To know a person's destiny,
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bodies to understand messages from spirit. Turner believed the eclipse of the sun was a message from God to start a slave rebellion. Academic research from Virginia records on the Nat Turner slave revolt suggests that an occult religious ritual was performed to anoint Turner's raid.
3877:
and other African symbols are sewn into fabrics for spiritual purposes. Quilt makers in the African American community also sewed mojo bags and placed roots, bones, and other items inside bags for protection. Another example was Louiza Francis Combs. Louiza Francis Combs was born in
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which enslaved African Americans created using materials from white porcelain to create a doll figure. In the western section of the cabin, they found iron kettles and iron chain fragments, suggesting that the western section of the cabin was an altar to the Kongo spirit Zarabanda.
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Americans had with the Christian cross as it resembled their African symbol. The cosmogram represents the universe and how human souls travel in the spiritual realm after death, entering into the ancestral realm and reincarnating back into the family. The artifacts uncovered at the
2307:." Invisible churches were secret churches where enslaved African Americans combined Hoodoo with Christianity. Enslaved and free Black ministers preached resistance to slavery and the power of God through praise and worship, and Hoodoo rituals would free slaves from bondage.
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Three years ago, Aunt Katie was called away on her last journey, although she had always emmerced (sic) the back and front steps of her cottage with chamber lye daily to keep away evil spirits death crept in and demanded the price each of us must pay, and Katie answered the
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and being poisoned by their slaves, so much so that white Americans refused to allow enslaved African Americans medical knowledge. Many of the medicines used by white Americans were chemical, while African Americans used the natural herbs and roots and made them into teas.
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roots, fingernail clippings, crab claws, beads, iron, bones, and other items assembled together inside a bundle to conjure a specific result for either protection or healing. These items were hidden inside slaves' dwellings. These practices were concealed from slaveholders.
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continue to incorporate Hoodoo. African American religious institutions are not just places of worship and spirituality but also places to discuss injustices in their communities and how to unite to bring about political and spiritual transformations for African Americans.
2531:
ceremonies and other spiritual practices are performed to heal the soul that died from racial violence. African Americans also use Hoodoo to protect their properties from gentrification in their neighborhoods and on sites that are considered sacred to their communities. On
5732:'s song "Red Mountain Blues" tells of a fortune teller who recommends that a woman get some snakeroot and a High John the Conqueror root, chew them, place them in her boot and pocket to make her man love her. Several other Bessie Smith songs also mention Hoodoo. The song "
2441:
In 1874, Randolph organized a spiritual organization called Brotherhood of Eulis in Tennessee. Through his travels, Randolph documented the continued African traditions in Hoodoo practiced by African Americans in the South. Randolph documented two African American men of
4796:
African American churches, this is called "catching the spirit." African Americans use music, clapping, and singing during the ring shout and in modern-day shouting in Black churches to bring down the spirit. The singing during the ring shout has Christian meaning using
3428:
at the University of Florida collaborated with other world museums to compare African American conjure canes with ritual staffs from Central Africa and found similarities between them and other aspects of African American culture that originated from Bantu-Kongo people.
5627:
The Georgia Writers' Project documented Hoodoo and conjure practices among African Americans in Georgia and traced the practices to West Africa and the Kongo region, as some African Americans knew what region in Africa a family member was from. One woman interviewed in
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they would never return. To cleanse the soul and spirit, salt baths are taken. To prevent evil spirits from entering the home, sulfur was sprinkled around the outside of the house. The bark from a red oak tree was boiled into a tea to reduce a fever or chills. The term
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corresponds to iron, and Ogun is called the "god of iron." West African people enslaved in the United States maintained the respect for enslaved blacksmiths on the plantation, and recognition for iron. Horseshoes, made from metal, are used for protection in Hoodoo. In
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It was documented in an Ohio slave narrative that enslaved African Americans combined conjure with herbal healing. Spiritual charms imbued with power through prayer were combined with herbal teas to treat chronic illness. In South Carolina, slaves treated worms using
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made by enslaved African Americans that had the Kongo cosmogram engraved onto coins and beads. Blue beads were found among the artifacts; in African spirituality, blue beads attract protection to the wearer. In slave cabins in Kentucky and on other plantations in the
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origins in Hoodoo practice are evident. According to academic research, about 40 percent of Africans shipped to the United States during the slave trade came from Central Africa's Kongo region. Emory University created an online database that shows the voyages of the
2223:
After their contact with European slave traders and missionaries, some Africans converted to Christianity willingly, while other enslaved Africans were forced to become Christian, which resulted in a syncretization of African spiritual practices and beliefs with the
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Hoodoo is linked to a popular tradition of bottle trees in the United States. According to gardener and glass bottle researcher Felder Rushing, the use of bottle trees came to the Old South from Africa with the slave trade. The use of blue bottles is linked to the
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by praying "In the name of Father, Son, and Holy Ghost what you want," to the "witch," and after the prayer, placed the Bible in the corner of the slave cabin to protect from a boo hag, believing that by placing a Bible in the corner, the boo hag would not return.
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believe the Hurricane of 1915 that wiped out the town was predicted by a Hoodoo lady named Julia Brown who sang a song on her front porch that she would take the town with her when she die because she was mistreated by the people in the area after she helped them.
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During slavery, enslaved Africans were forced to become Christian, which resulted in a blend of African and Christian spiritual practices that shaped Hoodoo. As a result, Hoodoo was and continues to be practiced in some Black churches in the United States. In the
5721:, Big Lucky Carter, and Al Williams. African American blues performers were influenced by the culture of Hoodoo and wrote songs about mojo bags, love workings, and spirits. Their songs brought awareness of Hoodoo practices to the American mainstream population.
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Hoodoo functioned more as a tool of spiritual healing within Black Protestantism. African American pastors combined Pentecostalism and African-derived traditions of Hoodoo, Voodoo, conjure, and rootwork to heal church members of physical and spiritual ailments.
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This practice continued in the Gullah Geechee Nation where African Americans perform a ring shout over a person's grave to send their soul to the ancestral realm. In addition, the ring shout is performed for other special occasions not associated with death.
4936:, and other ethnic groups. These diverse African ethnic groups brought their traditional cultures with them and adorned their dead with adornments made from American materials but with an African design and meaning. The excavations revealed an indication of
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holds a snake in one hand. This reverence for snakes came to the United States during the slave trade, and in Hoodoo, snakeskins are used in the preparation of conjure powders. Puckett explained that the origin of snake reverence in Hoodoo originates from
3187:, housed spirits inside reflective materials and used reflective materials to transport the recently deceased to the spiritual realm. Broken glass on tombs reflects the other world. It is believed that reflective materials are portals to the spirit world.
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in hoodoo culture. This book provides instruction for using psalms for things such as safe travel, headache, and marital relations. The Bible, however, is not just a source of spiritual works but is itself a conjuring talisman. It can be taken "to the
5253:. African Americans started independent Spiritual churches as a way for them to hide their African practices from whites by synchronizing African traditions with the Christian faith. Some Black Spiritual churches incorporated elements of Hoodoo and
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prohibited large gatherings of enslaved and free Black people. Slaveholders experienced how slave religion ignited slave revolts among enslaved and free Black people, and some leaders of slave insurrections were Black ministers or conjure doctors.
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In slave narratives, African Americans revealed that some of them were kidnapped directly from Africa and brought to America. These slave narratives coincide with the illegal slave trade. In 1807, the 9th United States Congress passed an act that
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Cleromancy is the practice of casting small objects such as shells, bones, stalks, coins, nuts, stones, dice, and sticks for an answer from spirits. The use of such items is a form of divination used in Africa and in Hoodoo in the United States.
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Several African spiritual traditions recognized a genderless supreme being who created the world, was neither good nor evil, and did not concern itself with the affairs of mankind. Lesser spirits were invoked to gain aid for humanity's problems.
4048:, books, and their study of plants. Europeans also brought their own plants from Europe to the United States for herbal cures in America, and African Americans incorporated these European herbs into their herbal practice. Agricultural scientist
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in Virginia in 1831. Vesey and Turner were ministers and utilized the Christian faith to galvanize slaves to resist slavery through armed resistance. In Denmark Vesey's slave revolt, Vesey's co-conspirator was an enslaved Gullah conjurer named
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has been considered as representing the relationship between the westernized African American narrative and the demands of the western literary canon, and the African tradition at the heart of Hoodoo that has defied assimilation. In his book
3108:, the Kongo cosmogram symbol was found in the basement of the church. African Americans punctured holes in the basement floor of the church to make a diamond-shaped Kongo cosmogram for prayer and meditation. The church was also a stop on the
10423:
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Enslaved African American women used their knowledge of herbs to induce miscarriages during pregnancy to prevent slaveholders from owning their children and to prevent their children from being born into slavery. In the nineteenth century,
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tea. Some illnesses were believed to be caused by sorcery (conjure) and the only remedy was to reverse the curse back onto the person who conjured it or clear it with conjure. Traditional herbal healing remains a continued practice in the
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were burned or buried. Proper handling of the umbilical cord and placenta ensured the mother would have another child. If these items were not properly handled by the midwives, it was believed the woman would not have any more children.
3956:. Captains of slaving vessels used native roots to treat fevers that decimated their human cargo. The ships' hellish holds were lined with straw that held the seeds of African grasses and other plants that took root in New World soil."
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woman in Jamaica. This account shows how Black Americans and Jamaicans shared their conjure culture and had similar practices. Free Blacks in northern states had white and Black clients regarding fortune-telling and conjure services.
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4629:(fountains). Academic research on the Pooshee Plantation and Woodboo Plantation in South Carolina showed a continuing belief in water spirits among enslaved African Americans. Both plantations have been submerged under the waters of
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In Hoodoo, "All hold that the Bible is the greatest conjure book in the world." It has many functions for the practitioner, not the least of which is a source of spells. This is particularly evident given the importance of the book
2468:, Hoodoo practitioners purchase their spiritual supplies of novena candles, incense, herbs, conjure oils, and other items from spiritual shops that service practitioners of Vodou, Santeria, and other African Traditional Religions.
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empowers the spirits, and honors them by acknowledging their existence. These offerings of food, liquids, or poured libations are left at gravesites or at a tree. This custom is still practiced in the Central African country of
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Since the 19th century, there has been a Christian influence in Hoodoo thought. African American Christian conjurers believe their powers to heal, hex, trick, and divine come from God. This is particularly evident in relation to
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is known for his song about going "down to the crossroads" to sell his soul to the devil to become a better musician. Some authors suggest that the song invokes a Hoodoo belief in crossroads spirits, a belief that originated in
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cultural influences survived in Hoodoo, but the names and symbols of Orisha spirits are not present because that information was lost during slavery; therefore, only the natural elements that correspond to each Orisha remain.
3529:, traced the origins of Hoodoo (conjure, rootwork) practices in the United States to West and Central Africa. These origins developed a slave culture in the United States that was social, spiritual, and religious. Professor
2236:
people of the coastal Southeast experienced an isolation and relative freedom that allowed the retention of various traditional West African cultural practices. Among the Gullah people and enslaved African Americans in the
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Coffee grounds were used to predict the future. To cause misfortune in a family's home, cayenne pepper was mixed with sulfur and crossing incense and sprinkled around the home of the target. To bring relief from corns and
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in the United States occurred between 1808 and 1860. Between 1619 and 1860 approximately 500,000 enslaved Africans were transported to the United States. From Central Africa, Hoodoo has Bakongo magical influence from the
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against her to establish dominance. Delia learns Voodoo and Hoodoo and manages to hex Sykes. Another book by Hurston features Hoodoo hexes and spells, as well as a Hoodoo doctor. Hurston's professional career was as an
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in Durham County, North Carolina, archaeologists found artifacts made by enslaved African Americans that linked to spiritual practices found in West Africa. The artifacts included a divining stick, a walking stick, and
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placing seashells on top of graves in African American cemeteries continued beyond the 1950s and was noted by researchers in Archer, Florida, and in other African American cemeteries in the state, as well as among the
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ancestral powers, and his soul flies back to Africa after he dies. Morrison's idea of Milkman flying back to Africa was inspired by a historical event in Georgia that has become a part of African American folklore of
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people in Ghana, spirit possession is not limited to people, but objects, inanimate and animate, can become possessed by spirits. This same belief among Black people in the South was documented by folklorist Puckett.
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was a means to remember one's ancestors and look to the future while not forgetting the past. West African spiritual beliefs were mixed with the Christian faith, and free and enslaved West Africans started their own
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were enslaved in the United States. Prior to their arrival in the American South, West African Muslims blended Islamic beliefs with traditional West African spiritual practices. On plantations in the American South,
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spiritual world (realm of the ancestors). The vertical line of the cosmogram is the path of spiritual power from God at the top traveling to the realm of the dead below where the ancestors reside. The cosmogram, or
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bundles. Simbi spirits can appear as male or female. Some have long black hair and resemble mermaids, while others look like albinos. In West-Central Africa, there are folk stories of people meeting mermaids. In
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at Princeton University defines Hoodoo as part of African American religious life with practices influenced from Africa that fused with Christianity, creating an African American religious culture for liberation.
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with captive Africans from Nigeria, including a cargo of Igbo people. Some of the Igbo people chose suicide rather than a lifetime of slavery by walking into the swamp and drowning. This location became known as
2344:
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were the primary caregivers for pregnant Black women and nursing mothers during and after slavery. By the mid-twentieth century, licenses were required for all women to become midwives. Prior to certification,
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Other African cultural survivals among the Gullah people include giving their children African names. Linguists have noted identical or similar-sounding names in the Gullah Geechee Nation that can be traced to
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was created in Central Africa. Bantu-Kongo people combined Kongo spiritual beliefs with the Christian faith that were nature spirits and spirits of dead ancestors. The concepts of Kongo Christianity among the
5464:. He explores the role of Hoodoo in forging a uniquely African American culture, and writes about the Neo-HooDoo aesthetic in aspects of African American culture such as dance, poetry, and quilting. His book
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Mississippi, carried a mojo bag to prevent slaveholders from whipping him. The mojo bag Hughes carried was called a "voodoo bag" by the enslaved community in the area. Former enslaved person and abolitionist
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religious leaders. The spiritual mothers of the African American community provided prophetic guidance to those "seeking." After their initiation, initiates were accepted into the religious Black community.
4257:
Spiritual Meeting at Father Treadwells Church NOLA. Hoodoo practitioners incorporate Christian imagery on their Hoodoo altars, and some practice Hoodoo in group church settings or are solitary practitioners.
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African Americans had their own herbal knowledge that was brought from West and Central Africa to the United States. European slave traders selected certain West African ethnic groups for their knowledge of
3178:
in the Kongo cosmogram of birth, life, death, and rebirth. Through counterclockwise circle dancing, ring shouters build up spiritual energy that results in communication with ancestral spirits and leads to
7164:"Conjure, Hoodoo, and the Cross: African Spirituality and the Slave Experience in Pre-Antebellum America, African Spirituality Had More of an Influence on the Slave Experience in America Than Christianity"
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and used herbs to remove curses, and evil spirits, and bring good luck. Sometimes there were a few African American rootworkers who did both. Hurston documented a traditional Hoodoo herb gatherer called a
4060:
was the son of former slaves born in North Carolina and learned Hoodoo and conjuring from his family. He healed his clients using rootwork, operated a conjure Hoodoo store, and became a multi-millionaire.
3512:
was a professor at Yale University who conducted academic research in Africa and the United States and traced Hoodoo's (African American conjure) origins to Central Africa's Bantu-Kongo people in his book
12695:"Conjure, Hoodoo, and the Cross: African Spirituality and the Slave Experience in Pre-Antebellum America African Spirituality Had More of an Influence on the Slave Experience in America Than Christianity"
3135:
Archeologists also found the Kongo cosmogram on several plantations in the American South, including Richmond Hill Plantation in Georgia, Frogmore Plantation in South Carolina, a plantation in Texas, and
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began studying the occult and traveled and learned spiritual practices in Africa and Europe. Randolph was a mixed-race free Black man who wrote several books on the occult. In addition, Randolph was an
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done. Leaving an egg in a murdered victim's hand can prevent whoever took their life from wandering too far from the scene. The egg representing the life of the murderer is being held by the victim.
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During the slave trade, the majority of Central Africans imported to New Orleans, Louisiana, were Bakongo people. This image was painted in 1886 and shows African Americans in New Orleans performing
4897:. Along with historians involved in the project, they noted that about 15,000 Africans were buried in a section of Lower Manhattan called the "Negroes Burial Ground". Only 419 Africans buried were
3132:(runaway slaves). The Kongo cosmogram artifacts were used as a form of spiritual protection against slavery and for slaves' protection during their escape from slavery on the Underground Railroad.
3063:. This database shows many slave ships primarily leaving Central Africa. Ancient Kongolese spiritual beliefs and practices are present in Hoodoo, such as the Kongo cosmogram. The basic form of the
5197:
Oneiromancy is a form of divination based on dreams. Former slaves talked about receiving messages from ancestors and spirits concerning imminent danger or receiving advice on how to save money.
3727:, historians found in a slave cabin a wrought-iron figure made by an enslaved blacksmith in the eighteenth century, which looked similar to Ogun statues made by blacksmiths in West Africa by the
3502:
In the South Carolina Lowcountry in African American communities, the word for a spiritual mother is Mama Bondo. Additionally, during slavery, it was documented that there was a Kikongo-speaking
4167:
meant someone had the ability to detect spirits by scent; smelling cinnamon, nutmeg, and ginger meant spirits were present. To ease frequent coughs and colds, liquid tar was added to hot water.
3076:, where Hoodoo rituals are performed to communicate with spirits and to leave ritual remains to remove a curse. The Kongo cosmogram is also spelled the "Bakongo" cosmogram and the "Yowa" cross.
19279:
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sang about a Hoodoo work to keep a man faithful: "Take some of you hair, boil it in a pot, Take some of your clothes, tie them in a knot, Put them in a snuff can, bury them under the step...."
3486:. These title words indicate continued African traditions in Hoodoo and conjure. The title words are spiritual in meaning. In Central Africa, spiritual priests and spiritual healers are called
3350:, which means that natural ingredients have their own indwelling spirit that can be utilized in mojo bags to bring luck and protection. The mojo bag or conjure bag derived from the Bantu-Kongo
3247:, historians and archeologists unearthed Kongo and Central African practices inside slave cabins. Enslaved Africans in Louisiana conjured the spirits of Kongo ancestors and water spirits using
1660:
5881:
church, the Sanctified church, and praise houses in Black communities is where traditional Hoodoo continues to be practiced by African Americans. One scholar traced manufactured hoodoo to the
5293:
newspaper reported two people were lynched for practicing hoodooism. Despite these circumstances, African American Spiritual churches provided food and other services for the Black community.
4267:
African traditional beliefs with the Christian faith is defined as Afro-Christianity. During slavery, free and enslaved Black Hoodoo doctors identified as Christian, and some rootworkers were
2514:
into the present day with the Black Lives Matter movement, Hoodoo practices in the African American community also focus on spiritual protection from police brutality. Today, Hoodoo and other
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prevented Black women from entering hospitals that provided medical care for white people. Also, many African Americans did not trust white medical doctors because some were known to conduct
2977:
2131:, "Roots" is the Southern Negro's term for folk doctoring by herbs and prescriptions, and by extension, and because all hoodoo doctors cure by roots, it may be used as a synonym for hoodoo.
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4787:(African American churches) originates from African styles of dance. Counterclockwise circle dancing is practiced in West and Central Africa to invoke the spirits of the ancestors and for
1592:
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5362:
was preached by Black ministers to wage warfare against demons, which was also a part of Hoodoo cultureâbelieving that praying to God and ancestral spirits could remove demonic curses.
2347:, were used as a form of resistance against slavery. In the 1830s, Black sailors from the United States utilized conjure for safe sea travel. A Black sailor received a talisman from an
1670:
5460:. Reed criticizes the erasure of African Americans from the American frontier narrative, as well as exposing the racist context of the American dream and the cultural evolution of the
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1655:
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5119:, Voodoo, and Hoodoo, to create a new spiritual divination practice and system of magic unique to African Americans. Rootworkers there trained under African American astrologers in
5008:" spirit specifically. Glass bottle trees have become a popular garden decoration throughout the South and Southwest. According to academic research, bottle trees originated in the
3735:, and Yoruba people. West African blacksmiths enslaved in the United States were highly respected and feared by enslaved Black people because they had the ability to forge weapons.
3644:
house to "Hoodoo the person." When the targeted individual walked over the jar, they had pain in their legs. Snakes in Hoodoo are used for healing, protection, and to curse people.
3099:
The crossroads is a spiritual supernatural crossroads that symbolizes communication between the worlds of the living and the world of the ancestors, divided at the horizontal line.
2338:
conjurer named Peter the Doctor, who made a magical powder for the slaves to be rubbed on the body and clothes for their protection and empowerment. The Africans that revolted were
5148:(Dahomey). After the baby is born, the caul is removed, preserved, and used to drive away or banish ghosts. It is believed that a child born at midnight will have second sight or
4068:
Edisto Island National Scenic Byway - Sweetgrass Baskets - A Gullah Tradition - NARA - 7718281 - Sweetgrass baskets designs and styles are similar to the ones made in West Africa.
6257:
5876:, and the tradition does have its own theology that is missing which was taken out by the spiritual merchants who wanted to profit from an African American spiritual tradition.
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as a child, where she became known for soothsaying and divination with playing cards. She is mentioned by name in the Memphis Jug Band's "Aunt Caroline Dye Blues" (1930) and in
4913:, whose merchants carried on trade with the west-central coast of West Africa. Historians and archaeologists found Kongo-related artifacts at the African Burial Ground, such as
308:
18955:
5545:, about an African American youth named Moth whose grandmother is a Hoodoo practitioner. In the book, Moth searches for her cultural roots after several deaths in her family.
4004:
was emancipated because of her medical expertise during an 1825 fever epidemic in Virginia and eventually ran her own hospital, using her earnings to free at least 16 slaves.
3803:(rum). It is believed that conjure bags and luck balls have a spirit, and to keep its spirit alive, conjurers feed them whiskey once a week. The practice has its roots in the
954:
3952:. "West African slaves brought not only herbal knowledge with them across the Atlantic; they also imported the actual seeds. Some wore necklaces of wild liquorice seeds as a
3865:
influence and artistic style was seen in Powers' quilts as well. Harriet Powers was born enslaved in Georgia in 1837, and scholars suggest Powers may have been of Bakongo or
2241:, where the concentration of slaves was dense, Hoodoo was practiced under a large cover of secrecy. The reason for secrecy among enslaved and free African Americans was that
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direction the bug moved inside the bottle revealed to the conjurer where a spell bottle was buried that caused misfortune or where the person who buried the bottle lived.
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The West-Central African practice of leaving food offerings for deceased relatives and to feed and petition other spirits by giving them offerings of food, water, or rum (
3960:
2483:. As African Americans left the South during the Great Migration, they took the practice of Hoodoo to other Black communities in the North. Benjamin Rucker, also known as
367:
319:
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5477:, the protagonist, the Loop Garoo Kid, acts as an American frontier traveler with the Hoodoo church and curses 'Drag Gibson', the monocultural white American landowner.
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heading to the Americas, bringing the practice to the United States. Slaves went to enslaved Black Muslims for conjure services, requesting them to make gris-gris bags (
3091:, a spirit container. Locals call face jugs "voodoo pots" and "ugly jugs." African American face jugs are similar in appearance to face jugs made by Bantu people in the
1665:
1617:
4959:
the African Burial Ground from across the country and around the world and perform libation ceremonies to honor the 15,000-plus African people buried in New York City.
4708:
the family, originated in Central Africa's Kongo region. It was brought to the United States during the transatlantic slave trade. The West African practice of pouring
4893:
Archaeologists discovered evidence of continued West-Central African burial practices in a section of Lower Manhattan, New York City, which is now the location of the
1627:
1622:
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artifacts that can be bought and sold." The appropriation of hoodoo is based on ignorance about African American cultural history and hoodoo's ties to Black people.
5245:
in the United States began in the mid-nineteenth century. The African American community became a part of this movement in the early twentieth century, and numerous
2388:
after the Civil War, Old Julie used her conjure powers to turn the steamboat back to where it was docked, forcing her slaveholder who tried to sell her to keep her.
1893:
1637:
4422:
Whenevah ah'm afraid of someone doin' me harm ah read the 37 Psalms an' co'se ah leaves the Bible open with the head of it turned to the east as many as three days.
3218:
practices. Enslaved African Americans prayed to Simbi water spirits during their baptismal services. In 1998, in a historic house in Annapolis, Maryland called the
16778:
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charms were placed inside and outside the house, and Black midwives prayed for spiritual protection for the mother and newborn baby. After the baby was born, the
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after they arrived in the United States. The extent to which Hoodoo could be practiced varied by region and the temperament of the slaveholders. For example, the
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2515:
1607:
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The plat eye is a one-eyed ghost that can morph into various forms. It is conjured when a person buries the head of a murdered man inside a hole with treasure.
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were the first Muslim ethnic group imported from Sierra Leone in West Africa to the Americas. Mandingo people were known for their powerful conjure bags called
3128:
for spiritual rituals by the enslaved African American population in Kings County. Historians suggest Lott Farmstead was a stop on the Underground Railroad for
19805:
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there is a story about a girl named Sukey meeting a mermaid named Mama Jo, who helps and protects Sukey and financially supports her by giving her gold coins.
510:
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found blue beads used by enslaved people for spiritual protection. Enslaved African Americans combined Christian practices with traditional African beliefs.
1991:, an estimated 52% of all enslaved Africans transported to the Americas came from Central African countries that existed within the boundaries of modern day
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5637:. The West African practice of using graveyard dirt continues in the United States in Black communities today in the African American tradition of Hoodoo.
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289:
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Communication with spirits and the dead (ancestors) is a continued practice in Hoodoo that originated from West and Central Africa. Nature spirits called
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people, an ethnic group of the Mandinka people, influenced the making of charm bags and amulets. Words in Hoodoo in reference to charm bags come from the
20654:
17331:"Rutgers-Camden Scholar Clears up Misconceptions about Hoodoo: In her new book, Katrina Hazzard-Donald says it's more than hex-breaking oils and candles"
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5643:, north of Mobile, Alabama, is another legacy of the illegal slave trade and African culture in the United States. In 2012, Africatown was placed on the
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After 1679, the majority of Africans imported to colonial New York were from West Africa because colonial rule of New York shifted from the Dutch to the
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who found through his study of African Art the origins of African Americans' spiritual practices in certain regions in Africa. Former academic historian
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was taught to church members, as they believed God wants his children to be prosperous, and prosperity came to those who had faith in God. For example,
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Placing an egg in the hand of a murder victim when they are in their coffin is believed to cause the murderer to surrender to the police in three days.
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The practice of carving snakes onto "conjure sticks" to remove curses, evil spirits, and bring healing was found in African American communities in the
3723:, enslaved blacksmiths created spoons that historians suggest have West African symbols carved onto them that have a spiritual cosmological meaning. In
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influences in Hoodoo. The crossroads spirit in Hoodoo, called the Man of the Crossroads, may have its origins in the Yoruba people's crossroads spirit,
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scriptures from the Bible. At the same time that root workers can remove a curse using the Bible, they can also place curses on people with the Bible.
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is snakeskins. Snakes (serpents) are revered in West African spiritual practices because they represent divinity. The West African Vodun water spirit
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human figures onto canes to conjure illness. The difference with African American canes is the North American animals and historical events, such as
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spiritual healer. The spiritual priests in Central Africa became the rootworkers and Hoodoo doctors in African American communities. In the American
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spiritual tools to remove demons and curses from church members. The removal of evil spirits in Black Pentecostal churches involves prayer, playing
4190:. African American midwives provided medical care for nursing and pregnant Black women in their communities by treating them with herbal medicines.
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baking soda, castor oil, and lard were made into a paste and wrapped around the affected area using a cloth. To cure cuts, African Americans placed
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pushed Black Herman to Harlem, New York's Black community where he operated his own Hoodoo business and provided rootwork services to his clients.
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origin that used Kongo conjure practices against each other. The two conjure men came from a slave ship that docked in Mobile Bay in 1860 or 1861.
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Honey jars or sweetening jars are a tradition in Hoodoo to sweeten a person or a situation in a person's favor. Traditionally, sugar water is used.
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in Alabama with 110 Africans. The Africans imported to Alabama illegally came from West Africa, and the ethnic groups coming from the region were
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is used. Divination is also used to know what rituals should be performed and what charms should be worn to protect or alter a person's destiny.
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developed on slave plantations in the United States, and enslaved and free Black Americans used conjure as a form of resistance against slavery.
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Both Central and West African symbolism has been observed in African American quilt-making. African American women made quilts incorporating the
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3995:, a Puritan minister in the colony. Boston had been plagued by several smallpox outbreaks since the 1690s. Onesimus "introduced the practice of
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also explores the deep connection between community empowerment and Hoodoo. In the story, Indigo has healing abilities and makes Hoodoo dolls.
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with iron wedges driven into the figure to activate its spirit in one of the cabins called the "curer's cabin." Researchers also found a Kongo
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on his altar. Snake reverence among African Americans in Voodoo and Hoodoo originates from West Africa. This Spiritual church had a branch in
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faith. The Bantu-Kongo people's sacred symbol is a cross called the Kongo cosmogram (+) that looks similar to the Christian Cross. A form of
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regalia patterns of the Yoruba people in West Africa, where she incorporated "striped-piecing techniques that pay tribute to her ancestors."
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means a spiritual teacher. During the slave trade, some Mandingo people were able to carry their gris-gris bags with them when they boarded
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of Georgia. The conjure practices of the Gullah Geechee were influenced by Bakongo and other West African ethnic groups when a slave ship,
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is also used in Hoodoo and combined with astrology for spiritual works. African Americans in Indiana have combined numerology, astrology,
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4056:(practitioner of Hoodoo who can treat illnesses with plants) by Black people because of his knowledge of using plants to heal the body.
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gifts to see spirits and see into the future. This belief in the caul bringing psychic gifts was found in West Africa, particularly in
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Conqueror product labels. As a result, some people do not know the African American folk hero High John the Conqueror is a Black man.
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Lowcountry Digital History Initiative A Digital History Project hosted by the Lowcountry Digital Library at the College of Charleston
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Lowcountry Digital History Initiative A Digital History Project hosted by the Lowcountry Digital Library at the College of Charleston
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5410:, the protagonist Delia is a washwoman with a fear of snakes. Her cruel husband, Sykes, is a devotee of Li Grande Zombi and uses her
5262:. A snake design was painted on a wall at Mother Seals' church, while another African American Spiritual church leader had a plastic
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12665:"African Spirituality's Influence on the Slave Experience in America Introduction: Nat Turner and the Fear of African Spirituality"
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Hoodoo." Traditional hoodoo of African American people went into hiding by the twentieth century into the present day. There is a
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healers in Central Africa became the conjure doctors and herbal healers in African American communities in the United States. The
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blacksmiths are respected in Black communities because of their knowledge of the mysteries of metal and its spiritual properties.
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wrote in his autobiography that he spoke with an enslaved fortune-teller named Frank to learn if his escape from slavery on the
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that had the Kongo cosmogram engraved onto the clay bowls. These clay bowls were used by African Americans for ritual purposes.
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7445:"The Gold Diggers of 1833: African American Dreams, Fortune-Telling, Treasure-Seeking, and Policy in Antebellum New York City"
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took the sign of an eclipse of the sun as a sign from God to start his slave revolt in Southampton County, Virginia, in 1831.
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Historians from Southern Illinois University in the Africana Studies Department documented that about 20 title words from the
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Jacob Stroyer explained in his autobiographical slave narrative that slaves in South Carolina used a Bible to protect from a
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ritual healers use ritual staffs, which are called conjure canes in Hoodoo. These canes conjure spirits and heal people. The
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spiritual practices. When Africans were enslaved in the United States, they blended African spiritual beliefs with Christian
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during and after slavery for African Americans to protect themselves. Scholars call the practice of Hoodoo in Black churches
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Another enslaved African named Dinkie, known by the enslaved community as Dinkie King of Voudoos and the Goopher King, used
3008:. In Memphis, Kail interviewed Black rootworkers and wrote about African American Hoodoo practices and history in his book "
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in Cuba, and researchers excavated Kongo-related artifacts at the site. For example, archeologists found the remains of an
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13029:"Federal Writers' Project: Slave Narrative Project, Vol. 3, Florida, Anderson-Wilson (with combined interviews of others)"
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Long, Carolyn Morrow. "Spiritual Merchants: Religion, Magic and Commerce." University of Tennessee Press. Knoxville: 2001.
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4236:, cursing someone to cause their death might not be considered a malignant act. One practitioner explained it as follows:
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in America developed into a unique African American spiritual and religious practice that was the foundation for conjure,
3016:, a professor of American history who specialized in the study of American slavery and African American slave culture and
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to receive messages from spirits. This form of divination was added later in Hoodoo. Some Hoodoo practitioners use both.
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Zora Neale Hurston documented stories about High John the Conqueror from African Americans in the Southern United States.
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in Georgia. According to African American folklore, the Igbos who committed suicide had their souls fly back to Africa.
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of some of their communities. The ring shout continues today in Georgia with the McIntosh County Shouters. In 2017, the
4593:. Spirits are conjured to cure or kill people, and to predict the future. Spirits can also help people find things. One
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under the leadership of Moses. Examples of enslaved and free Black people using the Bible as a tool for liberation were
4154:
and leave their body at will and attack people in their sleep) from draining their life force. To treat heart ailments,
3274:, near the Gulf Coast, researchers suggest that plantation owner Levi Jordan may have transported captive Africans from
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16128:"Zora Neale Hurston: In a controversial letter, the versatile author expressed frustration with critics of segregation"
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nature spirits, graveyard conjure, the crossroads spirit, making conjure canes, incorporating animal parts, pouring of
5335:, the ring shout, and other practicesâunderground and synchronized them with Christianity. Some Sanctified Churches in
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2015:
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11390:"Expelling frogs and binding babies: conception, gestation and birth in nineteenth-century African-American midwifery"
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Ewe and Kongo people. For example, in West Africa graveyard dirt is placed inside conjure bags for protection against
2334:, with enslaved Africans revolting and setting fire to buildings in the downtown area. The leader of the revolt was a
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8276:"The Sacred Arts of the Black Atlantic: Showcasing the art and ritual of the African and African-diaspora religions"
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both Black and white Americans during slavery. For example, African traditional medicine proved beneficial during a
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16070:"Writing Vodou into Literature: Exploring Diasporic Religious Symbols and Lore in Zora Neale Hurston's "Sweat" and
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and other parts of Africa and was brought to the United States during the period of the transatlantic slave trade.
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8805:"The Archaeology of Spatial Patterning: A Test Case From the Magnolia Quarters in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana"
7395:"Conjure, Magic, and Power: The Influence of Afro-Atlantic Religious Practices on Slave Resistance and Rebellion"
5461:
4780:. The word "shout" derived from the West African Muslim word saut, meaning "dancing or moving around the Kaaba".
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selected people belonging to ethnic groups from these regions to be enslaved and transported to the Sea Islands.
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appeared in 1870. Its origins are obscure, but some linguists believe it originated as an alteration of the word
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5787:. However, the devil figure in Johnson's song, a black man with a cane who haunts crossroads, closely resembles
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is commonly used in Hoodoo to remove and protect from evil by placing red brick dust at the entrance of a home.
4736:
In West African religions, people are given a destiny from God. It is believed someone can alter parts of their
3799:. Another practice in Hoodoo that has its origins in West Africa is to moisten conjure bags and luck balls with
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17453:"Mojo Workin' The Old African American Hoodoo System A bold new reconsideration of Hoodoo belief and practice"
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and other traditions. African Americans in South Carolina are fighting to keep their traditions alive despite
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people in Central Africa and African Americans in the Georgia and South Carolina Lowcountry collect rocks and
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because enslaved Black people concealed their culture and practices from whites within the Christian religion.
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13848:"The Illusion of Isolation: The Gullah/Geechees and the Political Economy of African Culture in the Americas"
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Closer to Freedom Enslaved Women and Everyday Resistance in the Plantation South: Easyread Large Bold Edition
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such as heart disease, arthritis, cold, flu, and other illnesses. African American conjure doctors performed
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16971:"Bakongo Afterlife and Cosmological Direction: Translation of African Culture into North Florida Cemeteries"
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Missouri Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States from Interviews with Former Slaves
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Religion and American Cultures: An Encyclopedia of Traditions, Diversity, and Popular Expressions · Volume 1
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An African American pre-med student at James Madison University wrote a teen novel published in 2021 titled
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are respected because they are connected to the spirit of metal (iron). Among the Yoruba, the Orisha spirit
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14487:"Bakongo Afterlife and Cosmological Direction:Translation of African Culture into North Florida Cemeteries"
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11956:. In the appendix she lists the "paraphernalia of conjure," the last on the list being the Christian Bible.
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Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America
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Signs of Diaspora / Diaspora of Signs Literacies, Creolization, and Vernacular Practice in African America
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African American conjurers and rootworkers identified as Christian and incorporated the Bible into Hoodoo.
2063:, meaning "spirit work," which comes from the Ewe language spoken in the West African countries of Ghana,
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16630:"Magic and Empowerment on the Plantation: An Archaeological Consideration of African-American World View"
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8043:"Discussing the role of spirituality in the Black Lives Matter movement and the fight for racial justice"
8016:"Discussing the role of spirituality in the Black Lives Matter movement and the fight for racial justice"
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Paschal Beverly Randolph: A Nineteenth-century Black American Spiritualist, Rosicrucian, and Sex Magician
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throughout his career, addresses a woman who is able to resist the power of the singer's Hoodoo amulets.
5579:
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are places where African Americans gather to have church and perform healing rituals and the ring shout.
4712:
continues in Hoodoo practice. Libations are given as an offering to honor and acknowledge the ancestors.
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as African Americans left the South to live and work in Northern cities living near European immigrants.
4158:
was ground into a powder and mixed with water and drunk once a week. To bring the body temperature down,
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slave narratives, it was documented that former slaves used graveyard dirt to escape from slavery on the
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Rituals of Resistance: African Atlantic Religion in Kongo and the Lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery
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Rituals of Resistance: African Atlantic Religion in Kongo and the Lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery
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Rituals of Resistance: African Atlantic Religion in Kongo and the Lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery
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Rituals of Resistance: African Atlantic Religion in Kongo and the Lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery
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believed her dreams were given to her by God to inform her how to rescue her family from slavery on the
4917:
bundles buried with African remains. These Nkisi and minkisi bundles became the conjure bags in Hoodoo.
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4289:
American Christianity, as some African Americans continued to believe in the African concepts of nature
3416:
Africa. Several African American families still use conjure canes today. In Central Africa, Bantu-Kongo
3364:, conjure doctors create mojo bags similar to the Ngangas' minkisi bags, as both are fed offerings with
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from the Edgefield District of South Carolina. Historians suggest face jugs may have functioned like an
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Rituals of Resistance African Atlantic Religion in Kongo and the Lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery
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Rituals of Resistance African Atlantic Religion in Kongo and the Lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery
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Occult America: White House Seances, Ouija Circles, Masons, and the Secret Mystic History of Our Nation
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their slaveholders. This branch of Christianity among the enslaved was concealed from slaveholders in "
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who gave the slaves rootwork instructions for their spiritual protection for a possible slave revolt.
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A major West African influence in Hoodoo is Islam. As a result of the transatlantic slave trade, some
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were used to prevent whippings from slaveholders. Also, the Kongo cosmogram engravings were used as a
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The Memphis Jug Band song was released with Dye's last name misspelled as "Aunt Caroline Dyer Blues."
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created a series of documentaries about Zora Neale Hurston and her research on Black folklore in the
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a variety of African plants were brought from Africa to the United States for cultivation, including
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678:
17506:"The Hindu in Hoodoo: Fake Yogis, Pseudo-Swamis, and the Manufacture of African American Folk Magic"
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15880:
15774:
The Spiritual Churches of New Orleans: Origins, Beliefs, and Rituals of an African-American Religion
15627:
The Spiritual Churches of New Orleans: Origins, Beliefs, and Rituals of an African-American Religion
15504:
The Spiritual Churches of New Orleans: Origins, Beliefs, and Rituals of an African-American Religion
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Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States, From Interviews with Former Slaves
11197:
9057:
8621:
8497:
8337:
7712:
6616:"In the shadows of the invisible institution: Southern Black folk religion and the Great Migrations"
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believed the power to curse came from Satan and that only God's power could remove a demonic curse.
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following Webb's instructions, according to their beliefs, the slaveholder would treat them better.
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Tietchen, Todd F. (2002). ""Cowboy Tricksters and Devilish Wangols: Ishmael Reed's Hoodoo West."".
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over fields which let her know where to go and where the safe places were to hide freedom seekers.
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meaning and use of crosses in West Africa was different from the Bakongo people in Central Africa.
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rubbed graveyard dirt on the bottom of their feet or put graveyard dirt in their tracks to prevent
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891:
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11840:"Conjure and Christianity in the Nineteenth Century: Religious Elements in African American Magic"
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5998:"Conjure and Christianity in the Nineteenth Century: Religious Elements in African American Magic"
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A Sankofa Symbol was etched onto the memorial wall at the African Burial Ground National Monument.
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used the High John root to protect himself by chewing and spitting the root towards his enslaver.
2487:, provided Hoodoo services for African Americans in the North and the South when he traveled as a
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from the Fon and Ewe people in Benin and Togo, following some elements from the Yoruba religion.
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The origin of the word Hoodoo and other words associated with the practice could be traced to the
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9591:"From the Old World to the New World: The Transformation of Kongo Minksi in African American Art"
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and articles that provided readers with knowledge of African American spirituality. In 2023, the
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One observer at the time called The Sixth and Seventh Books "the hoodoo Bible". Yvonne Chireau.
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Yale Macmillan Center: Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition
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these illegal slave trades were documented in American history. For example, the slave ship the
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on wounds. Devil's shoestring placed in the pocket brings good luck and will trip up the devil.
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Spiritual and Social Transformation in African American Spiritual Churches: More Than Conjurers
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13442:. Academic Affairs Library, UNC-CH University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. pp. 85â86.
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11350:. Academic Affairs Library, UNC-CH University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. pp. 81â85.
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Yale Macmillan Center Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition
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9695:
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Several blues songs describe love charms or other folk magic. In her "Louisiana Hoodoo Blues",
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5123:. Blacks in the United states have historically looked to astrology for guidance. For example,
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anoint roots three times daily and chew and spit roots towards their enslavers for protection.
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1972:
between two or more cultural religions, in this case being African indigenous spirituality and
1914:
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Liverpool - Minkisi cloth bundles were found on slave plantations in the United States in the
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mail-order business selling hoodoo products to her neighbors in Georgia. Since the opening of
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was the last slave ship to transport Africans to the United States. The Clotilda entered the
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was treated by massaging eelskin onto affected areas or ingesting a decoction of oak bark or
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continued African American burial practices of placing mirror-like objects on top of graves.
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1101:
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770:
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341:
16260:"Charles W. Chesnutt and the Anti-Imperialist Matrix of African-American Writing, 1898-1905"
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11763:. Greenwood Press. pp. 2â4, 11, 13â14, 17, 22, 24, 28, 36, 41â44, 47, 49, 50, 181â182.
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Tietchen, Todd F. ""Cowboy Tricksters and Devilish Wangols: Ishmael Reed's Hoodoo West."".
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8169:"How Black women entrepreneurs are finding their niche in spirituality-inspired businesses"
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A Hoodoo stick was found between the walls of the Bennehan House to curse (hex) the family.
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Low Country Gullah Culture Special Resource Study and Final Environmental Impact Statement
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Low Country Gullah Culture Special Resource Study and Final Environmental Impact Statement
14342:"The New York African Burial Ground: Unearthing the African Presence in Colonial New York"
13564:
Low Country Gullah Culture Special Resource Study and Final Environmental Impact Statement
10659:
Low Country Gullah Culture Special Resource Study and Final Environmental Impact Statement
10612:
Low Country Gullah Culture Special Resource Study and Final Environmental Impact Statement
10443:"Frederick Douglass and Wye House: Archaeology & African American Culture in Maryland"
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7116:"Federal Writers' Project: Slave Narrative Project, Vol. 2, Arkansas, Part 3, Gadson-Isom"
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Hoodoo spread throughout the United States as African Americans left the delta during the
2127:) in the Caribbean. In the Bahamas, Hoodoo is referred to as "obeah." According to author
8:
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17355:"MOJO WORKIN': The Old African American Hoodoo System by Katrina Hazzard-Donald (review)"
16451:"Obeah to Rastafari: Jamaica as a Colony of Ridicule, Oppression and Violence, 1865-1939"
15531:. Xavier University of Louisiana's Center for the Advancement of Teaching. Archived from
13094:
9862:
9680:
Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Henry Bibb, An American Slave, Written by Himself
8677:
8315:
7563:
Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom
7511:
Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom
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5595:
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their Hoodoo conjure powers to save their people and defeat white supremacists. In 1973,
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Another spiritual institution where African Americans hid their Hoodoo practices was the
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Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Henry Bibb, An American Slave, Written by Himself
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2288:
1973:
1725:
1203:
1165:
582:
413:
148:
74:
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19692:
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Soul Thieves The Appropriation and Misrepresentation of African American Popular Culture
17521:
14457:"The Ancestral Libation Chamber Memorial on the African Burial Ground National Monument"
12412:
12233:
10376:"Historical Perspectives of the African Burial Ground: New York Blacks and the Diaspora"
8889:"The Kongo cosmogram in Historical Archaeology and the Moral Compass of Dave the Potter"
8424:"The Kongo Cosmogram in Historical Archaeology and the Moral Compass of Dave the Potter"
7881:
4617:
and in Hoodoo. This belief in water spirits was brought to the United States during the
4016:
In a 1911 autobiographical account, Reverend Irving E. Lowery, who was born enslaved in
3978:
African American root doctors developed a variety of herbal cures in the American South.
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at the four corners of Congo Square at midnight during a dark moon for a Hoodoo ritual.
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Failed Frontiersmen, White Men and Myth in the Post-Sixties American Historical Romance
16271:
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16101:
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15726:
14928:
14893:
14399:"Historical Perspectives of the African Burial Ground New York Blacks and the Diaspora"
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Shout Because You're Free: The African American Ring Shout Tradition in Coastal Georgia
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Shout Because You're Free: The African American Ring Shout Tradition in Coastal Georgia
8917:
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8089:
8081:
8066:"The Spirit in Black Lives Matter: new spiritual community in black radical organizing"
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Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936 to 1938 (603)
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makes references to African American spirituality in her literature. Morrison's novel,
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Some African Americans believed High John the Conqueror freed the slaves, and that the
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A work published in 2013 on Hoodoo lays out a model of Hoodoo origins and development.
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The River Flows On: Black Resistance, Culture, and Identity Formation in Early America
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5491:
Yvonne Chireau from Swarthmore College studied the depictions of Hoodoo and Voodoo in
5326:, anointing oils, and other Hoodoo tools. Author Zora Neale Hurston wrote in her book
5274:
church. Doc Harris was known to make mojo bags that looked similar to the Kongo-based
3222:, archaeologists unearthed Hoodoo artifacts inside the house that linked to the Kongo
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16995:"A map of illegal slave-trade routes to the United States used between 1808 and 1860"
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14184:"Conjure/Doctors: An Exploration of a Black Discourse in America, Antebellum to 1940"
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The River Flows On Black Resistance, Culture, and Identity Formation in Early America
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8835:"Frederick Douglass Wye House Archaeology & African American Culture in Maryland"
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6922:"Enslaved African conjure and ritual deposits on the Hume Plantation, South Carolina"
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Leone, Mark P. (1 October 2020). "The Problem: Religion within the World of Slaves".
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kept some of their traditional Islamic culture. They practiced Islamic prayers, wore
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2019:
901:
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249:
209:
187:
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12053:"500 Years of African Presence in Florida and European Presence in the Kongo Region"
9897:
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6983:. www.archive.org: Chapel Hill, The University of North Carolina Press. p. 181.
6281:
6178:
6072:"Theorizing Africana Religions: A Journal of Africana Religions Inaugural Symposium"
5263:
4873:
4375:' ability to work wonders. Though its authorship is attributed to Moses, the oldest
4044:, African Americans adjusted to their environments and learned the local flora from
3856:
made quilts using Bakongo and other West African symbols. On one of Harriet Powers'
3796:
3640:
3169:, including musical instruments, headdresses, dance steps, and spiritual traditions.
2537:
properties in the area and the owner of the company had a heart attack. Locals from
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17687:
Ginseng, Hoodoo, and the Magic of Upholding African American Earth-Based Traditions
17517:
17367:
17215:
17022:"Conjuring Moments and Other Such Hoodoo: African American Women & Spirit Work"
16668:"Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936 to 1938"
16602:
16377:
16321:
16085:
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15562:
14920:
14885:
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8709:
Aesthetics Equals Politics: New Discourses across Art, Architecture, and Philosophy
8436:
8073:
7409:
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7303:
The Souls of Womenfolk: The Religious Cultures of Enslaved Women in the Lower South
7232:
7061:
6588:
6526:
6216:
6083:
6009:
5792:
5587:
5456:
Another writer who focused on African American spirituality in their literature is
5425:
5399:, a book about the practice of Obeah in Jamaica and the practice of Vodou in Haiti.
5254:
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4945:
at the site that linked to West Africa, researchers suggest, was the finding of an
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785:
195:
183:
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Freebooters and Smugglers: The Foreign Slave Trade in the United States After 1808
14019:"The McIntosh County Shouters - Spirituals and Shout Songs from the Georgia Coast"
13437:
11855:
11508:
11345:
10778:"Reinterpretations of African Cultural Traditions in African American Fabric Arts"
10582:"Sacred Places and Holy Ground: West African Spiritualism at Stagville Plantation"
10473:"Sacred Places and Holy Ground: West African Spiritualism at Stagville Plantation"
7483:"Federal Writers' Project: Slave Narrative Project, Vol. 1, Alabama, Aarons-Young"
6013:
5647:
for its significance in African American history. On July 8, 1860, the slave ship
3732:
2437:
and Hoodoo in African American communities, documenting his findings in his book,
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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
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18039:
17872:
17791:
17781:
17724:
17605:
14597:
14429:
13937:
13142:
Talking to the Dead: Religion, Music, and Lived Memory among Gullah/Geechee Women
13036:
Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936 to 1938
12903:
11743:
Low Country Gullah Culture, Special Resource Study Environmental Impact Statement
11405:
10865:
10665:. Atlanta, Georgia: National Park Service Southeast Regional Office. p. D44.
8733:
8248:
8221:
7900:
7837:
7487:
Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936 to 1938
6454:"The Haiti-New Orleans Vodou Connection: Zora Neale Hurston as Initiate Observer"
5845:
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861:
780:
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14979:. Boston: Published at the Anti-Slavery Office, No. 25 Cornhill. pp. 91â93.
13406:
8077:
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to reference the culture of Hoodoo in his writings. In 1899, Chesnutt published
3686:
3546:
A West African gris-gris bag, the origin of the mojo bag (conjure bag) in Hoodoo
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21758:
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18908:
18850:
18685:
18615:
18545:
18540:
18044:
17968:
17761:
16089:
12428:
11320:
Working the roots : over 400 years of traditional African American healing
9462:"UH Anthropologist Ken Brown Uncovers West African Customs at Texas Plantation"
7413:
7394:
6997:
The American Law of Slavery, 1810-1860: Considerations of Humanity and Interest
6220:
6087:
5837:
5809:
5780:
5775:
5718:
5679:
5509:
5416:
5198:
4981:, illegally imported 409 enslaved Africans to Jekyll Island, Georgia, in 1858.
4784:
4614:
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4195:
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2197:
2102:
2079:
1984:
1763:
1188:
1158:
916:
906:
737:
140:
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17657:
Reviving history: The appropriation of Voodoo and Hoodoo in the French Quarter
16419:
16343:
16315:
16300:
16290:
15532:
14371:
13863:
13028:
9678:
7276:
W. E. B. Du Bois and the Sociology of the Black Church and Religion, 1897â1914
4740:
through rituals and conjure. The belief in destiny in Hoodoo has its roots in
4621:
and continues in the African American community in the practice of Hoodoo and
3395:
1909:
is a set of spiritual practices, traditions, and beliefs that were created by
23167:
23147:
22637:
22597:
22562:
22442:
22017:
21921:
21848:
21729:
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21006:
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20804:
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20293:
18753:
18735:
18725:
18695:
18640:
18595:
18580:
18525:
18515:
18500:
18450:
18445:
18415:
18212:
18140:
17963:
17219:
15072:
11935:
8448:
7954:
7065:
5796:
5678:, one of the founders of Africatown and one of the few who survived the last
5598:
has 2,300 first-person accounts from former slaves in their digital archive.
5515:
5505:
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5411:
5371:
5235:
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3457:
3404:
2807:
2790:
2492:
2368:
1965:
1832:
1827:
144:
17651:
16381:
15882:
Feeling the Spirit: Faith and Hope in an Evangelical Black Storefront Church
15747:
A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo: Rootworkers, Conjurers, & Spirituals
14949:
A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo: Rootworkers, Conjurers, & Spirituals
14238:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 17â19, 24, 43, 130, 140â142, 167â171.
12508:
Coastal Nature, Coastal Culture Environmental Histories of the Georgia Coast
11060:
9812:"Bighearted Power: Kongo Presence in the Landscape and Art of Black America"
5709:
singers and musicians composed songs about the culture of Hoodoo, including
4767:
3472:
2059:
Another possible etymological origin of the word Hoodoo comes from the word
115:
23112:
22768:
22720:
22504:
22457:
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20505:
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18758:
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18700:
18655:
18630:
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18520:
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17666:
17480:
A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo: Rootworkers, Conjurers & Spirituals
17118:
A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo: Rootworkers, Conjurers & Spirituals
16325:
15600:
A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo: Rootworkers, Conjurers & Spirituals
12831:
11141:"Onesimus (fl. 1706 - 1717), slave and medical pioneer, was born in the..."
7812:
A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo: Rootworkers, Conjurers & Spirituals
7369:
The African Burial Ground in New York City: Memory, Spirituality, and Space
6807:"Nickels in the Nation Sack: Continuity in Africana Spiritual Technologies"
6305:
5825:
5784:
5737:
5729:
5714:
5698:
5675:
5554:
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5457:
5354:
5165:
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sprinkled around the bed before going to sleep will protect someone from a
4143:
3781:
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3307:
3223:
3055:
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2484:
2443:
2418:
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2045:
2041:
1980:
1316:
1128:
856:
719:
21570:
20893:
20645:
17371:
16606:
16366:"Black Feminist Hoodoo: Ntozake Shange's Sassafrass, Cypress & Indigo"
14431:
The African Burial Ground in New York City Memory, Spirituality, and Space
14262:
The African Burial Ground in New York City Memory, Spirituality, and Space
14235:
The African Burial Ground in New York City Memory, Spirituality, and Space
9085:"Hoodoo Religion and American Dance Traditions: Rethinking the Ring Shout"
8944:"Hoodoo Religion and American Dance Traditions: Rethinking the Ring Shout"
6146:"Hoodoo Religion and American Dance Traditions: Rethinking the Ring Shout"
5047:
4898:
4856:
This seeking process in Hoodoo accompanied with the ring shout is also an
2897:
2596:
2528:
22688:
22632:
22572:
22472:
22437:
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20908:
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20169:
20103:
19085:
19070:
18918:
18881:
18720:
18675:
18660:
18425:
18420:
18267:
17771:
17026:
Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations / Florida State University
15477:
African-American Holiness Pentecostal Movement: An Annotated Bibliography
15450:
Antebellum Slave Narratives: Cultural and Political Expressions of Africa
15396:
Bound for the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman: Portrait of an American Hero
12875:
Trip of the Tongue Cross-Country Travels in Search of America's Languages
11969:
Down in the Valley: An Introduction to African American Religious History
9738:
9282:
8223:
A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo: Rootworkers, Conjurers and Spirituals
6354:
5868:
The Hoodoo practiced by African Americans is defined by scholars as "Old
5710:
5616:
5383:
4972:
4925:
4902:
4697:
4507:
4467:
4449:
4030:
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in New York, African American men took an oath to thunder and lightning.
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3323:
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1138:
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152:
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16645:
16629:
16275:
16259:
13881:
13847:
13439:
Life on the Old Plantation in Ante-Bellum Days OR A Story Based on Facts
12823:
12807:
12792:
12776:
11413:
11389:
11347:
Life on the Old Plantation in Ante-Bellum Days OR A Story Based on Facts
11318:
9889:
9746:
9722:
9575:
9559:
9290:
9266:
8913:
8888:
8456:
8423:
7460:
7444:
7073:
7049:
6700:"Voyage of the Echo: The Trials of an Illegal Trans-Atlantic Slave Ship"
6469:
6453:
5301:
4940:
burial practice when a funerary clay pipe with a Ghanaian design called
3824:
3079:
2546:
2471:
2465:
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22519:
22462:
22447:
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18620:
18605:
18575:
18570:
18319:
18287:
18126:
18094:
17806:
17776:
17634:
Digital Loa and Faith You Can Taste: Hoodoo in the American Imagination
15073:"A Look at Hoodoo in Three Urban Areas of Indiana: Folklore and Change"
13414:
13390:
13350:
12638:
12614:
11863:
11839:
11364:
Creating Their Own Image: The History of African-American Women Artists
10274:
10250:
9881:
9488:
9340:"Beyond the Great House Archaeology at Ashland-Belle Helene Plantation"
9251:
9227:
8905:
8541:"Georgia Museum of Art to show 19th-century African-American face jugs"
8440:
7955:"A LOOK AT HOODOO IN THREE URBAN AREAS OF INDIANA: FOLKLORE AND CHANGE"
7421:
7244:
7220:
6780:
6021:
5997:
5841:
5788:
5741:
5640:
5625:
Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies Among the Georgia Coastal Negroes."
5492:
5453:
and how African Americans navigated this process in their communities.
5112:
5091:
5005:
4990:
4929:
4857:
4777:
4762:
4745:
4654:
spirits in the United States was recorded in the nineteenth century by
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4491:
4376:
4268:
4136:
4132:
4095:
4091:
4001:
3941:
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and West African crosses. For example, an African American woman named
3744:
3728:
3694:
Another Yoruba influence in Hoodoo is the use of iron. In West Africa,
3676:
3385:
3311:
3174:
2881:
2565:
communities as midwives, healers, and conjure women for their clients.
2455:
2381:
2335:
2086:. For example, in West Africa, the word gris-gris (a conjure bag) is a
2083:
587:
326:
172:
160:
18956:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
17607:
Are You Entertained? Black Popular Culture in the Twenty-First Century
17354:
15730:
15706:
14932:
14897:
14168:
14144:
13965:"McIntosh County Shouters African-American Spiritual/Shout Performers"
13872:
11612:
11588:
10867:
Creating Their Own Image The History of African-American Women Artists
10745:
10721:
7352:
7328:
6755:
Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora
6538:
6355:"voodoo | Origin and meaning of voodoo by Online Etymology Dictionary"
6331:"hoodoo | Origin and meaning of hoodoo by Online Etymology Dictionary"
5076:
5046:) continues in the practice of Hoodoo. Providing spirits offerings of
4715:
3515:
Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy.
3157:
2421:
and spoke out against the practice of slavery in the South. After the
2187:. The transatlantic slave trade to the United States occurred between
22552:
22334:
22312:
22262:
22257:
22235:
21911:
21855:
21654:
21195:
20699:
19234:
19080:
18585:
18369:
18307:
18202:
16865:
Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies Among the Georgia Coastal Negroes
16838:
Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies Among the Georgia Coastal Negroes
16536:
Rushdy, Ashraf H. A. ""Ishmael Reed's Neo-HooDoo Slave Narrative."".
14798:
Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies Among the Georgia Coastal Negroes
14707:
Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy
14655:
Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies Among the Georgia Coastal Negroes
14519:
Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy
13584:
Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy
13226:
Slave Culture Nationalist Theory and the Foundations of Black America
12562:
Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy
10920:"The Gullah: Rice, Slavery, and the Sierra Leone-American Connection"
10813:
Slave Culture Nationalist Theory and the Foundations of Black America
10631:"The Gullah: Rice, Slavery, and the Sierra Leone-American Connection"
9771:
Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy
9534:
Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy
8735:
Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies among the Georgia Coastal Negroes
8653:
Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy
8596:
Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy
8250:
Slave Culture Nationalist Theory and the Foundations of Black America
7839:
Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies among the Georgia Coastal Negroes
6953:
Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies Among the Georgia Coastal Negroes
5877:
5725:
5615:
in 1858 with a cargo of 409 Africans. The Wanderer departed near the
5500:
4831:
4622:
4455:
4263:
3764:
3708:
3635:
3607:
3408:
3255:
3166:
3100:
3004:
in Memphis, Tennessee, and traced the origins of Hoodoo practices to
2680:
2314:
2270:
1956:. As a syncretic spiritual system, it also incorporates beliefs from
1812:
1153:
886:
665:
492:
126:
22108:
21543:
17881:
14339:
12630:
12317:
10696:
Drums and Shadows Survival Studies Among the Georgia Coastal Negroes
10586:
Keep Your Head to the Sky: Interpreting African American Home Ground
10477:
Keep Your Head to the Sky: Interpreting African American Home Ground
10266:
9816:
Keep Your Head to the Sky: Interpreting African American Home Ground
9243:
9138:"Cathead Creek Historic District and African American Burial Ground"
8872:
8366:
Keep Your Head to the Sky: Interpreting African American Home Ground
7236:
7115:
7050:"The "Code Noir": North American Slavery in Comparative Perspective"
3807:. The practice of foot-track magic in Hoodoo has its origins in the
3278:
back to his plantation in Texas. These captive Africans practiced a
3044:
23143:
Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period
23066:
22809:
Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
22627:
22509:
22427:
22267:
22230:
22046:
21597:
21169:
20922:
20730:
20617:
19707:
19702:
19212:
17716:
17505:
17282:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 8â12, 15â16, 93, 104â105.
16919:
The SAGE Encyclopedia of African Cultural Heritage in North America
16555:
Rushdy, Ashraf H.A. ""Ishmael Reed's Neo-HooDoo Slave Narrative"".
15722:
14976:
Narrative of William W. Brown, A Fugitive Slave. Written by Himself
14924:
14889:
14160:
13169:
Kongo Political Culture: The Conceptual Challenge of the Particular
12137:
12029:
11910:
African Cosmology of the Bantu-Kongo: Principles of Life and Living
11604:
10894:
The SAGE Encyclopedia of African Cultural Heritage in North America
10737:
10329:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 320.
9992:
Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South
9385:
9172:
Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South
7482:
7344:
7090:
Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South
6644:
Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South
6592:
6530:
5945:
Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South
5857:
5853:
5574:
Photo of an ex-slave William Watkins from the WPA slave narratives.
5284:
5259:
5186:
4709:
4692:
4668:
4506:
Enslaved and free people held secret Hoodoo and church meetings in
4364:
4360:
that was made popular by European immigrants. Purportedly based on
4357:
4034:
3949:
3773:
3704:
3602:
3527:
Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South
3248:
3084:
2926:
2711:
2606:
2554:
has inspired the creations of art for some Black artists. In 2017,
2426:
2385:
2213:
2176:
2120:
1992:
1198:
1123:
1116:
22066:
18971:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
15990:
Blessed Bodies: Healing within the African American Faith Movement
15653:"Judge Lynch and His Victims," Richmond Planet (January 18, 1902)"
15234:
A Dictionary and Catalog of African American Folklife of the South
12615:"African Religious Survivals as Factors in American Slave Revolts"
12214:
Black Magic: Religion and the African American Conjuring Tradition
11814:
A Dictionary and Catalog of African American Folklife of the South
11760:
A Dictionary and Catalog of African American Folklife of the South
11692:"Broken spell: Medicinal remedies still a part of Lowcountry life"
10556:
A Dictionary and Catalog of African American Folklife of the South
9228:"The Archaeology of African-American Slavery and Material Culture"
8045:. The Runner. The Student News Site of California State University
7634:
Black Magic: Religion and the African American Conjuring Tradition
7538:
Autobiography and Work of Bishop M. F. Jamison, D.D. ("Uncle Joe")
7221:"African Religious Survivals as Factors in American Slave Revolts"
6674:
Black Magic: Religion and the African American Conjuring Tradition
6070:
Byron; Bryant; Chireau; Khabeer; Lovejoy; Lofton; Johnson (2014).
5570:
5225:
4999:
Bottle Tree in Central Holmes Cemetery (Yazoo County, Mississippi)
4400:
22612:
22542:
22432:
22193:
22168:
21831:
21768:
21763:
21724:
21679:
21447:
21421:
21298:
21210:
21119:
20867:
20578:
20435:
20159:
20078:
19969:
18324:
17766:
17399:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 4â5, 16, 112, 118, 183.
16978:
16017:
African American Religion: Varieties of Protest and Accommodation
13513:. Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press. pp. 57â60.
12905:
Lowcountry Voodoo: Beginner's Guide to Tales, Spells and Boo Hags
11483:
African American Slave Medicine: Herbal and non-Herbal Treatments
11239:
African American Slave Medicine: Herbal and non-Herbal Treatments
11172:
African American Slave Medicine: Herbal and non-Herbal Treatments
9965:
Flash of the Spirit: African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy
9700:. The University of Georgia Press. pp. 20â28, 29â39, 40â42.
8705:"Cosmographic Design: A Cultural Model of the Aesthetic Response"
5813:
5440:
5141:
5027:
4946:
4737:
4659:
4590:
4569:
4459:
Enslaved and free conjurers were leaders of slave revolts in the
4431:
4361:
4222:
4147:
3929:
3888:
3866:
3569:
3542:
3365:
3215:
2871:
2356:
1286:
592:
199:
20215:
17556:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 109â118, 123, 183â185.
11658:
11656:
11266:
African American Slave Medicine Herbal and Non-Herbal Treatments
10999:
22622:
22577:
22547:
22499:
22494:
22489:
22402:
22385:
22380:
22307:
21899:
21808:
21629:
21467:
21354:
21344:
21261:
21251:
21246:
21205:
21159:
21134:
21124:
21109:
21049:
20926:
20817:
20784:
20774:
20741:
19946:
19158:
16420:"Looking for Black Religions in 20th Century Comics, 1931â1993"
15801:
Bishop C. H. Mason and the Roots of the Church of God in Christ
14852:
Hidden History: African American Cemeteries in Central Virginia
13709:. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press Books. pp. 145â175.
10840:
Crafted Lives: Stories and Studies of African American Quilters
5694:
5406:
often employs Hoodoo imagery and references in her writing. In
5043:
4968:
4906:
4872:
Hurston explained her initiation into Hoodoo included wrapping
4578:
4543:
4471:
4155:
4128:
4104:
3937:
3879:
3800:
3769:
3672:
3668:
3488:
3380:
spirit of the snake to wake up its power against the overseer.
3356:
3283:
3200:
2930:
2802:
2767:
2757:
2722:
2460:
2233:
2000:
1193:
21865:
13827:. University of South Carolina, Institute for Southern Studies
8116:"Author Roger Pinckney is the high priest of Daufuskie Island"
7590:
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave
7200:. University of South Carolina, Institute for Southern Studies
6376:
6374:
6258:"NPS Ethnography: African American Heritage & Ethnography"
5736:", written by Preston "Red" Foster in 1956 and popularized by
5701:
wrote and performed several blues songs that reference Hoodoo.
4741:
4395:
3974:
2397:
Conjure for African Americans is a form of resistance against
2040:â a word that has its origin in the Gbe languages such as the
23152:
22592:
22587:
22567:
22557:
22484:
22395:
22390:
22339:
22247:
22225:
22220:
22151:
21916:
21875:
21826:
21788:
21719:
21684:
21592:
21334:
21256:
21241:
21215:
21200:
21190:
21174:
21149:
21144:
21114:
20903:
20812:
20794:
20662:
20374:
18970:
17811:
17121:. Charleston, South Carolina: History Press. pp. 84â85.
12592:. Oxford University Press. pp. 34â45, 159â160, 190â191.
11653:
11039:. University Press of Mississippi. pp. 67, 70, 141â142.
5849:
5829:
5706:
5495:
from 1931 to 1993. White comic book creators portrayed Black
5275:
5161:
5145:
5065:
5052:
5031:
4937:
4914:
4705:
4672:
4651:
4609:("Simbi" singular, and "Bisimbi" plural), believed in by the
4606:
4547:
discussions with African Americans in the South in her book,
4372:
4083:
3887:
inspirations in her quilts. Her quilts looked similar to the
3870:
3795:. Snake reverence in African American Hoodoo originated from
3560:
3351:
3338:
in Hoodoo has Bantu-Kongo origins. Mojo bags are also called
3303:
3287:
3232:
3227:
3207:
3088:
3036:, and the continued cultural practices of African Americans.
3028:, and liberation movements. Stuckey provides examples in the
2907:
2797:
2777:
2643:
2404:
2380:
her on a steamboat to take her to her new slaveholder in the
2348:
2209:
2205:
2124:
2053:
2049:
2008:
1957:
966:
16861:
16834:
16779:"Georgia Writers' Project, Savannah Unit Research Materials"
16776:
14794:
14651:
14628:
Blue Roots: African-American Folk Magic of the Gullah People
13912:"The Perfect Circle: Gullah/Geechee NAation's Divine Secret"
13483:
Blue Roots: African American Folk Magic of the Gullah People
13026:
12982:
12955:
11716:
Stories from the Heart: Missouri's African American Heritage
11632:
10692:
10411:. The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 315, 571.
10221:
9349:. Louisiana Archaeological Survey and Antiquities Commission
8978:"The Perfect Circle: Gullah/Geechee NAation's Divine Secret"
8731:
7835:
7480:
7306:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 9, 184, 212.
7113:
6949:
5512:
who stands and fights for justice using his conjure powers.
3226:. These artifacts are the continued practice of the Kongo's
22582:
22514:
22282:
22240:
21928:
21798:
21778:
21069:
20918:
19015:
17422:"John the Conqueror: From Root-Charm to Commercial Product"
17203:"YorĂčbĂĄ Influences on Haitian Vodou and New Orleans Voodoo"
17168:
15555:"Rituals of Healing in African American Spiritual Churches"
13253:
African-Atlantic Cultures and the South Carolina Lowcountry
12777:"John the Conqueror: From Root-Charm to Commercial Product"
11144:
Hutchins Center for African & African American Research
10228:. North American Book Distributors, LLC. pp. 45, 251.
10154:
Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas
10100:
Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas
9938:
African-Atlantic Cultures and the South Carolina Lowcountry
9560:"John the Conqueror: From Root-Charm to Commercial Product"
6371:
5634:
5623:
Wanderer. They published their findings in a book called, "
5137:
4719:
In Hoodoo, the pouring of libations is an African practice.
4625:. The Bisimbi reside in gullies, streams, fresh water, and
4484:
4308:
by Katrina Hazzard-Donald discusses what the author calls:
4025:
lines for spiritual protection against malevolent spirits.
3953:
3925:
3832:
sewed biblical imagery and African symbols into her quilts.
3812:
3699:
3657:
3448:
3275:
2922:
2324:
era of slavery in the colonial history of the United States
2135:
reasons why they capitalize or lowercase the first letter.
2064:
996:
229:
191:
11844:
Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation
10947:"Black influences have shaped American food for centuries"
8865:"THE JAMES BRICE HOUSE We had never seen anything like it"
8196:"Playing Hoodoo: Renee Stout and "The Rootworker's Table""
6002:
Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation
5529:. In 1803, a slave ship landed on the coast of Georgia in
5296:
4691:
To have a strong connection with the ancestors in Hoodoo,
3903:
James Hopkinsons plantation slaves planting sweet potatoes
21887:
14016:
12658:
12656:
11509:"George Washington Carver: Advocate for Southern Farmers"
11175:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group. p. 43.
6205:"Sacred Healing and Wholeness in Africa and the Americas"
6069:
5343:
3959:
African plants brought from Africa to North America were
3819:
17692:
Haints Of Hoodoo: The Black Ghosts Of The Gullah Geechee
17662:
Hoodoo Heritage Month: Conjuring, Culture, And Community
17450:
12932:
When Roots Die: Endangered Traditions on the Sea Islands
11242:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 43.
10803:
10022:. Oxford University Press. pp. 8â12, 22â27, 28â30.
7902:
Black Herman's Secrets of Magic, Mystery and Legerdemain
7717:. State University of New York Press. pp. 163â166.
7029:. Louisiana Department of Culture Recreation and Tourism
6411:
Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life Africa
5802:
3985:
smallpox outbreak in the colony of Boston, Massachusetts
2119:
s definition of Hoodoo as a word from different African
16020:. Univ. of Tennessee Press. pp. 236â238, 241â244.
15650:
15183:
14801:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 220, 226, 238.
14757:
14658:. University of Georgia Press. pp. XLII, 183â184.
14312:
14285:
13280:"Breaking the Surface: Mermaids and the Middle Passage"
12589:
Conjuring Culture: Biblical Formations of Black America
12318:"The James Brice House: Never Seen Anything Like It..."
11666:
Down by the Riverside: A South Carolina Slave Community
9861:
Stine, Linda F.; Cabak, Melanie; Groover, Mark (1996).
9347:
Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism
6728:
Historical Dictionary of United States-Africa Relations
4924:
in 1664. West Africans imported to the colony included
2067:, and Benin. Hudu is one of its dialects. According to
17088:
16237:. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company.
15885:. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 89â90.
15855:
America Bewitched: The Story of Witchcraft After Salem
15077:
ProQuest Dissertations Publishing / Indiana University
13706:
Working the Spirit: Ceremonies of the African Diaspora
13698:
13696:
12653:
10211:. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 321.
9924:. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 219.
9767:
8022:. The Student News Site of California State University
7959:
ProQuest Dissertations Publishing / Indiana University
7637:. University of California Press. pp. 60, 74â75.
5748:
alludes to hoodoo, and the title is a pun on the word
4478:
spiritual practices. Gullah Jack was known to carry a
3346:. The word mojo also originated from the Kikongo word
3210:
water spirits are revered in Hoodoo, originating from
3104:
Georgia, in a historic African American church called
17672:
Memphis Hoodoo & St. Paul's Spiritual Holy Temple
16868:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 93, 202â203.
16665:
14996:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 22, 27, 92.
14598:"Seeing Kongo: A Lens on African American Landscapes"
12808:"The Elusive History of High John the Conqueror Root"
11146:. African American National Biography. Archived from
10917:
10655:
9941:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 180, 225â230.
9059:
Working the Spirit Ceremonies of the African Diaspora
7859:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 4, 75, 166.
5499:
as evil, showing demonic possessions in comic books.
4696:
Graveyard dirt is another primary ingredient used in
4367:, it contains numerous signs, seals, and passages in
4352:
was cheaply printed and sold in spiritual shops near
3630:
influence. For example, a primary ingredient used in
2261:. Congo Square was where African Americans practiced
17682:
Uncovering the Power of Hoodoo: An Ancestral Journey
15936:
Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System
15423:
Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System
15342:
Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System
15315:
Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System
15291:. Georgetown University Press. pp. 5, 24, 200.
15261:
Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System
15047:
Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System
14993:
Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System
14825:
Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System
14734:
Stories of Rootworkers & Hoodoo in the Mid-South
13510:
Stories of Rootworkers & Hoodoo in the Mid-South
12292:
Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System
11012:. The University of Georgia Press. pp. 86â104.
10816:. Oxford University Press. pp. 36â37, 102â103.
10299:
The Voodoo Encyclopedia: Magic, Ritual, and Religion
10046:
The Voodoo Encyclopedia: Magic, Ritual, and Religion
9841:"Uncovering the Lives of Kentucky's Enslaved People"
9409:"Kongo and the Archaeology of Early African America"
8684:. Department of Interior - The National Park Service
8300:
Hucks (2003). "African-Derived American Religions".
7990:
Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System
7856:
Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System
7785:
Stories of Rootworkers & Hoodoo in the Mid-South
7607:
Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System
6274:
4532:
Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System
4518:
4333:
Zora Neale Hurston developed this idea in her novel
2823:
2030:
The first documentation of the word "Hoodoo" in the
1979:
Many Hoodoo traditions draw from the beliefs of the
17279:
Mojo Workin' The Old African American Hoodoo System
16699:
Voices from Slavery: 100 Authentic Slave Narratives
15369:
Voices from Slavery: 100 Authentic Slave Narratives
14372:"New York: African Burial Ground National Monument"
13693:
13611:
Mojo Workin: The Old African American Hoodoo System
13335:"African Influence on the Art of the United States"
13195:"The "Cymbee" Water Spirits of St. John's Berkeley"
12752:
Mojo Workin: The Old African American Hoodoo System
12162:
Mojo Workin' The Old African American Hoodoo System
11787:
Mojo Workin' The Old African American Hoodoo System
10019:
African American Religion A Very Short Introduction
9202:
Hoodoo, Voodoo, and Conjure: A Handbook: A Handbook
9198:
9008:. The University of Georgia Press. pp. 19â20.
8702:
8572:. The University of Georgia Press. pp. 82â86.
7932:. Bantam Books Trade Paperbacks. pp. 128â132.
7882:"BLACK HERMAN'S AFRICAN AMERICAN MAGICAL SYNTHESIS"
6555:
Mojo Workin' The Old African American Hoodoo System
6046:
The Voodoo Encyclopedia Magic, Ritual, and Religion
5435:was a mixed-race African American author who wrote
5012:of Central Africa. African-descended people in the
4865:wrote about her initiation into Hoodoo in her book
4306:
Mojo Workin: The Old African American Hoodoo System
3869:descent. African American quilts are influenced by
3580:(later called mojo bags in the United States). The
3165:depicts several examples of Africanisms brought to
1960:brought over by enslaved West African Muslims, and
1789:
Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
17553:Mojo Workin The Old African American Hoodoo System
17396:Mojo Workin The Old African American Hoodoo System
17353:
17201:
15681:Spiritual Merchants: Religion, Magic, and Commerce
15264:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 56, 162.
13278:
12295:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 111â112.
11669:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 148â149.
11226:", Richmond Times Dispatch, February 23, 1999, D-1
10974:
10972:
10970:
10968:
10127:Encyclopedia of African American History, Volume 1
9797:"Connecting African American Art to Kongo Culture"
9168:
8887:
8623:Mojo Workin The Old African American Hoodoo System
8422:
7741:Stories of Rootworkers and Hoodoo in the Mid-South
7093:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 215â220.
7020:
6677:. University of California Press. pp. 15â16.
6120:Mojo Workin The Old African American Hoodoo System
5107:Practitioners sometimes incorporate planetary and
4033:used herbs such as pennyroyal and senna to induce
16841:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 182â183.
16210:Public Broadcasting Service / American Experience
15831:. Louisiana State University Press. p. 158.
15399:. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 43â44.
15345:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 56, 92.
15161:"Nat Turner and the Fear of African Spirituality"
14828:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 23, 26.
13560:
12122:"The Problem Religion within the World of Slaves"
12014:"The Problem Religion within the World of Slaves"
10608:
9863:"Blue Beads as African-American Cultural Symbols"
9860:
9774:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 107.
9370:"The Problem Religion within the World of Slaves"
8626:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 35, 37.
8502:African Burial Ground - The National Park Service
8273:
2295:, published in 1880, about the life of slaves in
23165:
19006:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
17667:West Tennessee Museum of Southern Hoodoo History
17050:Black Bodies and the Black Church: A Blues Slant
15993:. Oxford University Press. pp. 85, 91â103.
14710:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 143â145.
13760:Terror and Triumph: The Nature of Black Religion
13138:
12390:. Oxford University Press. pp. 6, 209, 32.
11535:"Conjure doctor well remembered in Murfreesboro"
10843:. University Press of Mississippi. p. 120.
10124:Alexander, Leslie M.; Rucker, Walter C. (2010).
9194:
9192:
9175:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 54â57.
9164:
9162:
8645:
8643:
8599:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 108â110.
7299:
6123:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 38â41.
4815:The ring shout in Hoodoo has its origins in the
4589:A spirit that torments the living is known as a
4345:into the corpus of Hoodoo reference literature.
4232:. For example, though there are strong ideas of
4082:This person gathered their herbs and roots from
2123:with practices similar to the mysteries of Obi (
20993:
19051:Black players in professional American football
19001:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
16756:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 14â22.
15912:. Berkeley: Turtle Island. pp. 20â21, 29.
14265:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 141â142.
12935:. The University of Georgia Press. p. 25.
11036:Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia
10985:Thomas Jefferson Monticello / Jefferson Library
10965:
10123:
8871:. Historic Annapolis Foundation. Archived from
8389:
5365:
5226:Relationship with the Spiritual church movement
22666:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament
21528:
17603:
17549:
17392:
17275:
17145:Listen to the Blues! Exploring a Musical Genre
16722:
16691:
16689:
15932:
15507:. University of Tennessee Press. p. 150.
15419:
15372:. Dover Publications. pp. 110, 139, 162.
15338:
15311:
15257:
15043:
14989:
14821:
13607:
13172:. Indiana University Press. pp. 141â142.
13082:(Vol. 5 (Indiana â ArnoldâWoodson) ed.).
12897:
12895:
12749:
12288:
12158:
12050:
11783:
9794:
9697:The Afro-American Tradition in Decorative Arts
9663:My Southern Home, or, The South and Its People
9082:
8941:
8619:
8569:The Afro-American Tradition in Decorative Arts
7852:
7603:
7593:. Boston: Anti-Slavery Office. pp. 70â71.
7148:My Southern Home, or, The South and Its People
6892:
6706:. Digital Library of the College of Charleston
6551:
6414:. Pennsylvania State University. p. 217.
6143:
6116:
5670:Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"
5287:for practicing Hoodoo. In September 1901, the
4848:with Christian songs and biblical references.
4174:African American midwife with a newborn infant
2293:My Southern Home, or, The South and Its People
2228:. Enslaved and free Africans learned regional
2022:, Hoodoo spread throughout the United States.
516:Education of freed people during the Civil War
22753:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts
21962:
21514:
20979:
20594:
19931:
17897:
17732:
17697:Folklore In Video Episode 1: Haints of Hoodoo
17345:
16424:Religions in African American Popular Culture
16320:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 95â126.
15750:. Charleston, South Carolina: History Press.
15684:. University of Tennessee Press. p. 53.
15630:. University of Tennessee Press. p. 85.
15138:. Oxford University Press. pp. 138â151.
14572:Materialities of Ritual in the Black Atlantic
14340:U.S. General Services Administration (2009).
14043:
12928:
12504:
12417:. PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS. pp. 43â44.
10424:"Under Maryland Street, Ties to African Past"
9838:
9761:
9189:
9159:
9116:
8656:. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 108â111.
8640:
7541:. Publishing House of the M. E. Church, South
7372:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 42â46.
6517:Hurston, Zora (1931). ""Hoodoo In America"".
4356:and purchased by African Americans. It was a
2978:
1887:
85:. Please discuss this issue on the article's
18764:Historically black colleges and universities
17333:. Rutgers the State University of New Jersey
17328:
16314:Brooks, Kinitra (2018). "Folkloric Horror".
13992:"A Vanishing History: Gullah Geechee Nation"
13679:. University of Georgia Press. p. 138.
13676:The Gullah People and Their African Heritage
13614:. University of Illinois Press. p. 30.
13204:. University of Illinois at UrbanaâChampaign
13118:. University of Georgia Press. p. 147.
13115:The Gullah People and Their African Heritage
12511:. University of Georgia Press. p. 131.
11719:. University of Missouri Press. p. 47.
11202:. University of Georgia Press. p. 100.
11199:The Gullah People and Their African Heritage
11009:The Gullah People and their African Heritage
10890:
10699:. University of Georgia Press. p. 200.
9135:
8414:
8383:
8369:. University Press of Virginia. p. 41.
7993:. University of Illinois Press. p. 95.
7566:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 71.
6558:. University of Illinois Press. p. 18.
5205:. Tubman told biographers she had dreams of
3840:An example of one of Ms. Hunter's quilts on
3707:, archaeologists unearthed artifacts at the
2568:
2433:in New Orleans, Louisiana, where he studied
527:Historically black colleges and universities
17677:Zora and The Hunt for Hoodoo in New Orleans
17576:
16686:
16125:
16043:"Voodoo and the Work of Zora Neale Hurston"
15288:African Divination Systems: Ways of Knowing
15207:African Divination Systems: Ways of Knowing
15108:African Divination Systems: Ways of Knowing
15020:African Divination Systems: Ways of Knowing
14911:Hurston, Zora (1931). "Hoodoo in America".
14876:Hurston, Zora (1931). "Hoodoo in America".
14522:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 109.
14319:The African Burial Ground National Monument
14292:The African Burial Ground National Monument
14046:""Jubilee" by the McIntosh County Shouters"
13802:"Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor"
13736:. Oxford University Press. pp. 68â74.
13054:
12892:
10870:. Oxford University Press. pp. 28â30.
9632:
9537:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 105.
9119:""Jubilee" by the McIntosh County Shouters"
9062:. Beacon Press. pp. 147â155, 171â175.
7514:. Oxford University Press. pp. 71â73.
6758:. Cambridge University Press. p. 361.
4396:Bible as a talisman and tool for revolution
511:Education during the slave period in the US
27:Spiritual practices, traditions and beliefs
21969:
21955:
21521:
21507:
20986:
20972:
20601:
20587:
19978:A House Divided: Denmark Vesey's Rebellion
19938:
19924:
17904:
17890:
17739:
17725:
17637:. University of Kansas. pp. 3â4, 106.
17304:"African-American Hoodoo: More Than Magic"
16013:
15878:
15480:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 385â390.
15023:. Indiana University Press. pp. 1â2.
14434:. Syracuse University Press. p. 229.
13852:Comparative Studies in Society and History
13333:Thompson, Robert Farris (September 1981).
11810:
11756:
11689:
11527:
11360:
10863:
10552:
9337:
8738:. University of Georgia Press. p. 73.
8498:"Nisi Sarabanda - Signature of the Spirit"
7842:. University of Georgia Press. p. 52.
7000:. Princeton University Press. p. 33.
6804:
2985:
2971:
1894:
1880:
834:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
20155:Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor
18981:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
16992:
15567:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195167962.003.0021
14848:
14672:
14575:. Indiana University Press. p. 302.
14466:. African Burial Ground National Monument
13989:
13935:
13871:
13672:
13165:
13111:
12216:. University of California Press, (2006)
11739:
11712:
11195:
11005:
10248:
10103:. New York University Press. p. 78.
9666:. Boston: A.G. Brown. pp. 10, 68â82.
9338:Yarkubik, Jill-Karen; MĂ©ndez, Rosalinda.
9001:
7687:A Companion to American Religious History
6872:African American Heritage and Ethnography
6868:"Performing Culture in Music & Dance"
6838:
6697:
6407:
5317:. In the early twentieth century, Bishop
4956:African Methodist Episcopal Zion Churches
4806:Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor
4613:, are associated with water and magic in
3537:
3342:, which is derived from the Kikongo word
3190:
2216:practices. The West African influence is
290:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
21976:
19945:
17712:Haints & Gullah Ghost Palmetto Scene
17503:
17351:
17248:
17199:
17171:"Stories of the Crossroads: Blues Myths"
16962:
16592:
15959:
15824:
15797:
14703:
14624:
14595:
14515:
13729:
13580:
13479:
13391:"Dreaming Ancestors in Eastern Carolina"
13332:
13276:
13202:The African Diaspora Archaeology Network
12565:. New York: Vintage Books. p. 105.
12558:
11452:
11289:
11111:
11032:
10339:
10295:
10177:
10042:
9988:
9961:
9809:
9639:. Oxford University Press. p. 110.
9615:
9588:
9530:
8885:
8748:
8696:
8649:
8592:
8521:
8420:
8362:
8113:
8013:
7925:
7586:
7086:
6640:
6489:
6434:
6380:
6042:
5941:
5693:
5569:
5382:
5300:
5229:
5075:
4994:
4884:
4766:
4714:
4635:
4573:
4522:
4501:
4454:
4399:
4321:
4252:
4169:
4063:
3973:
3963:for medicinal and spiritual use for the
3961:cultivated by enslaved African Americans
3898:
3835:
3823:
3754:
3685:
3541:
3394:
3298:
3203:inside a slave cabin in Brazoria, Texas.
3194:
3156:
3078:
3043:
2522:movement as one of many methods against
2501:
2470:
2403:
2313:
2248:
2153:
17707:Black women embrace the spiritual realm
17604:Drake, Simone; Henderson, Dwan (2020).
16922:. SAGE Publications. pp. 207â210.
16672:Library of Congress Digital Collections
16417:
16363:
16288:
16257:
16230:
16067:
15905:
15858:. Oxford University Press. p. 82.
15770:
15704:
15131:
14910:
14875:
14777:
14568:
14396:
14142:
14115:
14088:
14064:"Spiritual Practices in the Lowcountry"
13388:
13345:(3). College Art Association: 367â376.
13222:
13060:
13009:
12844:
12722:
12612:
12410:
12185:
11972:. Fortress Press. pp. 31â34, 176.
11906:
11837:
11757:Pyatt, Sherman E.; Johns, Alan (1999).
11586:
11566:. Perennial Library. pp. 223â224.
11559:
11486:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
11456:Hoodoo Medicine: Gullah Herbal Remedies
11367:. Oxford University Press. p. 29.
11293:Hoodoo Medicine: Gullah Herbal Remedies
11115:Hoodoo Medicine: Gullah Herbal Remedies
10918:Yale University Staff (10 March 2015).
10897:. SAGE Publications. pp. 707â713.
10891:Shujaa, Kenya; Shujaa, Mwalimu (2015).
10809:
10775:
10758:
10719:
10675:
10422:Wilford, John Noble (20 October 2008).
10421:
10404:
10373:
10356:
10322:
10251:"Eshu-Elegba: The Yoruba Trickster God"
10204:
9917:
9720:
9595:Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass
9507:"Spiritual Practices in the Lowcountry"
9436:
9406:
9311:
9264:
9225:
8682:African Burial Ground National Monument
8246:
8166:
7879:
7710:
7630:
7534:
7326:
7272:
7218:
6993:
6976:
6751:
6670:
6516:
5995:
5918:Traditional African religion portal
5395:and Hoodoo. In 1938, Hurston published
5297:Relationship with the Sanctified Church
5097:divination traditionally used in Hoodoo
4895:African Burial Ground National Monument
3894:
1948:. Regional synonyms for Hoodoo include
14:
23204:Religion in the Southern United States
23199:Folklore of the Southern United States
23166:
23072:List of people executed for witchcraft
19880:Topics related to the African diaspora
18986:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
17577:Brown, Tamara; Kopano, Baruti (2014).
17141:
17019:
16915:
16695:
16627:
16448:
16313:
16206:"Zora Neale Hurston: Claiming a Space"
15986:
15851:
15623:
15552:
15473:
15446:
15392:
15365:
14682:. Hometalk. 2014-05-26. Archived from
14631:. Llewellyn Publications. p. 75.
14427:
14258:
14231:
13845:
13702:
13486:. Llewellyn Publications. p. 64.
13435:
13139:Manigault-Bryant, LeRhonda S. (2014).
12871:
12477:
11965:
11662:
11459:. Summer House Press. pp. 27â32.
11387:
11343:
10836:
10559:. Greenwood Publishing. pp. 8â9.
10499:
10069:
10015:
9768:Robert Farris Thompson (26 May 2010).
9055:
8775:
8143:"Who Dare the Hoodoo Lady Julia Brown"
8063:
7986:
7898:
7559:
7507:
7392:
7365:
7047:
7021:State Museum Staff (27 January 2014).
6724:
6613:
6451:
5387:In 1935, Zora Neale Hurston published
5344:In the African American Faith movement
5058:
4581:people in the Sea Islands paint their
4317:
3820:Symbolism in African American quilting
3039:
2454:The mobility of Black people from the
23189:Christianity and religious syncretism
23041:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire
21950:
21502:
20967:
20582:
19919:
19860:Landmark African-American legislation
17911:
17885:
17720:
17630:
17046:
16888:
16749:
16040:
15500:
15230:
15070:
14972:
14095:. J.B. Lippincott, Inc. p. 199.
13962:
13910:Booth, Ebony Isis (6 February 2017).
13909:
13783:
13533:
13452:
13364:
13249:
12989:. Applewood Books. pp. 126â127.
12901:
12805:
12702:Ohio State University Graduate School
12672:Ohio State University Graduate School
12585:
12531:
12383:
12092:
12065:
12011:
11479:
11296:. Summerhouse Press. pp. 27â33.
11262:
11235:
11168:
10628:
10579:
10470:
10150:
10096:
9934:
9693:
9659:
9622:. University of Florida. p. 130.
9466:University of Houston News and Events
9367:
9169:Albert J. Raboteau (7 October 2004).
9028:
8975:
8755:. Oxford University. pp. 71â73.
8565:
8335:
8316:"Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database"
8299:
8193:
7952:
7683:
7442:
7171:Ohio State University Graduate School
7151:. Boston: A.G. Brown. pp. 68â72.
7144:
6919:
6865:
6704:Lowcountry Digital History Initiative
6666:
6664:
6578:
5968:
5803:Concerns about cultural appropriation
3447:, archeologists and historians found
3326:has Kongo origins and comes from the
2545:Black women practitioners of Hoodoo,
2412:During the era of slavery, occultist
2322:Known Hoodoo spells date back to the
2158:Many Hoodoo practices were hidden in
1928:. Practitioners of Hoodoo are called
1032:Athletic associations and conferences
521:History of African-American education
20328:Timeline of African-American history
18991:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
17746:
17476:
17419:
17310:. Rutgers University. 4 January 2013
17169:National Blues Museum Staff (2020).
17114:
16573:
16014:Baer, Hans; Singer, Merrill (2002).
15743:
15677:
15596:
15284:
15203:
15104:
15016:
14945:
14730:
13756:
13654:Hurtson, Zora. "Hoodoo in America".
13635:Hurtson, Zora. "Hoodoo in America".
13540:. Louisiana State University Press.
13506:
12774:
12538:. Louisiana State University Press.
12484:. Louisiana State University Press.
12269:"Mystical Hoodoo with Mother Mystic"
12119:
12072:. Louisiana State University Press.
11992:
11817:. Greenwood Publishing. p. 51.
11515:. UNC Chapel Hill University Library
11506:
11084:
10944:
10526:
10506:. Louisiana State University Press.
9676:
9557:
9145:Georgia Department of Transportation
8812:University of Houston / Dissertation
8802:
8538:
8477:
8219:
8040:
8014:Anderson, Chase (22 November 2020).
7808:
7781:
7764:
7737:
6202:
5975:. Louisiana State University Press.
5645:National Register of Historic Places
5604:prohibited the importation of slaves
5429:travels to Haiti documenting Vodou.
5234:Universal Hagar's Spiritual Church,
5180:
5160:Cartomancy is the practice of using
5140:over their face is believed to have
5020:
4880:
4350:The Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses
4248:
3750:
3739:was an African American enslaved in
3652:Archaeologists believe there may be
3647:
3020:in the United States, asserted that
2449:
2429:in schools for former slaves called
955:Association for the Study of African
165:Tidewater region (Maryland/Virginia)
45:
19345:African-American Vernacular English
17583:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 254.
17550:Hazzard-Donald (30 December 2012).
17522:10.17953/amer.40.1.a21442914234450w
16152:
15828:Conjure in African American Society
15603:. History Press. pp. 144â145.
15237:. Greenwood Publishing. p. 4.
14122:. HarperCollins. pp. 200â201.
13942:. The University of Georgia Press.
13653:
13634:
13587:. Vintage Books. pp. 132â135.
13065:A Tradition from Pre-Civil War Days
12370:. vol. 1. p. 417. Quoted in Smith.
12315:
12159:Hazzard-Donald (30 December 2012).
11907:Fu-Kiau, Kimbwandende K.B. (2001).
11784:Hazzard-Donald (30 December 2012).
11316:
11269:. Lexington Books. pp. 5, 43.
10978:
10656:National Park Service (July 2005).
10343:Conjure in African-American Society
10073:Muslims in America: A Short History
9619:Conjure in African-American Society
8976:Booth, Ebony I. (6 February 2017).
8862:
8525:Conjure in African-American Society
8140:
6956:. The University of Georgia Press.
5565:
4776:much singing and the practice of a
4293:as well as cosmology attributed to
4188:medical experiments on Black people
3254:In Talbot County, Maryland, at the
3010:A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo.
1769:Race and ethnicity in the US census
1270:African-American Vernacular English
839:National Conference of Black Mayors
24:
23138:Left-hand path and right-hand path
22713:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus
20608:
19263:U.S. cities with large populations
18966:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
17076:A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo
17053:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 26.
16968:
16807:
16777:Georgia Historical Society Staff.
16554:
16535:
16482:
16184:Zora Neale Hurston Digital Archive
15158:
14781:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro
14542:
14484:
14346:The New York African Burial Ground
13787:Folk beliefs of the southern Negro
13013:Folk beliefs of the southern Negro
12692:
12662:
10785:The Journal of Pan African Studies
10762:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro
10679:Folk beliefs of the southern Negro
10408:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro
10360:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro
10326:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro
10208:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro
9921:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro
9486:
9443:The Journal for MultiMedia History
9314:"Slave Artifacts Under the Hearth"
7161:
6980:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro
6778:
6661:
5111:in their spiritual work (spells).
4115:, a plant from the fennel family.
3618:) for protection against slavery.
3471:Puckett. African Americans poured
3294:
3083:An example of an African American
2560:is an art piece created by artist
1919:traditional African spiritualities
972:National Black Chamber of Commerce
25:
23225:
23179:African-American cultural history
20029:Bruh Rabbit and the Tar Baby Girl
18136:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
18132:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
17939:African American founding fathers
17645:
16999:Digital Public Library of America
16942:
16862:Georgia Writers' Project (1986).
16835:Georgia Writers' Project (1986).
16509:
15777:. University of Tennessee Press.
14795:Georgia Writers' Project (1986).
14680:"Hometalk Discusses Bottle Trees"
14652:Georgia Writers' Project (1986).
14208:
14181:
13818:
13192:
13145:. Durham: Duke University Press.
13027:Federal Writers' Project (1941).
12983:Federal Writers' Project (2006).
12956:Federal Writers' Project (2006).
12192:. Harper Perennial. p. 114.
11633:Federal Writers' Project (2006).
11138:
10693:Georgia Writers' Project (1986).
10527:Reed, Wilson (12 February 2007).
10440:
10222:Federal Writers' Project (1938).
10151:Diouf, Sylviane (November 1998).
9489:"Nkisi west-central African lore"
9459:
8832:
8732:Georgia Writers' Project (1940).
8678:"YOWA - Continuity of Human Life"
7836:Georgia Writers' Project (1940).
7744:. History Press. pp. 94â97.
7481:Federal Writers' Project (1936).
7393:Rucker, Walter (September 2001).
7300:Wells-Oghoghomeh, Alexis (2021).
7191:
7114:Federal Writers' Project (1941).
6950:Georgia Writers' Project (1940).
6387:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 41â43, 132.
5989:
5689:
4836:St. Helena Island, South Carolina
4519:Conjuring the spirit of High John
3873:making and West African designs.
2506:Protesters with signs in Ferguson
2179:from the 16th to 19th centuries (
2143:
1676:Places by plurality of population
342:Civil rights movement (1954â1968)
332:Civil rights movement (1865â1896)
285:Abolitionism in the United States
21693:
21483:
21482:
20948:
20947:
20644:
20563:
20562:
20214:
20208:
20134:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses
19898:
19016:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
18161:Nadir of American race relations
17868:
17867:
17852:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses
17820:
17624:
17597:
17570:
17543:
17497:
17470:
17444:
17413:
17386:
17322:
17296:
17269:
17242:
17193:
17162:
17135:
17108:
17082:
17073:
17067:
17040:
17013:
16986:
16936:
16909:
16882:
16855:
16828:
16801:
16770:
16743:
16729:. University of Arkansas Press.
16716:
16659:
16621:
16586:
16567:
16548:
16529:
16503:
16476:
16442:
16411:
16357:
16307:
16295:. University of Virginia Press.
16282:
16258:Wegener, Frederick (Fall 1999).
16251:
16224:
16198:
16172:
16146:
16119:
16061:
16034:
16007:
15980:
15953:
15939:. University of Illinois Press.
15926:
15899:
15872:
15845:
15818:
15791:
15764:
15737:
15711:The Journal of American Folklore
15698:
15671:
15644:
15617:
15590:
15546:
15521:
15494:
15467:
15440:
15426:. University of Illinois Press.
15413:
15386:
15359:
15339:Hazzard-Donald, Katrina (2013).
15332:
15318:. University of Illinois Press.
15305:
15278:
15258:Hazzard-Donald, Katrina (2013).
15251:
15224:
15197:
15177:
15152:
15125:
15098:
15064:
15050:. University of Illinois Press.
15044:Hazzard-Donald, Katrina (2013).
15037:
15010:
14983:
14966:
14939:
14913:The Journal of American Folklore
14904:
14878:The Journal of American Folklore
14869:
14855:. University of Virginia Press.
14842:
14815:
14788:
14771:
14751:
14724:
14697:
14645:
14618:
14589:
14562:
14545:"The Sea Shall Take Slaves Home"
14536:
14509:
14478:
14454:
14448:
14421:
14403:William & Mary Scholar Works
14390:
14364:
14333:
14306:
14279:
14252:
14225:
14202:
14175:
14149:The Journal of American Folklore
14136:
14109:
14082:
14056:
14037:
14010:
13983:
13956:
13929:
13903:
13839:
13812:
13794:
13777:
13750:
13723:
13666:
13656:The Journal of American Folklore
13647:
13637:The Journal of American Folklore
13628:
13601:
13574:
13554:
13527:
13500:
13473:
13446:
13429:
13382:
13326:
13270:
13243:
13216:
13186:
13159:
13132:
13105:
13020:
13003:
12976:
12949:
12929:Jones-Jackson, Patricia (1987).
12922:
12865:
12838:
12799:
12768:
12754:. University of Illinois Press.
12743:
12716:
12686:
12606:
12579:
12559:Thompson, Robert Farris (1983).
12552:
12525:
12498:
12471:
12446:
12421:
12414:Sketches of My Life in the South
12404:
12377:
12360:
12348:
12335:
12309:
12289:Hazzard-Donald, Katrina (2013).
12282:
12261:
12248:
12234:"Owen Davies's top 10 grimoires"
12226:
12206:
12179:
12165:. University of Illinois Press.
12152:
12113:
12086:
12059:
12044:
12005:
11986:
11959:
11942:
11927:
11900:
11891:
11878:
11831:
11804:
11790:. University of Illinois Press.
11777:
11750:
11746:. Southeast Region. p. 207.
11733:
11713:Coggswell, Gladys Caine (2009).
11706:
11683:
11626:
11593:The Journal of American Folklore
11580:
11553:
11500:
11473:
11446:
11428:
11381:
11354:
11337:
11310:
11283:
11256:
11229:
11216:
11189:
11162:
11132:
11105:
11091:. Create Space. pp. 61â63.
11078:
11053:
11026:
10938:
10911:
10884:
10857:
10830:
10769:
10752:
10726:The Journal of American Folklore
10713:
10686:
10669:
10649:
10622:
10602:
10573:
10546:
10520:
10493:
10464:
10434:
10415:
10398:
10380:William & Mary Scholar Works
10367:
10350:
10333:
10316:
10289:
10242:
10215:
10198:
10171:
10144:
10117:
10090:
10063:
10036:
10009:
9982:
9962:Thompson, Robert Farris (1983).
9955:
9928:
9911:
9854:
9850:. Kentucky Archeological Survey.
9839:Stottman, Jay; Stahlgren, Lori.
9832:
9803:
9788:
9714:
9687:
9670:
9653:
9626:
9609:
9582:
9551:
9524:
9499:
9480:
9453:
9430:
9400:
9361:
9331:
9305:
9258:
9219:
9129:
9110:
9076:
9049:
9022:
8995:
8969:
8935:
8879:
8856:
8826:
8796:
8769:
8742:
8650:Thompson, Robert Farris (1983).
7604:Hazzard-Donald, Katrina (2013).
7333:The Journal of American Folklore
7279:. Lexington Books. p. 153.
6899:. University of Illinois Press.
6731:. Scarecrow Press. p. 128.
6622:(Eastern Michigan University): 2
6620:Senior Honors Thesis and Project
6519:The Journal of American Folklore
6117:Hazzard-Donald, Katrina (2013).
5911:
5486:Sassafrass, Cypress & Indigo
5378:
4650:The earliest known reference to
4389:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses
4342:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses
4328:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses
3000:Tony Kail conducted research in
2954:
2953:
2595:
2534:Daufuskie Island, South Carolina
2309:William Edward Burghardt Du Bois
1987:. Over the first century of the
1851:
373:Black Belt in the American South
167:, Arkansas, Alabama, Tennessee,
114:
65:to read and navigate comfortably
50:
38:For other uses of "Hoodoo", see
18022:Civil rights movement 1954â1968
18012:Civil rights movement 1865â1896
17091:"The Hoo Doo Woman of Arkansas"
16723:Obadele-Starks, Ernest (2007).
16186:. University of Central Florida
16159:National Women's History Museum
16126:JSTOR Staff (28 January 2021).
15960:Guillory, Margarita S. (2017).
15559:Religion and Healing in America
15210:. Georgetown University Press.
15111:. Georgetown University Press.
14288:"SANKOFA - Learn from the past"
14050:Smithsonian Folkways Recordings
14023:Smithsonian Folkways Recordings
14017:Smithsonian Institution Staff.
13969:National Endowment for the Arts
13763:. Fortress Press. p. 221.
13305:10.13110/marvelstales.35.1.0079
13297:10.13110/marvelstales.35.1.0079
12959:South Carolina Slave Narratives
12323:. Historic Annapolis Foundation
11639:. Applewood Books. p. 90.
10629:Opala, Joseph (10 March 2015).
10323:Puckett, Newbell Niles (1926).
10205:Puckett, Newbell Niles (1926).
9918:Puckett, Newbell Niles (1926).
9848:Kentucky Transportation Cabinet
9123:Smithsonian Folkways Recordings
8725:
8711:. MIT Press. pp. 153â154.
8670:
8613:
8586:
8559:
8532:
8515:
8490:
8471:
8356:
8329:
8308:
8293:
8267:
8240:
8213:
8187:
8160:
8134:
8107:
8057:
8034:
8007:
7987:Donald, Hazzard-Donald (2013).
7980:
7946:
7919:
7892:
7880:Chireau, Yvonne (Summer 2007).
7873:
7846:
7829:
7802:
7775:
7758:
7731:
7704:
7677:
7651:
7624:
7597:
7580:
7553:
7528:
7501:
7474:
7436:
7386:
7359:
7320:
7293:
7266:
7212:
7185:
7155:
7138:
7107:
7080:
7041:
7014:
6987:
6970:
6943:
6913:
6886:
6859:
6832:
6798:
6772:
6745:
6718:
6691:
6634:
6607:
6572:
6545:
6510:
6483:
6445:
6428:
6401:
6347:
6323:
6298:
6250:
5468:has many references to Hoodoo.
3671:. Shango was (and is) a feared
3506:in Charleston, South Carolina.
3245:Ashland-Belle Helene Plantation
977:National Council of Negro Women
67:. When this tag was added, its
23184:African Americans and religion
22836:Jamyi Witch hiring controversy
22697:Summis desiderantes affectibus
19011:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
18017:Civil right movement 1896â1954
17451:University of Illinois Staff.
16458:Journal of Pan African Studies
16041:Brown, Lynn (7 January 2017).
14849:Rainville (12 February 2014).
13971:. NEA National Heritage Fellow
13256:. Cambridge University Press.
13061:Creel, Lauana; Sutton, Katie.
12962:. Applewood Books. p. 3.
11513:Documenting the American South
11033:Chambers, Douglass B. (2005).
11006:Pollitzer, William S. (1999).
10346:. University of Florida Press.
9232:The William and Mary Quarterly
9092:Journal of Pan African Studies
8951:Journal of Pan African Studies
8342:. Louisiana State University.
6874:. NPS Park Ethnography Program
6814:Journal of Pan African Studies
6196:
6171:
6153:Journal of Pan African Studies
6137:
6110:
6063:
6036:
5962:
5935:
5885:of African Americans from the
5874:spiritual philosophy in Hoodoo
5212:
5192:
4984:
4949:on a coffin. The Akan Sankofa
4851:
4443:in South Carolina in 1822 and
3199:Archeologists found an intact
2439:Seership, The Magnetic Mirror.
2384:. According to the stories of
2230:indigenous botanical knowledge
1964:. Scholars define Hoodoo as a
1774:Racism against Black Americans
13:
1:
19191:Cherokee freedmen controversy
18167:The Negro Motorist Green Book
17702:Hoodoo, Conjure, and Rootwork
17483:. Arcadia. pp. 135â149.
16816:. University of Georgia Press
16491:. University of Georgia Press
16078:Journal of Africana Religions
15651:Encyclopedia Virginia Staff.
15184:National Park Service Staff.
14973:Brown, William Wells (1847).
14758:National Park Service Staff.
14737:. Arcadia. pp. 131â133.
14313:National Park Service Staff.
14286:National Park Service Staff.
13084:Works Progress Administration
12775:Long, Carolyn Morrow (1997).
11952:. p. 6. See also, Hurston's,
11856:10.1525/rac.1997.7.2.03a00030
10529:"GABRIEL PROSSER (1775-1800)"
9037:. University of Georgia Press
8707:. In Mark Foster Gage (ed.).
8539:Loop, Maria (13 March 2013).
8522:Anderson, Jeffrey E. (2002).
8226:. History Press. p. 57.
7768:Seership, the Magnetic Mirror
7145:Brown, William Wells (1880).
7023:"Religion, Race, and Slavery"
6438:Seership, the Magnetic Mirror
6435:Randolph, Paschal B. (1870).
6209:Journal of Africana Religions
6179:"African Religion in America"
6076:Journal of Africana Religions
6014:10.1525/rac.1997.7.2.03a00030
5928:
5584:Works Progress Administration
5548:
5185:Rootworkers also divine with
5171:
5155:
5071:
4018:Sumter County, South Carolina
3566:enslaved West African Muslims
2516:African Traditional Religions
982:National Pan-Hellenic Council
159:, Louisiana, North Carolina,
22841:accusations against children
22737:The Discoverie of Witchcraft
21861:European witchcraft folklore
20413:Slavery in the United States
20408:History of the United States
17457:University of Illinois Press
17089:Arkansas State Parks Staff.
16231:Waddell, Charles W. (1900).
15906:Hurston, Zora Neale (1981).
15879:Kostarelos, Francis (1995).
15705:Hurston, Zora Neale (1931).
15079:: 4â11, 23, 36â40, 298â299.
14089:Hurston, Zora Neale (1935).
13990:Vice News (6 January 2016).
12851:. Berkeley. pp. 69â78.
12845:Hurston, Zora Neale (1981).
12723:Hurston, Zora Neale (1943).
12619:The Journal of Negro History
12186:Hurston, Zora Neale (1991).
12012:Leone, Mark (October 2020).
11995:"African-American Religions"
11587:Hurston, Zora Neale (1931).
11541:. WRAL News. 2 February 2015
11406:10.1080/00438243.2013.799043
11388:Wilkie, Laurie (June 2013).
10184:. Weiser Books. p. 12.
9989:Raboteau, Albert J. (2004).
9810:Thompson, Robert F. (1998).
9439:"The Levi Jordan Plantation"
9368:Leone, Mark (October 2020).
9199:Jeffrey E. Anderson (2008).
8703:Nettrice R. Gaskins (2019).
8167:Jackson (19 February 2022).
7587:Douglass, Frederick (1849).
7225:The Journal of Negro History
6929:North American Archaeologist
6847:. Cambridge University Press
5771:song "Hoodoo Woman" (1937).
5475:Yellow Back Radio Broke-Down
5366:Black American faith healers
5337:African American communities
5251:African American communities
5102:
5037:
4751:
4441:Denmark Vesey's slave revolt
4262:This can be understood as a
4210:
3987:. An enslaved African named
3388:wrote in his autobiography,
3334:, which means "to die." The
3106:First African Baptist Church
3002:African American communities
2075:is from an African dialect.
2025:
1784:School segregation in the US
1322:Black American Sign Language
1296:Languages and other dialects
7:
20994:Bantu religion and folklore
20165:Michael Row the Boat Ashore
19061:Black players in ice hockey
18996:National Urban League (NUL)
18822:American Society of Muslims
18060:Selma to Montgomery marches
17980:Brown v. Board of Education
17252:Hoodoo, Voodoo, and Conjure
16949:The Encyclopedia of Alabama
16895:. Oxford University Press.
16666:Library of Congress Staff.
16595:Western American Literature
16576:Western American Literature
16512:"Verse with Virginia Roots"
14315:"Adinkra Symbols Explained"
13825:South Carolina Encyclopedia
13407:10.1177/0021934703033005001
13389:Fairley, Nancy (May 2003).
13250:Brown, Ras Michael (2012).
13112:Pollitzer (November 2005).
12878:. Bloomsbury. p. 138.
12586:Smith, Theophus H. (1994).
12271:. Patheos.com. 23 July 2011
11196:Pollitzer (November 2005).
10076:. Oxford University Press.
9995:. Oxford University Press.
9968:. New York: Vintage Books.
9935:Brown, Ras Michael (2012).
9683:. New York. pp. 25â30.
8545:University of Georgia Today
8253:. Oxford University Press.
8086:10.2979/transition.125.1.11
8078:10.2979/transition.125.1.11
7905:. Literary Licensing, LLC.
7631:Chireau, Yvonne P. (2006).
7198:South Carolina Encyclopedia
6647:. Oxford University Press.
6384:Hoodoo, Voodoo, and Conjure
5948:. Oxford University Press.
5923:Religion of Black Americans
5904:
5808:sacrifice, herbal healing,
5791:, a spirit associated with
5761:Spartanburg, South Carolina
5508:created a character called
5462:military-industrial complex
5422:Public Broadcasting Service
4000:herbal medicines. Enslaved
3032:, African American quilts,
2273:was implemented in 1724 in
611:African-American businesses
77:content into sub-articles,
10:
23230:
23214:Congolese-American history
22761:Daemonolatreiae libri tres
21530:African diaspora religions
21382:African diaspora religions
19218:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
18976:Nashville Student Movement
17987:Children of the plantation
17847:Moses, Man of the Mountain
17837:African American folktales
17352:McCarthy, John P. (2015).
16783:Georgia Historical Society
16098:10.5325/jafrireli.4.2.0215
16090:10.5325/jafrireli.4.2.0215
15804:. Christian Living Books.
14428:Frohne, Andrea E. (2015).
14352:: 5, 7, 11, 57, 96, 99â100
14052:. Smithsonian Institution.
13846:Matory, J. Lorand (2008).
13703:Murphy, Joseph M. (1994).
13534:Young (11 February 2011).
13480:Pinckney, Charles (2003).
13436:Lowery, Irving E. (1911).
13376:Georgia Historical Society
12613:Suttles, Williams (1971).
12189:Moses, man of the mountain
11690:Lauderdale, David (2016).
11480:Covey, Herbert C. (2007).
11440:Lowcountry Digital Library
11344:Lowery, Irving E. (1911).
11236:Covey, Herbert C. (2008).
11169:Covey, Herbert C. (2007).
10810:Stuckey, Sterling (2013).
10296:Anderson, Jeffrey (2015).
10157:. NYU Press. p. 130.
10043:Anderson, Jeffrey (2015).
9660:Brown, William W. (1880).
9633:Blassingame, John (1980).
9616:Anderson, Jeffrey (2002).
9125:. Smithsonian Institution.
9031:"McIntosh County Shouters"
8247:Stuckey, Sterling (2013).
7663:Georgia Historical Society
7610:. University of Illinois.
7414:10.1177/002193470103200105
6725:Waters, Robert A. (2009).
6458:Journal of Haitian Studies
6229:10.5325/jafrireli.1.3.0376
6221:10.5325/jafrireli.1.3.0376
6096:10.5325/jafrireli.2.1.0125
6088:10.5325/jafrireli.2.1.0125
6043:Anderson, Jeffrey (2015).
4988:
4760:
4756:
4731:
4567:
4563:
4348:In the twentieth century,
4336:Moses, Man of the Mountain
3596:means a power amulet. The
3463:Other Kongo influences at
3445:Jefferson County, Kentucky
3161:The 18th-century painting
2147:
2138:
1989:trans-Atlantic slave trade
1911:enslaved African Americans
1149:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
824:Congressional Black Caucus
791:African Diaspora Religions
578:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
131:African diaspora religions
29:
23105:
23084:
23049:
23033:
22991:
22940:
22909:
22878:
22869:
22826:
22819:
22793:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men
22656:
22533:
22373:
22186:
22119:
21995:
21988:
21934:Native American religions
21817:
21702:
21691:
21536:
21480:
21440:
21374:
21367:
21322:
21281:
21274:
21224:
21183:
21102:
21037:
21030:
20999:
20945:
20886:
20838:
20831:
20803:
20750:
20653:
20642:
20616:
20560:
20423:
20315:
20307:South Carolina Lowcountry
20261:
20230:
20223:
20206:
20183:
20142:
20061:
20045:
20020:
19961:
19954:
19888:
19855:Index of related articles
19733:
19648:
19372:
19305:
19243:
19143:
19104:
19036:
19029:
18944:
18864:
18856:Doctrine of Father Divine
18802:
18744:
18393:
18248:
18240:Women's suffrage movement
18193:Reconstruction Amendments
18000:Voting Rights Act of 1965
17919:
17865:
17829:
17818:
17754:
17610:. Duke University Press.
17175:The National Blues Museum
17148:. ABC-CLIO. p. 185.
17001:. New York Public Library
15678:Long, Carolyn M. (2001).
15193:. pp. D21, D33, F19.
14376:The National Park Service
14025:. Smithsonian Institution
13864:10.1017/S0010417508000406
13808:. Department of Interior.
13806:The National Park Service
13757:Pinn, Anthony B. (2003).
13456:Gullah Culture in America
13166:MacGaffey, Wyatt (2000).
12458:The National Park Service
12433:The National Park Service
12384:Smith (9 November 1995).
11560:Hurston, Zora N. (1990).
10864:Farrington, Lisa (2005).
10837:Turner, Patricia (2009).
10357:Puckett, Newbell (1926).
10302:. ABC-CLIO. p. 163.
10178:Alvarado, Denise (2011).
10130:. ABC-CLIO. p. 130.
10049:. ABC-CLIO. p. 114.
9723:"Kongo Across the Waters"
9312:Wilford, John N. (1996).
9267:"Kongo across the Waters"
9205:. ABC-CLIO. p. 114.
8484:The National Park Service
7711:Deveney, John P. (1997).
7508:Levine, Lawrence (2007).
7449:Journal of Social Science
7219:Suttles, William (1971).
6977:Puckett, Newbell (1926).
6498:. Oxford University Press
6496:Oxford English Dictionary
6049:. ABC-CLIO. p. 125.
5942:Raboteau, Albert (2004).
5826:African American churches
5705:Several African American
5437:African American folklore
5393:African American folklore
5281:African American religion
5243:Spiritual church movement
5130:
4771:Coffin Point Praise House
4678:African American folklore
4619:transatlantic slave trade
4585:to ward off evil spirits.
4553:President Abraham Lincoln
4534:also discusses the "High
4179:African American midwives
4122:, African Americans made
3922:transatlantic slave trade
3495:South Carolina Lowcountry
3061:transatlantic slave trade
2890:
2827:
2569:Central African influence
2431:Freedmen's Bureau Schools
2275:French colonial Louisiana
2185:transatlantic slave trade
2164:the invisible institution
2110:Oxford English Dictionary
2101:(mojo bag) come from the
2056:â referring to divinity.
1656:US states and territories
957:American Life and History
679:Lift Every Voice and Sing
388:Treatment of the enslaved
215:
205:
179:
136:
122:
113:
108:
23123:Christian views on magic
22801:The Discovery of Witches
22673:Directorium Inquisitorum
20360:History of Guinea-Bissau
20323:African-American history
20269:Beaufort, South Carolina
20191:African-American culture
19905:United States portal
19340:African-American English
18769:Inventors and scientists
18461:George Washington Carver
18065:Chicago Freedom Movement
17220:10.1177/0021934705280410
17208:Journal of Black Studies
17047:Brown, Kelly B. (2012).
16889:Diouf, Sylviane (2009).
16814:New Georgia Encyclopedia
16696:Yetman (15 March 2012).
16634:Southeastern Archaeology
16516:James Madison University
16489:New Georgia Encyclopedia
16068:Jenkins, Tammie (2016).
15966:. Taylor & Francis.
15771:Francis, Claude (1991).
15529:"Mother Catherine Seals"
15453:. Taylor & Francis.
15017:Peek, Philip M. (1991).
14704:Thompson (26 May 2010).
14625:Pinckney, Roger (1998).
14378:. Department of Interior
14321:. Department of Interior
14294:. Department of Interior
13395:Journal of Black Studies
13075:Federal Writers' Project
12986:Indiana Slave Narratives
12902:Zepke, Terrance (2009).
12505:Pressly; Sutter (2018).
12258:. vol. I. pp. 1758â1759.
12055:. University of Florida.
11838:Chireau, Yvonne (1997).
11453:Mitchell, Faith (1999).
11442:. College of Charleston.
11436:"Culture and Resistance"
11323:. Wadastick Publishers.
11317:Lee, Michele E. (2014).
11290:Mitchell, Faith (1999).
11112:Mitchell, Faith (1999).
10580:Jones, Alice E. (1998).
10471:Jones, Alice E. (1998).
10452:. University of Maryland
10249:Pemberton, John (1975).
10097:Diouf, Sylviane (1998).
9799:. University of Florida.
9531:Thompson (26 May 2010).
8844:. University of Maryland
8593:Thompson (26 May 2010).
8528:. University of Florida.
8390:Leland Ferguson (1999).
7926:Horowitz, Mitch (2010).
7402:Journal of Black Studies
7273:Wortham, Robert (2017).
6671:Chireau, Yvonne (2003).
5996:Chireau, Yvonne (1997).
5834:Black Spiritual churches
5580:Federal Writers' Project
5433:Charles Waddell Chesnutt
4404:The Christian Holy Bible
4118:In other regions of the
4050:George Washington Carver
3621:
3588:. For example, the word
3550:
3498:to spiritual mothers is
2414:Paschal Beverly Randolph
2408:Paschal Beverly Randolph
2069:Paschal Beverly Randolph
2005:Central African Republic
1858:United States portal
1265:African-American English
776:African-American Muslims
337:Jim Crow era (1896â1954)
31:Not to be confused with
22729:De praestigiis daemonum
22681:De maleficis mulieribus
20396:History of Sierra Leone
20289:Golden Isles of Georgia
19828:African-American firsts
18877:Back-to-Africa movement
18846:Black Hebrew Israelites
18626:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
18174:Partus sequitur ventrem
17393:Hazzard-Donald (2012).
17276:Hazzard-Donald (2013).
16753:The Slave Ship Wanderer
16702:. Courier Corporation.
16390:10.34042/claj.62.2.0178
16382:10.34042/claj.62.2.0178
16289:Donahue, James (2015).
15933:Hazzard-Donald (2012).
15420:Hazzard-Donald (2012).
15366:Yetman, Norman (2012).
15312:Hazzard-Donald (2012).
14990:Hazzard-Donald (2012).
14946:Kail (13 August 2010).
14822:Hazzard-Donald (2012).
14602:Kongo Across the Waters
14596:Gundaker, Grey (2013).
14232:Frohne, Andrea (2015).
14070:. College of Charleston
13608:Hazzard-Donald (2012).
13561:National Park Service.
13459:. Praeger. p. 96.
13229:. OUP USA. p. 36.
12750:Hazzard-Donald (2013).
12704:. Ohio State University
12674:. Ohio State University
12478:Rucker, Walter (2008).
12411:Stroyer, Jacob (1879).
12321:Archeology in Annapolis
11966:Bailey, Julius (2016).
11263:Covey, Herbert (2008).
10609:National Park Service.
10500:Rucker, Walter (2008).
10181:Voodoo Hoodoo Spellbook
10070:Curtis, Edward (2009).
9721:Cooksey, Susan (2013).
9589:McCurnin, Mary (2010).
9493:Encyclopedia Britannica
9468:. University of Houston
9437:McDavid, Carol (1999).
9416:Kongo Across the Waters
9265:Cooksey, Susan (2013).
9083:Hazzard-Donald (2011).
8942:Hazzard-Donald (2011).
8886:Gundaker, Grey (2011).
8869:Archeology in Annapolis
8778:"Kongo to Kings County"
8776:Watson, Marcus (2016).
8749:Gundaker, Grey (1998).
8620:Hazzard-Donald (2012).
8547:. University of Georgia
8421:Gundaker, Grey (2011).
8363:Gundaker, Grey (1998).
8274:Duke University Staff.
8122:. Charleston City Paper
7853:Hazzard-Donald (2012).
7173:. Ohio State University
7054:OAH Magazine of History
6893:Hazzard-Donald (2012).
6785:Encyclopedia Britannica
6614:Hughes, Sakina (2005).
6552:Hazzard-Donald (2013).
6286:www.merriam-webster.com
6144:Hazzard-Donald (2011).
5862:High John the Conqueror
5832:and minkisi practices,
5391:, her first book about
5150:extrasensory perception
4845:Smithsonian Institution
4536:John the Conqueror root
4371:related to the prophet
3991:was held in bondage by
3441:Locust Grove plantation
2998:Cultural anthropologist
1779:Reparations for slavery
867:Back-to-Africa movement
766:Black Hebrew Israelites
644:African-American beauty
157:Gullah Geechee Corridor
40:Hoodoo (disambiguation)
33:Voodoo (disambiguation)
22785:Compendium Maleficarum
22777:Magical Investigations
22668:(8thâ2nd centuries BC)
21703:Practices and concepts
20069:Afro-American religion
19796:Spingarn Medal winners
19285:States and territories
19056:Black NFL quarterbacks
18556:Martin Luther King Jr.
18088:Dred Scott v. Sandford
18027:Montgomery bus boycott
17200:Fandrich, Ina (2007).
17142:Perone, James (2019).
16750:Wells, Tom H. (1967).
16364:Murphey, Dana (2019).
16326:10.2307/j.ctt1trkkq5.9
16132:JSTOR Daily Newsletter
16047:JSTOR Daily Newsletter
15501:Jacob, Claude (1991).
14397:Medford, Edna (2009).
14116:Hurston, Zora (1935).
13453:Cross, Wilbur (2008).
12729:. Wildside Press LLC.
11913:. African Tree Press.
11694:. The Beaufort Gazette
11222:Stacy Hawkins Adams. "
10374:Medford, Edna (2009).
10016:Glaude, Eddie (2014).
9870:Historical Archaeology
9558:Long, Carolyn (1997).
8894:Historical Archaeology
8784:(Dissertation, Thesis)
8429:Historical Archaeology
8064:Farrag, Hebah (2018).
7899:Herman, Black (2013).
7815:. Arcadia Publishing.
7788:. Arcadia Publishing.
7535:Jamison, M.F. (1912).
7066:10.1093/maghis/17.3.37
7048:Arlyck, Kevin (2003).
7027:Louisiana State Museum
6994:Tushnet, Mark (2019).
6920:Moses, Sharon (2018).
6282:"Definition of HOODOO"
6203:Wood, Funlayo (2013).
5702:
5682:to the United States.
5613:Jekyll Island, Georgia
5575:
5400:
5319:Charles Harrison Mason
5306:
5238:
5088:
5000:
4890:
4772:
4742:West African religions
4720:
4700:. It is placed inside
4647:
4627:outdoor water features
4586:
4549:The Sanctified Church.
4528:
4511:
4464:
4445:Nat Turner's Rebellion
4424:
4405:
4330:
4315:
4258:
4215:
4175:
4069:
3979:
3904:
3845:
3833:
3805:Guinea Coast of Africa
3797:West African societies
3760:
3721:Williamsburg, Virginia
3691:
3547:
3538:West African influence
3510:Robert Farris Thompson
3412:
3315:
3268:Levi Jordan Plantation
3204:
3191:Other Kongo influences
3170:
3096:
3051:
2557:The Rootworker's Table
2507:
2476:
2409:
2319:
2266:
2167:
1915:Southern United States
1249:Dialects and languages
409:Second Great Migration
23174:Hoodoo (spirituality)
22408:Cloak of invisibility
22164:Solitary practitioner
22077:Witch-cult hypothesis
20424:Related ethnic groups
20389:History of the Gambia
20248:Port Royal Experiment
20062:Religion and folklore
20002:Daughters of the Dust
19106:Athletic associations
19041:Negro league baseball
18812:African-American Jews
18531:Ketanji Brown Jackson
18496:Henry Highland Garnet
18355:Negro National Anthem
18105:George Floyd protests
18070:Postâcivil rights era
17857:Sukey and The Mermaid
17372:10.1353/ams.2015.0009
16808:Rohrer, Katherine E.
16674:. Library of Congress
16607:10.1353/wal.2002.0027
16317:Searching for Sycorax
15909:The Sanctified Church
15852:Davies, Owen (2013).
15659:. Virginia Humanities
15657:Encyclopedia Virginia
14464:National Park Service
14213:. The Washington Post
12848:The Sanctified Church
12806:Tyler, Varro (1991).
12532:Young, Jason (2011).
12356:Secrets of the Psalms
12120:Leon (October 2020).
12066:Young, Jason (2011).
11811:Pyatt; Jones (1999).
11636:Ohio Slave Narratives
11118:. Summerhouse Press.
10951:Savannah Morning News
10553:Johns; Pyatt (1999).
8194:Felix (27 May 2017).
7765:Randolph, Paschal B.
7690:. Wiley. p. 50.
7443:White, Shane (2014).
6752:Vansina, Jan (2002).
5969:Young, Jason (2007).
5828:, spirit possession,
5759:was born enslaved in
5697:
5573:
5386:
5328:The Sanctified Church
5304:
5233:
5079:
4998:
4888:
4791:. The ring shout and
4770:
4718:
4639:
4577:
4526:
4505:
4458:
4420:
4411:Secrets of the Psalms
4403:
4325:
4310:
4256:
4202:by midwives, and the
4173:
4105:Gullah Geechee Nation
4067:
4040:Before and after the
3977:
3902:
3839:
3827:
3793:Gullah Geechee people
3758:
3689:
3681:1741 slave conspiracy
3626:Hoodoo also has some
3545:
3519:African Art historian
3398:
3302:
3198:
3160:
3082:
3047:
2505:
2474:
2407:
2330:broke out in 1712 in
2317:
2252:
2157:
1661:US metropolitan areas
1488:List of neighborhoods
1102:Alabama Creole people
1092:African-American Jews
1024:Negro league baseball
987:National Urban League
939:Civic/economic groups
771:African-American Jews
661:African-American hair
523:, after the Civil War
352:Postâcivil rights era
23209:Supernatural legends
23128:Magical organization
22643:Witches of Benevento
21017:Proto-Bantu language
20760:Ancestral veneration
20667:Chicamassi-chinuinji
20335:Atlantic slave trade
20010:Gullah Gullah Island
19313:Afro-Seminole Creole
18839:Azusa Street Revival
18711:Booker T. Washington
18235:Underground Railroad
18100:Free people of color
17954:Atlantic slave trade
17095:Arkansas State Parks
16789:on 21 September 2021
16155:"Zora Neale Hurston"
15561:. pp. 333â342.
12726:High John de Conquer
12126:Current Anthropology
12051:Harn Museum of Art.
12018:Current Anthropology
10979:Andreae, Christine.
10450:Wye House Archeology
9795:Harn Museum of Art.
9739:10.1162/AFAR_a_00109
9677:Bibb, Henry (1849).
9374:Current Anthropology
9283:10.1162/AFAR_a_00109
9035:Georgia Encyclopedia
8842:Wye House Archeology
6845:Cambridge Dictionary
6581:Current Anthropology
6408:Gall; Hobby (2009).
5755:Hoodoo practitioner
5674:Hurston interviewed
5360:Deliverance ministry
5203:Underground Railroad
5087:would be successful.
5085:Underground Railroad
3895:Rootwork and healing
3765:Stagville Plantation
3725:Alexandria, Virginia
3717:Kingsmill Plantation
3715:In addition, at the
3557:West African Muslims
3280:Bantu-Kongo religion
3256:Wye House plantation
3110:Underground Railroad
2743:Ancestral veneration
2648:Chicamassi-chinuinji
2425:, Randolph educated
2361:Underground Railroad
1818:Criminal stereotypes
1593:District of Columbia
1310:Afro-Seminole Creole
752:Non-Christian groups
347:Black power movement
311:during the Civil War
280:Atlantic slave trade
22745:Newes from Scotland
22705:Malleus Maleficarum
22082:Anglo-Saxon England
21323:Legendary creatures
20150:Charleston red rice
19962:Film and television
19708:Trinidad and Tobago
19323:Black American Sign
19150:By African descent
19144:Ethnic subdivisions
19131:Southwestern (SWAC)
19046:Baseball color line
18961:Black Panther Party
18865:Political movements
18782:in computer science
18441:Carol Moseley Braun
18230:Tulsa race massacre
18223:Treatment of slaves
18055:March on Washington
18050:Birmingham movement
17426:Pharmacy in History
17115:Kail, Tony (2017).
15744:Kail, Tony (2017).
15707:"Hoodoo in America"
15597:Kail, Tony (2017).
14784:. pp. 231â232.
14145:"Hoodoo in America"
14044:Smithsonian Staff.
13507:Kail, Tony (2019).
13285:Marvels & Tales
13095:Library of Congress
12908:. Pineapple Press.
12812:Pharmacy in History
12781:Pharmacy in History
11888:. vol. II. p. 1761.
11589:"Hoodoo in America"
11507:Hutchins, Zachary.
11361:Farrington (2005).
10987:. Jefferson Library
10722:"Hoodoo in America"
9636:The Slave Community
9564:Pharmacy in History
9117:Smithsonian Staff.
8782:CUNY Academic Works
8220:Tony, Kail (2017).
8173:CNBC Small Business
8147:Acadiana Historical
7809:Kail, Tony (2017).
7782:Kail, Tony (2019).
7738:Kail, Tony (2019).
7329:"Hoodoo in America"
6805:Washington (2010).
5824:, snake reverence,
5734:Got My Mojo Working
5630:St. Simons, Georgia
5619:in Central Africa.
5596:Library of Congress
5592:ex-slave narratives
5351:Prosperity theology
5333:Holy Ghost shouting
5166:poker playing cards
5081:William Wells Brown
5059:Commonly used items
4947:Akan Sankofa Symbol
4869:published in 1935.
4819:of Africa with the
4798:biblical references
4354:Black neighborhoods
4318:Moses as a conjurer
4230:retributive justice
4109:Ferula assafoetida;
3828:Bible Quilt 1898 /
3665:Annapolis, Maryland
3574:Mandingo (Mandinka)
3467:were documented by
3411:, carved onto them.
3138:Magnolia Plantation
3049:The Kongo cosmogram
3040:The Kongo cosmogram
2518:are present in the
2297:St. Louis, Missouri
2291:wrote in his book,
2289:William Wells Brown
2208:water spirits, and
2193:illegal slave trade
2175:transported to the
1926:botanical knowledge
1214:Sierra Leone Creole
1175:Specific ancestries
1060:Southwestern (SWAC)
583:Black History Month
414:New Great Migration
368:Agriculture history
149:Carolina Lowcountry
69:readable prose size
23097:Witches in fiction
23085:In popular culture
22659:historic treatises
21675:Trinidadian Vodunu
21463:John the Conqueror
20384:History of Senegal
20370:History of Nigeria
20365:History of Liberia
20119:John the Conqueror
19806:US representatives
19801:US cabinet members
19693:Dominican Republic
19280:Metropolitan areas
19121:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
18946:Civic and economic
18924:Self-determination
18745:Education, science
18666:Fred Shuttlesworth
18646:A. Philip Randolph
18551:Coretta Scott King
18476:Frederick Douglass
18303:Harlem Renaissance
18208:Separate but equal
18198:Reconstruction era
18186:Plessy v. Ferguson
18077:Cornerstone Speech
17991:Civil Rights Acts
17974:Black Lives Matter
17949:American Civil War
17842:John the Conqueror
17755:Magic and concepts
17329:Media Department.
17181:on 7 February 2022
16072:Jonah's Gourd Vine
15135:Teaching Mysticism
14485:Morrow, Kara Ann.
14190:. Emory University
14188:Indiana University
13998:. Vice Media Group
13936:Rosenbaum (1998).
13790:. p. preface.
13673:Pollitzer (2005).
13378:. 30 October 2013.
13193:Adams, Natalie P.
12316:Cochran, Matthew.
12132:(S22): S276âS288.
11993:Harrison, Milmon.
11740:NPS Staff (2003).
10945:Jahannes, Naftal.
10428:The New York Times
9882:10.1007/BF03374221
9487:Wilson, Khonsura.
9318:The New York Times
9147:. State of Georgia
9136:Department Staff.
9002:Rosenbaum (1998).
8982:The Griot Republic
8906:10.1007/BF03376840
8863:Cochran, Matthew.
8441:10.1007/BF03376840
6779:Wilson, Khonsura.
6587:(S22): S276âS288.
6441:. pp. 17, 18.
6359:www.etymonline.com
6335:www.etymonline.com
6183:Harvard University
5816:burial practices,
5746:"Who Do You Love?"
5726:Gertrude Ma Rainey
5703:
5661:West African Vodun
5578:In the 1930s, the
5576:
5451:Reconstruction Era
5404:Zora Neale Hurston
5401:
5324:Black gospel music
5315:Memphis, Tennessee
5307:
5268:Memphis, Tennessee
5247:Spiritual churches
5239:
5109:elemental energies
5089:
5001:
4891:
4863:Zora Neale Hurston
4783:The ring shout in
4773:
4721:
4648:
4587:
4540:American Civil War
4529:
4512:
4470:, who was born in
4465:
4406:
4387:Nevertheless, the
4331:
4281:Kongo Christianity
4259:
4176:
4150:(a person who can
4070:
4046:Indigenous peoples
3980:
3938:benneseed (sesame)
3905:
3846:
3834:
3761:
3741:Richmond, Virginia
3692:
3548:
3523:Albert J. Raboteau
3426:Harn Museum of Art
3413:
3316:
3260:Frederick Douglass
3205:
3171:
3163:The Old Plantation
3097:
3052:
2539:Frenier, Louisiana
2520:Black Lives Matter
2512:American Civil War
2508:
2477:
2423:American Civil War
2410:
2392:Frederick Douglass
2320:
2305:invisible churches
2267:
2200:incorporating the
2191:and 1808, and the
2168:
2129:Zora Neale Hurston
1974:Abrahamic religion
1970:syncretic religion
1223:Sexual orientation
1097:Afro-Puerto Ricans
1050:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
685:Self-determination
649:Black is beautiful
315:Reconstruction era
23161:
23160:
23118:Witch (archetype)
23080:
23079:
23029:
23028:
22355:Sympathetic magic
22182:
22181:
21944:
21943:
21856:Western occultism
21665:Spiritual Baptist
21496:
21495:
21476:
21475:
21363:
21362:
21270:
21269:
20961:
20960:
20941:
20940:
20636:Kongo Catholicism
20576:
20575:
20556:
20555:
20431:African Americans
20340:History of Angola
20296:(protected site)
20204:
20203:
20196:Culture of Africa
20175:Robot Hive/Exodus
20143:Music and culture
20036:Vibration Cooking
19986:A Soldier's Story
19913:
19912:
19741:African Americans
19613:DallasâFort Worth
19208:Black Southerners
19139:
19138:
18591:Thurgood Marshall
18561:Bernard Lafayette
18156:Million Man March
17913:African Americans
17879:
17878:
17652:Hoodoo in America
17504:Deslippe (2014).
17249:Anderson (2008).
17078:. pp. 74â76.
16943:Diouf, Sylviane.
16902:978-0-19-972398-0
16483:Powell, Timothy.
16234:The Conjure Woman
16153:Norwood, Alisha.
15865:978-0-19-162514-5
15825:Anderson (2005).
15798:Clemmens (2012).
15576:978-0-19-516796-2
14516:Thompson (2010).
13819:Poole, W. Scott.
13730:Raboteau (2004).
13581:Thompson (2010).
13277:Connolly (2021).
13236:978-0-19-993167-5
13086:. #194 on pg. 199
12942:978-0-8203-4241-2
12915:978-1-56164-871-9
12761:978-0-252-07876-7
12599:978-0-19-802319-7
12397:978-0-19-802319-7
12387:Conjuring Culture
12372:Conjuring Culture
11950:Conjuring Culture
11394:World Archaeology
11374:978-0-19-516721-4
11139:Niven, Steven J.
10926:. Yale University
10877:978-0-19-516721-4
10823:978-0-19-993167-5
10637:. Yale University
10340:Anderson (2002).
10191:978-1-57863-513-9
10083:978-0-19-974567-8
9781:978-0-307-87433-7
9646:978-0-19-502563-7
9212:978-0-313-34222-6
9182:978-0-19-517413-7
8762:978-0-19-535538-3
8718:978-0-262-35146-1
8260:978-0-19-993167-5
8141:Dottery, Alyssa.
8114:Lawrence (2010).
8041:Anderson, Chase.
7822:978-1-4396-5957-1
7665:. 30 October 2013
7644:978-0-520-24988-2
7617:978-0-252-09446-0
7573:978-0-19-530569-2
7100:978-0-19-517413-7
7087:Raboteau (2004).
6654:978-0-19-802031-8
6641:Raboteau (2004).
6381:Anderson (2008).
5982:978-0-8071-3719-2
5955:978-0-19-802031-8
5765:Newport, Arkansas
5757:Aunt Caroline Dye
5663:, Islam, and the
5653:Mississippi Sound
5531:St. Simons Island
5446:The Conjure Woman
5311:Sanctified Church
5181:Domino divination
5121:Black communities
5117:African mysticism
5021:Personal concerns
4915:minkisi and Nkisi
4881:Burial traditions
4789:spirit possession
4474:, maintained his
4249:God as a conjurer
4111:the folk word is
3954:protective amulet
3914:slave plantations
3850:Bakongo cosmogram
3844:, South Carolina.
3648:Yoruba influences
3241:Darrow, Louisiana
3228:minkisi and nkisi
3180:spirit possession
3147:James Brice House
2995:
2994:
2945:
2944:
2624:Kongo Catholicism
2450:Post-emancipation
2332:colonial New York
2284:Former slave and
2239:Mississippi Delta
2183:) as part of the
2171:and West African
2020:African Americans
1904:
1903:
1841:
1840:
1739:
1738:
1513:Dallas-Fort Worth
1330:
1329:
1240:
1239:
1184:Americo-Liberians
1067:
1066:
1005:
1004:
930:
929:
799:
798:
743:Womanist theology
693:
692:
635:Symbols and ideas
421:
420:
300:Antebellum period
295:Revolutionary War
250:African Americans
235:
234:
219:Lowcountry Voodoo
210:African Americans
188:Sea Island Creole
175:, and Mississippi
104:
103:
71:was 22,000 words.
16:(Redirected from
23221:
23092:Magic in fiction
22922:Northern Moravia
22876:
22875:
22856:Papua New Guinea
22824:
22823:
22608:Nine sorceresses
22360:Witches' Sabbath
22209:Ceremonial magic
22199:Apotropaic magic
21993:
21992:
21971:
21964:
21957:
21948:
21947:
21710:Animal sacrifice
21697:
21635:Louisiana Voodoo
21523:
21516:
21509:
21500:
21499:
21486:
21485:
21372:
21371:
21282:Legendary beings
21279:
21278:
21035:
21034:
20988:
20981:
20974:
20965:
20964:
20951:
20950:
20836:
20835:
20648:
20603:
20596:
20589:
20580:
20579:
20566:
20565:
20355:History of Ghana
20350:History of Congo
20345:History of Benin
20279:Eulonia, Georgia
20274:Daufuskie Island
20228:
20227:
20218:
20212:
19959:
19958:
19940:
19933:
19926:
19917:
19916:
19903:
19902:
19901:
19865:Lynching victims
19364:Louisiana Creole
19335:American English
19223:Louisiana Creole
19196:Choctaw freedmen
19034:
19033:
18571:Huddie Ledbetter
18511:Fannie Lou Hamer
18481:W. E. B. Du Bois
18471:Claudette Colvin
18466:Shirley Chisholm
18283:Family structure
18151:Military history
18033:Browder v. Gayle
17906:
17899:
17892:
17883:
17882:
17871:
17870:
17824:
17748:Hoodoo tradition
17741:
17734:
17727:
17718:
17717:
17639:
17638:
17628:
17622:
17621:
17601:
17595:
17594:
17574:
17568:
17567:
17547:
17541:
17540:
17538:
17536:
17510:Amerasia Journal
17501:
17495:
17494:
17474:
17468:
17467:
17465:
17463:
17448:
17442:
17441:
17417:
17411:
17410:
17390:
17384:
17383:
17360:American Studies
17357:
17349:
17343:
17342:
17340:
17338:
17326:
17320:
17319:
17317:
17315:
17300:
17294:
17293:
17273:
17267:
17266:
17246:
17240:
17239:
17205:
17197:
17191:
17190:
17188:
17186:
17177:. Archived from
17166:
17160:
17159:
17139:
17133:
17132:
17112:
17106:
17104:
17102:
17101:
17086:
17080:
17079:
17071:
17065:
17064:
17044:
17038:
17037:
17035:
17033:
17017:
17011:
17010:
17008:
17006:
16990:
16984:
16983:
16975:
16966:
16960:
16959:
16957:
16955:
16940:
16934:
16933:
16913:
16907:
16906:
16886:
16880:
16879:
16859:
16853:
16852:
16832:
16826:
16825:
16823:
16821:
16805:
16799:
16798:
16796:
16794:
16785:. Archived from
16774:
16768:
16767:
16747:
16741:
16740:
16720:
16714:
16713:
16693:
16684:
16683:
16681:
16679:
16663:
16657:
16656:
16654:
16652:
16625:
16619:
16618:
16590:
16584:
16583:
16571:
16565:
16564:
16552:
16546:
16545:
16533:
16527:
16526:
16524:
16522:
16507:
16501:
16500:
16498:
16496:
16480:
16474:
16473:
16471:
16469:
16455:
16446:
16440:
16439:
16437:
16435:
16418:Chireau (2019).
16415:
16409:
16408:
16406:
16404:
16361:
16355:
16354:
16352:
16350:
16311:
16305:
16304:
16286:
16280:
16279:
16255:
16249:
16248:
16228:
16222:
16221:
16219:
16217:
16202:
16196:
16195:
16193:
16191:
16180:"Plot Summaries"
16176:
16170:
16169:
16167:
16165:
16150:
16144:
16143:
16141:
16139:
16123:
16117:
16116:
16114:
16112:
16065:
16059:
16058:
16056:
16054:
16038:
16032:
16031:
16011:
16005:
16004:
15984:
15978:
15977:
15957:
15951:
15950:
15930:
15924:
15923:
15903:
15897:
15896:
15876:
15870:
15869:
15849:
15843:
15842:
15822:
15816:
15815:
15795:
15789:
15788:
15768:
15762:
15761:
15741:
15735:
15734:
15717:(174): 318â320.
15702:
15696:
15695:
15675:
15669:
15668:
15666:
15664:
15648:
15642:
15641:
15621:
15615:
15614:
15594:
15588:
15587:
15585:
15583:
15550:
15544:
15543:
15541:
15540:
15525:
15519:
15518:
15498:
15492:
15491:
15471:
15465:
15464:
15444:
15438:
15437:
15417:
15411:
15410:
15390:
15384:
15383:
15363:
15357:
15356:
15336:
15330:
15329:
15309:
15303:
15302:
15282:
15276:
15275:
15255:
15249:
15248:
15228:
15222:
15221:
15201:
15195:
15194:
15192:
15181:
15175:
15174:
15172:
15170:
15165:
15156:
15150:
15149:
15132:Parsons (2011).
15129:
15123:
15122:
15102:
15096:
15095:
15093:
15091:
15068:
15062:
15061:
15041:
15035:
15034:
15014:
15008:
15007:
14987:
14981:
14980:
14970:
14964:
14963:
14943:
14937:
14936:
14908:
14902:
14901:
14873:
14867:
14866:
14846:
14840:
14839:
14819:
14813:
14812:
14792:
14786:
14785:
14778:Puckett (1926).
14775:
14769:
14768:
14766:
14755:
14749:
14748:
14728:
14722:
14721:
14701:
14695:
14694:
14692:
14691:
14676:
14670:
14669:
14649:
14643:
14642:
14622:
14616:
14615:
14593:
14587:
14586:
14569:Laroche (2014).
14566:
14560:
14559:
14557:
14555:
14540:
14534:
14533:
14513:
14507:
14506:
14504:
14502:
14482:
14476:
14475:
14473:
14471:
14461:
14452:
14446:
14445:
14425:
14419:
14418:
14416:
14414:
14394:
14388:
14387:
14385:
14383:
14368:
14362:
14361:
14359:
14357:
14337:
14331:
14330:
14328:
14326:
14310:
14304:
14303:
14301:
14299:
14283:
14277:
14276:
14256:
14250:
14249:
14229:
14223:
14222:
14220:
14218:
14206:
14200:
14199:
14197:
14195:
14179:
14173:
14172:
14143:Hurston (1931).
14140:
14134:
14133:
14113:
14107:
14106:
14086:
14080:
14079:
14077:
14075:
14060:
14054:
14053:
14041:
14035:
14034:
14032:
14030:
14014:
14008:
14007:
14005:
14003:
13987:
13981:
13980:
13978:
13976:
13960:
13954:
13953:
13933:
13927:
13926:
13924:
13922:
13907:
13901:
13900:
13898:
13896:
13875:
13843:
13837:
13836:
13834:
13832:
13816:
13810:
13809:
13798:
13792:
13791:
13781:
13775:
13774:
13754:
13748:
13747:
13727:
13721:
13720:
13700:
13691:
13690:
13670:
13664:
13663:
13651:
13645:
13644:
13632:
13626:
13625:
13605:
13599:
13598:
13578:
13572:
13571:
13569:
13558:
13552:
13551:
13531:
13525:
13524:
13504:
13498:
13497:
13477:
13471:
13470:
13450:
13444:
13443:
13433:
13427:
13426:
13386:
13380:
13379:
13368:
13362:
13361:
13359:
13357:
13339:The Art Bulletin
13330:
13324:
13323:
13321:
13319:
13282:
13274:
13268:
13267:
13247:
13241:
13240:
13223:Stuckey (2013).
13220:
13214:
13213:
13211:
13209:
13199:
13190:
13184:
13183:
13163:
13157:
13156:
13136:
13130:
13129:
13109:
13103:
13102:
13092:
13091:
13071:
13058:
13052:
13051:
13049:
13047:
13033:
13024:
13018:
13017:
13010:Puckett (1926).
13007:
13001:
13000:
12980:
12974:
12973:
12953:
12947:
12946:
12926:
12920:
12919:
12899:
12890:
12889:
12869:
12863:
12862:
12842:
12836:
12835:
12803:
12797:
12796:
12787:(2): 47â48, 51.
12772:
12766:
12765:
12747:
12741:
12740:
12720:
12714:
12713:
12711:
12709:
12699:
12690:
12684:
12683:
12681:
12679:
12669:
12660:
12651:
12650:
12610:
12604:
12603:
12583:
12577:
12576:
12556:
12550:
12549:
12529:
12523:
12522:
12502:
12496:
12495:
12475:
12469:
12468:
12466:
12464:
12450:
12444:
12443:
12441:
12439:
12425:
12419:
12418:
12408:
12402:
12401:
12381:
12375:
12364:
12358:
12354:Selig, Godfrey.
12352:
12346:
12339:
12333:
12332:
12330:
12328:
12313:
12307:
12306:
12286:
12280:
12279:
12277:
12276:
12265:
12259:
12252:
12246:
12245:
12243:
12241:
12230:
12224:
12210:
12204:
12203:
12183:
12177:
12176:
12156:
12150:
12149:
12117:
12111:
12110:
12090:
12084:
12083:
12063:
12057:
12056:
12048:
12042:
12041:
12009:
12003:
12002:
11999:Encyclopedia.com
11990:
11984:
11983:
11963:
11957:
11946:
11940:
11931:
11925:
11924:
11904:
11898:
11895:
11889:
11882:
11876:
11875:
11835:
11829:
11828:
11808:
11802:
11801:
11781:
11775:
11774:
11754:
11748:
11747:
11737:
11731:
11730:
11710:
11704:
11703:
11701:
11699:
11687:
11681:
11680:
11660:
11651:
11650:
11630:
11624:
11623:
11621:
11619:
11584:
11578:
11577:
11557:
11551:
11550:
11548:
11546:
11531:
11525:
11524:
11522:
11520:
11504:
11498:
11497:
11477:
11471:
11470:
11450:
11444:
11443:
11432:
11426:
11425:
11385:
11379:
11378:
11358:
11352:
11351:
11341:
11335:
11334:
11314:
11308:
11307:
11287:
11281:
11280:
11260:
11254:
11253:
11233:
11227:
11220:
11214:
11213:
11193:
11187:
11186:
11166:
11160:
11159:
11157:
11155:
11136:
11130:
11129:
11109:
11103:
11102:
11082:
11076:
11075:
11073:
11071:
11057:
11051:
11050:
11030:
11024:
11023:
11003:
10997:
10996:
10994:
10992:
10981:"Slave Medicine"
10976:
10963:
10962:
10960:
10958:
10942:
10936:
10935:
10933:
10931:
10915:
10909:
10908:
10888:
10882:
10881:
10861:
10855:
10854:
10834:
10828:
10827:
10807:
10801:
10800:
10798:
10796:
10782:
10776:Johnson (2014).
10773:
10767:
10766:
10759:Puckett (1926).
10756:
10750:
10749:
10720:Hurston (1931).
10717:
10711:
10710:
10690:
10684:
10683:
10676:Puckett (1926).
10673:
10667:
10666:
10664:
10653:
10647:
10646:
10644:
10642:
10626:
10620:
10619:
10617:
10606:
10600:
10599:
10588:: 105â106, 108.
10577:
10571:
10570:
10550:
10544:
10543:
10541:
10539:
10524:
10518:
10517:
10497:
10491:
10490:
10468:
10462:
10461:
10459:
10457:
10447:
10438:
10432:
10431:
10419:
10413:
10412:
10405:Puckett (1926).
10402:
10396:
10395:
10393:
10391:
10371:
10365:
10364:
10354:
10348:
10347:
10337:
10331:
10330:
10320:
10314:
10313:
10293:
10287:
10286:
10246:
10240:
10239:
10219:
10213:
10212:
10202:
10196:
10195:
10175:
10169:
10168:
10148:
10142:
10141:
10121:
10115:
10114:
10094:
10088:
10087:
10067:
10061:
10060:
10040:
10034:
10033:
10013:
10007:
10006:
9986:
9980:
9979:
9959:
9953:
9952:
9932:
9926:
9925:
9915:
9909:
9908:
9906:
9904:
9867:
9858:
9852:
9851:
9845:
9836:
9830:
9829:
9807:
9801:
9800:
9792:
9786:
9785:
9765:
9759:
9758:
9718:
9712:
9711:
9691:
9685:
9684:
9674:
9668:
9667:
9657:
9651:
9650:
9630:
9624:
9623:
9613:
9607:
9606:
9604:
9602:
9586:
9580:
9579:
9555:
9549:
9548:
9528:
9522:
9521:
9519:
9517:
9503:
9497:
9496:
9484:
9478:
9477:
9475:
9473:
9457:
9451:
9450:
9434:
9428:
9427:
9425:
9423:
9413:
9407:Fennell (2013).
9404:
9398:
9397:
9365:
9359:
9358:
9356:
9354:
9344:
9335:
9329:
9328:
9326:
9324:
9309:
9303:
9302:
9262:
9256:
9255:
9226:Samford (1996).
9223:
9217:
9216:
9196:
9187:
9186:
9166:
9157:
9156:
9154:
9152:
9142:
9133:
9127:
9126:
9114:
9108:
9107:
9105:
9103:
9089:
9080:
9074:
9073:
9053:
9047:
9046:
9044:
9042:
9029:Rosenbaum, Art.
9026:
9020:
9019:
8999:
8993:
8992:
8990:
8988:
8973:
8967:
8966:
8964:
8962:
8948:
8939:
8933:
8932:
8930:
8928:
8891:
8883:
8877:
8876:
8860:
8854:
8853:
8851:
8849:
8839:
8830:
8824:
8823:
8821:
8819:
8809:
8800:
8794:
8793:
8791:
8789:
8773:
8767:
8766:
8746:
8740:
8739:
8729:
8723:
8722:
8700:
8694:
8693:
8691:
8689:
8674:
8668:
8667:
8647:
8638:
8637:
8617:
8611:
8610:
8590:
8584:
8583:
8563:
8557:
8556:
8554:
8552:
8536:
8530:
8529:
8519:
8513:
8512:
8510:
8508:
8494:
8488:
8487:
8475:
8469:
8468:
8426:
8418:
8412:
8411:
8409:
8407:
8398:. Archived from
8387:
8381:
8380:
8360:
8354:
8353:
8333:
8327:
8326:
8324:
8322:
8312:
8306:
8305:
8297:
8291:
8290:
8288:
8286:
8271:
8265:
8264:
8244:
8238:
8237:
8217:
8211:
8210:
8208:
8206:
8191:
8185:
8184:
8182:
8180:
8164:
8158:
8157:
8155:
8153:
8138:
8132:
8131:
8129:
8127:
8111:
8105:
8104:
8102:
8100:
8061:
8055:
8054:
8052:
8050:
8038:
8032:
8031:
8029:
8027:
8011:
8005:
8004:
7984:
7978:
7977:
7975:
7973:
7950:
7944:
7943:
7923:
7917:
7916:
7896:
7890:
7889:
7886:Cabinet Magazine
7877:
7871:
7870:
7850:
7844:
7843:
7833:
7827:
7826:
7806:
7800:
7799:
7779:
7773:
7772:
7762:
7756:
7755:
7735:
7729:
7728:
7708:
7702:
7701:
7681:
7675:
7674:
7672:
7670:
7655:
7649:
7648:
7628:
7622:
7621:
7601:
7595:
7594:
7584:
7578:
7577:
7557:
7551:
7550:
7548:
7546:
7532:
7526:
7525:
7505:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7494:
7478:
7472:
7471:
7469:
7467:
7440:
7434:
7433:
7399:
7390:
7384:
7383:
7363:
7357:
7356:
7327:Hurston (1931).
7324:
7318:
7317:
7297:
7291:
7290:
7270:
7264:
7263:
7261:
7259:
7216:
7210:
7209:
7207:
7205:
7189:
7183:
7182:
7180:
7178:
7168:
7159:
7153:
7152:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7131:
7111:
7105:
7104:
7084:
7078:
7077:
7045:
7039:
7038:
7036:
7034:
7018:
7012:
7011:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6974:
6968:
6967:
6947:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6936:
6926:
6917:
6911:
6910:
6890:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6879:
6863:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6836:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6825:
6811:
6802:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6791:
6776:
6770:
6769:
6749:
6743:
6742:
6722:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6711:
6695:
6689:
6688:
6668:
6659:
6658:
6638:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6627:
6611:
6605:
6604:
6576:
6570:
6569:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6525:(174): 317â417.
6514:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6503:
6487:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6476:
6449:
6443:
6442:
6432:
6426:
6425:
6405:
6399:
6398:
6378:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6365:
6351:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6302:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6278:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6243:
6200:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6189:
6175:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6164:
6150:
6141:
6135:
6134:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6040:
6034:
6033:
5993:
5987:
5986:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5939:
5916:
5915:
5793:Louisiana Voodoo
5588:Great Depression
5566:Slave narratives
5426:African Diaspora
5014:African Diaspora
4461:African Diaspora
4326:A seal from the
4234:good versus evil
4228:and his role in
4184:segregation laws
4075:apotropaic magic
3969:Native Americans
3910:rice cultivation
3594:Louisiana Creole
3586:Bambara language
3517:Thompson was an
3480:Kikongo language
3101:Counterclockwise
3030:slave narratives
3014:Sterling Stuckey
2987:
2980:
2973:
2957:
2956:
2825:
2824:
2599:
2588:
2573:
2572:
2524:police brutality
2435:Louisiana Voodoo
2198:Bakongo religion
2150:Antebellum South
2118:
2103:Kikongo language
2032:English language
1921:and elements of
1896:
1889:
1882:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1803:media depictions
1752:
1751:
1647:Population count
1343:
1342:
1277:Liberian English
1256:English dialects
1253:
1252:
1209:SamanĂĄ Americans
1134:Creoles of color
1080:
1079:
1018:
1017:
962:Black conductors
943:
942:
812:
811:
786:Louisiana Voodoo
708:
707:
453:Family structure
436:
435:
383:Military history
378:Business history
309:military history
264:
263:
237:
236:
196:Louisiana Creole
118:
106:
105:
99:
96:
90:
54:
53:
46:
43:
36:
21:
23229:
23228:
23224:
23223:
23222:
23220:
23219:
23218:
23164:
23163:
23162:
23157:
23101:
23076:
23045:
23025:
22987:
22941:Northern Europe
22936:
22905:
22865:
22815:
22658:
22652:
22535:
22529:
22468:Magical weapons
22418:Flying ointment
22369:
22214:Magical formula
22178:
22115:
22062:Greece and Rome
21984:
21975:
21945:
21940:
21813:
21749:Hot foot powder
21698:
21689:
21532:
21527:
21497:
21492:
21472:
21436:
21417:Hot foot powder
21392:Candomblé Bantu
21359:
21318:
21266:
21237:Kongo cosmogram
21220:
21179:
21098:
21055:Dini Ya Msambwa
21026:
21022:Bantu languages
21012:Bantu expansion
20995:
20992:
20962:
20957:
20937:
20882:
20863:Hot foot powder
20827:
20799:
20770:Kongo cosmogram
20746:
20649:
20640:
20612:
20607:
20577:
20572:
20552:
20419:
20316:Related history
20311:
20257:
20253:Stono Rebellion
20238:Bilali Document
20219:
20213:
20200:
20184:Related culture
20179:
20138:
20114:Hot foot powder
20084:Flying Africans
20057:
20053:Gullah language
20041:
20016:
19950:
19944:
19914:
19909:
19899:
19897:
19884:
19850:Historic places
19843:US state firsts
19729:
19644:
19368:
19301:
19273:2010 majorities
19268:2000 majorities
19239:
19186:Black Seminoles
19135:
19126:Southern (SIAC)
19109:
19108:and conferences
19107:
19100:
19096:Serena Williams
19091:Jackie Robinson
19025:
18949:
18947:
18940:
18860:
18827:Nation of Islam
18798:
18746:
18740:
18681:Sojourner Truth
18671:Clarence Thomas
18636:Gabriel Prosser
18536:Michael Jackson
18411:Crispus Attucks
18401:Ralph Abernathy
18389:
18345:Musical theater
18244:
18110:Great Migration
18082:COVID-19 impact
18040:Sit-in movement
17915:
17910:
17880:
17875:
17873:Gullah category
17861:
17825:
17816:
17792:Kongo cosmogram
17782:Hot foot powder
17750:
17745:
17648:
17643:
17642:
17629:
17625:
17618:
17602:
17598:
17591:
17575:
17571:
17564:
17548:
17544:
17534:
17532:
17502:
17498:
17491:
17475:
17471:
17461:
17459:
17449:
17445:
17418:
17414:
17407:
17391:
17387:
17350:
17346:
17336:
17334:
17327:
17323:
17313:
17311:
17302:
17301:
17297:
17290:
17274:
17270:
17263:
17247:
17243:
17198:
17194:
17184:
17182:
17167:
17163:
17156:
17140:
17136:
17129:
17113:
17109:
17099:
17097:
17087:
17083:
17072:
17068:
17061:
17045:
17041:
17031:
17029:
17020:Martin (2006).
17018:
17014:
17004:
17002:
16993:Library Staff.
16991:
16987:
16973:
16967:
16963:
16953:
16951:
16941:
16937:
16930:
16916:Shujaa (2015).
16914:
16910:
16903:
16887:
16883:
16876:
16860:
16856:
16849:
16833:
16829:
16819:
16817:
16806:
16802:
16792:
16790:
16775:
16771:
16764:
16748:
16744:
16737:
16721:
16717:
16710:
16694:
16687:
16677:
16675:
16664:
16660:
16650:
16648:
16628:Wilkie (1995).
16626:
16622:
16591:
16587:
16572:
16568:
16553:
16549:
16534:
16530:
16520:
16518:
16508:
16504:
16494:
16492:
16481:
16477:
16467:
16465:
16453:
16449:Barima (2017).
16447:
16443:
16433:
16431:
16416:
16412:
16402:
16400:
16362:
16358:
16348:
16346:
16336:
16312:
16308:
16287:
16283:
16256:
16252:
16245:
16229:
16225:
16215:
16213:
16204:
16203:
16199:
16189:
16187:
16178:
16177:
16173:
16163:
16161:
16151:
16147:
16137:
16135:
16124:
16120:
16110:
16108:
16066:
16062:
16052:
16050:
16039:
16035:
16028:
16012:
16008:
16001:
15987:Bowler (2011).
15985:
15981:
15974:
15958:
15954:
15947:
15931:
15927:
15920:
15904:
15900:
15893:
15877:
15873:
15866:
15850:
15846:
15839:
15823:
15819:
15812:
15796:
15792:
15785:
15769:
15765:
15758:
15742:
15738:
15703:
15699:
15692:
15676:
15672:
15662:
15660:
15649:
15645:
15638:
15624:Jacobs (1991).
15622:
15618:
15611:
15595:
15591:
15581:
15579:
15577:
15553:Jacobs (2004).
15551:
15547:
15538:
15536:
15527:
15526:
15522:
15515:
15499:
15495:
15488:
15474:Dupree (2013).
15472:
15468:
15461:
15447:Archer (2009).
15445:
15441:
15434:
15418:
15414:
15407:
15393:Larson (2009).
15391:
15387:
15380:
15364:
15360:
15353:
15337:
15333:
15326:
15310:
15306:
15299:
15283:
15279:
15272:
15256:
15252:
15245:
15229:
15225:
15218:
15202:
15198:
15190:
15182:
15178:
15168:
15166:
15163:
15157:
15153:
15146:
15130:
15126:
15119:
15103:
15099:
15089:
15087:
15069:
15065:
15058:
15042:
15038:
15031:
15015:
15011:
15004:
14988:
14984:
14971:
14967:
14960:
14944:
14940:
14909:
14905:
14874:
14870:
14863:
14847:
14843:
14836:
14820:
14816:
14809:
14793:
14789:
14776:
14772:
14764:
14756:
14752:
14745:
14729:
14725:
14718:
14702:
14698:
14689:
14687:
14678:
14677:
14673:
14666:
14650:
14646:
14639:
14623:
14619:
14612:
14594:
14590:
14583:
14567:
14563:
14553:
14551:
14541:
14537:
14530:
14514:
14510:
14500:
14498:
14483:
14479:
14469:
14467:
14459:
14453:
14449:
14442:
14426:
14422:
14412:
14410:
14409:: 29, 49, 88â89
14395:
14391:
14381:
14379:
14370:
14369:
14365:
14355:
14353:
14338:
14334:
14324:
14322:
14311:
14307:
14297:
14295:
14284:
14280:
14273:
14259:Frohne (2015).
14257:
14253:
14246:
14230:
14226:
14216:
14214:
14209:Ellis, Nicole.
14207:
14203:
14193:
14191:
14180:
14176:
14141:
14137:
14130:
14114:
14110:
14103:
14087:
14083:
14073:
14071:
14062:
14061:
14057:
14042:
14038:
14028:
14026:
14015:
14011:
14001:
13999:
13988:
13984:
13974:
13972:
13961:
13957:
13950:
13934:
13930:
13920:
13918:
13916:Griots Republic
13908:
13904:
13894:
13892:
13844:
13840:
13830:
13828:
13821:"Praise houses"
13817:
13813:
13800:
13799:
13795:
13782:
13778:
13771:
13755:
13751:
13744:
13728:
13724:
13717:
13701:
13694:
13687:
13671:
13667:
13652:
13648:
13633:
13629:
13622:
13606:
13602:
13595:
13579:
13575:
13567:
13559:
13555:
13548:
13532:
13528:
13521:
13505:
13501:
13494:
13478:
13474:
13467:
13451:
13447:
13434:
13430:
13387:
13383:
13370:
13369:
13365:
13355:
13353:
13331:
13327:
13317:
13315:
13275:
13271:
13264:
13248:
13244:
13237:
13221:
13217:
13207:
13205:
13197:
13191:
13187:
13180:
13164:
13160:
13153:
13137:
13133:
13126:
13110:
13106:
13089:
13087:
13069:
13059:
13055:
13045:
13043:
13031:
13025:
13021:
13008:
13004:
12997:
12981:
12977:
12970:
12954:
12950:
12943:
12927:
12923:
12916:
12900:
12893:
12886:
12872:Little (2012).
12870:
12866:
12859:
12843:
12839:
12804:
12800:
12773:
12769:
12762:
12748:
12744:
12737:
12721:
12717:
12707:
12705:
12697:
12693:Newman, Chris.
12691:
12687:
12677:
12675:
12667:
12663:Newman, Chris.
12661:
12654:
12631:10.2307/2716232
12611:
12607:
12600:
12584:
12580:
12573:
12557:
12553:
12546:
12530:
12526:
12519:
12503:
12499:
12492:
12476:
12472:
12462:
12460:
12452:
12451:
12447:
12437:
12435:
12429:"Denmark Vesey"
12427:
12426:
12422:
12409:
12405:
12398:
12382:
12378:
12365:
12361:
12353:
12349:
12340:
12336:
12326:
12324:
12314:
12310:
12303:
12287:
12283:
12274:
12272:
12267:
12266:
12262:
12253:
12249:
12239:
12237:
12232:
12231:
12227:
12211:
12207:
12200:
12184:
12180:
12173:
12157:
12153:
12118:
12114:
12107:
12091:
12087:
12080:
12064:
12060:
12049:
12045:
12010:
12006:
11991:
11987:
11980:
11964:
11960:
11947:
11943:
11933:Hurston. 1935.
11932:
11928:
11921:
11905:
11901:
11896:
11892:
11883:
11879:
11850:(2): 227, 232.
11836:
11832:
11825:
11809:
11805:
11798:
11782:
11778:
11771:
11755:
11751:
11738:
11734:
11727:
11711:
11707:
11697:
11695:
11688:
11684:
11677:
11663:Joyner (1985).
11661:
11654:
11647:
11631:
11627:
11617:
11615:
11585:
11581:
11574:
11558:
11554:
11544:
11542:
11533:
11532:
11528:
11518:
11516:
11505:
11501:
11494:
11478:
11474:
11467:
11451:
11447:
11434:
11433:
11429:
11386:
11382:
11375:
11359:
11355:
11342:
11338:
11331:
11315:
11311:
11304:
11288:
11284:
11277:
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11257:
11250:
11234:
11230:
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11210:
11194:
11190:
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11153:
11151:
11137:
11133:
11126:
11110:
11106:
11099:
11083:
11079:
11069:
11067:
11065:Free Dictionary
11059:
11058:
11054:
11047:
11031:
11027:
11020:
11004:
11000:
10990:
10988:
10977:
10966:
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10943:
10939:
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10905:
10889:
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10835:
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10794:
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10780:
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10770:
10757:
10753:
10718:
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10654:
10650:
10640:
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10607:
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10567:
10551:
10547:
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10469:
10465:
10455:
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10420:
10416:
10403:
10399:
10389:
10387:
10372:
10368:
10355:
10351:
10338:
10334:
10321:
10317:
10310:
10294:
10290:
10267:10.2307/3334976
10247:
10243:
10236:
10220:
10216:
10203:
10199:
10192:
10176:
10172:
10165:
10149:
10145:
10138:
10122:
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10068:
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10057:
10041:
10037:
10030:
10014:
10010:
10003:
9987:
9983:
9976:
9960:
9956:
9949:
9933:
9929:
9916:
9912:
9902:
9900:
9865:
9859:
9855:
9843:
9837:
9833:
9826:
9808:
9804:
9793:
9789:
9782:
9766:
9762:
9719:
9715:
9708:
9692:
9688:
9675:
9671:
9658:
9654:
9647:
9631:
9627:
9614:
9610:
9600:
9598:
9587:
9583:
9556:
9552:
9545:
9529:
9525:
9515:
9513:
9505:
9504:
9500:
9485:
9481:
9471:
9469:
9458:
9454:
9435:
9431:
9421:
9419:
9411:
9405:
9401:
9380:(22): 281â283.
9366:
9362:
9352:
9350:
9342:
9336:
9332:
9322:
9320:
9310:
9306:
9263:
9259:
9244:10.2307/2946825
9224:
9220:
9213:
9197:
9190:
9183:
9167:
9160:
9150:
9148:
9140:
9134:
9130:
9115:
9111:
9101:
9099:
9087:
9081:
9077:
9070:
9056:Murphy (1994).
9054:
9050:
9040:
9038:
9027:
9023:
9016:
9000:
8996:
8986:
8984:
8974:
8970:
8960:
8958:
8946:
8940:
8936:
8926:
8924:
8884:
8880:
8861:
8857:
8847:
8845:
8837:
8833:Leone, Mark P.
8831:
8827:
8817:
8815:
8807:
8801:
8797:
8787:
8785:
8774:
8770:
8763:
8747:
8743:
8730:
8726:
8719:
8701:
8697:
8687:
8685:
8676:
8675:
8671:
8664:
8648:
8641:
8634:
8618:
8614:
8607:
8591:
8587:
8580:
8564:
8560:
8550:
8548:
8537:
8533:
8520:
8516:
8506:
8504:
8496:
8495:
8491:
8476:
8472:
8419:
8415:
8405:
8403:
8388:
8384:
8377:
8361:
8357:
8350:
8334:
8330:
8320:
8318:
8314:
8313:
8309:
8298:
8294:
8284:
8282:
8280:Duke University
8272:
8268:
8261:
8245:
8241:
8234:
8218:
8214:
8204:
8202:
8192:
8188:
8178:
8176:
8165:
8161:
8151:
8149:
8139:
8135:
8125:
8123:
8112:
8108:
8098:
8096:
8062:
8058:
8048:
8046:
8039:
8035:
8025:
8023:
8012:
8008:
8001:
7985:
7981:
7971:
7969:
7951:
7947:
7940:
7924:
7920:
7913:
7897:
7893:
7878:
7874:
7867:
7851:
7847:
7834:
7830:
7823:
7807:
7803:
7796:
7780:
7776:
7763:
7759:
7752:
7736:
7732:
7725:
7709:
7705:
7698:
7682:
7678:
7668:
7666:
7657:
7656:
7652:
7645:
7629:
7625:
7618:
7602:
7598:
7585:
7581:
7574:
7560:Levine (2007).
7558:
7554:
7544:
7542:
7533:
7529:
7522:
7506:
7502:
7492:
7490:
7479:
7475:
7465:
7463:
7441:
7437:
7397:
7391:
7387:
7380:
7366:Frohne (2015).
7364:
7360:
7325:
7321:
7314:
7298:
7294:
7287:
7271:
7267:
7257:
7255:
7237:10.2307/2716232
7217:
7213:
7203:
7201:
7194:"Praise houses"
7190:
7186:
7176:
7174:
7166:
7162:Newman, Chris.
7160:
7156:
7143:
7139:
7129:
7127:
7112:
7108:
7101:
7085:
7081:
7046:
7042:
7032:
7030:
7019:
7015:
7008:
6992:
6988:
6975:
6971:
6964:
6948:
6944:
6934:
6932:
6924:
6918:
6914:
6907:
6891:
6887:
6877:
6875:
6864:
6860:
6850:
6848:
6839:Library Staff.
6837:
6833:
6823:
6821:
6809:
6803:
6799:
6789:
6787:
6777:
6773:
6766:
6750:
6746:
6739:
6723:
6719:
6709:
6707:
6698:Library Staff.
6696:
6692:
6685:
6669:
6662:
6655:
6639:
6635:
6625:
6623:
6612:
6608:
6577:
6573:
6566:
6550:
6546:
6515:
6511:
6501:
6499:
6488:
6484:
6474:
6472:
6452:Turner (2002).
6450:
6446:
6433:
6429:
6422:
6406:
6402:
6395:
6379:
6372:
6363:
6361:
6353:
6352:
6348:
6339:
6337:
6329:
6328:
6324:
6314:
6312:
6304:
6303:
6299:
6290:
6288:
6280:
6279:
6275:
6266:
6264:
6256:
6255:
6251:
6241:
6239:
6215:(30): 376â427.
6201:
6197:
6187:
6185:
6177:
6176:
6172:
6162:
6160:
6148:
6142:
6138:
6131:
6115:
6111:
6068:
6064:
6057:
6041:
6037:
5994:
5990:
5983:
5967:
5963:
5956:
5940:
5936:
5931:
5910:
5907:
5883:Great Migration
5846:Kongo cosmogram
5805:
5769:Johnny Temple's
5692:
5665:Yoruba religion
5568:
5551:
5527:flying Africans
5521:Song of Solomon
5381:
5368:
5346:
5299:
5290:Chicago Tribune
5228:
5215:
5195:
5183:
5174:
5158:
5133:
5105:
5074:
5061:
5040:
5023:
4993:
4987:
4883:
4854:
4821:Kongo cosmogram
4765:
4759:
4754:
4734:
4595:slave narrative
4572:
4566:
4521:
4476:Central African
4398:
4382:Great Migration
4320:
4299:Kongo cosmogram
4251:
4242:
4218:
4213:
3965:slave community
3946:black-eyed peas
3897:
3875:Adinkra symbols
3822:
3753:
3751:Magical amulets
3743:, and he was a
3737:Gabriel Prosser
3650:
3641:snake (serpent)
3624:
3553:
3540:
3504:slave community
3484:Gullah language
3400:Brooklyn Museum
3297:
3295:Magical amulets
3272:Brazoria, Texas
3212:Central African
3193:
3151:Kongo cosmogram
3130:freedom seekers
3065:Kongo cosmogram
3042:
3022:African culture
2991:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2886:
2867:Hot foot powder
2842:Candomblé Bantu
2821:
2813:
2812:
2793:
2783:
2782:
2753:Kongo cosmogram
2738:
2728:
2727:
2639:
2629:
2628:
2609:
2586:
2571:
2481:Great Migration
2452:
2399:white supremacy
2369:slave catchers'
2365:Freedom seekers
2257:from Africa in
2226:Christian faith
2202:Kongo cosmogram
2152:
2146:
2141:
2116:
2028:
2016:Great Migration
1934:conjure doctors
1900:
1852:
1850:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1793:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1680:
1642:
1618:Omaha, Nebraska
1583:Historic places
1577:
1469:
1340:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1291:
1250:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1218:
1170:
1112:Black Seminoles
1077:
1076:Sub-communities
1069:
1068:
1055:Southern (SIAC)
1015:
1007:
1006:
1001:
956:
940:
932:
931:
926:
843:
809:
801:
800:
795:
781:Nation of Islam
747:
724:
705:
695:
694:
689:
630:
597:
564:
536:
497:
473:Musical theater
433:
423:
422:
404:Great Migration
261:
228:
226:
224:
222:
220:
147:
100:
94:
91:
72:
55:
51:
44:
37:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
23227:
23217:
23216:
23211:
23206:
23201:
23196:
23194:Folk religions
23191:
23186:
23181:
23176:
23159:
23158:
23156:
23155:
23150:
23145:
23140:
23135:
23130:
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23069:
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23037:
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23030:
23027:
23026:
23024:
23023:
23022:
23021:
23011:
23006:
23001:
22995:
22993:
22992:Western Europe
22989:
22988:
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22985:
22980:
22975:
22970:
22965:
22960:
22955:
22950:
22944:
22942:
22938:
22937:
22935:
22934:
22929:
22924:
22919:
22913:
22911:
22910:Eastern Europe
22907:
22906:
22904:
22903:
22898:
22893:
22888:
22882:
22880:
22873:
22867:
22866:
22864:
22863:
22858:
22853:
22848:
22843:
22838:
22832:
22830:
22821:
22817:
22816:
22814:
22813:
22805:
22797:
22789:
22781:
22773:
22765:
22757:
22749:
22741:
22733:
22725:
22717:
22709:
22701:
22693:
22685:
22677:
22669:
22662:
22660:
22654:
22653:
22651:
22650:
22648:Witch of Endor
22645:
22640:
22635:
22630:
22625:
22620:
22615:
22610:
22605:
22600:
22595:
22590:
22585:
22580:
22575:
22570:
22565:
22560:
22555:
22550:
22545:
22539:
22537:
22531:
22530:
22528:
22527:
22525:Witch's ladder
22522:
22517:
22512:
22507:
22502:
22497:
22492:
22487:
22482:
22477:
22476:
22475:
22465:
22460:
22455:
22450:
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22425:
22420:
22415:
22410:
22405:
22400:
22399:
22398:
22388:
22383:
22377:
22375:
22371:
22370:
22368:
22367:
22362:
22357:
22352:
22347:
22342:
22337:
22332:
22331:
22330:
22325:
22320:
22310:
22305:
22300:
22295:
22290:
22285:
22280:
22275:
22270:
22265:
22260:
22255:
22250:
22245:
22244:
22243:
22238:
22233:
22223:
22218:
22217:
22216:
22206:
22201:
22196:
22190:
22188:
22184:
22183:
22180:
22179:
22177:
22176:
22171:
22166:
22161:
22156:
22155:
22154:
22144:
22139:
22134:
22129:
22123:
22121:
22117:
22116:
22114:
22113:
22112:
22111:
22101:
22096:
22091:
22090:
22089:
22084:
22079:
22074:
22069:
22064:
22059:
22054:
22049:
22044:
22034:
22033:
22032:
22022:
22021:
22020:
22015:
22010:
21999:
21997:
21990:
21986:
21985:
21974:
21973:
21966:
21959:
21951:
21942:
21941:
21939:
21938:
21937:
21936:
21926:
21925:
21924:
21914:
21909:
21908:
21907:
21897:
21896:
21895:
21885:
21884:
21883:
21878:
21868:
21863:
21858:
21853:
21852:
21851:
21846:
21836:
21835:
21834:
21823:
21821:
21815:
21814:
21812:
21811:
21806:
21801:
21796:
21791:
21786:
21781:
21776:
21771:
21766:
21761:
21759:Kromanti dance
21756:
21751:
21746:
21745:
21744:
21734:
21733:
21732:
21727:
21722:
21712:
21706:
21704:
21700:
21699:
21692:
21690:
21688:
21687:
21682:
21677:
21672:
21670:Tambor de Mina
21667:
21662:
21657:
21652:
21647:
21642:
21637:
21632:
21627:
21622:
21617:
21616:
21615:
21605:
21603:Dominican VudĂș
21600:
21595:
21590:
21589:
21588:
21583:
21578:
21568:
21567:
21566:
21556:
21551:
21546:
21540:
21538:
21534:
21533:
21526:
21525:
21518:
21511:
21503:
21494:
21493:
21481:
21478:
21477:
21474:
21473:
21471:
21470:
21465:
21460:
21455:
21450:
21444:
21442:
21438:
21437:
21435:
21434:
21429:
21424:
21419:
21414:
21404:
21399:
21389:
21387:Black cat bone
21384:
21378:
21376:
21369:
21368:Bantu diaspora
21365:
21364:
21361:
21360:
21358:
21357:
21352:
21347:
21342:
21337:
21332:
21326:
21324:
21320:
21319:
21317:
21316:
21311:
21309:Nyongo society
21306:
21301:
21296:
21291:
21285:
21283:
21276:
21272:
21271:
21268:
21267:
21265:
21264:
21259:
21254:
21249:
21244:
21239:
21234:
21228:
21226:
21222:
21221:
21219:
21218:
21213:
21208:
21203:
21198:
21193:
21187:
21185:
21181:
21180:
21178:
21177:
21172:
21167:
21162:
21157:
21152:
21147:
21142:
21137:
21132:
21127:
21122:
21117:
21112:
21106:
21104:
21100:
21099:
21097:
21096:
21091:
21077:
21067:
21065:Kongo religion
21062:
21052:
21047:
21045:Bantu religion
21041:
21039:
21032:
21028:
21027:
21025:
21024:
21019:
21014:
21009:
21003:
21001:
20997:
20996:
20991:
20990:
20983:
20976:
20968:
20959:
20958:
20946:
20943:
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20939:
20938:
20936:
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20916:
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20906:
20901:
20890:
20888:
20884:
20883:
20881:
20880:
20875:
20870:
20865:
20860:
20855:
20850:
20848:Black cat bone
20844:
20842:
20833:
20829:
20828:
20826:
20825:
20820:
20815:
20809:
20807:
20801:
20800:
20798:
20797:
20792:
20787:
20782:
20780:Nature spirits
20777:
20772:
20767:
20762:
20756:
20754:
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20628:
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20620:
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20610:Kongo religion
20606:
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20583:
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20265:
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20259:
20258:
20256:
20255:
20250:
20245:
20240:
20234:
20232:
20231:History topics
20225:
20221:
20220:
20207:
20205:
20202:
20201:
20199:
20198:
20193:
20187:
20185:
20181:
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20140:
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20137:
20136:
20131:
20126:
20121:
20116:
20111:
20106:
20101:
20099:Black cat bone
20096:
20091:
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20081:
20076:
20071:
20065:
20063:
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20058:
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19895:
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19886:
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19877:
19872:
19867:
19862:
19857:
19852:
19847:
19846:
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19840:
19835:
19825:
19824:
19823:
19818:
19816:Visual artists
19813:
19808:
19803:
19798:
19793:
19788:
19783:
19778:
19776:Mathematicians
19773:
19768:
19763:
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19654:
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19642:
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19610:
19600:
19595:
19593:South Carolina
19590:
19585:
19584:
19583:
19575:
19570:
19565:
19563:North Carolina
19560:
19559:
19558:
19548:
19543:
19542:
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19531:
19526:
19525:
19524:
19516:
19515:
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19508:Massachusetts
19506:
19505:
19504:
19494:
19489:
19488:
19487:
19477:
19472:
19471:
19470:
19460:
19455:
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19409:
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19397:
19387:
19382:
19376:
19374:
19370:
19369:
19367:
19366:
19361:
19356:
19355:
19354:
19353:
19352:
19350:social context
19347:
19337:
19327:
19326:
19325:
19315:
19309:
19307:
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19232:
19231:
19230:
19220:
19215:
19210:
19205:
19204:
19203:
19201:Creek Freedmen
19198:
19193:
19188:
19178:
19176:Alabama Creole
19173:
19172:
19171:
19166:
19161:
19156:
19147:
19145:
19141:
19140:
19137:
19136:
19134:
19133:
19128:
19123:
19118:
19116:Central (CIAA)
19112:
19110:
19105:
19102:
19101:
19099:
19098:
19093:
19088:
19083:
19078:
19073:
19068:
19063:
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19018:
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18958:
18952:
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18945:
18942:
18941:
18939:
18938:
18933:
18932:
18931:
18921:
18916:
18911:
18909:Pan-Africanism
18906:
18901:
18896:
18891:
18890:
18889:
18879:
18874:
18868:
18866:
18862:
18861:
18859:
18858:
18853:
18851:Black theology
18848:
18843:
18842:
18841:
18831:
18830:
18829:
18824:
18814:
18808:
18806:
18800:
18799:
18797:
18796:
18795:
18794:
18792:in STEM fields
18789:
18784:
18776:
18771:
18766:
18761:
18756:
18750:
18748:
18747:and technology
18742:
18741:
18739:
18738:
18733:
18728:
18723:
18718:
18713:
18708:
18703:
18698:
18693:
18688:
18686:Harriet Tubman
18683:
18678:
18673:
18668:
18663:
18658:
18653:
18648:
18643:
18638:
18633:
18628:
18623:
18618:
18616:Michelle Obama
18613:
18608:
18603:
18598:
18593:
18588:
18583:
18578:
18573:
18568:
18563:
18558:
18553:
18548:
18546:Barbara Jordan
18543:
18541:Harriet Jacobs
18538:
18533:
18528:
18523:
18518:
18513:
18508:
18503:
18498:
18493:
18488:
18483:
18478:
18473:
18468:
18463:
18458:
18453:
18448:
18443:
18438:
18433:
18431:Amelia Boynton
18428:
18423:
18418:
18413:
18408:
18403:
18397:
18395:
18394:Notable people
18391:
18390:
18388:
18387:
18382:
18377:
18372:
18367:
18362:
18357:
18352:
18347:
18342:
18337:
18332:
18330:LGBT community
18327:
18322:
18317:
18312:
18311:
18310:
18300:
18295:
18290:
18285:
18280:
18275:
18270:
18265:
18260:
18254:
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18246:
18245:
18243:
18242:
18237:
18232:
18227:
18226:
18225:
18215:
18210:
18205:
18200:
18195:
18190:
18182:
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18158:
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18143:
18138:
18129:
18124:
18123:
18122:
18117:
18107:
18102:
18097:
18092:
18084:
18079:
18074:
18073:
18072:
18067:
18062:
18057:
18052:
18047:
18045:Freedom Riders
18042:
18037:
18029:
18019:
18014:
18009:
18008:
18007:
18002:
17997:
17989:
17984:
17976:
17971:
17969:Black genocide
17966:
17961:
17956:
17951:
17946:
17941:
17936:
17931:
17925:
17923:
17917:
17916:
17909:
17908:
17901:
17894:
17886:
17877:
17876:
17866:
17863:
17862:
17860:
17859:
17854:
17849:
17844:
17839:
17833:
17831:
17827:
17826:
17819:
17817:
17815:
17814:
17809:
17804:
17799:
17794:
17789:
17784:
17779:
17774:
17769:
17764:
17762:Black cat bone
17758:
17756:
17752:
17751:
17744:
17743:
17736:
17729:
17721:
17715:
17714:
17709:
17704:
17699:
17694:
17689:
17684:
17679:
17674:
17669:
17664:
17659:
17654:
17647:
17646:External links
17644:
17641:
17640:
17631:Boson (2014).
17623:
17616:
17596:
17589:
17569:
17562:
17542:
17496:
17489:
17469:
17443:
17412:
17405:
17385:
17366:(1): 147â148.
17344:
17321:
17295:
17288:
17268:
17261:
17241:
17192:
17161:
17154:
17134:
17127:
17107:
17081:
17066:
17059:
17039:
17012:
16985:
16961:
16935:
16928:
16908:
16901:
16881:
16874:
16854:
16847:
16827:
16800:
16769:
16762:
16742:
16735:
16715:
16708:
16685:
16658:
16620:
16585:
16566:
16547:
16528:
16510:Becca, Evans.
16502:
16485:"Ebos Landing"
16475:
16441:
16410:
16376:(2): 178â192.
16356:
16344:j.ctt1trkkq5.9
16334:
16306:
16301:j.ctt13x1rbt.7
16281:
16270:(4): 474â475.
16250:
16243:
16223:
16197:
16171:
16145:
16118:
16084:(2): 215â224.
16060:
16033:
16026:
16006:
15999:
15979:
15972:
15952:
15945:
15925:
15918:
15898:
15891:
15871:
15864:
15844:
15837:
15817:
15810:
15790:
15783:
15763:
15756:
15736:
15723:10.2307/535394
15697:
15690:
15670:
15643:
15636:
15616:
15609:
15589:
15575:
15545:
15520:
15513:
15493:
15486:
15466:
15459:
15439:
15432:
15412:
15405:
15385:
15378:
15358:
15351:
15331:
15324:
15304:
15297:
15277:
15270:
15250:
15243:
15231:Pyatt (1999).
15223:
15216:
15196:
15176:
15151:
15144:
15124:
15117:
15097:
15071:Kulii (1982).
15063:
15056:
15036:
15029:
15009:
15002:
14982:
14965:
14958:
14938:
14925:10.2307/535394
14903:
14890:10.2307/535394
14868:
14861:
14841:
14834:
14814:
14807:
14787:
14770:
14767:. p. D33.
14750:
14743:
14723:
14716:
14696:
14671:
14664:
14644:
14637:
14617:
14610:
14588:
14581:
14561:
14535:
14528:
14508:
14477:
14455:Leon, Rodney.
14447:
14440:
14420:
14389:
14363:
14332:
14305:
14278:
14271:
14251:
14244:
14224:
14201:
14182:Brown, David.
14174:
14161:10.2307/535394
14135:
14128:
14108:
14101:
14081:
14055:
14036:
14009:
13982:
13955:
13948:
13928:
13902:
13838:
13811:
13793:
13784:Niles (1926).
13776:
13769:
13749:
13742:
13733:Slave Religion
13722:
13715:
13692:
13685:
13665:
13646:
13627:
13620:
13600:
13593:
13573:
13570:. p. F35.
13553:
13546:
13526:
13519:
13499:
13492:
13472:
13465:
13445:
13428:
13381:
13363:
13325:
13269:
13262:
13242:
13235:
13215:
13185:
13178:
13158:
13151:
13131:
13124:
13104:
13053:
13019:
13016:. p. 288.
13002:
12995:
12975:
12968:
12948:
12941:
12921:
12914:
12891:
12884:
12864:
12857:
12837:
12818:(4): 165â166.
12798:
12767:
12760:
12742:
12735:
12715:
12685:
12652:
12605:
12598:
12578:
12571:
12551:
12544:
12524:
12517:
12497:
12490:
12470:
12445:
12420:
12403:
12396:
12376:
12374:. p. 14. n. 8.
12359:
12347:
12334:
12308:
12301:
12281:
12260:
12247:
12236:. The Guardian
12225:
12205:
12198:
12178:
12171:
12151:
12138:10.1086/709843
12112:
12105:
12093:Young (2011).
12085:
12078:
12058:
12043:
12030:10.1086/709843
12004:
11985:
11978:
11958:
11941:
11926:
11919:
11899:
11890:
11877:
11830:
11823:
11803:
11796:
11776:
11769:
11749:
11732:
11725:
11705:
11682:
11675:
11652:
11645:
11625:
11605:10.2307/535394
11579:
11572:
11552:
11526:
11499:
11492:
11472:
11465:
11445:
11427:
11380:
11373:
11353:
11336:
11329:
11309:
11302:
11282:
11275:
11255:
11248:
11228:
11215:
11208:
11188:
11181:
11161:
11131:
11124:
11104:
11097:
11077:
11052:
11045:
11025:
11018:
10998:
10964:
10953:. Savannah Now
10937:
10910:
10903:
10883:
10876:
10856:
10849:
10829:
10822:
10802:
10791:(10): 167, 182
10768:
10765:. p. 114.
10751:
10738:10.2307/535394
10712:
10705:
10685:
10682:. p. 233.
10668:
10648:
10621:
10601:
10594:
10572:
10565:
10545:
10519:
10512:
10492:
10485:
10463:
10433:
10414:
10397:
10366:
10363:. p. 381.
10349:
10332:
10315:
10308:
10288:
10241:
10234:
10214:
10197:
10190:
10170:
10163:
10143:
10136:
10116:
10109:
10089:
10082:
10062:
10055:
10035:
10028:
10008:
10001:
9981:
9974:
9954:
9947:
9927:
9910:
9853:
9831:
9824:
9802:
9787:
9780:
9760:
9713:
9706:
9694:Vlach (1990).
9686:
9669:
9652:
9645:
9625:
9608:
9581:
9550:
9543:
9523:
9498:
9479:
9452:
9429:
9399:
9386:10.1086/709843
9360:
9330:
9304:
9257:
9218:
9211:
9188:
9181:
9158:
9128:
9109:
9075:
9068:
9048:
9021:
9014:
8994:
8968:
8934:
8900:(2): 176â183.
8878:
8875:on 2013-02-01.
8855:
8825:
8795:
8768:
8761:
8741:
8724:
8717:
8695:
8669:
8662:
8639:
8632:
8612:
8605:
8585:
8578:
8566:Vlach (1990).
8558:
8531:
8514:
8489:
8470:
8435:(2): 176â183.
8413:
8402:on 15 May 2021
8382:
8375:
8355:
8348:
8336:Young (2011).
8328:
8307:
8292:
8266:
8259:
8239:
8232:
8212:
8200:The New Yorker
8186:
8159:
8133:
8106:
8072:(125): 76â88.
8056:
8033:
8006:
7999:
7979:
7953:Kulii (1982).
7945:
7938:
7918:
7911:
7891:
7872:
7865:
7845:
7828:
7821:
7801:
7794:
7774:
7757:
7750:
7730:
7723:
7703:
7696:
7684:Young (2021).
7676:
7650:
7643:
7623:
7616:
7596:
7579:
7572:
7552:
7527:
7520:
7500:
7473:
7455:(3): 684â686.
7435:
7385:
7378:
7358:
7345:10.2307/535394
7319:
7312:
7292:
7285:
7265:
7211:
7192:Poole, Scott.
7184:
7154:
7137:
7106:
7099:
7079:
7040:
7013:
7006:
6986:
6969:
6962:
6942:
6912:
6905:
6885:
6858:
6831:
6797:
6771:
6764:
6744:
6737:
6717:
6690:
6683:
6660:
6653:
6633:
6606:
6593:10.1086/709843
6571:
6564:
6544:
6531:10.2307/535394
6509:
6490:Oxford Staff.
6482:
6444:
6427:
6420:
6400:
6393:
6370:
6346:
6322:
6310:Dictionary.com
6297:
6273:
6249:
6195:
6170:
6136:
6129:
6109:
6082:(1): 125â160.
6062:
6055:
6035:
5988:
5981:
5961:
5954:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5906:
5903:
5838:Black theology
5804:
5801:
5781:Central Africa
5776:Robert Johnson
5719:Robert Johnson
5691:
5690:In blues music
5688:
5686:of the South.
5680:Middle Passage
5582:, part of the
5567:
5564:
5550:
5547:
5510:Brother Voodoo
5497:folk religions
5417:anthropologist
5380:
5377:
5367:
5364:
5345:
5342:
5298:
5295:
5227:
5224:
5214:
5211:
5199:Harriet Tubman
5194:
5191:
5182:
5179:
5173:
5170:
5157:
5154:
5132:
5129:
5104:
5101:
5073:
5070:
5060:
5057:
5039:
5036:
5022:
5019:
4986:
4983:
4971:people in the
4969:Gullah Geechee
4951:Adinkra symbol
4911:New York Dutch
4882:
4879:
4853:
4850:
4841:gentrification
4785:Black churches
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4733:
4730:
4615:Central Africa
4579:Gullah Geechee
4565:
4562:
4520:
4517:
4397:
4394:
4319:
4316:
4295:Kongo religion
4286:Bakongo people
4250:
4247:
4238:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4196:umbilical cord
4124:asfidity balls
3912:to be used on
3896:
3893:
3871:American quilt
3854:Harriet Powers
3830:Harriet Powers
3821:
3818:
3752:
3749:
3649:
3646:
3623:
3620:
3559:who practiced
3552:
3549:
3539:
3536:
3454:American South
3296:
3293:
3192:
3189:
3041:
3038:
3034:Black churches
3026:Black theology
3006:Central Africa
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2950:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2854:
2849:
2839:
2837:Black cat bone
2833:
2831:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2763:Nature spirits
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2592:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2570:
2567:
2489:stage magician
2451:
2448:
2160:Black churches
2145:
2144:Antebellum era
2142:
2140:
2137:
2080:Windward Coast
2027:
2024:
2014:Following the
1985:Central Africa
1981:Bakongo people
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1764:Black genocide
1760:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1671:US communities
1668:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1628:South Carolina
1625:
1623:North Carolina
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1445:South Carolina
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1425:North Carolina
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1282:SamanĂĄ English
1279:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1232:LGBT community
1228:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1189:Creek Freedmen
1186:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1159:Carmel Indians
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1040:Central (CIAA)
1034:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1002:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
951:
948:
947:
941:
938:
937:
934:
933:
928:
927:
925:
924:
919:
914:
909:
907:Pan-Africanism
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
853:
850:
849:
845:
844:
842:
841:
836:
831:
826:
820:
817:
816:
810:
807:
806:
803:
802:
797:
796:
794:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
757:
754:
753:
749:
748:
746:
745:
740:
738:Black theology
734:
731:
730:
726:
725:
723:
722:
716:
713:
712:
706:
701:
700:
697:
696:
691:
690:
688:
687:
682:
675:
670:
669:
668:
658:
653:
652:
651:
640:
637:
636:
632:
631:
629:
628:
623:
618:
613:
607:
604:
603:
602:Economic class
599:
598:
596:
595:
590:
585:
580:
574:
571:
570:
566:
565:
563:
562:
557:
552:
546:
543:
542:
541:Academic study
538:
537:
535:
534:
529:
524:
518:
513:
507:
504:
503:
499:
498:
496:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
444:
441:
440:
434:
429:
428:
425:
424:
419:
418:
417:
416:
411:
406:
398:
397:
393:
392:
391:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
362:
361:
357:
356:
355:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
323:
322:
312:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
269:
268:
262:
257:
256:
253:
252:
246:
245:
233:
232:
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
181:
177:
176:
141:American South
138:
134:
133:
124:
120:
119:
111:
110:
102:
101:
81:it, or adding
58:
56:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
23226:
23215:
23212:
23210:
23207:
23205:
23202:
23200:
23197:
23195:
23192:
23190:
23187:
23185:
23182:
23180:
23177:
23175:
23172:
23171:
23169:
23154:
23151:
23149:
23148:Folk religion
23146:
23144:
23141:
23139:
23136:
23134:
23131:
23129:
23126:
23124:
23121:
23119:
23116:
23114:
23111:
23110:
23108:
23104:
23098:
23095:
23093:
23090:
23089:
23087:
23083:
23073:
23070:
23068:
23065:
23063:
23060:
23058:
23055:
23054:
23052:
23048:
23042:
23039:
23038:
23036:
23032:
23020:
23017:
23016:
23015:
23012:
23010:
23007:
23005:
23002:
23000:
22997:
22996:
22994:
22990:
22984:
22981:
22979:
22976:
22974:
22971:
22969:
22966:
22964:
22961:
22959:
22956:
22954:
22951:
22949:
22946:
22945:
22943:
22939:
22933:
22930:
22928:
22925:
22923:
22920:
22918:
22915:
22914:
22912:
22908:
22902:
22899:
22897:
22894:
22892:
22889:
22887:
22884:
22883:
22881:
22877:
22874:
22872:
22868:
22862:
22859:
22857:
22854:
22852:
22849:
22847:
22844:
22842:
22839:
22837:
22834:
22833:
22831:
22829:
22825:
22822:
22818:
22811:
22810:
22806:
22803:
22802:
22798:
22795:
22794:
22790:
22787:
22786:
22782:
22779:
22778:
22774:
22771:
22770:
22766:
22763:
22762:
22758:
22755:
22754:
22750:
22747:
22746:
22742:
22739:
22738:
22734:
22731:
22730:
22726:
22723:
22722:
22718:
22715:
22714:
22710:
22707:
22706:
22702:
22699:
22698:
22694:
22691:
22690:
22686:
22683:
22682:
22678:
22675:
22674:
22670:
22667:
22664:
22663:
22661:
22655:
22649:
22646:
22644:
22641:
22639:
22638:Three Witches
22636:
22634:
22631:
22629:
22626:
22624:
22621:
22619:
22616:
22614:
22611:
22609:
22606:
22604:
22601:
22599:
22598:Morgan le Fay
22596:
22594:
22591:
22589:
22586:
22584:
22581:
22579:
22576:
22574:
22571:
22569:
22566:
22564:
22561:
22559:
22556:
22554:
22551:
22549:
22546:
22544:
22541:
22540:
22538:
22532:
22526:
22523:
22521:
22518:
22516:
22513:
22511:
22508:
22506:
22503:
22501:
22498:
22496:
22493:
22491:
22488:
22486:
22483:
22481:
22478:
22474:
22471:
22470:
22469:
22466:
22464:
22461:
22459:
22456:
22454:
22451:
22449:
22446:
22444:
22443:Kitchen witch
22441:
22439:
22436:
22434:
22431:
22429:
22426:
22424:
22421:
22419:
22416:
22414:
22411:
22409:
22406:
22404:
22401:
22397:
22394:
22393:
22392:
22389:
22387:
22384:
22382:
22379:
22378:
22376:
22372:
22366:
22363:
22361:
22358:
22356:
22353:
22351:
22348:
22346:
22343:
22341:
22338:
22336:
22333:
22329:
22326:
22324:
22321:
22319:
22316:
22315:
22314:
22311:
22309:
22306:
22304:
22301:
22299:
22296:
22294:
22291:
22289:
22286:
22284:
22281:
22279:
22276:
22274:
22271:
22269:
22266:
22264:
22261:
22259:
22256:
22254:
22251:
22249:
22246:
22242:
22239:
22237:
22234:
22232:
22229:
22228:
22227:
22224:
22222:
22219:
22215:
22212:
22211:
22210:
22207:
22205:
22202:
22200:
22197:
22195:
22192:
22191:
22189:
22185:
22175:
22172:
22170:
22167:
22165:
22162:
22160:
22157:
22153:
22150:
22149:
22148:
22145:
22143:
22140:
22138:
22135:
22133:
22130:
22128:
22125:
22124:
22122:
22118:
22110:
22107:
22106:
22105:
22102:
22100:
22097:
22095:
22094:Latin America
22092:
22088:
22085:
22083:
22080:
22078:
22075:
22073:
22070:
22068:
22065:
22063:
22060:
22058:
22055:
22053:
22050:
22048:
22045:
22043:
22040:
22039:
22038:
22035:
22031:
22028:
22027:
22026:
22023:
22019:
22018:Witch smeller
22016:
22014:
22011:
22009:
22006:
22005:
22004:
22001:
22000:
21998:
21994:
21991:
21987:
21983:
21979:
21972:
21967:
21965:
21960:
21958:
21953:
21952:
21949:
21935:
21932:
21931:
21930:
21927:
21923:
21920:
21919:
21918:
21915:
21913:
21910:
21906:
21903:
21902:
21901:
21898:
21894:
21891:
21890:
21889:
21886:
21882:
21879:
21877:
21874:
21873:
21872:
21869:
21867:
21864:
21862:
21859:
21857:
21854:
21850:
21849:Protestantism
21847:
21845:
21842:
21841:
21840:
21837:
21833:
21830:
21829:
21828:
21825:
21824:
21822:
21820:
21819:Diverse roots
21816:
21810:
21807:
21805:
21802:
21800:
21797:
21795:
21792:
21790:
21787:
21785:
21782:
21780:
21777:
21775:
21772:
21770:
21767:
21765:
21762:
21760:
21757:
21755:
21752:
21750:
21747:
21743:
21740:
21739:
21738:
21735:
21731:
21728:
21726:
21723:
21721:
21718:
21717:
21716:
21715:Fetish priest
21713:
21711:
21708:
21707:
21705:
21701:
21696:
21686:
21683:
21681:
21678:
21676:
21673:
21671:
21668:
21666:
21663:
21661:
21658:
21656:
21653:
21651:
21648:
21646:
21643:
21641:
21638:
21636:
21633:
21631:
21628:
21626:
21623:
21621:
21618:
21614:
21611:
21610:
21609:
21608:Haitian Vodou
21606:
21604:
21601:
21599:
21596:
21594:
21591:
21587:
21584:
21582:
21579:
21577:
21574:
21573:
21572:
21569:
21565:
21562:
21561:
21560:
21557:
21555:
21552:
21550:
21547:
21545:
21542:
21541:
21539:
21535:
21531:
21524:
21519:
21517:
21512:
21510:
21505:
21504:
21501:
21491:
21490:
21479:
21469:
21466:
21464:
21461:
21459:
21456:
21454:
21451:
21449:
21446:
21445:
21443:
21439:
21433:
21430:
21428:
21425:
21423:
21420:
21418:
21415:
21412:
21408:
21405:
21403:
21400:
21397:
21393:
21390:
21388:
21385:
21383:
21380:
21379:
21377:
21373:
21370:
21366:
21356:
21353:
21351:
21350:Mokele-mbembe
21348:
21346:
21343:
21341:
21338:
21336:
21333:
21331:
21328:
21327:
21325:
21321:
21315:
21314:Sudika-mbambi
21312:
21310:
21307:
21305:
21302:
21300:
21297:
21295:
21292:
21290:
21287:
21286:
21284:
21280:
21277:
21273:
21263:
21260:
21258:
21255:
21253:
21250:
21248:
21245:
21243:
21240:
21238:
21235:
21233:
21230:
21229:
21227:
21223:
21217:
21214:
21212:
21209:
21207:
21204:
21202:
21199:
21197:
21194:
21192:
21189:
21188:
21186:
21182:
21176:
21173:
21171:
21168:
21166:
21165:Nzambi Mpungu
21163:
21161:
21158:
21156:
21153:
21151:
21148:
21146:
21143:
21141:
21138:
21136:
21133:
21131:
21128:
21126:
21123:
21121:
21118:
21116:
21113:
21111:
21108:
21107:
21105:
21101:
21095:
21094:Zulu religion
21092:
21089:
21085:
21081:
21078:
21075:
21071:
21068:
21066:
21063:
21060:
21056:
21053:
21051:
21048:
21046:
21043:
21042:
21040:
21036:
21033:
21029:
21023:
21020:
21018:
21015:
21013:
21010:
21008:
21007:Bantu peoples
21005:
21004:
21002:
20998:
20989:
20984:
20982:
20977:
20975:
20970:
20969:
20966:
20956:
20955:
20944:
20934:
20931:
20928:
20924:
20920:
20917:
20915:
20912:
20910:
20907:
20905:
20902:
20899:
20895:
20892:
20891:
20889:
20885:
20879:
20876:
20874:
20871:
20869:
20866:
20864:
20861:
20859:
20856:
20854:
20851:
20849:
20846:
20845:
20843:
20841:
20837:
20834:
20830:
20824:
20821:
20819:
20816:
20814:
20811:
20810:
20808:
20806:
20802:
20796:
20793:
20791:
20788:
20786:
20783:
20781:
20778:
20776:
20773:
20771:
20768:
20766:
20763:
20761:
20758:
20757:
20755:
20753:
20749:
20743:
20740:
20737:
20734:
20732:
20729:
20727:
20726:Nzambi Mpungu
20724:
20721:
20718:
20715:
20712:
20709:
20706:
20703:
20701:
20698:
20695:
20692:
20689:
20686:
20683:
20680:
20677:
20675:
20672:
20669:
20666:
20664:
20661:
20660:
20658:
20656:
20652:
20647:
20637:
20634:
20632:
20629:
20627:
20624:
20623:
20621:
20619:
20615:
20611:
20604:
20599:
20597:
20592:
20590:
20585:
20584:
20581:
20571:
20570:
20559:
20549:
20546:
20542:
20539:
20537:
20534:
20532:
20529:
20527:
20524:
20522:
20519:
20517:
20514:
20513:
20512:
20509:
20507:
20504:
20502:
20499:
20497:
20494:
20492:
20489:
20487:
20484:
20482:
20479:
20477:
20474:
20472:
20469:
20467:
20464:
20462:
20459:
20457:
20454:
20452:
20449:
20447:
20444:
20442:
20439:
20437:
20434:
20432:
20429:
20428:
20426:
20422:
20414:
20411:
20410:
20409:
20406:
20402:
20399:
20398:
20397:
20394:
20390:
20387:
20385:
20382:
20381:
20380:
20376:
20373:
20371:
20368:
20366:
20363:
20361:
20358:
20356:
20353:
20351:
20348:
20346:
20343:
20341:
20338:
20336:
20333:
20329:
20326:
20325:
20324:
20321:
20320:
20318:
20314:
20308:
20305:
20301:
20298:
20297:
20295:
20294:Sapelo Island
20292:
20290:
20287:
20285:
20282:
20280:
20277:
20275:
20272:
20270:
20267:
20266:
20264:
20260:
20254:
20251:
20249:
20246:
20244:
20241:
20239:
20236:
20235:
20233:
20229:
20226:
20222:
20217:
20211:
20197:
20194:
20192:
20189:
20188:
20186:
20182:
20176:
20173:
20171:
20168:
20166:
20163:
20161:
20158:
20156:
20153:
20151:
20148:
20147:
20145:
20141:
20135:
20132:
20130:
20127:
20125:
20124:Rabbit's foot
20122:
20120:
20117:
20115:
20112:
20110:
20107:
20105:
20102:
20100:
20097:
20095:
20092:
20090:
20087:
20085:
20082:
20080:
20077:
20075:
20072:
20070:
20067:
20066:
20064:
20060:
20054:
20051:
20050:
20048:
20044:
20038:
20037:
20033:
20031:
20030:
20026:
20025:
20023:
20019:
20012:
20011:
20007:
20004:
20003:
19999:
19996:
19995:
19991:
19988:
19987:
19983:
19980:
19979:
19975:
19972:
19971:
19967:
19966:
19964:
19960:
19957:
19953:
19948:
19947:Gullah people
19941:
19936:
19934:
19929:
19927:
19922:
19921:
19918:
19906:
19896:
19894:
19891:
19890:
19887:
19881:
19878:
19876:
19875:Neighborhoods
19873:
19871:
19868:
19866:
19863:
19861:
19858:
19856:
19853:
19851:
19848:
19844:
19841:
19839:
19838:Sports firsts
19836:
19834:
19831:
19830:
19829:
19826:
19822:
19819:
19817:
19814:
19812:
19809:
19807:
19804:
19802:
19799:
19797:
19794:
19792:
19789:
19787:
19784:
19782:
19779:
19777:
19774:
19772:
19769:
19767:
19764:
19762:
19759:
19757:
19754:
19752:
19749:
19747:
19744:
19743:
19742:
19739:
19738:
19736:
19732:
19724:
19721:
19720:
19718:
19716:
19713:
19709:
19706:
19704:
19701:
19699:
19696:
19694:
19691:
19689:
19686:
19685:
19683:
19679:
19676:
19674:
19671:
19669:
19666:
19664:
19661:
19660:
19659:
19656:
19655:
19653:
19651:
19647:
19641:
19640:West Virginia
19638:
19636:
19633:
19631:
19628:
19624:
19621:
19619:
19616:
19614:
19611:
19609:
19606:
19605:
19604:
19601:
19599:
19596:
19594:
19591:
19589:
19586:
19582:
19579:
19578:
19577:Pennsylvania
19576:
19574:
19571:
19569:
19566:
19564:
19561:
19557:
19556:New York City
19554:
19553:
19552:
19549:
19547:
19544:
19540:
19537:
19536:
19535:
19532:
19530:
19527:
19523:
19520:
19519:
19517:
19513:
19510:
19509:
19507:
19503:
19500:
19499:
19498:
19495:
19493:
19490:
19486:
19483:
19482:
19481:
19478:
19476:
19473:
19469:
19466:
19465:
19464:
19461:
19459:
19456:
19452:
19449:
19448:
19447:
19444:
19442:
19439:
19435:
19432:
19431:
19430:
19427:
19423:
19420:
19418:
19415:
19414:
19413:
19410:
19408:
19405:
19401:
19400:San Francisco
19398:
19396:
19393:
19392:
19391:
19388:
19386:
19383:
19381:
19378:
19377:
19375:
19373:By state/city
19371:
19365:
19362:
19360:
19357:
19351:
19348:
19346:
19343:
19342:
19341:
19338:
19336:
19333:
19332:
19331:
19328:
19324:
19321:
19320:
19319:
19318:American Sign
19316:
19314:
19311:
19310:
19308:
19304:
19296:
19293:
19291:
19288:
19287:
19286:
19283:
19281:
19278:
19274:
19271:
19269:
19266:
19265:
19264:
19261:
19257:
19254:
19253:
19252:
19251:Neighborhoods
19249:
19248:
19246:
19242:
19236:
19233:
19229:
19226:
19225:
19224:
19221:
19219:
19216:
19214:
19211:
19209:
19206:
19202:
19199:
19197:
19194:
19192:
19189:
19187:
19184:
19183:
19182:
19181:Black Indians
19179:
19177:
19174:
19170:
19167:
19165:
19162:
19160:
19157:
19155:
19152:
19151:
19149:
19148:
19146:
19142:
19132:
19129:
19127:
19124:
19122:
19119:
19117:
19114:
19113:
19111:
19103:
19097:
19094:
19092:
19089:
19087:
19084:
19082:
19079:
19077:
19074:
19072:
19069:
19067:
19064:
19062:
19059:
19057:
19054:
19052:
19049:
19047:
19044:
19042:
19039:
19038:
19035:
19032:
19028:
19022:
19019:
19017:
19014:
19012:
19009:
19007:
19004:
19002:
18999:
18997:
18994:
18992:
18989:
18987:
18984:
18982:
18979:
18977:
18974:
18972:
18969:
18967:
18964:
18962:
18959:
18957:
18954:
18953:
18951:
18943:
18937:
18934:
18930:
18927:
18926:
18925:
18922:
18920:
18917:
18915:
18912:
18910:
18907:
18905:
18902:
18900:
18897:
18895:
18892:
18888:
18885:
18884:
18883:
18880:
18878:
18875:
18873:
18870:
18869:
18867:
18863:
18857:
18854:
18852:
18849:
18847:
18844:
18840:
18837:
18836:
18835:
18832:
18828:
18825:
18823:
18820:
18819:
18818:
18815:
18813:
18810:
18809:
18807:
18805:
18801:
18793:
18790:
18788:
18785:
18783:
18780:
18779:
18777:
18775:
18772:
18770:
18767:
18765:
18762:
18760:
18759:Black schools
18757:
18755:
18754:Black studies
18752:
18751:
18749:
18743:
18737:
18736:Whitney Young
18734:
18732:
18729:
18727:
18726:Oprah Winfrey
18724:
18722:
18719:
18717:
18714:
18712:
18709:
18707:
18704:
18702:
18699:
18697:
18696:Denmark Vesey
18694:
18692:
18689:
18687:
18684:
18682:
18679:
18677:
18674:
18672:
18669:
18667:
18664:
18662:
18659:
18657:
18654:
18652:
18649:
18647:
18644:
18642:
18641:Joseph Rainey
18639:
18637:
18634:
18632:
18629:
18627:
18624:
18622:
18619:
18617:
18614:
18612:
18609:
18607:
18604:
18602:
18599:
18597:
18596:Toni Morrison
18594:
18592:
18589:
18587:
18584:
18582:
18581:Joseph Lowery
18579:
18577:
18574:
18572:
18569:
18567:
18564:
18562:
18559:
18557:
18554:
18552:
18549:
18547:
18544:
18542:
18539:
18537:
18534:
18532:
18529:
18527:
18526:Jesse Jackson
18524:
18522:
18519:
18517:
18516:Kamala Harris
18514:
18512:
18509:
18507:
18504:
18502:
18501:Marcus Garvey
18499:
18497:
18494:
18492:
18489:
18487:
18484:
18482:
18479:
18477:
18474:
18472:
18469:
18467:
18464:
18462:
18459:
18457:
18454:
18452:
18451:Blanche Bruce
18449:
18447:
18446:Edward Brooke
18444:
18442:
18439:
18437:
18436:James Bradley
18434:
18432:
18429:
18427:
18424:
18422:
18419:
18417:
18416:James Baldwin
18414:
18412:
18409:
18407:
18404:
18402:
18399:
18398:
18396:
18392:
18386:
18383:
18381:
18378:
18376:
18373:
18371:
18368:
18366:
18363:
18361:
18360:Neighborhoods
18358:
18356:
18353:
18351:
18348:
18346:
18343:
18341:
18338:
18336:
18333:
18331:
18328:
18326:
18323:
18321:
18318:
18316:
18313:
18309:
18306:
18305:
18304:
18301:
18299:
18296:
18294:
18291:
18289:
18286:
18284:
18281:
18279:
18276:
18274:
18271:
18269:
18266:
18264:
18261:
18259:
18256:
18255:
18253:
18251:
18247:
18241:
18238:
18236:
18233:
18231:
18228:
18224:
18221:
18220:
18219:
18216:
18214:
18213:Silent Parade
18211:
18209:
18206:
18204:
18201:
18199:
18196:
18194:
18191:
18188:
18187:
18183:
18181:
18178:
18176:
18175:
18171:
18169:
18168:
18164:
18162:
18159:
18157:
18154:
18152:
18149:
18147:
18144:
18142:
18141:Jim Crow laws
18139:
18137:
18133:
18130:
18128:
18125:
18121:
18118:
18116:
18113:
18112:
18111:
18108:
18106:
18103:
18101:
18098:
18096:
18093:
18090:
18089:
18085:
18083:
18080:
18078:
18075:
18071:
18068:
18066:
18063:
18061:
18058:
18056:
18053:
18051:
18048:
18046:
18043:
18041:
18038:
18035:
18034:
18030:
18028:
18025:
18024:
18023:
18020:
18018:
18015:
18013:
18010:
18006:
18003:
18001:
17998:
17996:
17993:
17992:
17990:
17988:
17985:
17982:
17981:
17977:
17975:
17972:
17970:
17967:
17965:
17964:Black cowboys
17962:
17960:
17957:
17955:
17952:
17950:
17947:
17945:
17942:
17940:
17937:
17935:
17932:
17930:
17927:
17926:
17924:
17922:
17918:
17914:
17907:
17902:
17900:
17895:
17893:
17888:
17887:
17884:
17874:
17864:
17858:
17855:
17853:
17850:
17848:
17845:
17843:
17840:
17838:
17835:
17834:
17832:
17828:
17823:
17813:
17810:
17808:
17805:
17803:
17802:Rabbit's foot
17800:
17798:
17795:
17793:
17790:
17788:
17785:
17783:
17780:
17778:
17775:
17773:
17770:
17768:
17765:
17763:
17760:
17759:
17757:
17753:
17749:
17742:
17737:
17735:
17730:
17728:
17723:
17722:
17719:
17713:
17710:
17708:
17705:
17703:
17700:
17698:
17695:
17693:
17690:
17688:
17685:
17683:
17680:
17678:
17675:
17673:
17670:
17668:
17665:
17663:
17660:
17658:
17655:
17653:
17650:
17649:
17636:
17635:
17627:
17619:
17617:9781478006787
17613:
17609:
17608:
17600:
17592:
17590:9781137071392
17586:
17582:
17581:
17573:
17565:
17563:9780252094460
17559:
17555:
17554:
17546:
17531:
17527:
17523:
17519:
17515:
17511:
17507:
17500:
17492:
17490:9781439659571
17486:
17482:
17481:
17477:Kail (2017).
17473:
17458:
17454:
17447:
17439:
17435:
17431:
17427:
17423:
17420:Long (1997).
17416:
17408:
17406:9780252094460
17402:
17398:
17397:
17389:
17381:
17377:
17373:
17369:
17365:
17361:
17356:
17348:
17332:
17325:
17309:
17305:
17299:
17291:
17289:9780252094460
17285:
17281:
17280:
17272:
17264:
17262:9780807135280
17258:
17255:. LSU Press.
17254:
17253:
17245:
17237:
17233:
17229:
17225:
17221:
17217:
17213:
17209:
17204:
17196:
17180:
17176:
17172:
17165:
17157:
17155:9781440866159
17151:
17147:
17146:
17138:
17130:
17128:9781439659571
17124:
17120:
17119:
17111:
17096:
17092:
17085:
17077:
17070:
17062:
17060:9781137091437
17056:
17052:
17051:
17043:
17027:
17023:
17016:
17000:
16996:
16989:
16981:
16980:
16972:
16965:
16950:
16946:
16939:
16931:
16929:9781483346380
16925:
16921:
16920:
16912:
16904:
16898:
16894:
16893:
16885:
16877:
16875:9780820308517
16871:
16867:
16866:
16858:
16850:
16848:9780820308517
16844:
16840:
16839:
16831:
16815:
16811:
16804:
16788:
16784:
16780:
16773:
16765:
16763:9780820334578
16759:
16755:
16754:
16746:
16738:
16736:9781557288585
16732:
16728:
16727:
16719:
16711:
16709:9780486131016
16705:
16701:
16700:
16692:
16690:
16673:
16669:
16662:
16647:
16643:
16639:
16635:
16631:
16624:
16616:
16612:
16608:
16604:
16601:(2002): 325.
16600:
16596:
16589:
16581:
16577:
16570:
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16558:
16551:
16543:
16539:
16532:
16517:
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16506:
16490:
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16335:9780813584621
16331:
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16254:
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16244:9781421986104
16240:
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16075:
16073:
16064:
16048:
16044:
16037:
16029:
16027:9781572331860
16023:
16019:
16018:
16010:
16002:
16000:9780199793068
15996:
15992:
15991:
15983:
15975:
15973:9781351392259
15969:
15965:
15964:
15956:
15948:
15946:9780252094460
15942:
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15937:
15929:
15921:
15919:9780913666449
15915:
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15910:
15902:
15894:
15892:9781570030512
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15848:
15840:
15838:9780807130926
15834:
15830:
15829:
15821:
15813:
15811:9781562298036
15807:
15803:
15802:
15794:
15786:
15784:9780870497025
15780:
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15767:
15759:
15757:9781439659571
15753:
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15748:
15740:
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15708:
15701:
15693:
15691:9781572331105
15687:
15683:
15682:
15674:
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15654:
15647:
15639:
15637:9780870497025
15633:
15629:
15628:
15620:
15612:
15610:9781439659571
15606:
15602:
15601:
15593:
15578:
15572:
15568:
15564:
15560:
15556:
15549:
15535:on 2021-03-22
15534:
15530:
15524:
15516:
15514:9780870497025
15510:
15506:
15505:
15497:
15489:
15487:9781135737108
15483:
15479:
15478:
15470:
15462:
15460:9781135855130
15456:
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15443:
15435:
15433:9780252094460
15429:
15425:
15424:
15416:
15408:
15406:9780307514769
15402:
15398:
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15389:
15381:
15379:9780486131016
15375:
15371:
15370:
15362:
15354:
15352:9780252094460
15348:
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15327:
15325:9780252094460
15321:
15317:
15316:
15308:
15300:
15298:9780253343093
15294:
15290:
15289:
15285:Peek (1991).
15281:
15273:
15271:9780252094460
15267:
15263:
15262:
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15240:
15236:
15235:
15227:
15219:
15217:9780253343093
15213:
15209:
15208:
15204:Peek (1991).
15200:
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15180:
15162:
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15147:
15145:9780199751198
15141:
15137:
15136:
15128:
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15118:9780253343093
15114:
15110:
15109:
15105:Peek (1991).
15101:
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15067:
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14804:
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14782:
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14746:
14744:9781439668276
14740:
14736:
14735:
14731:Kail (2019).
14727:
14719:
14717:9780307874337
14713:
14709:
14708:
14700:
14686:on 2016-03-26
14685:
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14241:
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14212:
14211:"Descendants"
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14125:
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14119:Mules and Men
14112:
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14098:
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14092:Mules and Men
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13148:
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13121:
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12992:
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12854:
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12736:9781479443062
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12568:
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12541:
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12514:
12510:
12509:
12501:
12493:
12491:9780807148884
12487:
12483:
12482:
12474:
12459:
12455:
12454:"Gullah Jack"
12449:
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12407:
12399:
12393:
12389:
12388:
12380:
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12343:Mules and Men
12338:
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12312:
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12298:
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12270:
12264:
12257:
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12235:
12229:
12223:
12222:0-520-24988-7
12219:
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12199:9780060919948
12195:
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12143:
12139:
12135:
12131:
12127:
12123:
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12108:
12106:9780807137192
12102:
12099:. LSU Press.
12098:
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12079:9780807139233
12075:
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12000:
11996:
11989:
11981:
11979:9781506408040
11975:
11971:
11970:
11962:
11955:
11954:Mules and Men
11951:
11948:Smith. 1994.
11945:
11938:
11937:
11936:Mules and Men
11930:
11922:
11920:9781890157289
11916:
11912:
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11722:
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11676:9780252013058
11672:
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11646:9781557090218
11642:
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11610:
11606:
11602:
11598:
11594:
11590:
11583:
11575:
11573:9780060916480
11569:
11565:
11564:
11563:Mules and Men
11556:
11540:
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11530:
11514:
11510:
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11493:9780739131275
11489:
11485:
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11466:9781887714334
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11330:9780692857878
11326:
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11313:
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11299:
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11276:9780739131275
11272:
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11245:
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11240:
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11209:9780820327839
11205:
11201:
11200:
11192:
11184:
11182:9780739131275
11178:
11174:
11173:
11165:
11150:on 2015-09-10
11149:
11145:
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11135:
11127:
11125:9781887714334
11121:
11117:
11116:
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11100:
11098:9781442995116
11094:
11090:
11089:
11085:Camp (2009).
11081:
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10702:
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10697:
10689:
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10680:
10672:
10661:
10660:
10652:
10636:
10632:
10625:
10618:. p. 73.
10614:
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10595:9780813918242
10591:
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10566:9780313279997
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10504:
10496:
10488:
10486:9780813918242
10482:
10478:
10474:
10467:
10451:
10444:
10441:Leone, Mark.
10437:
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10401:
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10381:
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10362:
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9703:
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9065:
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8890:
8882:
8874:
8870:
8866:
8859:
8843:
8836:
8829:
8813:
8806:
8803:HIll (2019).
8799:
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8745:
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8546:
8542:
8535:
8527:
8526:
8518:
8503:
8499:
8493:
8485:
8481:
8480:"Magic Bowls"
8474:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8442:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8425:
8417:
8401:
8397:
8393:
8392:"Magic Bowls"
8386:
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8376:9780813918242
8372:
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8349:9780807137192
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7408:(1): 86â100.
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7125:
7121:
7117:
7110:
7102:
7096:
7092:
7091:
7083:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7044:
7028:
7024:
7017:
7009:
7007:9780691198156
7003:
6999:
6998:
6990:
6982:
6981:
6973:
6965:
6963:0-8203-0850-1
6959:
6955:
6954:
6946:
6930:
6923:
6916:
6908:
6906:9780252094460
6902:
6898:
6897:
6889:
6873:
6869:
6862:
6846:
6842:
6835:
6819:
6815:
6808:
6801:
6786:
6782:
6775:
6767:
6765:9780521002783
6761:
6757:
6756:
6748:
6740:
6738:9780810862913
6734:
6730:
6729:
6721:
6705:
6701:
6694:
6686:
6684:9780520249882
6680:
6676:
6675:
6667:
6665:
6656:
6650:
6646:
6645:
6637:
6621:
6617:
6610:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6575:
6567:
6565:9780252094460
6561:
6557:
6556:
6548:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6513:
6497:
6493:
6486:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6459:
6455:
6448:
6440:
6439:
6431:
6423:
6421:9781414448831
6417:
6413:
6412:
6404:
6396:
6394:9780313342226
6390:
6386:
6385:
6377:
6375:
6360:
6356:
6350:
6336:
6332:
6326:
6311:
6307:
6301:
6287:
6283:
6277:
6263:
6259:
6253:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6199:
6184:
6180:
6174:
6158:
6154:
6147:
6140:
6132:
6130:9780252094460
6126:
6122:
6121:
6113:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6066:
6058:
6056:9781610692090
6052:
6048:
6047:
6039:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5992:
5984:
5978:
5974:
5973:
5965:
5957:
5951:
5947:
5946:
5938:
5934:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5908:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5866:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5822:praise houses
5819:
5815:
5811:
5800:
5798:
5797:Haitian Vodou
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5777:
5774:Blues singer
5772:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5700:
5696:
5687:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5671:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5605:
5599:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5572:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5546:
5544:
5539:
5537:
5532:
5528:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5516:Toni Morrison
5513:
5511:
5507:
5506:Marvel Comics
5502:
5498:
5494:
5489:
5487:
5482:
5478:
5476:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5454:
5452:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5427:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5412:ophidiophobia
5409:
5405:
5398:
5397:Tell My Horse
5394:
5390:
5389:Mules and Men
5385:
5379:In literature
5376:
5373:
5372:faith healers
5363:
5361:
5356:
5352:
5341:
5338:
5334:
5329:
5325:
5320:
5316:
5313:, started in
5312:
5303:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5277:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5237:
5236:New York City
5232:
5223:
5219:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5190:
5188:
5178:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5100:
5098:
5093:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5069:
5067:
5056:
5054:
5049:
5045:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5007:
4997:
4992:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4952:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4887:
4878:
4875:
4870:
4868:
4867:Mules and Men
4864:
4859:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4837:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4813:
4811:
4810:praise houses
4807:
4801:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4781:
4779:
4769:
4764:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4729:
4725:
4717:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4661:
4657:
4656:Edmund Ruffin
4653:
4646:
4643:
4640:West African
4638:
4634:
4632:
4631:Lake Moultrie
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4571:
4561:
4559:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4525:
4516:
4509:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4488:
4486:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4462:
4457:
4453:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4417:
4412:
4402:
4393:
4390:
4385:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4337:
4329:
4324:
4314:
4309:
4307:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4255:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4198:, called the
4197:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4172:
4168:
4166:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4152:astral travel
4149:
4145:
4144:Mustard seeds
4140:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4052:was called a
4051:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4014:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3993:Cotton Mather
3990:
3986:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3901:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3843:
3842:John's Island
3838:
3831:
3826:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3770:cowrie shells
3766:
3757:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3645:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3544:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:in his book,
3524:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3459:
3458:archeologists
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3410:
3406:
3405:sharecropping
3401:
3397:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3197:
3188:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3168:
3167:the Carolinas
3164:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3050:
3046:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2988:
2983:
2981:
2976:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:Nzambi Mpungu
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2494:
2493:Jim Crow laws
2490:
2486:
2482:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2173:ethnic groups
2165:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2114:Sunday Appeal
2111:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2048:languages of
2047:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:folk religion
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1942:conjure women
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:from various
1916:
1912:
1908:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1834:
1833:Minstrel show
1831:
1829:
1828:Magical Negro
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1745:
1744:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1638:West Virginia
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1573:San Francisco
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1553:New York City
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1204:Nova Scotians
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:Black Indians
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1045:HBCU (HBCUAC)
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1010:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
953:
952:
950:
949:
946:Organizations
945:
944:
936:
935:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
852:
851:
847:
846:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
819:
818:
815:Organizations
814:
813:
805:
804:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
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218:
216:Other name(s)
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59:This article
57:
48:
47:
41:
34:
19:
23113:Witch (word)
23062:Witch's mark
22871:Early Modern
22807:
22799:
22791:
22783:
22775:
22769:Daemonologie
22767:
22759:
22751:
22743:
22735:
22727:
22721:Laienspiegel
22719:
22711:
22703:
22695:
22687:
22679:
22671:
22603:Muma PÄdurii
22534:Folklore and
22505:Sator Square
22458:Magic circle
22453:Magic carpet
22413:Crystal ball
22350:Spiritualism
22174:Witch doctor
22136:
22057:Cunning folk
21839:Christianity
21754:Jazz funeral
21736:
21640:MarĂa Lionza
21559:Black church
21487:
21453:Congo Square
21406:
21232:Kalûnga Line
20952:
20933:Maria Lionza
20857:
20839:
20765:Kalunga line
20567:
20401:Bunce Island
20262:Demographics
20243:Igbo Landing
20074:Black church
20034:
20027:
20021:Publications
20008:
20000:
19992:
19984:
19976:
19968:
19791:Sportspeople
19761:Billionaires
19678:Sierra Leone
19581:Philadelphia
19417:Jacksonville
19244:Demographics
19076:Jack Johnson
19066:Muhammad Ali
18899:Conservatism
18834:Black church
18731:Andrew Young
18716:Ida B. Wells
18706:David Walker
18701:C. T. Vivian
18656:Paul Robeson
18651:Hiram Revels
18631:Colin Powell
18611:Barack Obama
18566:James Lawson
18521:Jimi Hendrix
18491:James Farmer
18486:Medgar Evers
18456:Ralph Bunche
18406:Maya Angelou
18380:Middle class
18314:
18258:Afrofuturism
18184:
18172:
18165:
18086:
18031:
17978:
17944:Afrocentrism
17934:Abolitionism
17787:Kalunga line
17633:
17626:
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17552:
17545:
17533:. Retrieved
17516:(1): 34â56.
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17460:. Retrieved
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17030:. Retrieved
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16952:. Retrieved
16948:
16945:"Africatown"
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16582:(2002): 324.
16579:
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16569:
16563:(1994): 133.
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16550:
16544:(1994): 133.
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16519:. Retrieved
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16495:12 September
16493:. Retrieved
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16468:29 September
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13985:
13975:15 September
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13291:(1): 79â83.
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11068:. Retrieved
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10793:. Retrieved
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10641:12 September
10639:. Retrieved
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10536:. Retrieved
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10261:(1): 20â92.
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10255:African Arts
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9727:African Arts
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9601:27 September
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9277:(4): 80â82.
9274:
9271:African Arts
9270:
9260:
9235:
9231:
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9112:
9102:23 September
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6896:Mojo Workin'
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6824:23 September
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5785:Kongo people
5773:
5763:and sold to
5754:
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5738:Muddy Waters
5730:Bessie Smith
5723:
5715:Bessie Smith
5704:
5699:Bessie Smith
5684:
5676:Cudjoe Lewis
5668:
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5536:Igbo Landing
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5458:Ishmael Reed
5455:
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4079:
4071:
4053:
4039:
4027:
4023:
4015:
4010:slave revolt
4006:
3981:
3958:
3919:
3906:
3847:
3786:
3782:Sierra Leone
3778:
3762:
3714:
3693:
3662:
3651:
3625:
3601:
3589:
3554:
3531:Eddie Glaude
3526:
3514:
3508:
3500:Mama Mbondo.
3499:
3487:
3477:
3465:Congo Square
3462:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3389:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3355:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3331:
3319:
3317:
3308:World Museum
3284:nkisi nkondi
3265:
3253:
3238:
3206:
3201:nkisi nkondi
3185:emancipation
3172:
3143:
3134:
3121:Kings County
3118:
3114:
3098:
3093:Kongo region
3069:
3053:
3009:
2996:
2958:
2937:Maria Lionza
2856:
2828:
2748:Kalunga line
2555:
2544:
2509:
2497:
2485:Black Herman
2478:
2475:Black Herman
2453:
2438:
2419:abolitionist
2411:
2396:
2390:
2378:
2374:
2354:
2336:free African
2328:slave revolt
2321:
2301:
2292:
2286:abolitionist
2283:
2279:hush harbors
2268:
2259:Congo Square
2222:
2181:1514 to 1867
2169:
2163:
2133:
2113:
2107:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2077:
2072:
2060:
2058:
2052:, Togo, and
2044:, Adja, and
2035:
2029:
2013:
1978:
1962:Spiritualism
1953:
1949:
1946:root doctors
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1906:
1905:
1731:Sierra Leone
1563:Philadelphia
1533:Jacksonville
1129:Brass Ankles
882:Conservatism
857:Afrocentrism
829:Joint Center
760:
720:Black church
711:Institutions
626:Billionaires
616:Middle class
569:Celebrations
532:Fraternities
95:October 2022
92:
60:
22820:Persecution
22689:Formicarius
22633:Spearfinger
22573:Elbow witch
22473:Magic sword
22438:Julleuchter
22423:Goofer dust
22365:White magic
22278:Incantation
22204:Black magic
22159:Renaissance
22127:Chaos magic
22099:Middle East
22030:Philippines
21893:Fon and Ewe
21844:Catholicism
21804:Voodoo doll
21784:Nine nights
21564:Catholicism
21458:Gullah Jack
21402:Goofer dust
21000:Main topics
20909:Espiritismo
20853:Goofer dust
20738:Phulu Bunzi
20704:Mbantilanda
20700:Mamba Muntu
20626:Antonianism
20300:Hog Hammock
20170:Ranky Tanky
20104:Goofer dust
20013:(1994â2000)
19811:US senators
19781:Republicans
19766:Journalists
19623:San Antonio
19588:Puerto Rico
19529:Mississippi
19422:Tallahassee
19395:Los Angeles
19086:Jesse Owens
19071:Arthur Ashe
18929:Nationalism
18919:Raised fist
18882:Black power
18787:in medicine
18721:Roy Wilkins
18676:Emmett Till
18661:Al Sharpton
18426:Julian Bond
18421:James Bevel
18385:Upper class
18375:Stereotypes
18268:Black mecca
18180:Plantations
17959:Black Codes
17772:Goofer dust
16370:CLA Journal
14952:. Arcadia.
14002:3 September
13963:NEA Staff.
13921:28 February
13895:28 February
12024:(22): 285.
11519:28 December
10930:3 September
10479:: 107â108.
10456:29 December
8927:25 February
8848:29 December
8814:: 13â25, 48
8396:www.nps.gov
8152:1 September
8049:22 February
7961:: 180â182.
7493:30 December
7033:12 December
6931:: 2, 10, 15
6866:NPS Staff.
6626:29 December
6262:www.nps.gov
5617:Congo River
5586:during the
5555:Ismael Reed
5493:comic books
5481:In Mama Day
5470:Mumbo Jumbo
5466:Mumbo Jumbo
5279:a uniquely
5213:Walking boy
5193:Oneiromancy
5152:of events.
4985:Bottle tree
4973:Sea Islands
4903:waist beads
4852:Initiations
4698:goofer dust
4671:and create
4583:houses blue
4468:Gullah Jack
4450:Gullah Jack
4160:jimson weed
4133:spider webs
4054:root doctor
4031:Black women
3997:inoculation
3920:During the
3789:Sea Islands
3696:blacksmiths
3658:Eshu-Elegba
3632:goofer dust
3612:slave ships
3482:are in the
3377:goofer dust
3324:goofer dust
3220:Brice House
2913:Espiritismo
2852:Goofer dust
2719:Phulu Bunzi
2685:Mbantilanda
2681:Mamba Muntu
2614:Antonianism
2562:Renee Stout
2456:rural South
2349:Obi (Obeah)
2265:and Hoodoo.
2243:slave codes
2071:, the word
1938:conjure men
1930:rootworkers
1799:Stereotypes
1726:Nova Scotia
1608:Mississippi
1568:San Antonio
1548:Los Angeles
1483:Black mecca
1410:Mississippi
1317:Negro Dutch
1139:Dominickers
1083:Multiethnic
992:TransAfrica
902:Nationalism
872:Black power
656:Black pride
621:Upper class
320:Politicians
169:Affrilachia
153:Sea Islands
83:subheadings
23168:Categories
23133:Maleficium
23057:Witch-hunt
22861:Witch camp
22520:Witch ball
22463:Magic ring
22448:Love charm
22303:Necromancy
22298:Moon magic
22293:Mediumship
22288:Love magic
22273:Gray magic
22253:Divination
22052:Benandanti
21982:witchcraft
21794:Spirituals
21432:Ring shout
21340:Koolakamba
21289:Kimanaueze
21080:Zimbabwean
20878:Ring shout
20716:Moni-Mambu
20681:Kuitikuiti
20548:Toucouleur
20379:Senegambia
20129:Ring shout
20109:Haint blue
19756:Astronauts
19546:New Jersey
19390:California
18894:Capitalism
18691:Nat Turner
18621:Rosa Parks
18606:Diane Nash
18576:John Lewis
18365:Newspapers
18335:Literature
18320:Juneteenth
18273:Businesses
18127:Exodusters
18095:Free Negro
17807:Ring shout
17777:Haint blue
17214:(5): 787.
17100:2022-07-14
16810:"Wanderer"
16640:(2): 141.
15539:2021-07-15
15090:4 February
14690:2014-05-29
14549:ViaNolaVie
13873:10161/6526
13858:(4): 955.
13401:(5): 554.
13372:"Religion"
13318:31 January
13179:0253336988
13090:2024-08-25
12275:2018-09-17
12240:2 February
11939:. pp. 183.
11400:(2): 275.
11224:Jane Minor
10533:Black Past
9353:31 October
9238:(1): 107.
8478:Ferguson.
8321:12 October
8285:24 October
8070:Transition
8020:The Runner
7972:5 February
7659:"Religion"
7466:16 January
7258:24 October
7231:(2): 103.
6710:31 October
6502:1 December
6464:(1): 117.
6364:2021-09-23
6340:2021-09-23
6315:1 December
6291:2021-09-23
6267:2022-11-29
6188:16 January
6008:(2): 226.
5929:References
5878:Charlatans
5870:Black Belt
5842:ring shout
5820:shouting,
5818:Holy Ghost
5789:Papa Legba
5783:among the
5742:Bo Diddley
5711:W.C. Handy
5641:Africatown
5611:landed in
5553:Coined by
5549:Neo-Hoodoo
5501:Blackfaced
5222:diviners.
5172:Cleromancy
5156:Cartomancy
5125:Nat Turner
5113:Numerology
5092:Divination
5072:Divination
5006:haint blue
4991:Haint blue
4989:See also:
4874:snakeskins
4858:initiation
4778:ring shout
4763:Ring shout
4761:See also:
4746:divination
4568:See also:
4558:Henry Bibb
4492:Nat Turner
4416:crossroads
4377:manuscript
4226:providence
4204:afterbirth
4137:turpentine
4096:Rheumatism
4092:jimsonweed
4058:Jim Jordan
4002:Jane Minor
3942:watermelon
3791:among the
3745:blacksmith
3677:Yorubaland
3592:spoken in
3469:folklorist
3386:Henry Bibb
3312:Deep South
3175:Ring shout
3126:crossroads
3074:crossroads
2882:Ring shout
2697:Moni-Mambu
2662:Kuitikuiti
2510:After the
2382:Deep South
2148:See also:
2112:cited the
2093:The words
2084:Senegambia
1968:. It is a
1923:indigenous
1365:California
1339:Population
912:Patriotism
897:Liberalism
877:Capitalism
848:Ideologies
729:Theologies
588:Juneteenth
560:Literature
488:Newspapers
396:Migrations
327:Juneteenth
173:East Texas
161:Gulf Coast
79:condensing
23034:Classical
22553:Baba Yaga
22536:mythology
22345:Spiritism
22335:Sex magic
22313:Shamanism
22308:Occultism
22263:Evocation
22258:Entheogen
22236:Damnation
22187:Practices
21912:Rastafari
21655:Quimbanda
21571:Candomblé
21537:Religions
21196:Mami Wata
21038:Religions
20894:Candomblé
20887:Religions
20684:Lubangala
20618:Religions
19870:Monuments
19746:Activists
19598:Tennessee
19518:Michigan
19502:Baltimore
19492:Louisiana
19485:Lexington
19468:Davenport
19407:Cleveland
19306:Languages
19235:Melungeon
19213:Blaxicans
19081:Joe Louis
18936:Socialism
18872:Anarchism
18601:Bob Moses
18586:Malcolm X
18506:Fred Gray
18370:Soul food
18308:New Negro
18293:Folktales
18203:Redlining
17530:146821729
17380:144875580
17236:144192532
17028:: 10, 136
16615:166130197
16557:Narrative
16538:Narrative
16521:5 October
16398:239376130
16264:Criticism
16164:23 August
16138:23 August
16106:148081609
16053:24 August
15085:303215632
14194:6 October
14029:13 August
13996:Vice News
13890:145136501
13423:143823278
13313:236647533
12647:149485699
12625:(2): 99.
12341:Hurston.
12146:224912804
12038:224912804
11872:144404308
11422:162230800
10538:1 January
10283:194054440
9903:8 January
9818:: 44â62.
9733:(4): 82.
9570:(2): 50.
9418:: 236â237
9394:224912804
8922:164497371
8818:12 August
8465:164497371
8449:0440-9213
8126:6 October
8120:Newspaper
8099:6 October
8094:158770295
7967:303215632
7545:31 August
7489:: 227â230
7430:143791527
7253:149485699
7060:(3): 39.
6601:224912804
6242:13 August
6237:146450832
6104:142938123
6030:144404308
5854:libations
5543:Me (Moth)
5103:Astrology
5038:Offerings
4832:Vice News
4830:In 2016,
4752:Practices
4710:libations
4702:mojo bags
4693:graveyard
4669:seashells
4600:plat eye.
4490:However,
4264:syncretic
4211:Cosmology
4129:callouses
4100:pokeberry
4042:Civil War
3950:kola nuts
3709:Wye House
3636:Mami Wata
3616:mojo bags
3608:Louisiana
3578:gris-gris
3473:libations
3435:inkabera.
3409:lynchings
3318:The word
3306:(Kongo),
3249:seashells
3243:, at the
3216:baptismal
3149:included
2898:Candomblé
2891:Religions
2665:Lubangala
2607:Religions
2466:Botanicas
2461:occultism
2345:mojo bags
2271:Code Noir
2026:Etymology
1823:Hollywood
1813:Blackface
1748:Prejudice
1666:US cities
1543:Lexington
1518:Davenport
1498:Baltimore
1474:US cities
1450:Tennessee
1400:Louisiana
1346:US states
1154:Melungeon
1124:Blaxicans
922:Socialism
887:Garveyism
862:Anarchism
666:Good hair
493:Soul food
463:Folktales
127:Syncretic
87:talk page
75:splitting
73:Consider
23067:Pricking
22978:Scotland
22901:Virginia
22891:New York
22886:Maryland
22879:Americas
22628:Sorginak
22618:Pasiphaë
22510:Talisman
22480:Mojo bag
22428:Grimoire
22323:Regional
22268:Familiar
22231:Anathema
22147:Neopagan
22142:Medieval
22047:Akelarre
21774:Mojo bag
21660:SanterĂa
21598:Convince
21489:Category
21427:Mojo bag
21375:Religion
21225:Concepts
21170:Nzambici
21031:Religion
20954:Category
20923:Convince
20873:Mojo bag
20832:Diaspora
20752:Elements
20731:Nzambici
20696:Ma Kiela
20670:Dinganga
20569:Category
20526:Niominka
20481:Mandinka
20046:Language
19893:Category
19684:America
19650:Diaspora
19635:Virginia
19568:Oklahoma
19551:New York
19534:Nebraska
19497:Maryland
19480:Kentucky
19446:Illinois
19385:Arkansas
19290:Illinois
19228:of color
18914:Populism
18887:Movement
18804:Religion
18146:Lynching
17929:Timeline
17830:Folklore
17535:23 March
17438:41111803
17308:Futurity
17228:40034365
17005:9 August
16969:Morrow.
16954:6 August
16820:7 August
16793:7 August
16678:1 August
16646:40713617
16434:30 March
16403:17 April
16349:17 April
16276:23124264
16216:21 March
16111:16 April
15582:13 April
15159:Newman.
15081:ProQuest
14543:Kozicz.
14074:13 March
13882:27563714
13356:3 August
13208:16 April
13046:1 August
12832:11612725
12824:41112508
12793:41111803
12345:. p. 280
11698:22 April
11618:15 April
11414:42003573
11154:11 April
11061:"Hoodoo"
10991:29 April
10957:29 April
9898:54823555
9890:25616476
9755:57565417
9747:43306192
9576:41111803
9299:57565417
9291:43306192
9041:15 April
8957:(6): 195
8914:23070096
8688:20 March
8457:23070096
7963:ProQuest
7461:43305955
7126:(3): 364
7074:25163600
6878:25 March
6841:"Hoodoo"
6820:(5): 5â7
6492:"Hoodoo"
6470:41715121
6306:"Hoodoo"
6159:(6): 195
5905:See also
5858:internet
5744:'s song
5649:Clotilda
5609:Wanderer
5439:, using
5260:Damballa
5187:dominoes
5048:libation
4978:Wanderer
4938:Ghanaian
4834:went to
4793:shouting
4660:Baptisms
4480:mojo bag
4365:Kabbalah
4358:grimoire
4297:and the
4165:smelling
4113:asfidity
4080:swamper.
4035:abortion
3989:Onesimus
3867:Dahomean
3774:Damballa
3705:Maryland
3603:marabout
3422:banganga
3418:banganga
3336:mojo bag
3258:, where
3085:face jug
2960:Category
2927:Convince
2877:Mojo bag
2820:Diaspora
2736:Elements
2712:Nzambici
2677:Ma Kiela
2651:Dinganga
2589:religion
2578:a series
2576:Part of
2529:libation
2427:freedmen
2386:freedmen
2177:Americas
2121:dialects
1993:Cameroon
1950:rootwork
1863:Category
1686:Diaspora
1613:Missouri
1538:Kentucky
1465:Virginia
1435:Oklahoma
1420:New York
1415:Nebraska
1405:Maryland
1380:Illinois
1360:Arkansas
1199:Merikins
1144:Freedmen
1117:Mascogos
917:Populism
808:Politics
703:Religion
673:Stepping
439:Lifeways
275:Timeline
242:a series
240:Part of
223:Rootwork
180:Language
63:too long
18:Rootwork
23106:Related
23050:Related
22968:Iceland
22963:Finland
22958:England
22953:Denmark
22917:Hungary
22613:Obayifo
22543:Agamede
22500:Potions
22433:Incense
22374:Objects
22194:Animism
22169:Warlock
22104:Oceania
22087:Britain
21769:Michari
21764:Macumba
21725:Houngan
21680:Umbanda
21625:Judaism
21613:in Cuba
21554:Atheism
21448:Boo hag
21441:Culture
21422:Kumbaya
21299:Mwuetsi
21275:Culture
21211:Shetani
21184:Spirits
21120:Kalumba
21103:Deities
21084:Ndebele
20868:Kumbaya
20693:Makanga
20690:Lusunzi
20687:Lusiemo
20678:Kimbazi
20655:Deities
20436:Ambundu
20284:Georgia
20224:History
20160:Kumbaya
20079:Boo Hag
19970:Conrack
19955:Culture
19821:Writers
19786:Singers
19771:Jurists
19719:Europe
19673:Liberia
19618:Houston
19522:Detroit
19458:Indiana
19451:Chicago
19434:Atlanta
19429:Georgia
19412:Florida
19380:Alabama
19330:English
18904:Leftism
18774:Museums
18325:Kwanzaa
18250:Culture
18218:Slavery
17921:History
17767:Boo Hag
17462:22 July
17337:18 July
17185:26 June
17032:28 June
16979:Athanor
16651:23 June
16134:. JSTOR
16049:. JSTOR
15663:30 July
15169:31 July
14501:7 March
14491:Athanor
14470:24 July
14413:11 July
14356:11 July
13831:3 April
13415:3180975
13351:3050302
12708:31 July
12678:31 July
12639:2716232
12463:5 March
12438:5 March
12366:Hyatt.
12254:Hyatt.
11884:Hyatt.
11864:1123979
11070:25 June
10795:14 July
10390:11 July
10275:3334976
9597:: 43â51
9516:6 March
9460:Emery.
9252:2946825
9151:1 March
8987:6 March
8551:4 March
8507:6 March
8205:20 July
8179:16 July
7422:2668016
7245:2716232
7204:27 July
7177:27 July
7130:31 July
6935:11 July
6851:1 March
6781:"Nkisi"
6475:15 June
6022:1123979
5889:to the
5810:Bakongo
5657:Atakora
5441:fiction
5285:lynched
5276:minkisi
5249:are in
5142:psychic
5136:with a
5044:whiskey
5028:Nigeria
4922:English
4899:exhumed
4757:Seeking
4738:destiny
4732:Destiny
4673:minkisi
4665:Bakongo
4591:Boo Hag
4570:Boo Hag
4564:Spirits
4432:boo hag
4291:spirits
4269:pastors
4148:boo hag
3930:sorghum
3889:Egungun
3801:whiskey
3731:, Fon,
3582:Bambara
3570:turbans
3493:In the
3449:amulets
3366:whiskey
3352:minkisi
3328:Kikongo
3304:Minkisi
3288:bilongo
3266:At the
3070:dikenga
3056:Bakongo
3018:history
2872:Kumbaya
2674:Makanga
2671:Lusunzi
2668:Lusiemo
2659:Kimbazi
2637:Deities
2357:Alabama
2214:Minkisi
2139:History
1954:conjure
1913:in the
1721:Liberia
1603:Georgia
1598:Florida
1528:Houston
1523:Detroit
1508:Chicago
1493:Atlanta
1385:Indiana
1375:Georgia
1370:Florida
1355:Alabama
1287:Tutnese
1166:Redbone
892:Leftism
593:Kwanzaa
550:Studies
502:Schools
431:Culture
360:Aspects
305:Slavery
267:Periods
259:History
225:Conjure
206:Members
200:Tutnese
184:English
155:of the
61:may be
23019:Basque
23004:Geneva
22999:France
22983:Sweden
22973:Norway
22948:Baltic
22932:Russia
22927:Poland
22828:Modern
22812:(1751)
22804:(1647)
22796:(1627)
22788:(1608)
22780:(1599)
22772:(1597)
22764:(1595)
22756:(1593)
22748:(1591)
22740:(1584)
22732:(1563)
22724:(1509)
22716:(1489)
22708:(1487)
22700:(1484)
22692:(1475)
22684:(1440)
22676:(1376)
22623:Sebile
22578:Hecate
22548:Aradia
22495:Poppet
22490:Nkondi
22403:Censer
22386:Athame
22381:Amulet
22340:Sigils
22328:Yellow
22137:Hoodoo
22132:Goetia
22109:MÄkutu
22037:Europe
22008:Azande
22003:Africa
21996:Region
21905:Yoruba
21900:Orisha
21809:Zombie
21737:Hoodoo
21645:Maroon
21630:Kumina
21544:AbakuĂĄ
21468:Zombie
21407:Hoodoo
21396:Brazil
21355:Obambo
21345:Mbwiri
21294:Mwindo
21262:Zebola
21252:Nganga
21247:Nkondi
21206:Nkondi
21160:Nyambe
21155:Njambe
21140:Mukasa
21135:Mebege
21130:Kibuka
21125:Kianda
21110:Akongo
21086:&
21050:Badimo
20927:Kumina
20858:Hoodoo
20840:Hoodoo
20818:Nkondi
20790:Nlongo
20785:Nganga
20775:Mfinda
20742:Yahweh
20722:Ntangu
20719:Ngonde
20713:Mbumba
20707:Mbenza
20516:Laalaa
20471:Kpelle
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20005:(1991)
19997:(1989)
19989:(1984)
19981:(1982)
19973:(1974)
19949:topics
19833:Mayors
19751:Actors
19723:France
19715:Israel
19703:Mexico
19688:Canada
19663:Gambia
19658:Africa
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19573:Oregon
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19441:Hawaii
19359:Gullah
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19159:Gullah
19030:Sports
18948:groups
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18315:Hoodoo
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5370:Black
5255:Voodoo
5207:flying
5131:Augury
4934:Yoruba
4907:Olokun
4808:area,
4623:Voodoo
4544:Elegua
4472:Angola
4369:Hebrew
4362:Jewish
4156:nutmeg
4084:swamps
3948:, and
3885:Yoruba
3880:Guinea
3858:quilts
3673:Orisha
3669:Shango
3654:Yoruba
3590:zinzin
3489:Nganga
3357:Nganga
3320:goofer
3224:people
2931:Kumina
2857:Hoodoo
2846:Brazil
2829:Hoodoo
2803:Nkondi
2773:Nlongo
2768:Nganga
2758:Mfinda
2723:Yahweh
2703:Ntangu
2700:Ngonde
2694:Mbumba
2688:Mbenza
2547:Lucumi
2263:Voodoo
2255:dances
2234:Gullah
2090:word.
2073:Hoodoo
2037:Voodoo
2007:, and
2001:Angola
1944:, and
1907:Hoodoo
1755:Racism
1716:Israel
1706:France
1701:Canada
1696:Africa
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1440:Oregon
1395:Kansas
1305:Gullah
1194:Gullah
1014:Sports
761:Hoodoo
137:Region
109:Hoodoo
23153:Adept
23014:Spain
23009:Italy
22896:Salem
22851:Nepal
22846:India
22657:Major
22593:Medea
22588:Kalku
22568:Drude
22563:Dayan
22558:Circe
22485:Nkisi
22396:besom
22391:Broom
22318:Black
22248:Demon
22226:Curse
22221:Coven
22152:Wicca
22072:Völva
22067:SeiĂ°r
22042:Italy
22013:Ghana
21989:Types
21978:Magic
21917:Winti
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21876:Nkisi
21871:Kongo
21827:Alusi
21789:Obeah
21742:Kongo
21730:Mambo
21720:Bokor
21685:Winti
21620:Islam
21593:Comfa
21576:Bantu
21549:ArarĂĄ
21335:Eloko
21330:Abada
21304:Nambi
21257:Okuyi
21242:Nkisi
21216:Simbi
21201:Nkisi
21191:Jengu
21175:Nzame
21150:Mwari
21145:Muisa
21115:Bunzi
21088:Shona
21074:Chewa
21059:Luhya
20904:Comfa
20898:Bantu
20823:Tumba
20813:Nkisi
20795:Simbi
20735:Nzazi
20710:Mboze
20674:Jesus
20663:Bunzi
20631:Kongo
20541:Saafi
20536:Palor
20511:Serer
20506:Wolof
20496:Temne
20486:Mende
20476:Limba
20466:Kongo
20461:Kissi
20375:Sahel
19994:Glory
19734:Lists
19698:Haiti
19668:Ghana
19603:Texas
19539:Omaha
18817:Islam
18350:Names
18340:Music
18278:Dance
17812:Simbi
17526:S2CID
17434:JSTOR
17376:S2CID
17314:3 May
17232:S2CID
17224:JSTOR
16974:(PDF)
16642:JSTOR
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16340:JSTOR
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16272:JSTOR
16212:. PBS
16102:S2CID
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15727:JSTOR
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14165:JSTOR
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13070:(PDF)
13042:: 353
13032:(PDF)
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12698:(PDF)
12668:(PDF)
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12327:8 May
12142:S2CID
12034:S2CID
11868:S2CID
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11418:S2CID
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10781:(PDF)
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10279:S2CID
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6810:(PDF)
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6233:S2CID
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6149:(PDF)
6100:S2CID
6092:JSTOR
6026:S2CID
6018:JSTOR
5891:North
5887:South
5850:Simbi
5830:nkisi
5707:blues
5408:Sweat
5264:snake
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5146:Benin
5053:Gabon
5032:Benin
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4652:Simbi
4607:Simbi
4373:Moses
4223:God's
4120:South
3809:Ghana
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3628:Vodun
3622:Vodun
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3348:mooyo
3332:Kufwa
3330:word
3233:Nkisi
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3089:nkisi
2908:Comfa
2902:Bantu
2808:Tumba
2798:Nkisi
2778:Simbi
2716:Nzazi
2691:Mboze
2655:Jesus
2644:Bunzi
2619:Kongo
2587:Kongo
2444:Kongo
2218:Vodun
2210:Nkisi
2206:Simbi
2125:Obeah
2117:'
2099:mooyo
2095:wanga
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2054:Benin
2050:Ghana
2009:Gabon
1997:Congo
1958:Islam
1868:Index
1711:Ghana
1633:Texas
1558:Omaha
1455:Texas
967:NAACP
478:Names
468:Music
448:Dance
227:Hudu
22583:Huld
22515:Wand
22283:Jinn
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22120:Form
22025:Asia
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21929:Zemi
21922:Akan
21832:Igbo
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21779:Myal
21650:Palo
21586:Ketu
21581:Jejé
21070:Nyau
20919:Myal
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20531:Noon
20521:Ndut
20491:Susu
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20446:Fula
20441:Baga
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19630:Utah
19463:Iowa
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17612:ISBN
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3407:and
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1952:and
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21411:USA
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