509:
734:
390:
718:
51:
461:), a poet was "part of government and the means of strengthening rulership." Besides applauding the suzerain and his domain, a poet was also expected to give advice and moral guidance, which meant that Rudaki was most likely experienced in that field as well. Rudaki's success was largely due to the support of his primary patron, Bal'ami. The latter played an important role in the blooming of Persian literature in the 10th-century. Bal'ami regarded Rudaki as the best amongst Persian and Arab poets.
702:
576:, a collection of Indian fables. Nasr II had ordered Bal'ami to translate the book from Arabic to Persian, and then appointed "interpreters" to read it out loud, so that Rudaki, who was blind, could versify it. Only a few of the verses made by Rudaki have survived. Some of them have been identified in the
583:
Although Rudaki displayed pro-Isma'ili sympathies in his writings, his poetry is fully secular in nature. Islam was firmly established by the 10th-century, however, Persians still remembered their deep-rooted
Zoroastrian history. Rudaki was more prone to evoke ancient Iranian and Zoroastrian notions
562:
as a
Samanid governor from 923 to 963. In it, Rudaki calls Abu Ja'far an aristocrat of Sasanian ancestry and "pride of Iran", thus indicating a sense of continuity in Iranian identity from the Sasanian to the Samanid period. For this poem, Abu Ja'far rewarded Rudaki with 10,000
666:, Rudaki "heralded a new era for Persian letters." The Iranologist Francois de Blois states that Rudaki "was the most celebrated Persian poet prior to Ferdowsi." Following his death, Rudaki continued to remain a highly popular figure for around two centuries, until the
3753:
Contemporary
Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. Today it is the official language of
449:
Rudaki's career at the
Samanid court is regarded as the most important part of his life. The role of a court poet was more than just entertaining others, and was an essential aspect of the Persian court. According to the first Sasanian king
409:
by a prominent musician named Abu'l-Abak
Bakhtiar. In his early years, Rudaki became a popular figure due to his fine voice, skill with poetry and playing the chang. Surviving biographical information connects Rudaki with the Samanid
530:(collection of short poems) of Rudaki consisted of more than 180,000 verses, but most of it has been lost. What little remains of Rudaki's writings, mostly single verses, can be found in Persian dictionaries, particularly the
618:(died 902), most of their work has not survived. In Iran, Rudaki is acknowledged as the "founder of New Persian poetry" and in Tajikistan as the "father of Tajik literature", both claims which according to the Iranologist
224:
in the 10th-century. Following the downfall of Bal'ami in 937, Rudaki's career deteriorated, eventually being dismissed from the court. He thereafter lived his last years in poverty, dying blind and alone in his hometown.
588:
style, i.e. ethical teachings, friendly criticism and advice for correct behavior in both private and public. An example of Rudaki's
Zoroastrian roots can be seen in an excerpt where he is talking about his patron:
658:
on a sculpture. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Rudaki started to become a stronger representation of Tajik identity and also reinforced their ties to the rest of the
Persian-speaking world.
643:
in 1958, who together held a conference which was joined by several eminent
Iranian and Tajik academics. It was during this period that Rudaki's burial place in Panjrud was discovered. The Soviet
4615:
334:(died 1242), even says that Rudaki was born blind, but this has been questioned by some modern scholars, due to the expressive picture of nature given by Rudaki in his writings.
717:
580:. Rudaki's surviving poetry is generally easy for literate native Persian readers to understand despite variations in terminology, word forms, and phrase and sentence patterns.
670:, where he became unpopular amongst the highly skilled poets of that time. However, he had not been forgotten, as demonstrated by the attribution of his name to the Pseudo-
701:
431:(died 940). However, according to literary scholar Sassan Tabatabai, Rudaki had apparently already joined the Samanid court under Nasr II's father and predecessor
1566:
169:, he reportedly composed more than 180,000 verses, yet only a small portion of his work has survived, most notably a small part of his versification of the
3262:
614:
Rudaki is considered to have been the first major poet to write in New
Persian. Albeit he was predated by other poets who wrote in New Persian, such as
182:
area), the most important part of Rudaki's career was spent at the court of the
Samanids. While biographical information connects him to the Samanid
285:
4868:
1544:
674:, called "one of the notorious literary frauds" by de Blois. Scholars such as the 17th-century Hasan ibn Luft Allah al-Razi and 19th-century
4893:
4863:
3795:
1697:
476:
and was dismissed from the court. Rudaki thereafter lived his last years in poverty, dying blind and alone in his hometown in 940 or 941.
341:(224–651), poems were commonly carried out as songs used in music. Under the Sasanians, the official, religious and literary language was
320:
4888:
1750:
280:
Little information is available about Rudaki's life, much which has been reconstructed from his poems. He lived during the era of the
733:
442:). Tabatabai states that this is proven in a poem by Rudaki, where he tries to comfort Ahmad Samani after the death of his father
1388:
4908:
4413:
764:
is a form of New Persian spoken in Central Asia. It is the official language of Tajikistan, where it is written in an altered
1666:
1266:
1186:
248:
His full name was Abu Abd Allah Ja'far ibn Muhammad ibn Hakim ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Adam al-Rudhaki al-Sha'ir al-Samarqandi (
50:
1230:
4883:
4858:
1278:
472:
for him. Rudaki's career started to decline following the downfall of Bal'ami in 937. He soon fell out of favour with the
1365:
1343:
1300:
1252:
508:
1632:
1611:
1590:
1515:
1465:
1444:
1418:
1331:
667:
1494:
1218:
4380:
3788:
2133:
1745:
1690:
555:
1170:
4792:
3724:
3155:
2698:
695:
During the 19th-century, Rudaki experienced a resurgence in popularity along with other ancient Khurasani poets.
640:
4086:
2795:
2296:
1805:
655:
651:
316:
4903:
4512:
2903:
1650:
4701:
4517:
4502:
4474:
4305:
3899:
468:, a leading poet and scholar of the Samanid realm. Following Shahid Balkhi's death in 936, Rudaki wrote an
1526:
365:
religious writings. Instead, it is descended from the dialect spoken by the court of the Sasanian capital
4837:
4592:
4522:
4202:
4111:
4106:
3781:
3587:
2596:
2075:
1683:
428:
217:
4227:
1810:
1454:
Hillmann, Michael Craig (2022). "Use of Translations of Classic Persian Poems in the Study of Persian".
4487:
4406:
4006:
3869:
2878:
2682:
1538:
1486:
1210:
688:
4747:
4656:
4527:
4492:
4300:
4156:
4011:
2908:
1825:
1769:
1348:
1239:
346:
4621:
4507:
4061:
3991:
3834:
3824:
3408:
3351:
3292:
2356:
2179:
1196:
4555:
4375:
4001:
3879:
3829:
3673:
3277:
3272:
3257:
3168:
2666:
31:
17:
686:(died after 1088), while the rest were already-known poems of Rudaki that had been mentioned in
4560:
4497:
4116:
4016:
3986:
3965:
3940:
3125:
2674:
2583:
2389:
675:
1287:
4913:
4399:
4295:
4071:
3914:
3518:
3346:
3323:
3178:
2925:
2095:
1866:
1785:
1553:
1324:
Persian Literature - A Bio-Bibliographical Survey: Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period (Volume V)
4898:
4878:
4873:
4797:
4782:
4151:
4146:
4131:
4126:
4066:
4051:
3904:
3558:
3423:
3403:
3341:
3100:
2770:
2425:
2410:
2340:
2319:
2301:
2246:
2128:
2059:
1942:
1735:
1730:
1719:
8:
4671:
4041:
3889:
3483:
3222:
3140:
2992:
2977:
2893:
2800:
2757:
2591:
2254:
389:
4772:
4691:
4335:
4320:
4046:
3839:
3627:
3612:
3582:
3443:
3287:
3028:
2946:
2833:
2815:
2306:
2207:
1962:
1901:
1856:
1815:
1800:
1706:
1659:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XIII/4: Iran V. Peoples of Iran–Iran IX. Religions of Iran
1243:
406:
296:
221:
179:
75:
4578:
4752:
4742:
4543:
4350:
4325:
4222:
3955:
3693:
3632:
3538:
3503:
3488:
3473:
3384:
3247:
3160:
3120:
3105:
3023:
3018:
2931:
2838:
2790:
2522:
2374:
2311:
2164:
2108:
1937:
1780:
1662:
1628:
1607:
1586:
1511:
1490:
1461:
1440:
1414:
1375:
1327:
1310:
1262:
1214:
1182:
1179:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XIII/5: Iran X. Religions in Iran–Iraq V. Safavid period
632:(died 1997). The following year, the latter wrote a play focused on Rudaki, entitled
487:
1247:
4777:
4585:
4370:
4365:
4237:
3874:
3805:
3714:
3543:
3533:
3493:
3478:
3458:
3438:
3433:
3366:
3242:
3209:
3145:
3043:
3038:
2873:
2785:
2752:
2530:
2420:
2202:
1845:
624:
370:
249:
237:
139:
353:. However, it is not descended from the literary form of Middle Persian (known as
4802:
4787:
4762:
4757:
4676:
4482:
4021:
3729:
3688:
3647:
3553:
3508:
3468:
3267:
3232:
3193:
3188:
3135:
2888:
2863:
2843:
2820:
2810:
2765:
2628:
2559:
2346:
2283:
2192:
2169:
2159:
2103:
2030:
1861:
1654:
1622:
1603:
Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane
1601:
1505:
1480:
1476:
1455:
1431:(2019). "Introduction: The Frontiers of the Persianate World (ca. 800–1900)". In
1408:
1392:
1204:
1200:
1174:
765:
615:
572:
546:
256:). The proper transliteration of his name is "Rōdhakī", while "al-Rūdhakī" is an
171:
4737:
4732:
4696:
4549:
4355:
4345:
4252:
4186:
4176:
4101:
4081:
3970:
3698:
3683:
3678:
3668:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3577:
3548:
3513:
3448:
3428:
3418:
3361:
3297:
3252:
3237:
3115:
3080:
3048:
3008:
2987:
2982:
2967:
2898:
2883:
2780:
2650:
2615:
2469:
2379:
2238:
2043:
1360:
1356:
1295:
1291:
1235:
761:
683:
648:
629:
584:
instead of Muslim ones. Some of Rudaki's poems were written in the pre-Islamic
526:
483:
342:
281:
79:
4598:
1482:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
1206:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
337:
Besides being a poet, Rudaki was also a singer and musician. Since the era of
4852:
4767:
4681:
4650:
4360:
4330:
4257:
3960:
3734:
3719:
3642:
3637:
3622:
3617:
3592:
3453:
3413:
3331:
3183:
3173:
3150:
3130:
3033:
2962:
2913:
2848:
2805:
2567:
2482:
2459:
2454:
2384:
2366:
2351:
2336:
2332:
2259:
2174:
2080:
2051:
2014:
1988:
1947:
1835:
1404:
1379:
1352:
1314:
1283:
619:
465:
443:
358:
338:
331:
327:
162:
4706:
4572:
4423:
4262:
4212:
4171:
4136:
3909:
3894:
3652:
3528:
3498:
3336:
3302:
3227:
3217:
3110:
3064:
2921:
2858:
2775:
2620:
2572:
2551:
2514:
2498:
2474:
2449:
2324:
2291:
2118:
2067:
1957:
1840:
1795:
724:
723:
Stamp celebrating the 1100 anniversary of Rudaki's birthday, issued by the
708:
432:
213:
Rudaki's success was largely due to the support of his primary patron, the
200:
157:, singer, and musician who is regarded as the first major poet to write in
639:
The 1100th anniversary of Rudaki's birth was commemorated by Iran and the
254:ابوعبدالله جعفر بن محمد بن حکیم بن عبدالرحمن بن آدم الرودکی الشاعر سمرقندی
4832:
4827:
4807:
4716:
4566:
4340:
4181:
4166:
4161:
4141:
4121:
3859:
3844:
3819:
3763:
3523:
3376:
3356:
3282:
2972:
2868:
2825:
2546:
1820:
644:
480:
362:
350:
257:
158:
121:
199:), he may have already joined the court under the latter's predecessor,
4686:
4666:
4310:
4217:
4091:
4076:
4056:
4036:
4031:
4026:
3996:
3935:
3884:
3849:
3759:
3463:
3371:
3318:
2853:
2278:
2187:
2138:
2123:
2090:
2038:
2022:
2009:
1952:
1830:
1432:
1428:
740:
707:
Stamp celebrating the 1100 anniversary of Rudaki's birthday, issued by
663:
534:
of Asadi Tusi. A few complete poems have also survived, most notably a
521:
513:
451:
307:. Rudaki's blindness is implied by the writings of early poets such as
233:
232:, Rudaki is acknowledged as the "founder of New Persian poetry" and in
2212:
4096:
3950:
3864:
3773:
2405:
1931:
1740:
1675:
1661:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 414–432.
1578:
1181:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 507–522.
622:
are not contradictory. Rudaki's life is depicted in the 1957 film of
402:
394:
366:
300:
654:(died 1970) dug out and analyzed Rudaki's remains, which he used to
288:
began to develop and flourish. Of Persian stock, Rudaki was born in
4242:
3945:
3919:
3854:
2490:
2197:
1970:
1927:
312:
166:
56:
4661:
4315:
3013:
2219:
2143:
2085:
1790:
492:
417:
304:
189:
405:
and was skilled in poetry. He was instructed on how to play the
4391:
4232:
4207:
2658:
2430:
2227:
1993:
1983:
1978:
1922:
1437:
The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca
597:
559:
536:
308:
214:
154:
1475:
Lazard, G. (1975). "The Rise of the New Persian Language". In
357:, commonly called Pahlavi), which was spoken by the people of
4277:
2690:
2415:
2113:
564:
469:
220:(died 940), who played an important role in the blooming of
4272:
4247:
3755:
2464:
2361:
601:
412:
229:
184:
1149:
1147:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
544:) consisting of almost 100 verses quoted in the anonymous
1098:
1096:
1042:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
968:
966:
953:
951:
866:
864:
541:
401:
By the age of eight, Rudaki had reportedly memorized the
178:
Born in the village of Banoj (located in the present-day
978:
849:
1144:
1083:
1081:
1066:
1054:
1011:
911:
909:
1457:
The Routledge Handbook of Persian Literary Translation
1093:
990:
963:
948:
881:
879:
861:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
1030:
896:
894:
837:
825:
570:
Rudaki's best known work is his versification of the
1120:
1078:
906:
295:, in the village of Banoj (Panjrud), located in the
1507:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume IV
1132:
926:
924:
876:
804:
781:
512:Rudaki's poetry in a Persian manuscript created in
1342:
1277:
1229:
891:
1439:. University of California Press. pp. 1–72.
1108:
936:
486:considered Rudaki's first successor to have been
4850:
921:
636:, which was the first Tajik biographical drama.
1746:Inscription of Xerxes the Great in Van Fortress
1571:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
1171:"Iranian identity iii. Medieval Islamic period"
373:. During this period, New Persian was known as
1624:Father of Persian Verse: Rudaki and His Poetry
4407:
3789:
1691:
1651:"Iran viii. Persian literature (2) Classical"
1504:Negmatov, N. N. (1998). "The Samanid state".
1410:A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East
1227:
855:
594:It's a puzzle, describing his grace and will:
349:, the language entered a new phase, known as
1228:Bosworth, C.E. & Crowe, Yolande (1995).
1569:. In Edzard, Lutz; de Jong, Rudolf (eds.).
4414:
4400:
3796:
3782:
1751:Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island
1698:
1684:
1648:
1543:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1366:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1301:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1253:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
49:
3762:and one of the two official languages of
1620:
1199:(1975). "The Ṭāhirids and Ṣaffārids". In
1102:
1005:
984:
972:
831:
464:Rudaki was a close friend to his student
1503:
1453:
1386:
1321:
1275:
1195:
1153:
1072:
1060:
1024:
957:
870:
843:
819:
798:
609:
507:
388:
1527:"Persian Language i. Early New Persian"
1374:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 52–75.
678:both easily recognized that the Pseudo-
369:and the northeastern Iranian region of
14:
4851:
3803:
1705:
1474:
1340:
1168:
1048:
1036:
915:
4869:10th-century Persian-language writers
4395:
3777:
2722:
1883:
1767:
1717:
1679:
1649:Fouchécour, Charles-Henri de (2004).
1599:
1577:
1564:
1551:
1427:
1403:
1138:
1126:
1114:
1087:
942:
900:
885:
260:form. Other transliterations include
4894:9th-century Persian-language writers
1531:Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition
1524:
1397:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
930:
4864:10th-century Persian-language poets
253:
143:
24:
4889:9th-century Persian-language poets
1642:
1399:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
25:
4925:
1786:Counsels of Adurbad-e Mahrspandan
330:(died after 1070). The historian
175:, a collection of Indian fables.
4421:
2723:
732:
716:
700:
682:was mostly composed of poems by
4616:The Tall Tales of Vishnu Sharma
3725:Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi
3156:Mohammad Hanif (Iranian writer)
1460:. Routledge. pp. 334–385.
755:
641:Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic
456:
437:
422:
205:
194:
2796:Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani
1806:Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan
1606:. Princeton University Press.
652:Mikhail Mikhaylovich Gerasimov
13:
1:
4909:Poets from the Samanid Empire
2904:Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani
2134:Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami
1884:
1583:History of Iranian Literature
775:
692:(biographical dictionaries).
556:Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Muhammad
516:, dated January/February 1866
289:
275:
147:
68:
4518:The Brahmin and the Mongoose
4503:The Mouse Turned into a Maid
4459:The Moral Philosophy of Doni
2699:Mahmud Khan Malek al-Sho'ara
1600:Starr, S. Frederick (2015).
7:
4884:9th-century Iranian writers
4859:10th-century Iranian people
4593:One Thousand and One Nights
4455:The Fables of Bidpai/Pilpay
2597:Mohammad Qoli Salim Tehrani
1627:. Leiden University Press.
1322:de Blois, Francois (2004).
1276:de Blois, Francois (1971).
739:Stamp of Rudaki, issued by
10:
4930:
4513:The Ass in the Lion's Skin
4488:The Tortoise and the Birds
2683:Mirza Mohammad Taqi Sepehr
1768:
1621:Tabatabai, Sassan (2010).
1487:Cambridge University Press
1387:Epinette, Michèle (2022).
1341:Bruijn, J.T.P. de (1978).
1211:Cambridge University Press
1162:
656:recreate the latter's face
558:, who ruled the region of
29:
4820:
4748:Edward Backhouse Eastwick
4725:
4643:
4632:
4607:
4536:
4528:The milkmaid and her pail
4493:The Bear and the Gardener
4473:
4431:
4286:
4195:
3979:
3928:
3812:
3751:
3707:
3661:
3567:
3393:
3311:
3202:
3093:
3073:
3057:
3001:
2955:
2939:
2909:Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar
2746:
2733:
2729:
2718:
2643:
2608:
2539:
2507:
2442:
2435:Emad al-Din Faqih Kermani
2398:
2271:
2152:
2002:
1910:
1894:
1890:
1879:
1826:Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr
1776:
1763:
1726:
1713:
1554:"Tajik ii. Tajik Persian"
1413:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
856:Bosworth & Crowe 1995
384:
115:
95:
85:
64:
48:
41:
27:Persian poet (858–940/41)
4508:The Deer without a Heart
3324:Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh
2357:Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo
2180:Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi
2076:Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani
1736:Old Persian inscriptions
1585:. Springer Netherlands.
748:
503:
317:Abu Zura'ah al-Mu'ammari
4376:Ahmad ibn Nizam al-Mulk
4356:Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani
3674:Houshang Moradi Kermani
3278:Houshang Moradi Kermani
3273:Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi
3258:Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh
3169:Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei
2667:Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani
2633:Abbas Foroughi Bastami
1718:
1565:Perry, John R. (2011).
1344:"Iran, vii.—Literature"
1309:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
1261:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
347:Muslim conquest of Iran
284:(819–999), under which
243:
32:Rudaki (disambiguation)
4702:Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah
4657:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak
4561:Hikayat Panca Tanderan
4498:The Lion and the Mouse
4306:Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah
4301:Abu'l-Hasan Isfarayini
3987:Abu Dawud al-Sijistani
3126:Ghassem Hashemi Nezhad
2675:Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat
2288:Shams al-Din Qays Razi
2031:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari
1169:Ashraf, Ahmad (2006).
676:Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat
607:
517:
398:
286:New Persian literature
222:New Persian literature
89:940/41 (aged 82 or 83)
4451:The Lights of Canopus
4203:Abu Sa'id Abu'l-Khayr
4087:Ibn Tayfour Sajawandi
3915:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
3825:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
3662:Children's literature
3519:Rasoul Mollagholipour
3409:Rakhshan Bani-E'temad
3352:Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi
3347:Alireza Koushk Jalali
3293:Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi
3179:Shahriyar Mandanipour
2411:Shah Ni'matullah Wali
2255:Kamal al-Din Esfahani
2096:Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani
1867:Shikand-gumanig Vizar
1850:Anthology of Zadspram
1558:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1525:Paul, Ludwig (2000).
610:Legacy and assessment
591:
511:
429:Abu'l-Fadl al-Bal'ami
427:) or with his vizier
392:
218:Abu'l-Fadl al-Bal'ami
91:Banoj, Samanid Empire
4904:Iranian blind people
4556:La Fontaine's Fables
4311:Abu Muslim Khorasani
4017:Abu Qasim Samarqandi
4007:Abu Layth Samarqandi
3905:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
3880:Abu Ja'far al-Khazin
3559:Sohrab Shahid-Saless
3424:Pouran Derakhshandeh
3404:Mohammad Reza Aslani
3342:Amir Reza Koohestani
3101:Ali Mohammad Afghani
2771:Mohammad Reza Aslani
2426:Fazlallah Astarabadi
2302:Afdal al-Din Kashani
2297:Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī
2247:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
2129:Afdal al-Din Kashani
1943:Abu Tahir Khosrovani
1731:Behistun Inscription
1552:Perry, John (2009).
1489:. pp. 595–633.
490:, who composed many
55:Statue of Rudaki in
30:For other uses, see
4672:Jean de La Fontaine
4523:The Fox and the Cat
3484:Varuzh Karim-Masihi
3223:Abolhassan Etessami
3141:Mahmoud Dowlatabadi
2993:Abdul Ali Mustaghni
2978:Khalilullah Khalili
2918:Manouchehr Sheybani
2894:Tahereh Saffarzadeh
2801:Mohammad-Taqi Bahar
2758:Mehdi Akhavan-Sales
2390:Zu'l-Fiqar Shirvani
2235:Faramarz-e Khodadad
1821:Shabuhragan of Mani
1213:. pp. 90–135.
1051:, pp. 507–522.
324: 10th-century
4773:Ion Keith-Falconer
4296:Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi
4177:Tha'labi Nishapuri
3992:Abu Barakat Nasafi
3820:Abu Hatam Isfizari
3628:Ebrahim Pourdavoud
3613:Ahmad Kamyabi Mask
3583:Najaf Daryabandari
3444:Behrouz Gharibpour
3288:Shahrnush Parsipur
3263:Aboutorab Khosravi
3165:Aboutorab Khosravi
3029:Gulrukhsor Safieva
2947:Edward Haghverdian
2601:Rasa Salim Tehrani
2320:Abu'l Majd Tabrizi
2307:Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi
1963:Abusaeid Abolkheir
1902:Muhammad ibn Wasif
1857:Zand-i Wahman yasn
1816:Dana-i Menog Khrat
1801:Book of Arda Viraf
1707:Persian literature
518:
399:
236:as the "father of
4846:
4845:
4816:
4815:
4793:Silvestre de Sacy
4753:Franklin Edgerton
4743:Hermann Brockhaus
4653:(putative author)
4467:Nandaka-prakarana
4389:
4388:
4351:Khalid ibn Barmak
4326:Ata-Malik Juvayni
4289:political figures
4196:Poets and artists
4052:Fatima Samarqandi
3956:Haji Bektash Veli
3835:Abu Ubayd Juzjani
3771:
3770:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3694:Farhad Hasanzadeh
3633:Hamid Samandarian
3574:Amrollah Abjadian
3539:Fereydoun Rahnema
3504:Mohsen Makhmalbaf
3489:Samuel Khachikian
3474:Ebrahim Hatamikia
3385:Mohammad Yaghoubi
3381:Mirza Aqa Tabrizi
3248:Houshang Golshiri
3161:Houshang Golshiri
3121:Mahshid Amirshahi
3106:Ghazaleh Alizadeh
3089:
3088:
3024:Abolqasem Lahouti
3019:Iskandar Khatloni
2932:Fereydoon Moshiri
2879:Mohammad Mokhtari
2839:Forugh Farrokhzad
2791:Manouchehr Atashi
2714:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2636:
2625:
2588:
2584:Abdul-Qādir Bēdil
2577:
2564:
2556:
2527:
2523:Mohtasham Kashani
2519:
2495:
2487:
2479:
2375:Nozhat al-Majales
2371:
2329:
2316:
2312:Mahmud Shabistari
2279:Abu Tahir Tarsusi
2264:
2251:
2243:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2184:
2165:Suzani Samarqandi
2109:Abu-al-Faraj Runi
2100:
2072:
2064:
2060:Masud Sa'd Salman
2056:
2048:
2035:
2027:
2019:
1975:
1967:
1938:Abu Shakur Balkhi
1875:
1874:
1811:Cube of Zoroaster
1781:Ayadgar-i Zariran
1759:
1758:
1668:978-0-933273-90-0
1539:cite encyclopedia
1268:978-90-04-09834-3
1188:978-0-933273-93-1
554:was dedicated to
488:Abu-Shakur Balkhi
393:Rudaki's tomb in
129:
128:
16:(Redirected from
4921:
4778:Patrick Olivelle
4641:
4640:
4586:Kathasaritsagara
4463:Tantri Kamandaka
4416:
4409:
4402:
4393:
4392:
4381:Shihab al-Nasawi
4366:Tahir ibn Husayn
4238:Farrukhi Sistani
4213:Aruzi Samarqandi
4012:Abu Mu'in Nasafi
3980:Islamic scholars
3798:
3791:
3784:
3775:
3774:
3715:Aydin Aghdashloo
3544:Rasul Sadr Ameli
3534:Kambuzia Partovi
3494:Abbas Kiarostami
3479:Abdolreza Kahani
3459:Ebrahim Golestan
3439:Farrokh Ghaffari
3434:Bahman Farmanara
3367:Abbas Nalbandian
3243:Ebrahim Golestan
3210:Jalal Al-e-Ahmad
3146:Soudabeh Fazaeli
3044:Mirzo Tursunzoda
3039:Payrav Sulaymoni
2874:Shams Langeroodi
2830:Parviz Eslampour
2786:Aminollah Rezaei
2753:Ahmadreza Ahmadi
2744:
2743:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2719:
2701:
2693:
2685:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2653:
2634:
2623:
2592:Naw'i Khabushani
2586:
2575:
2562:
2554:
2525:
2517:
2493:
2485:
2477:
2421:Abu Ali Qalandar
2369:
2327:
2314:
2262:
2249:
2241:
2230:
2222:
2210:
2203:Najm al-Din Razi
2182:
2098:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2046:
2033:
2025:
2017:
1973:
1965:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1880:
1846:Dadestan-i Denig
1765:
1764:
1715:
1714:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1655:Yarshater, Ehsan
1638:
1617:
1596:
1574:
1561:
1548:
1542:
1534:
1521:
1500:
1477:Frye, Richard N.
1471:
1450:
1424:
1400:
1393:Yarshater, Ehsan
1383:
1346:
1337:
1318:
1281:
1272:
1244:Heinrichs, W. P.
1233:
1224:
1201:Frye, Richard N.
1192:
1175:Yarshater, Ehsan
1157:
1151:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1091:
1085:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1009:
1003:
988:
982:
976:
970:
961:
955:
946:
940:
934:
928:
919:
913:
904:
898:
889:
883:
874:
868:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
802:
796:
769:
759:
736:
720:
704:
460:
458:
441:
439:
426:
424:
345:. Following the
325:
322:
315:(died 1020/25),
294:
291:
255:
238:Tajik literature
209:
207:
198:
196:
153:– 940/41) was a
152:
149:
145:
73:
70:
53:
39:
38:
21:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4812:
4803:Charles Wilkins
4788:Arthur W. Ryder
4763:Johannes Hertel
4758:A. N. D. Haksar
4721:
4692:Ibn al-Muqaffa'
4677:Antoine Galland
4636:
4634:
4628:
4603:
4579:Kalīla wa-Dimna
4532:
4483:The Blue Jackal
4469:
4443:Kalila wa Dimna
4427:
4420:
4390:
4385:
4336:Abu Ali Bal'ami
4321:Ali-Shir Nava'i
4288:
4282:
4223:Attar Nishapuri
4191:
4072:Hakim Nishapuri
4002:Abu Hafs Nasafi
3975:
3924:
3840:Abu Zayd Balkhi
3808:
3802:
3772:
3767:
3739:
3730:Ehsan Yarshater
3703:
3689:Poopak NikTalab
3657:
3648:Ahmad Tafazzoli
3563:
3554:Parviz Shahbazi
3509:Dariush Mehrjui
3469:Abolfazl Jalili
3389:
3307:
3268:Mostafa Mastoor
3233:Simin Daneshvar
3198:
3194:Iraj Pezeshkzad
3189:Mansour Koushan
3136:Simin Daneshvar
3085:
3069:
3053:
2997:
2951:
2935:
2926:She'r-e Nimaa'i
2889:Yadollah Royaee
2864:Siavash Kasraie
2844:Hossein Monzavi
2834:Parvin E'tesami
2821:Hushang Ebtehaj
2811:Simin Behbahani
2766:Qeysar Aminpour
2742:
2725:
2706:
2639:
2629:Neshat Esfahani
2604:
2560:Asir-e Esfahani
2535:
2503:
2438:
2394:
2347:Bahram-e-Pazhdo
2284:Awhadi Maraghai
2267:
2193:Falaki Shirvani
2170:Hassan Ghaznavi
2148:
2144:Mahsati Ganjavi
2104:Uthman Mukhtari
1998:
1906:
1886:
1871:
1862:Drakht-i Asurig
1772:
1755:
1722:
1709:
1704:
1669:
1645:
1643:Further reading
1635:
1614:
1593:
1573:. Brill Online.
1536:
1535:
1518:
1497:
1468:
1447:
1421:
1361:Bosworth, C. E.
1334:
1269:
1236:Bosworth, C. E.
1221:
1189:
1165:
1160:
1152:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1012:
1004:
991:
987:, pp. 5–6.
983:
979:
971:
964:
956:
949:
941:
937:
929:
922:
914:
907:
899:
892:
884:
877:
869:
862:
854:
850:
842:
838:
830:
826:
818:
805:
797:
782:
778:
773:
772:
766:Cyrillic script
760:
756:
751:
744:
737:
728:
721:
712:
705:
616:Abu Hafs Sughdi
612:
606:
600:in wisdom, the
595:
573:Kalila wa-Dimna
547:Tarikh-i Sistan
506:
455:
436:
421:
387:
323:
292:
278:
246:
204:
193:
172:Kalila wa-Dimna
150:
111:
90:
74:
71:
60:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4927:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4738:Gustav Bickell
4735:
4733:Theodor Benfey
4729:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4647:
4645:
4638:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4619:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4570:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4550:Calila e Dimna
4546:
4544:Aesop's Fables
4540:
4538:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4479:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4447:Calila e Dimna
4435:Tantrakhyayika
4432:
4429:
4428:
4419:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4396:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4346:Ibn Khordadbeh
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4292:
4290:
4287:Historians and
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4067:Hakim Tirmidhi
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3809:
3801:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3778:
3769:
3768:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3699:Ramak NikTalab
3696:
3691:
3686:
3684:Hengameh Mofid
3681:
3679:Babak NikTalab
3676:
3671:
3669:Samad Behrangi
3665:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3608:Saleh Hosseini
3605:
3603:Ramak NikTalab
3600:
3598:Sadegh Hedayat
3595:
3590:
3588:Mohammad Ghazi
3585:
3580:
3578:Jaleh Amouzgar
3575:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3549:Mohammad Sadri
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3514:Reza Mirkarimi
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3449:Bahman Ghobadi
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3429:Asghar Farhadi
3426:
3421:
3419:Hajir Darioush
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3362:Hengameh Mofid
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3328:Mohsen Yalfani
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3298:Bahram Sadeghi
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3253:Sadegh Hedayat
3250:
3245:
3240:
3238:Nader Ebrahimi
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3116:Reza Amirkhani
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3081:Muhammad Iqbal
3077:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3049:Satim Ulugzade
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3009:Sadriddin Ayni
3005:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2988:Massoud Nawabi
2985:
2983:Youssof Kohzad
2980:
2975:
2970:
2968:Wasef Bakhtari
2965:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2929:
2919:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2899:Sohrab Sepehri
2896:
2891:
2886:
2884:Nosrat Rahmani
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2781:Ahmad NikTalab
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2762:Hormoz Alipour
2760:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2727:
2726:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2651:Yaghma Jandaqi
2647:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2631:
2626:
2618:
2616:Hatef Esfahani
2612:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2581:
2578:
2570:
2565:
2563:(c. 1620–1648)
2557:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2520:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2470:Kamal Khujandi
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2380:Khwaju Kermani
2377:
2372:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2330:
2322:
2317:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2257:
2252:
2244:
2239:Nizami Ganjavi
2236:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2044:Qatran Tabrizi
2041:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1796:Book of Jamasp
1793:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1634:978-9087280925
1633:
1618:
1613:978-0691165851
1612:
1597:
1592:978-9401034814
1591:
1575:
1562:
1549:
1522:
1517:978-9231034671
1516:
1501:
1495:
1472:
1467:978-0367510411
1466:
1451:
1446:978-0520972100
1445:
1425:
1420:978-1784539559
1419:
1405:Foltz, Richard
1401:
1384:
1349:van Donzel, E.
1338:
1333:978-0947593476
1332:
1319:
1273:
1267:
1240:van Donzel, E.
1225:
1219:
1197:Bosworth, C.E.
1193:
1187:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1156:, p. 193.
1143:
1131:
1129:, p. 574.
1119:
1107:
1103:Tabatabai 2010
1092:
1090:, p. 227.
1077:
1075:, p. 337.
1065:
1063:, p. 132.
1053:
1041:
1039:, p. 623.
1029:
1027:, p. 192.
1010:
1006:Tabatabai 2010
989:
985:Tabatabai 2010
977:
973:Tabatabai 2010
962:
947:
935:
920:
918:, p. 596.
905:
890:
888:, p. 144.
875:
873:, p. 191.
860:
848:
836:
832:Tabatabai 2010
824:
803:
779:
777:
774:
771:
770:
753:
752:
750:
747:
746:
745:
738:
731:
729:
722:
715:
713:
706:
699:
684:Qatran Tabrizi
680:Diwan-i Rudaki
672:Diwan-i Rudaki
649:anthropologist
630:Satim Ulugzade
611:
608:
604:in essence...
592:
505:
502:
496:, notably the
484:Gilbert Lazard
459: 224–242
440: 907–914
425: 914–943
386:
383:
343:Middle Persian
282:Samanid Empire
277:
274:
245:
242:
208: 907–914
197: 914–943
134:(also spelled
127:
126:
125:
124:
117:
113:
112:
110:
109:
106:
103:
99:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
80:Samanid Empire
66:
62:
61:
54:
46:
45:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4926:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4768:Joseph Jacobs
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4682:John of Capua
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4651:Vishnu Sharma
4649:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4631:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4537:Related works
4535:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4430:
4426:
4425:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4405:
4403:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4371:Yahya Barmaki
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4361:Nizam al-Mulk
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4258:Nasir Khusraw
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4122:Mulla al-Qari
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3961:Nasir Khusraw
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3870:Hasib Marwazi
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3799:
3794:
3792:
3787:
3785:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3736:
3735:Ahmad Kasravi
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3720:Ali Latifiyan
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3643:Jafar Shahidi
3641:
3639:
3638:Jalal Sattari
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3623:Mohammad Moin
3621:
3619:
3618:Ahmad Shamlou
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3593:Lili Golestan
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3454:Fereydun Gole
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3414:Bahram Beyzai
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:Saeed Aghighi
3399:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:Bahram Beyzai
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:Short stories
3201:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:Abbas Maroufi
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Ahmad Mahmoud
3172:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:Reza Ghassemi
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3131:Reza Baraheni
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:Loiq Sher-Ali
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:Nadia Anjuman
2961:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2914:Ahmad Shamlou
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:Hushang Irani
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2806:Reza Baraheni
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2717:
2700:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2568:Kalim Kashani
2566:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2531:'Orfi Shirazi
2529:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:Salman Savaji
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2385:Badr Shirvani
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2368:
2367:Homam Tabrizi
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2352:Pur-Baha Jami
2350:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2261:
2260:Shams Tabrizi
2258:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:Faramarz Nama
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2081:Ahmad Ghazali
2079:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2053:
2052:Nizam al-Mulk
2050:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2015:Nasir Khusraw
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1989:Kisai Marvazi
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1948:Shahid Balkhi
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1836:Menog-i Khrad
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
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1696:
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1615:
1609:
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1563:
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1546:
1540:
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1528:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1496:0-521-20093-8
1492:
1488:
1485:. Cambridge:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1326:. Routledge.
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:Ménage, V. L.
1285:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1220:0-521-20093-8
1216:
1212:
1209:. Cambridge:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1155:
1154:de Blois 2004
1150:
1148:
1141:, p. 13.
1140:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1074:
1073:Hillmann 2022
1069:
1062:
1061:Bosworth 1975
1057:
1050:
1045:
1038:
1033:
1026:
1025:de Blois 2004
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1007:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
986:
981:
974:
969:
967:
960:, p. 98.
959:
958:Negmatov 1998
954:
952:
944:
939:
932:
927:
925:
917:
912:
910:
903:, p. 73.
902:
897:
895:
887:
882:
880:
872:
871:de Blois 2004
867:
865:
857:
852:
846:, p. 97.
845:
844:Negmatov 1998
840:
833:
828:
821:
820:Epinette 2022
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
800:
799:de Blois 1971
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
780:
767:
763:
758:
754:
742:
735:
730:
726:
719:
714:
710:
703:
698:
697:
696:
693:
691:
690:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:Mongol period
665:
662:According to
660:
657:
653:
650:
646:
645:archaeologist
642:
637:
635:
631:
628:, written by
627:
626:
625:A Poet's Fate
621:
620:Richard Foltz
617:
605:
603:
599:
590:
587:
581:
579:
578:Lughat-i Furs
575:
574:
568:
566:
561:
557:
553:
549:
548:
543:
539:
538:
533:
532:Lughat-i Furs
529:
528:
523:
520:According to
515:
510:
501:
499:
495:
494:
489:
485:
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
466:Shahid Balkhi
462:
453:
447:
445:
444:Ismail Samani
434:
430:
419:
415:
414:
408:
404:
396:
391:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:Sasanian Iran
335:
333:
329:
328:Nasir Khusraw
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:area between
298:
287:
283:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
251:
241:
239:
235:
231:
226:
223:
219:
216:
211:
202:
191:
187:
186:
181:
176:
174:
173:
168:
164:
160:
156:
141:
137:
133:
123:
120:
119:
118:
114:
107:
104:
101:
100:
98:
94:
88:
84:
81:
77:
67:
63:
58:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4914:Panchatantra
4798:C. H. Tawney
4783:N. M. Penzer
4711:
4707:Thomas North
4635:translators,
4623:Jungle Tales
4622:
4614:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4573:Jataka tales
4565:
4548:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4439:Panchakhyana
4438:
4434:
4424:Panchatantra
4422:
4267:
4263:Rabia Balkhi
3929:Philosophers
3910:Omar Khayyam
3653:Abbas Zaryab
3529:Jafar Panahi
3499:Majid Majidi
3337:Bahman Forsi
3303:Goli Taraqqi
3228:Javad Mojabi
3218:Sadeq Chubak
3214:Shamim Bahar
3111:Bozorg Alavi
3065:Asad Gulzoda
2922:Nima Yooshij
2859:Bijan Jalali
2776:Aref Qazvini
2724:Contemporary
2659:Mirza Ghalib
2621:Azar Bigdeli
2580:Saba Kashani
2573:Hazin Lāhiji
2552:Saib Tabrizi
2515:Vahshi Bafqi
2499:Baba Faghani
2475:Ahli Shirazi
2450:Ubayd Zakani
2325:Amir Khusrau
2315:(1288–1320s)
2292:Sultan Walad
2119:Banu Goshasp
2068:Omar Khayyam
1958:Rabia Balkhi
1917:
1841:Jamasp Namag
1658:
1623:
1602:
1582:
1570:
1557:
1530:
1506:
1481:
1456:
1436:
1409:
1396:
1371:
1364:
1323:
1306:
1299:
1258:
1257:Volume VIII:
1251:
1205:
1178:
1134:
1122:
1110:
1105:, p. 9.
1068:
1056:
1044:
1032:
1008:, p. 6.
980:
975:, p. 3.
938:
851:
839:
834:, p. 2.
827:
757:
725:Soviet Union
709:Pahlavi Iran
694:
687:
679:
671:
661:
638:
633:
623:
613:
593:
585:
582:
577:
571:
569:
551:
545:
535:
531:
525:
519:
497:
491:
478:
473:
463:
448:
433:Ahmad Samani
411:
400:
397:, Tajikistan
379:parsī-i darī
378:
374:
361:and used in
354:
336:
311:(died 977),
279:
269:
265:
261:
247:
227:
212:
201:Ahmad Samani
183:
177:
170:
135:
131:
130:
59:, Tajikistan
36:
4899:Blind poets
4879:940s deaths
4874:850s births
4833:Frame story
4828:Beast fable
4808:Ramsay Wood
4717:Simeon Seth
4608:Other media
4599:Śukasaptati
4567:Hitopadesha
4341:Gawhar Shad
4187:Zamakhshari
4167:Shaykh Tusi
4082:Ibn Mubarak
3971:Shahrastani
3764:Afghanistan
3568:Translators
3524:Amir Naderi
3394:Screenplays
3377:Pari Saberi
3357:Bijan Mofid
3283:Bijan Najdi
2973:Raziq Faani
2956:Afghanistan
2869:Esmail Khoi
2826:Bijan Elahi
2702:(1813–1893)
2694:(1808–1854)
2686:(1801–1880)
2678:(1800–1871)
2670:(1779–1837)
2662:(1797–1869)
2654:(1782–1859)
2635:(1798–1857)
2624:(1722–1781)
2587:(1642–1720)
2576:(1692–1766)
2555:(1607–1670)
2547:Taleb Amoli
2526:(1500–1588)
2518:(1523–1583)
2494:(1487–1524)
2486:(1483–1556)
2478:(1454–1535)
2370:(1238–1314)
2328:(1253–1325)
2250:(1149–1209)
2242:(1141–1209)
2231:(1126–1189)
2223:(1120–1190)
2183:(1155–1191)
2099:(1098–1131)
2071:(1048–1131)
2063:(1046–1121)
2055:(1018–1092)
2047:(1009–1072)
2034:(1006–1088)
2026:(1058–1111)
2018:(1004–1088)
1853:Warshtmansr
1533:. New York.
1433:Green, Nile
1429:Green, Nile
1357:Pellat, Ch.
1305:Volume III:
1296:Schacht, J.
1292:Pellat, Ch.
1248:Lecomte, G.
1049:Ashraf 2006
1037:Lazard 1975
916:Lazard 1975
540:(eulogy or
498:Afarin-nama
481:Iranologist
479:The French
363:Zoroastrian
351:New Persian
159:New Persian
122:New Persian
4853:Categories
4687:Kshemendra
4667:Durgasimha
4218:Asadi Tusi
4112:Marghinani
4077:Ibn Hibban
3997:Abu Hanifa
3875:Ibn Hayyan
3850:Ali Qushji
3845:Alfraganus
3813:Scientists
3804:People of
3760:Tajikistan
3464:Ali Hatami
3372:Akbar Radi
3319:Reza Abdoh
3058:Uzbekistan
3002:Tajikistan
2854:Iraj Mirza
2188:Adib Sabir
2124:Borzu-Nama
2091:Manuchehri
2039:Asadi Tusi
2023:Al-Ghazali
2010:Bābā Tāher
1974:(980–1037)
1966:(967–1049)
1831:Bundahishn
1579:Rypka, Jan
1510:. Unesco.
1370:Volume IV:
1231:"Sāmānids"
1139:Green 2019
1127:Rypka 1968
1115:Perry 2009
1088:Starr 2015
943:Perry 2011
901:Foltz 2019
886:Rypka 1968
776:References
741:Tajikistan
664:Nile Green
596:He is the
522:Asadi Tusi
514:Qajar Iran
452:Ardashir I
293: 858
276:Background
258:arabicised
234:Tajikistan
165:under the
163:court poet
151: 858
96:Occupation
72: 858
4172:Taftazani
4157:Sajawandi
3966:Sijistani
3895:Khwarizmi
3708:Essayists
2406:Ibn Yamin
1932:Shahnameh
1885:Classical
1741:Ganjnameh
1567:"Persian"
1380:758278456
1353:Lewis, B.
1315:495469525
1284:Lewis, B.
931:Paul 2000
689:tadhkiras
493:mathnavis
395:Panjakent
367:Ctesiphon
301:Samarqand
4697:Narayana
4637:adapters
4633:Editors,
4243:Ferdowsi
4182:Tirmidhi
4162:Sarakhsi
4142:Qushayri
4117:Maturidi
4062:Ghaznawi
3946:Avicenna
3890:Khojandi
3860:Birjandi
3855:Avicenna
3830:Abu Wafa
3806:Khorasan
3074:Pakistan
2816:Dehkhoda
2491:Ismail I
2341:Golestān
2263:(d.1248)
2160:Iranshah
1971:Avicenna
1928:Ferdowsi
1581:(1968).
1407:(2019).
1389:"Rudaki"
1372:Iran–Kha
1363:(eds.).
1298:(eds.).
1279:"Rūdakī"
1250:(eds.).
446:in 907.
416:(ruler)
371:Khurasan
313:Ferdowsi
266:Rawdhagi
188:(ruler)
167:Samanids
116:Language
108:musician
57:Dushanbe
4662:Borzuya
4475:Stories
4316:Gardizi
4253:Kashifi
4127:Muqatil
4107:Lamishi
4102:Kashifi
4092:Juwayni
4057:Ghazali
4042:Bukhari
4037:Bazdawi
4032:Bayhaqi
4027:Baghavi
3936:Algazel
3885:Khazini
3014:Farzona
2940:Armenia
2220:Khaqani
2139:Mu'izzi
2086:Hujwiri
1953:Bal'ami
1791:Dēnkard
1657:(ed.).
1479:(ed.).
1435:(ed.).
1395:(ed.).
1259:Ned–Sam
1203:(ed.).
1177:(ed.).
1163:Sources
743:in 2008
727:in 1958
711:in 1942
418:Nasr II
305:Bukhara
270:Rudhagi
250:Persian
190:Nasr II
140:Persian
18:Roudaki
4821:Topics
4726:Modern
4712:Rudaki
4278:Sanā'ī
4268:Rudaki
4233:Daqiqi
4228:Behzad
4208:Anvari
4152:Sabuni
4137:Nasa'i
4132:Muslim
4097:Kasani
4047:Dabusi
4022:Ansari
3951:Farabi
3900:Nasawi
3865:Biruni
3094:Novels
2734:Poetry
2483:Fuzuli
2460:Hatefi
2431:Nasimi
2337:Bustan
2228:Anvari
2213:c.1220
2211:(1142–
1994:Ayyuqi
1984:Asjadi
1979:Unsuri
1923:Daqiqi
1918:Rudaki
1770:Middle
1665:
1631:
1610:
1589:
1514:
1493:
1464:
1443:
1417:
1378:
1359:&
1330:
1313:
1307:H–Iram
1294:&
1265:
1246:&
1217:
1185:
634:Rudaki
598:Avesta
586:andarz
565:dinars
560:Sistan
552:qasida
550:. The
537:qasida
524:, the
403:Qur'an
385:Career
355:pārsīk
326:) and
309:Daqiqi
262:Rudagi
215:vizier
136:Rodaki
132:Rudaki
105:singer
43:Rudaki
4838:Katha
4644:Early
4433:aka:
3941:Amiri
3920:Sijzi
3312:Plays
2691:Qaani
2644:1800s
2609:1700s
2540:1600s
2508:1500s
2443:1400s
2416:Hafez
2399:1300s
2333:Saadi
2272:1200s
2208:Attar
2198:Am'aq
2153:1100s
2114:Sanai
2003:1000s
1653:. In
1391:. In
1347:. In
1282:. In
1234:. In
1173:. In
762:Tajik
749:Notes
527:divan
504:Works
470:elegy
407:chang
297:Rudak
180:Rudak
144:رودکی
76:Banoj
4331:Aufi
4273:Rumi
4248:Jami
4147:Razi
3756:Iran
2747:Iran
2465:Jami
2362:Rumi
1911:900s
1895:800s
1663:ISBN
1629:ISBN
1608:ISBN
1587:ISBN
1545:link
1512:ISBN
1491:ISBN
1462:ISBN
1441:ISBN
1415:ISBN
1376:OCLC
1328:ISBN
1311:OCLC
1263:ISBN
1215:ISBN
1183:ISBN
647:and
602:Zand
474:amir
413:amir
375:darī
359:Fars
332:Awfi
303:and
268:and
244:Name
230:Iran
185:amir
161:. A
155:poet
102:Poet
86:Died
65:Born
1720:Old
542:ode
377:or
321:fl.
240:".
228:In
210:).
4855::
4465:—
4461:—
4457:—
4453:—
4449:-
4445:—
4441:—
4437:—
3758:,
2339:/
1556:.
1541:}}
1537:{{
1529:.
1368:.
1355:;
1351:;
1303:.
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1286:;
1242:;
1238:;
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1095:^
1080:^
1013:^
992:^
965:^
950:^
923:^
908:^
893:^
878:^
863:^
806:^
783:^
567:.
500:.
457:r.
438:r.
423:r.
381:.
290:c.
272:.
264:,
252::
206:r.
195:r.
148:c.
146:;
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138:;
78:,
69:c.
4415:e
4408:t
4401:v
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3790:t
3783:v
3766:.
2928:)
2924:(
2343:)
2335:(
2215:)
1934:)
1930:(
1699:e
1692:t
1685:v
1671:.
1637:.
1616:.
1595:.
1560:.
1547:)
1520:.
1499:.
1470:.
1449:.
1423:.
1382:.
1336:.
1317:.
1271:.
1255:.
1223:.
1191:.
1117:.
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858:.
822:.
801:.
768:.
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420:(
319:(
203:(
192:(
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