220:
31:
289:
Swimmer served as president of the
Cherokee Group, L.L.C., from 1995 until 2001. The Group is a consulting firm that represents Indian clients engaged in government issues at the state and federal level, and supports the development of businesses on Indian lands. He was also
219:
1220:
317:
1304:
1283:
1256:
1346:
1232:
1047:
1008:
423:
1424:
548:
76:
593:
1322:
1328:
1250:
1226:
444:
1271:
1161:
974:
88:
1244:
1238:
1399:
1041:
1419:
1053:
897:
583:
1316:
1277:
1023:
363:
1002:
603:
541:
1310:
1265:
1014:
891:
266:
and served as
Principal Chief from 1975 to 1985, when he resigned to accept the position of Assistant Secretary of Indian Affairs with the
1065:
639:
577:
394:
534:
557:
235:
1394:
508:
95:
478:
932:
1429:
1409:
1358:
302:
172:
1208:
271:
231:
1155:
836:
803:
791:
448:
324:
office that is attempting to bring the Indian Trust accounting process up to minimum court-ordered standards (
1414:
866:
860:
848:
978:
854:
712:
250:, where he received both his Bachelor of Arts and Juris Doctor degrees. While there, he was a member of
885:
797:
728:
278:, Deputy Chief of the Cherokee Nation succeeded Swimmer as Chief of the Cherokees. In 1987, he visited
1149:
370:
267:
43:
346:
161:
1404:
1093:
983:
968:
247:
198:
408:
306:
1389:
1214:
956:
326:
8:
1289:
824:
321:
962:
757:
609:
474:
388:
1173:
1059:
938:
781:
650:
633:
526:
202:
230:(born October 26, 1943) served as the Special Trustee for American Indians at the
1167:
1143:
1029:
920:
518:
283:
275:
263:
251:
130:
950:
706:
674:
645:
615:
313:
1383:
1364:
1352:
1334:
944:
903:
751:
732:
679:
64:
1131:
1114:
621:
501:
279:
206:
118:
30:
282:, resulting in excitement as the East-German population was fascinated by
1340:
911:
685:
295:
1108:
842:
763:
722:
718:
668:
656:
291:
473:(in German) (1st ed.). Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe. p. 477.
1202:
1196:
1035:
773:
769:
662:
830:
561:
627:
587:
597:
471:
Diesseits der Mauer: Eine neue
Geschichte der DDR 1949-1990
305:
in New York, Swimmer created a self-help program for rural
906:, acting principal chief of the Union Cherokee (1864–1866)
894:, acting principal chief of the Union Cherokee (1862–1863)
659:(also known as Ogan'sto', "Groundhog Sausage") (1778–1785)
16:
Former
Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation (born 1943)
44:
Assistant
Secretary of the Interior for Indian Affairs
900:, acting principal chief of the Union Cherokee (1863)
556:
671:(or "Corntassel," "Tassel," Kaiyatahee) (1783–1788)
1425:United States Department of the Interior officials
1381:
439:
437:
312:On November 26, 2001, he was appointed by the
542:
434:
424:"Harmony a Distant Fourth in Cherokee Vote"
549:
535:
294:to the Tulsa, Oklahoma, based law firm of
29:
223:Ross Owen Swimmer (rear third from right)
1400:21st-century Native American politicians
298:, where his wife Margaret is a Partner.
218:
1420:Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee Nation
606:, "emperor" of the Cherokees until 1730
234:from 2003 to 2009. He was formerly the
1382:
1105:William W. Hastings (January 22, 1936)
509:Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation
393:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
236:Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation
96:Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation
530:
468:
358:
356:
354:
421:
1099:Charles J. Hunt (December 27, 1928)
977:(1905–1906); also president of the
971:(1903–1905); deposed by the council
13:
351:
14:
1441:
688:(or Scolaguta) (served 1788–1794)
318:Office of Indian Trust Transition
1205:, or Flying Squirrel (1870–1875)
1188:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
772:(1824–1828); principal chief of
303:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
1298:Olsey Bird Saunooke (1959–1963)
1241:, or Young Squirrel (1903–1907)
1102:Oliver P. Brewer (May 26, 1931)
996:Cherokee Indians (1939–present)
445:"About the Nation:Ross Swimmer"
272:U.S. Department of the Interior
232:U.S. Department of the Interior
1262:Joseph A. Saunooke (1919–1923)
462:
415:
401:
340:
1:
1395:20th-century Native Americans
333:
1370:Michell Hicks (2023–present)
879:Indian Territory (1839–1907)
788:head of government from 1813
241:
7:
979:Keetoowah Nighthawk Society
929:William P. Ross (1872–1875)
569:Early decentralized leaders
409:"Margaret and Ross Swimmer"
10:
1446:
698:Chickamauga/Lower Cherokee
316:to be the Director of the
1301:Jarret Blythe (1963–1967)
1295:Jarret Blythe (1955–1959)
1187:
1124:
1086:
1075:
993:
926:Lewis Downing (1867–1872)
876:
815:
742:
697:
612:(also known as Ama-edohi)
568:
515:
506:
498:
493:
257:
213:
194:
186:
178:
168:
145:
140:
136:
124:
112:
101:
94:
82:
70:
60:
49:
41:
37:
28:
21:
1078:Oklahoma/Cherokee Nation
994:United Keetoowah Band of
268:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1430:Cherokee Nation lawyers
1410:Native American leaders
1156:Chad "Corntassel" Smith
262:He is a citizen of the
162:Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
1020:Jim Pickup (1960–1967)
984:William Charles Rogers
322:Department of Interior
270:, a bureau within the
248:University of Oklahoma
238:. He is a Republican.
224:
199:University of Oklahoma
725:served from 1802–1807
469:Hoyer, Katja (2023).
307:community development
246:Swimmer attended the
222:
1415:Oklahoma Republicans
1215:Nimrod Jarrett Smith
957:Samuel Houston Mayes
816:Cherokee Nation West
743:Cherokee Nation East
665:of Chota (1781–1783)
327:Cobell v. Kempthorne
1323:Robert S. Youngdeer
1290:Osley Bird Saunooke
653:(ca. 1703–ca. 1780)
314:Bush administration
1329:Jonathan L. Taylor
1251:Joseph A. Saunooke
1227:Andy Standing Deer
1221:Stillwell Saunooke
1076:Cherokee Nation of
877:Cherokee Nation in
494:Political offices
428:washingtonpost.com
225:
1377:
1376:
1272:John A. Tahquette
1183:
1182:
1162:S. Joe Crittenden
1094:William C. Rogers
975:Frank J. Boudinot
963:Thomas Buffington
610:Moytoy of Tellico
525:
524:
516:Succeeded by
480:978-3-455-01568-3
301:Working with the
217:
216:
89:Eddie Frank Brown
1437:
1245:John Goins Welch
1239:Bird Saloloneeta
1174:Chuck Hoskin Jr.
1084:
1083:
1060:George Wickliffe
939:Dennis Bushyhead
933:Charles Thompson
917:John Ross (1866)
782:Charles R. Hicks
651:Otacity Ostenaco
634:Moytoy of Citico
618:(1708/1711–1780)
558:Principal Chiefs
551:
544:
537:
528:
527:
499:Preceded by
491:
490:
485:
484:
466:
460:
459:
457:
456:
447:. Archived from
441:
432:
431:
422:Thornton, Mary.
419:
413:
412:
405:
399:
398:
392:
384:
382:
381:
375:
369:. Archived from
368:
360:
349:
344:
182:Margaret Swimmer
159:
156:October 26, 1943
155:
153:
141:Personal details
127:
115:
106:
85:
73:
54:
33:
19:
18:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1359:Patrick Lambert
1189:
1179:
1168:Bill John Baker
1144:Wilma Mankiller
1120:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1030:James L. Gordon
995:
989:
921:William P. Ross
878:
872:
817:
811:
744:
738:
699:
693:
646:Standing Turkey
570:
564:
555:
521:
519:Wilma Mankiller
512:
504:
489:
488:
481:
467:
463:
454:
452:
443:
442:
435:
420:
416:
407:
406:
402:
386:
385:
379:
377:
373:
366:
364:"Archived copy"
362:
361:
352:
345:
341:
336:
284:Western (genre)
276:Wilma Mankiller
264:Cherokee Nation
260:
252:Alpha Sigma Phi
244:
228:Ross O. Swimmer
169:Political party
160:
157:
151:
149:
131:Wilma Mankiller
125:
113:
107:
102:
83:
71:
55:
50:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1443:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1305:Walter Jackson
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1209:Lloyd R. Welch
1206:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1190:(1824–present)
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1176:(2019–present)
1171:
1165:
1164:(acting, 2011)
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1081:
1080:(1907–present)
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1068:(2016–present)
1063:
1057:
1054:Dallas Proctor
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1012:
1006:
999:
997:
991:
990:
988:
987:
981:
972:
969:William Rogers
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
927:
924:
918:
915:
909:
908:
907:
901:
898:Smith Christie
895:
882:
880:
874:
873:
871:
870:
864:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
821:
819:
813:
812:
810:
809:
808:
807:
795:
789:
779:
778:
777:
761:
755:
748:
746:
740:
739:
737:
736:
726:
716:
710:
707:Dragging Canoe
703:
701:
695:
694:
692:
691:
690:
689:
677:
675:Raven of Chota
672:
666:
660:
654:
648:
643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
616:Attakullakulla
613:
607:
601:
591:
584:Charitey Hagey
581:
574:
572:
566:
565:
554:
553:
546:
539:
531:
523:
522:
517:
514:
505:
500:
496:
495:
487:
486:
479:
461:
433:
414:
400:
350:
338:
337:
335:
332:
259:
256:
243:
240:
215:
214:
211:
210:
196:
192:
191:
188:
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
147:
143:
142:
138:
137:
134:
133:
128:
122:
121:
116:
110:
109:
99:
98:
92:
91:
86:
80:
79:
74:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
47:
46:
39:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1442:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1405:Living people
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1369:
1366:
1365:Richard Sneed
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1353:Michell Hicks
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1335:Gerard Parker
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1317:John A. Crowe
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:Henry Bradley
1282:
1279:
1278:Jarret Blythe
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1186:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1074:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:William Glory
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
1000:
998:
992:
985:
982:
980:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
945:Joel B. Mayes
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
914:, (1862–1866)
913:
910:
905:
904:Lewis Downing
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
889:
887:
884:
883:
881:
875:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
837:Tahlonteeskee
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
822:
820:
814:
805:
804:William Hicks
802:
801:
799:
796:
793:
792:William Hicks
790:
787:
783:
780:
775:
771:
768:
767:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
752:Little Turkey
750:
749:
747:
741:
734:
730:
727:
724:
721:, brother of
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
704:
702:
696:
687:
683:
682:
681:
680:Little Turkey
678:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
595:
592:
589:
585:
582:
579:
576:
575:
573:
567:
563:
559:
552:
547:
545:
540:
538:
533:
532:
529:
520:
511:
510:
503:
497:
492:
482:
476:
472:
465:
451:on 2011-07-20
450:
446:
440:
438:
429:
425:
418:
410:
404:
396:
390:
376:on 2010-05-30
372:
365:
359:
357:
355:
348:
347:Speeches 1985
343:
339:
331:
329:
328:
323:
320:, which is a
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
255:
253:
249:
239:
237:
233:
229:
221:
212:
208:
204:
200:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
171:
167:
163:
158:(age 80)
148:
144:
139:
135:
132:
129:
123:
120:
117:
111:
105:
100:
97:
93:
90:
87:
81:
78:
77:Kenneth Smith
75:
69:
66:
65:Ronald Reagan
63:
59:
53:
48:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
1257:David Blythe
1138:Ross Swimmer
1137:
1132:W. W. Keeler
1115:W. W. Keeler
1003:John Hitcher
951:C. J. Harris
888:(1839–1862)
800:(1828–1839)
785:
766:(1811–1827)
622:Amouskositte
604:Wrosetasetow
594:Long Warrior
507:
502:W. W. Keeler
470:
464:
453:. Retrieved
449:the original
427:
417:
403:
378:. Retrieved
371:the original
342:
325:
311:
300:
288:
280:East Germany
261:
254:fraternity.
245:
227:
226:
126:Succeeded by
119:W. W. Keeler
103:
84:Succeeded by
51:
23:Ross Swimmer
1390:1943 births
1367:(2017–2023)
1361:(2015–2017)
1355:(2003–2015)
1349:(1999–2003)
1343:(1995–1999)
1341:Joyce Dugan
1331:(1987–1995)
1325:(1983–1987)
1319:(1973–1983)
1313:(1971–1973)
1311:Noah Powell
1307:(1967–1971)
1292:(1951–1955)
1286:(1947–1951)
1280:(1931–1947)
1274:(1927–1931)
1268:(1923–1927)
1266:Sampson Owl
1259:(1915–1919)
1253:(1911–1915)
1247:(1907–1911)
1235:(1899–1903)
1229:(1895–1899)
1223:(1891–1895)
1217:(1880–1891)
1211:(1875–1880)
1199:(1824–1839)
1170:(2011–2019)
1158:(1999–2011)
1152:(1995–1999)
1146:(1985–1995)
1140:(1975–1985)
1134:(1971–1975)
1117:(1949–1971)
1111:(1941–1949)
1096:(1907-1917)
1062:(2005–2016)
1056:(2000–2004)
1050:(1996–2000)
1044:(1991–1995)
1038:(1983–1991)
1032:(1979–1983)
1026:(1967–1979)
1017:(1954–1960)
1015:Jeff Tindle
1011:(1946–1954)
1005:(1939–1946)
965:(1899–1903)
959:(1895–1899)
953:(1891–1895)
947:(1887–1891)
941:(1879–1887)
935:(1875–1879)
923:(1866–1867)
912:Stand Watie
892:Thomas Pegg
869:(1839–1840)
867:John Rogers
861:John Looney
851:(1838–1839)
849:John Looney
845:(1819–1838)
839:(1817–1819)
833:(1813–1817)
827:(1810–1813)
818:(1810–1839)
806:(1833–1835)
794:(1827–1828)
760:(1801–1811)
754:(1794–1801)
745:(1794–1839)
735:(1807–1809)
715:(1792–1802)
709:(1777–1792)
700:(1777–1809)
686:Hanging Maw
684:opposed by
636:(1759–1761)
630:(1753–1756)
624:(1741–1753)
600:(1729–1730)
590:(1716–1721)
296:Hall Estill
114:Preceded by
72:Preceded by
1384:Categories
1347:Leon Jones
1233:Jesse Reed
1109:J.B. Milam
1048:Jim Henson
1009:Jim Pickup
855:John Brown
843:John Jolly
776:'s faction
764:Pathkiller
733:Ta'gwadihi
723:Old Tassel
719:Doublehead
713:John Watts
669:Old Tassel
657:Oconostota
571:(pre-1794)
513:1975–1985
455:2011-08-01
380:2010-12-10
334:References
292:Of Counsel
173:Republican
152:1943-10-26
1203:Salonitah
1197:Yonaguska
1087:Appointed
1066:Joe Bunch
1042:John Ross
1036:John Hair
886:John Ross
798:John Ross
774:Whitepath
770:Big Tiger
758:Black Fox
729:The Glass
663:Savanukah
642:(d. 1761)
580:(d. 1729)
242:Education
195:Education
108:1975–1985
104:In office
61:President
56:1985–1989
52:In office
1150:Joe Byrd
831:Degadoga
825:The Bowl
786:de facto
784:(1827),
640:Uka Ulah
578:Outacite
562:Cherokee
389:cite web
187:Children
1125:Elected
628:Old Hop
588:Tugaloo
560:of the
1337:(1995)
986:(1906)
863:(1839)
857:(1839)
598:Tanasi
477:
258:Career
179:Spouse
164:, U.S.
731:, or
374:(PDF)
367:(PDF)
475:ISBN
395:link
146:Born
42:4th
596:of
586:of
330:).
1386::
436:^
426:.
391:}}
387:{{
353:^
309:.
286:.
274:.
207:JD
205:,
203:BA
154:)
550:e
543:t
536:v
483:.
458:.
430:.
411:.
397:)
383:.
209:)
201:(
190:2
150:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.JPG)
