2569:
397:
1920:
1719:
1013:
2549:
1523:
2428:
1585:
2013:
2334:
1001:
986:
737:
3601:
3199:
779:
3461:
1979:
1257:
2887:
1277:
3473:
1963:
2847:
3136:
2529:
1322:
612:
2835:
1943:
628:
2971:
749:
2166:
stress from thermal change. Unlike the other two kinds of arch, the three-hinged arch is therefore statically determinate. It is most often used for spans of medial length, such as those of roofs of large buildings. Another advantage of the three-hinged arch is that the reaction of the pinned bases is more predictable than the one for the fixed arch, allowing shallow, bearing-type foundations in spans of medial length. In the three-hinged arch "thermal expansion and contraction of the arch will cause vertical movements at the peak pin joint but will have no appreciable effect on the bases," which further simplifies foundational design.
1374:
656:
3430:
3585:
2823:
3573:
1613:
1543:
3418:
1292:
3151:
1995:
3175:
1419:
2791:
2409:
3446:
574:
1511:
2382:
1499:
2867:
764:
962:
1746:
3124:
2362:
640:
417:
1337:
3211:
1758:
2803:
8592:
3187:
2779:
3163:
8580:
1894:
2126:
1655:. However, lintels are subject to bending stress, while the flat arches are true arches, composed of irregular voussoir shapes (the keystone is the only one of the symmetric wedge shape), and that efficiently uses the compressive strength of the masonry in the same manner as a curved arch and thus requires a mass of masonry on both sides to absorb the considerable lateral thrust. Used in the Roman architecture to imitate the Greek lintels, Islamic architecture, European
1396:
1307:
590:
1734:
48:
8541:
2759:
2899:
183:
1352:
8568:
6418:
1035:
6242:
799:
2072:
1857:), the springing line is located above the imposts (on "stilts"). Known to Islamic architects by the 8th century, the technique was utilized to vertically align the apexes of arches of different dimensions in Romanesque and Gothic architecture. Stilting was useful for semicircular arches, where the ratio of the rise fixed at
323:
3238:
architectural styles borrowing from Roman construction with its semicircular arch. Due to the decline in the construction quality, the walls were thicker, and the arches thus heavier, than their Roman prototypes. Eventually the architects started to use the depth of the arches for decoration, turning
1675:
meeting in the middle of the span, is a true arch in a sense of being able to carry a load, but it is false in a structural sense, as its components are subject to bending stress. The typical profile is not curved, but has triangular shape. Invented prior to the semicircular arch, the corbel arch was
338:
in the arch, while the inward-directed horizontal reaction from the spandrel/abutment provides a counterbalancing negative moment. As a result, the bending moment in any segment of the arch is much smaller than in a beam with the equivalent load and span. The diagram on the right shows the difference
2165:
The three-hinged arch is not only hinged at its base, like the two-hinged arch, yet also at its apex. The additional apical connection allows the three-hinged arch to move in two opposite directions and compensate for any expansion and contraction. This kind of arch is thus not subject to additional
380:
When evaluated from the perspective of an amount of material required to support a given load, the best solid structures are compression-only; with the flexible materials, the same is true for tension-only designs. There is a fundamental symmetry in nature between solid compression-only and flexible
1573:
for particular non-uniform distribution of load. The practical free-standing arches are stronger and thus heavier at the bottom, so a weighted catenary curve is utilized for them. The same curve also fits well an application where a bridge consists of an arch with a roadway of packed dirt above it,
1568:
A parabola represents an ideal (all-compression) shape when the load is equally distributed along the span, while the weight of the arch itself is negligible. A catenary is the best solution for the case where an arch with uniform thickness carries just its own weight with no external load. The
396:
2145:
are built either as a fixed arch, a two-hinged arch, or a three-hinged arch. The fixed arch is most often used in reinforced concrete bridges and tunnels, which have short spans. Because it is subject to additional internal stress from thermal expansion and contraction, this kind of arch is
3687:
In reinforced concrete construction, the principle of the arch is used so as to benefit from the concrete's strength in resisting compressive stress. Where any other form of stress is raised, such as tensile or torsional stress, it has to be resisted by carefully placed
1584:
485:(movable joints) between solid components. For example, voussoirs in a stone arch should not move, so these arches usually have no hinges (are "fixed"). Permitting some movement in a large structure allows to alleviate stresses (caused, for example, by the
126:
construction: with the same amount of material it can have larger span, carry more weight, and can be made from smaller and thus more manageable pieces. Their role in construction was diminished in the middle of the 19th century with introduction of the
1919:
3293:. By the 16th century the new style spread across Europe and, through the influence of empires, to the rest of the world. Arch became a dominant architectural form until the introduction of the new construction materials, like steel and concrete.
1141:
includes only three segments and sometimes has a rounded, not pointed, top. Common in
Islamic architecture and Romanesque buildings influenced by it, it later became popular in the decorative motifs of the Late Gothic designs of Northern Europe.
3655:
An arch is held in place by the weight of all of its members, making construction problematic. One answer is to build a frame (historically, of wood) which exactly follows the form of the underside of the arch. This is known as a centre or
2153:
The two-hinged arch is most often used to bridge long spans. This kind of arch has pinned connections at its base. Unlike that of the fixed arch, the pinned base can rotate, thus allowing the structure to move freely and compensate for the
2568:
309:
is the exposed (front-facing) part of the arch, sometimes decorated (occasionally also used to designate the intrados). If the sides of voussoir blocks are not straight, but include angles and curves for interlocking, the arch is called
3288:
was novel and became the defining characteristic of Gothic construction. At about 1400 AD, the city-states of Italy, where the pointed arch had never gotten much traction, initiated the revival of the Roman style with its round arches,
472:(stone, brick, concrete, steel) and construction approach. For example, the wedge-shaped voussoirs of a brick arch can be made by cutting the regular bricks ("axed brick" arch) or manufactured in the wedge shape ("gauged brick" arch);
385:
in 1676: "As hangs the flexible line, so but inverted will stand the rigid arch", thus the study (and terminology) of arch shapes is inextricably linked to the study of hanging chains, the corresponding curves or polygons are called
6595:
1444:
The popularity of the arches using segments of a circle is due to simplicity of layout and construction, not their structural properties. Consequently, the architects historically used a variety of other curves in their designs:
2990:
Islamic architects adopted the Roman arches, but had quickly shown their resourcefulness: by the 8th century the simple semicircular arch was almost entirely replaced with fancier shapes, few fine examples of the former in the
3748:
plays with the idea while dealing with the slow disintegration of a church building. Saoud explains the proverb by chain-like self-balancing of the horizontal and vertical forces in the arch and its "universal adaptability".
2333:
1942:
2427:
1882:
is used for the case of unequal spans on the sides of the arch (when, for example, an interior opening in the wall is larger than the exterior one), the intrados of a round splayed arch is not cylindrical, but has a
1962:
1699:
is not a true arch in a structural sense. Its intrados is formed by two slabs leaning against each other. Brick builders would call triangular any arch with straight inclined sides. The design was common in
2528:
1149:
consists of at least two circle segments (for a total of at least four), with the center of an upper circle being outside the extrados. After
European appearance in the 13th century on the facade of the
2548:
2162:
that changes in outdoor temperature cause. However, this can result in additional stresses, and therefore the two-hinged arch is also statically indeterminate, although not as much as the fixed arch.
2012:
339:
between a loaded arch and a beam. Elements of the arch are mostly subject to compression (A), while in the beam a bending moment is present, with compression at the top and tension at the bottom (B).
3546:
of this bridge are longer than that of any arch ever built, thus "the simple, unsophisticated stone lintel contains in its structure all the scientific appliances used in the great tubular bridge.
2659:
Romans initially avoided using the arch in the religious buildings and, in Rome, arched temples were quite rare until the recognition of
Christianity in 313 AD (with the exceptions provided by the
778:
2206:, but their use was infrequent and mostly confined to underground structures, such as drains where the problem of lateral thrust is greatly diminished. An example of the latter would be the
710:
were built as an afterthought to prevent two adjacent supports from imploding due to miscalculation. Frequently they were made very decorative, with one of the best examples provided by the
1213:
ship. Popular in
Islamic architecture, it can be also found in Europe, occasionally with a small ogee element at the top, so it is sometimes considered to be a variation of an ogee arch.
678:(often blind or containing) can be used to take off load from some portions of the building (for example, to allow use of thinner exterior walls with larger window openings, or, as in the
1193:
is made of two circle segments with distinct centers; usually the radius used closer to the springing point is smaller with a more pronounced curvature. Common in
Islamic architecture (
596:
390:. Just like the shape of a hanging chain will vary depending on the weights attached to it, the shape of an ideal (compression-only) arch will depend on the distribution of the load.
1718:
1488:, where researchers do not agree on classification of the arches or claim the prominence of parabolic arches, while the measurements show that just two of the 23 arches designed by
1402:
5405:
John P. Peters, University of
Pennsylvania Excavations at Nippur. II. The Nippur Arch, The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts, vol. 10, no. 3, pp.
1328:
2834:
2178:
and mostly spread alongside the
European influence, although it was known and occasionally used much earlier. Many ancient architectures avoided the use of arches, including the
1522:
1078:
is the most common form of the pointed arch, with the centers of two circles forming the intrados coinciding with the springing points of the opposite segment. Together with the
559:
series of usually (with some exceptions) blind and decorative arches. Most likely of
Islamic origin, the interlaced arcades were popular in Romanesque and Gothic architecture.
2433:
1425:
2086:
2886:
1012:
736:
2616:, engineers erected arch structures. The first use of arches was for civic structures, like drains and city gates. Later the arches were utilized for major civic buildings
2596:(both cultures apparently adopted the design in the 4th century BC), refined it and were the first builders in Europe to tap its full potential for above ground buildings:
3736:
stresses that the arch carries "a seed of death" for itself and the structure containing it, a statement that can be made upon observation of the Roman ruins. The plot of
2381:
2302:
suggested that this choice was based on a relative fragility of a vault: "what would remain of the tombs and temples of
Egyptians today, if they had preferred the vault?"
6627:
Gothic
Architecture in England: An Analysis of the Origin & Development of English Church Architecture from the Norman Conquest to the Dissolution of the Monasteries
6183:
2668:
1926:
961:
68:
an open space underneath it. Arches may support the load above them, or they may perform a purely decorative role. As a decorative element, the arch dates back to the
6402:
5476:
1978:
1155:
280:
3135:
2388:
1256:
1223:, and, like the keel arch, usually decorative) uses two (or more) drooping curves that join at the apex. Utilized as a dressing for windows and doors primarily in
1058:") or more circle segments culminating in a point at the top. It originated in the Islamic architecture, arrived in Europe in the second half of the 11th century (
1000:
655:
163:
is a load-bearing arc with elements held together by compression. In much of the world introduction of the true arch was a result of European influence. The term
985:
6163:
1834:. The raised central part can vary all the way from a flat arch to ogee. The shouldered arches were used to decorate openings in Europe from medieval times to
1228:
3198:
939:) has a rounded shape that includes more than a semicircle, is associated with Islamic architecture and was known in areas of Europe with Islamic influence (
611:
627:
3472:
3460:
2687:
1074:
and lower horizontal reaction at the base. This innovation allowed for taller and more closely spaced openings, which are typical of Gothic architecture.
2822:
2408:
1612:
1380:
3668:
would be required, so it could be combined with the arch support. Arches may fall when the frame is removed if design or construction has been faulty.
1038:
Pointed arches, 1 - equilateral with trefoil treatment, 2 - blunt, 3 - lancet, 4 - ogee, 5 - four-centred, 6 - curtain (inflexed), 7 - pointed horseshoe
1994:
1373:
1358:
718:" (upside-down) while remaining structural. When used across railway cuttings to prevent collapse of the walls, strainer arches may be referred to as
416:
1321:
1276:
3055:
2600:
The Romans were the first builders in Europe, perhaps the first in the world, to fully appreciate the advantages of the arch, the vault and the dome.
1705:
1247:
201:, the top block in an arch. Portion of the arch around the keystone (including the keystone itself), with no precisely defined boundary, is called a
2970:
1569:
practical designs for bridges are somewhere in between, and thus use the curves that represent a compromise that combines both the catenary and the
1900:
2846:
2690:, that made a thorough break with the pagan tradition with arches as one of the main elements of the design, along with the exposed brick walls (
4238:
3708:, in the 19th century, tried to classify the architectural style, his "primary elements" were roof and supports, with the top-level basic types:
1418:
3572:
2361:
5372:
1878:) is used when the arch needs to turn in the horizontal plane, for example, when a bridge crosses the river at an angle different than 90°. A
639:
152:"False arch" redirects here. For an arch-like construction that uses offsetting of the stones or bricks, "corbelling", to close the span, see
3429:
2866:
1785:
706:
similarly goes in the transverse direction, but carries a section of wall on top. It is used to support or divide sections of the high roof.
5333:
3724:
The steady horizontal push of an arch against the abutments gave rise to a saying "the arch never sleeps", attributed to many sources, from
342:
In the past, when arches were made of masonry pieces, the horizontal forces at the ends of an arch caused the need for heavy abutments (cf.
7172:
3240:
3210:
1336:
4699:
2949:, and underground brick tombs, the known vaults, domes, and archways were built with the support of the earth and were not free-standing.
3445:
3360:
arches. By the 5th century AD voussoir vaults were used structurally in the brick construction. Surviving examples include the temple at
3284:
While the arches used in the mediaeval Europe were borrowed from the Roman and Islamic architecture, the use of pointed arch to form the
2090:
748:
910:) consists of segments of three circles with origins at three different centers (sometimes uses five or seven segments, so can also be
1395:
6226:
2464:, also apparently under the Egyptian influence, adopted the true arch (with a slightly pointed profile) early in the 8th century. In
1133:
arrangement. These primarily decorative arches are common in Islamic architecture and Northern European Late Gothic, can be found in
3417:
1291:
3174:
3150:
2716:
The segmental arch was first built by the Romans who realized that an arch in a bridge did not have to be a semicircle, such as in
2294:). Sacred buildings exhibited either lintel design or corbelled arches. Arches were mostly missing in Egypt temples even after the
1659:
and Renaissance architecture. The flat arch is still being used as a decorative pattern, primarily at the top of window openings.
4414:
6072:
5097:
1343:
763:
7464:
7410:
7376:
7353:
7296:
7269:
7204:
7154:
7128:
7064:
6986:
6959:
6904:
6841:
6813:
6785:
6760:
6725:
6698:
6610:
6577:
6449:
6412:
6236:
6193:
6109:
6082:
5967:
5519:
5343:
4682:
4641:
4512:
4479:
1893:
3584:
726:
is built adjacent to another arch to oppose its horizontal action or help to stabilize it, for example, when constructing a
5486:
2664:
601:
354:
arrangement, where the horizontal thrust of each arch is counterbalanced by its neighbors, and only the end arches need to
3123:
2802:
489:), so many bridge spans are built with three hinges (one at each support and one at the crown) since the mid-19th century.
330:
A true arch, due to its rise, resolves the vertical loads into horizontal and vertical reactions at the ends, a so called
2709:
Vaults began to be used for roofing large interior spaces such as halls and temples, a function that was also assumed by
2298:, even though Egyptians thought of the arch as a spiritual shape and used it in the rock-cut tombs and portable shrines.
1745:
1542:
589:
573:
6913:
González, Genaro; Samper, Albert; Herrera, Blas (2018). "Classification by Type of the Arches in Gaudí's Palau Güell".
5536:
The three-arched middle Bronze Age gate at Tel Dan - A structural investigation of an extraordinary archaeological site
4419:
1407:
865:, with a rounded shape that is less than a semicircle, is very old (the versions were cut in the rock in Ancient Egypt
836:
arches were commonly used for ancient arches that were constructed of heavy masonry, and were relied heavily on by the
5550:
5548:
5546:
5544:
3600:
7235:
6537:
5988:
5946:
5925:
5904:
5883:
5862:
5841:
5820:
5799:
5778:
5757:
5617:
5596:
5575:
4384:
4257:
2112:
6858:
DeLaine, Janet (1990). "Structural experimentation: The lintel arch, corbel and tie in western Roman architecture".
5154:
3162:
2758:
5750:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics
5541:
3535:
1510:
1246:. A similar arch that uses a mixture of curved and straight segments or exhibits sharp turns between segments is a
662:
2790:
6712:. Mathematics and the Built Environment. Vol. 4. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 265–329.
6645:
2438:
2282:, but very few examples survived, since the arches were mostly used in non-durable secular buildings and made of
2094:
1498:
1430:
5834:
The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Volume II; Frontier, Immigration, & Empire in Han China, 130 B.C. – A.D. 157
2778:
7527:
6126:
5690:
3716:(arch-based). His next division for the arcuated styles was based on the use of round and pointed arch shapes.
3495:
used only the flat roofs with no arches whatsoever, although some researchers had suggested that both Maya and
3186:
2679:
618:
234:. A portion of the arch between the springing level and the crown (centered around the 45° angle) is called a
5815:, translated by K.C. Chang and Collaborators, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, pp. 1, 30, 39–40,
3062:, that can be considered a catalogue of Islamic arches, contains also the arches with almost straight sides,
1677:
5771:
Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology; Part 2, Mechanical Engineering
2898:
2036:
of the span (and thus the geometric circle of at least one segment is below the springing line) is called a
1480:
curves look similar, and match at shallow profiles, so a catenary is often misclassified as a parabola (per
1351:
1306:
8438:
6681:
Bradley, R.A.; Gohnert, M. (2 September 2022). "Parametric study of the catenary dome under gravity load".
6099:
4631:
2695:
540:
423:
17:
6548:
6522:
6320:
6273:
5535:
8268:
7369:
Sturgis' Illustrated Dictionary of Architecture and Building: An Unabridged Reprint of the 1901-2 Edition
5668:
2673:
1969:
1931:
7245:
Rasch, Jürgen (1985), "Die Kuppel in der römischen Architektur. Entwicklung, Formgebung, Konstruktion",
5920:, translated by K.C. Chang and Collaborators, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, pp. 175–178,
5672:
1757:
8622:
8617:
8558:
5682:
3322:
2515:
2214: (1859–1925) to even before 4000 BC. Rare exceptions are an arched mudbrick home doorway dated to
1651:) is not curved. Instead, the arch is flat in profile and can be used under the same circumstances as
874:
547:, and Islamic architecture. Alternatively, the opening can be filled with smaller arches, producing a
3880:
1227:
in the Late Gothic and early Renaissance buildings (late 15th to early 16th century), associated with
1086:, thus the name. If the centers of circles are farther apart, the arch becomes a narrower and sharper
458:
for the arches with rounded intrados, by the number of circle segments forming the arch (for example,
362:), not only the arches themselves got lighter, but the horizontal thrust can be further relieved by a
8111:
7485:
3563:
3400:
3341:
2393:
2211:
1091:
951:). Occasionally used in Gothics, it briefly enjoyed popularity as the entrance door treatment in the
403:
5327:
5325:
4150:
3664:
are laid on it until the arch is complete and self-supporting. For an arch higher than head height,
3333:
dated 1900 BC-1300 BC which formed the roof of the metal working furnace, the discovery was made by
107:
system, where, like in the architectures of ancient Greece, China, and Japan (as well as the modern
8450:
8376:
8248:
7890:
5364:
3399:
construction was still preferred. A variety of pointed and lobed arches was characteristic for the
2996:
2942:
2327:
most likely were exposed to the Egyptian designs, but used the corbelled technique to build them.
2147:
1835:
915:
849:
687:
7082:
7834:
7397:. Structural Integrity. Vol. 11. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 604–611.
6978:
6777:
6366:
Stamp, Gavin (March 1998). ""At Once Classic and Picturesque...": Alexander Thomson's Holmwood".
5322:
3672:
3616:
As a pure compression form, the utility of the arch is due to many building materials, including
3554:." Use of arches in bridge construction continued (the Britannia Bridge was rebuilt in 1972 as a
3270:
3059:
2649:
2295:
1283:
1233:
1134:
1022:
845:
544:
227:
198:
167:
has few meanings. It is usually used to designate an arch that has no structural purpose, like a
7456:
7059:. Texts & Documents. Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities. pp. 1–54.
7045:
6683:
Current Perspectives and New Directions in Mechanics, Modelling and Design of Structural Systems
5899:, New Haven and London: Yale University Press and Princeton University Art Museum, pp. 279–280,
4892:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4880:
2267:
contains a parabolic vault which is considered one of the earliest evidences of arches in Iran.
2081:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
1209:
is a variant of four-centred arch with haunches almost straight, resembling a section view of a
8455:
7329:
6441:
6149:
Summaries of Five Seasons of Research at Harappa (District Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan) 1986-1990
5419:
5189:
4703:
3625:
3301:
The history of arch in India is very long (some arches were apparently found in excavations of
3217:
2703:
2305:
1681:
7429:
7364:
7194:
6831:
6803:
6625:
5509:
5045:
4504:
4471:
806:
The large variety of arch shapes (left) can mostly be classified into three broad categories:
8612:
8391:
8195:
8170:
7736:
7630:
7261:
7255:
7116:
6771:
4877:
3492:
3314:
3248:
3016:
2699:
2539:
1777:
1733:
1656:
1385:
1151:
555:
and Romanesque architecture. Multiple arches can be superimposed with an offset, creating an
499:
351:
311:
302:
243:
223:
39:
6433:
6199:
6054:
6052:
6050:
5233:
4496:
4463:
3973:
8460:
8236:
7966:
7819:
6951:
6752:
3745:
3700:
The type of arches (or absence of them) is one of the most prominent characteristics of an
3231:
2992:
2914:
1839:
1202:
1083:
919:
878:
770:
699:
694:
to compartmentalize (together with longitudinal separating arches) the internal space into
529:
346:). The other way to counteract the forces, and thus allow thinner supports, was to use the
343:
99:
in particular being a continuous arch. Extensive use of arches and vaults characterizes an
92:
88:
7493:
7481:
1484:, "the chain fits its parabola almost perfectly"). González et al. provide an example of
8:
8572:
8433:
8241:
6047:
5511:
The Quest for the Historical Israel: Debating Archaeology and the History of Early Israel
5309:
3701:
3020:
3008:
2725:
2710:
2637:
2179:
2159:
1968:
The smaller arches at the lower level are stilted to match the wider arches on the left (
1701:
1599:
1591:
1468:
depending on a situation, they can have superior structural properties and/or appearance.
1363:
1263:
1099:
1063:
552:
475:
3085:
It is quite likely that the appearance of the pointed arch, an essential element of the
2717:
992:
8584:
8366:
8221:
8079:
7880:
7520:
7416:
7164:
7103:
7090:
7017:
6883:
6731:
6670:
6662:
6383:
6348:
6301:
5481:
5457:
5449:
3645:
3543:
3519:
of new materials, relatively long lintels became possible, as was demonstrated by the
3496:
3488:
3330:
3278:
2585:
2519:
2183:
2061:
2049:
1985:
1313:
1067:
895:
889:
695:
503:
65:
5265:
4053:
3705:
3277:
utilized the flexibility of the pointed arch by grouping together arches of different
8258:
8165:
7971:
7460:
7420:
7406:
7372:
7349:
7292:
7265:
7231:
7200:
7181:
7150:
7124:
7060:
7009:
6982:
6955:
6930:
6900:
6875:
6837:
6809:
6781:
6756:
6735:
6721:
6694:
6674:
6606:
6573:
6533:
6445:
6434:
6408:
6352:
6340:
6305:
6293:
6232:
6189:
6105:
6078:
5984:
5963:
5942:
5921:
5900:
5879:
5858:
5837:
5816:
5795:
5774:
5753:
5696:
5686:
5613:
5592:
5571:
5515:
5461:
5422:: V. The People, Language, and Culture.: 7. The Civilization. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
5339:
4678:
4637:
4508:
4497:
4475:
4464:
4314:
4253:
3784:
3779:
3555:
3527:
3373:
3306:
3075:
3067:
2721:
2589:
2511:
2469:
2419:
2271:
2199:
2155:
1905:
1709:
1689:
1685:
1562:
1553:
Three parabolic-looking curves in particular are of significance to the arch design:
1533:
1450:
1190:
1183:
1095:
833:
827:
486:
448:
363:
171:
in theaters used to frame the performance for the spectators, but is also applied to
72:, but structural load-bearing arches became popular only after their adoption by the
69:
7306:
5897:
Recarving China's Past: Art, Archaeology, and Architecture of the 'Wu Family Shrines
5895:
Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (2005), "Pleasure tower model", in Richard, Naomi Noble,
3605:
2150:(the internal state is impossible to determine based on the external forces alone).
1174:. The top of an ogee arch sometimes projects beyond the wall, forming the so-called
8596:
8511:
8283:
7998:
7751:
7452:
7398:
7341:
7284:
7041:
6974:
6947:
6922:
6867:
6748:
6713:
6686:
6654:
6375:
6332:
6285:
5711:
5441:
4410:
4243:
3875:
3741:
3649:
3523:
3516:
3365:
3334:
3266:
3254:
2840:
Temple of Hadrian at Ephesus combines a semicircular arch with the lintels (117 AD)
2299:
2287:
1949:
1473:
1446:
1298:
1075:
1054:
755:
136:
7230:. Austin, TX: Texas Univ., Austin. Inst. of Latin American Studies. pp. 27–.
7222:
7221:
Quirarte, Jacinto (1989). "The Art and Architecture of Mesoamerica: An Overview".
6871:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4193:
3114:
2316:
had also built probably the oldest still standing stone-arch bridge in the world,
8253:
7994:
7961:
7947:
7861:
7761:
7642:
7402:
7054:
6567:
6553:. Prentice-Hall civil engineering and engineering mechanics series. Prentice-Hall
5314:
5270:
5238:
5194:
4058:
3978:
3774:
3737:
3396:
3381:
3110:
2487:
2483:
2465:
2317:
1816:
1804:
1696:
1570:
1458:
1163:
1079:
1066:. The advantages of a pointed arch over a semicircular one are flexible ratio of
944:
785:
727:
711:
556:
515:
452:
407:
375:
359:
226:
is block at the base of the arch (the voussoir immediately above the impost is a
176:
168:
112:
6717:
3395:
influence, the arches became prominent in the Indian architecture, although the
1565:. The arches naturally use the inverted (upside-down) versions of these curves.
1465:
they are still relatively easy to trace with common tools prior to construction;
8545:
8403:
8263:
8084:
7952:
7900:
7866:
7854:
7849:
7720:
7715:
5105:. Technical Notes on Brick Construction. Brick Industry Association. p. 2.
4190:
3629:
3617:
3520:
3404:
3235:
3043:
3004:
2809:
2737:
2660:
2645:
2641:
2621:
2508:
2134:
2004:
1843:
1826:
A central part of an arch can be raised on short vertical supports, creating a
1790:
1018:
932:
926:
862:
856:
815:
703:
682:, to redirect the weight of the upper structures to particular strong points).
679:
675:
567:) is the one that frames the internal side of an opening in the external wall.
335:
73:
7505:
7288:
6926:
6690:
6165:
Metal Technologies of the Indus Valley Tradition in Pakistan and Western India
5700:
2130:
1485:
844:. It is considered to be the most common arch form, characteristic for Roman,
8606:
8273:
8190:
8130:
8042:
8013:
7685:
7647:
7601:
7513:
7185:
7117:"Islamic Presence in Latin American Architecture. Three Periods - Three Ways"
7013:
6934:
6879:
6344:
6297:
3090:
3042:
Islamic architecture brought to life a large amount of arch forms: the round
2918:
2653:
2535:
2340:
2309:
2279:
1606:): parabolic-looking arches with multiple deck supports distributing the load
1529:
1477:
1238:. When the intrados has multiple concave segments, the arch is also called a
1098:) and became prominent in England in the late 12th and early 13th centuries (
715:
707:
3380:
arch vault system was later used extensively in Burmese Buddhist temples in
2093:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
8591:
8423:
8293:
8180:
8175:
8145:
8125:
8018:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7957:
7909:
7904:
7799:
7659:
7499:
6246:
6211:
5349:
4647:
3551:
3508:
3452:
3392:
3369:
3274:
3258:
3247:, a sequence of progressively smaller concentric arches, each inset with a
3086:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3000:
2938:
2765:
2729:
2691:
2633:
2617:
2605:
2498:
in the 6th century AD, the largest free-standing vault until modern times.
2473:
2290:, and thus susceptible to a collapse (the oldest arch still standing is at
2175:
1850:
1827:
1820:
1781:
1725:
1618:
1194:
1138:
1049:
1043:
837:
811:
723:
580:
507:
463:
382:
347:
128:
108:
96:
51:
5109:
2686:). Arrival of Christianity prompted creation of the new type of temple, a
2125:
402:
Analogy between an arch and a hanging chain and comparison to the dome of
8516:
8501:
8313:
8150:
8066:
8057:
8037:
8008:
7942:
7613:
7606:
7591:
7576:
7571:
7561:
7548:
5874:
Liu, Xujie (2002), "The Qin and Han dynasties", in Steinhardt, Nancy S.,
5790:
Liu, Xujie (2002), "The Qin and Han dynasties", in Steinhardt, Nancy S.,
4953:
4415:"Series of 16 strainer arches in railway cutting at SD 581 192 (1072648)"
3827:
3769:
3665:
3559:
3436:
3408:
3353:
3345:
3310:
3290:
3262:
3094:
3051:
3032:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2934:
2926:
2749:
2745:
2625:
2352:
2195:
2142:
1595:
1267:
1110:
1087:
1071:
1059:
841:
719:
646:
511:
172:
153:
77:
8579:
7107:
7021:
6643:
Boyd, Thomas D. (1978), "The Arch and the Vault in Greek Architecture",
2476:(essentially a series of arches built together to form a hall) known as
47:
8526:
8496:
8428:
8318:
8231:
8200:
8185:
8135:
8104:
7771:
7756:
7586:
7566:
7556:
7345:
7281:
Decolonizing Arts-Based Methodologies: Researching the African Diaspora
6997:
5453:
5001:
4989:
4965:
4919:
4917:
3547:
3361:
3318:
3058:(where the curved "ogee swell" is interspersed with abrupt bends). The
2741:
2313:
2230:
2001:
1198:
1159:
1103:
976:
870:
807:
539:. Blind arches are frequently decorative, and were extensively used in
536:
459:
355:
279:
The triangular-shaped portion of the wall between the extrados and the
271:
7393:
Vieitez, Fátima Otero (2020). "Past and Present for Arch Executions".
7056:
Modern Architecture: A Guidebook for His Students to this Field of Art
6887:
6666:
6387:
5406:
4977:
3566:
mostly replaced the arches as the load-bearing elements in buildings.
322:
8333:
8278:
8216:
8120:
8022:
7932:
7875:
7814:
7787:
7746:
7618:
7500:
Paper about the three-hinged arch of the Galerie des Machines of 1889
7337:
6942:
Gorse, Christopher; Johnston, David; Pritchard, Martin, eds. (2020).
5678:
4292:
4290:
3798:
3709:
3676:
3609:
3531:
3377:
3349:
3309:. However, the continuous history begins with rock-cut arches in the
3285:
3098:
3047:
3024:
2922:
2698:). For a long period, from the late 5th century to the 20th century,
2629:
2593:
2495:
2491:
2368:
2291:
2283:
2264:
2222:
2019:
1911:
1871:
1812:
1632:
1575:
1206:
1146:
1130:
882:
306:
104:
62:
30:
This article is about the architectural construct. For other uses of
6616:
6569:
Masonry Design and Detailing for Architects, Engineers, and Builders
5445:
4914:
4802:
4538:
4536:
4250:
Baustilkunde - Europäische Baukunst von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart
3920:
3918:
3916:
1476:
is not easy to trace, but there are known cases of its use. The non-
506:
perfected this form, as shown, for example, by arched structures of
182:
8491:
8486:
8445:
8408:
8398:
8308:
8115:
8094:
8071:
8047:
8032:
7922:
7778:
7766:
7680:
7635:
7099:
6658:
6379:
6336:
6289:
5612:, 3.2, London & New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 1049,
5163:
4718:
4599:
4355:
4353:
4159:
3759:
3713:
3661:
3657:
3641:
3621:
3357:
3234:
left the church as the only client of major construction; with all
3012:
2977:
2613:
2503:
2486:(247 BC–AD 224). This architectural tradition was continued by the
2448:
2324:
2238:
1558:
1554:
1454:
1210:
1179:
952:
285:
276:
268:(height of the arc, distance from the springing level to the crown)
247:
207:
84:
6969:
Graves, Margaret (2 July 2009). "Arches in Islamic architecture".
5608:
Schlumberger, Daniel (1983), "Parthian Art", in Yarshater, Ehsan,
5432:
Reade, J.E. (1 January 1968). "Tell Taya (1967): Summary Report".
5170:
4326:
4287:
4263:
3515:) into construction changed the role of the arch. Due to the high
2960:. Still in use, it was built between 595 CE and 605 CE during the
2286:
voussoirs that were not wedge-shaped, but simply held in place by
1712:
corbel arches are sometimes called triangular due to their shape.
798:
8347:
8337:
8328:
8323:
8155:
8140:
8099:
8089:
7927:
7885:
7809:
7741:
7710:
7692:
7664:
7596:
6098:
Rao, Shikaripur Ranganatha; Rao, Calyampudi Radhakrishna (1973).
5633:. Leiden, Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV. 2009. p. 237. Print.
5508:
Israel Finkelstein; Amihay Mazar (2007). Brian B. Schmidt (ed.).
5077:
4867:
4865:
4587:
4575:
4533:
4338:
4302:
4166:
4102:
4066:
3954:
3913:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3302:
3046:
that became a characteristic trait of the Islamic buildings, the
2929:
known from literature and one artistic depiction in stone-carved
2873:
2853:
2733:
2683:
2461:
2344:
2275:
2249:
1884:
1603:
1481:
191:
123:
5669:"Chapter Fifteen: Roman Construction. Arches, Vaults, and Domes"
5278:
4365:
4350:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4022:
3998:
1197:), and, with upper portion flattened almost to straight lines (
8470:
8342:
8027:
8003:
7976:
7937:
7871:
7829:
7792:
7782:
7705:
7698:
7654:
7581:
7123:. Bloomsbury Handbooks. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 13–24.
5418:
New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. I:
5202:
5133:
5095:
5067:
5065:
4838:
4778:
4754:
4611:
4434:
4078:
3539:
3326:
3106:
2930:
2559:
2555:
2482:, which became massive, monumental structures during the later
2260:
2234:
2207:
2203:
2018:
Splayed arch over a window opening in the All Saints Church in
1953:
1672:
1652:
1224:
1102:). If the centers are closer to another, the result is a wider
258:
239:
119:
8567:
5507:
5121:
4862:
4850:
4826:
4742:
4730:
4563:
3986:
3810:
3542:
was originally based on aesthetic criteria, observed that the
3105:
1250) is a result of the Islamic influence, possibly through
2933:. Since the only surviving artefacts of architecture from the
2514:. Proto-true arches can also be found under the stairs of the
1956:. The vertical supports separate the segments of an ogee arch.
1461:. There are two reasons behind the selection of these curves:
522:
of a church from the side aisle, or two adjacent side aisles.
8413:
8381:
8371:
8351:
8226:
8160:
7917:
7844:
7839:
7623:
7540:
7502:
Whitten by Javier Estévez Cimadevila & Isaac López César.
6944:
A Dictionary of Construction, Surveying and Civil Engineering
5557:, Ancient Egypt, the Near East and the eastern Mediterranean.
4790:
4521:
4275:
4114:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3689:
3648:, in the latter case the wedge-like shape is provided by the
3512:
3385:
3142:
3109:. Saoud also credits to Islamic architects the spread of the
3036:
2609:
1489:
1034:
972:
968:
948:
940:
427:
132:
91:
load. Arches are normally used as supports for many types of
7257:
Understanding Architecture: Its Elements History and Meaning
5290:
5214:
5062:
4814:
4766:
3901:
3839:
3671:
Old arches sometimes need reinforcement due to decay of the
8521:
8506:
8465:
8418:
8386:
8361:
8356:
7824:
7804:
7536:
6458:
5591:, Oxford & Carlton: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd., p. 84,
4034:
3764:
3117:
and subsequently spread around the Spanish-speaking world.
3028:
2667:). Away from the capital, arched temples were more common (
2478:
2226:
1166:, and other Late Gothic styles. Ogee arch is also known as
742:
Relieving blind arches made of bricks at the Roman Pantheon
691:
519:
7193:
Punmia, B.C.; Jain, Ashok Kumar; Jain, Arun Kumar (2005).
5246:
4929:
3942:
3891:
3889:
2648:, although the best examples are from the imperial times (
2339:
Vaulted building using a decorative segmented arch at the
2323:
As evidenced by their imitations of the parabolic arches,
27:
Curved structure that spans a space and may support a load
4553:
4551:
2892:
Arches and dome in Sant'Apollinare in Classe (534-536 AD)
2278:
cemetery). Standing arches were known since at least the
1867:
of the span, but was applied to the pointed arches, too.
5636:
3325:
reports vaulted roof of a small chamber in a house from
2925:
system. Arches were little-used, although there are few
1815:, in the 13th-14th centuries their appeared as parts of
1811:). Originally used to support inclined structures, like
498:
A sequence of arches can be grouped together forming an
6773:
A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
6475:
6473:
6253:
5025:
4941:
4178:
3886:
3856:
3854:
2270:
The use of true arches in Egypt also originated in the
528:, with two arches superimposed, were sometimes used in
293:
A (left or right) half-segment of an arch is called an
7121:
The Bloomsbury Handbook of Muslims and Popular Culture
7036:
Lyttleton, Margaret (2003). "Trabeated construction".
6941:
6497:
6368:
The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
6013:
6011:
6009:
5960:
Chinese Bridges: Living Architecture From China's Past
5836:, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp. 91–92,
4548:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4449:
3833:
3804:
3141:
Pointed arches in the cisterns of the White Mosque in
633:
Large blind arch containing three smaller blind arches
8556:
7447:
Woodman, Francis; Bloom, Jonathan M. (2003). "Arch".
7431:
A treatise on mountain roads, live loads, and bridges
7330:"Three–hinged structures in a historical perspective"
7224:
Latin American Art and Music: A Handbook for Teaching
6912:
6404:
Understanding Buildings: A Multidisciplinary Approach
5501:
5013:
5007:
4995:
4983:
4971:
4959:
4923:
2447:
1400-1200 BC), an imitation of the parabolic arch by
1842:
from the 14th century, and were later adopted in the
326:
Arch (A) action diagram in comparison with a beam (B)
214:
is formed by multiple concentric layers of voussoirs.
6805:
Dictionary of Architecture and Building Construction
6521:
Allen, Edward; Ochsendorf, John; West, Mark (2016).
6470:
6127:"METALS AND METALLURGY IN THE HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION"
4636:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 58.
4010:
3851:
3329:. Barrel vaults were also used in the Late Harappan
1129:) includes several independent circle segments in a
358:. With new construction materials (steel, concrete,
6743:Clarke, Michael; Clarke, Deborah (1 January 2010).
6520:
6035:
6023:
6006:
5994:
5648:
5369:
MIT.edu Architectonics: The Science of Architecture
4902:
4654:
4503:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p.
4470:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p.
4446:
4409:
4108:
1773:Few transformations can be applied to arch shapes.
139:of these new materials made long lintels possible.
7102:, The Scientific Research Honor Society: 383–389.
6485:
5853:Morton, William Scott; Lewis, Charlton M. (2005),
5335:Reynolds's Reinforced Concrete Designer's Handbook
3930:
3502:
3499:architects understood the concept of a true arch.
3356:, from the 1st century BC) and decorative pointed
1780:is much higher than another, the arch (frequently
1621:is stronger at the bottom: weighted catenary curve
7053:Mallgrave, Harry Francis (1988). "Introduction".
5857:(Fourth ed.), New York City: McGraw-Hill, p. 56,
5514:. Society of Biblical Literature. pp. 177–.
5387:
4090:
3003:appear already at the end of the 7th century AD (
2402:1500 BC) showing the Mycenaean beehive technique
2198:, were known by a number of civilizations in the
535:An opening of the arch can be filled, creating a
8604:
7490:: a model to build an arch without it collapsing
7114:
4871:
3313:cave (3rd century BC). Vaulted roof of an early
2828:Arches at the "temple of Minerva Medica" in Rome
2189:
83:Arch-like structures can be horizontal, like an
7535:
6829:
6801:
6523:"Structural Intelligence In Flexible Materials"
5150:
5148:
5127:
4856:
2574:Arch at the stadium of Olympia (4th century BC)
877:, utilized in Roman residential construction,
7192:
6680:
6440:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p.
6318:
6245:from the original on 2 April 2018 – via
4935:
4172:
4127:
3578:Original Britannia bridge (a colored postcard)
2455:
7521:
7008:(2). The Construction History Society: 1–14.
6319:Schwerin, Karl H.; Ekholm, Gordon F. (1966).
6185:Hindu-Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia
5981:The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China
5962:. Singapore: Tuttle Publishing. pp. 122–127.
4252:. Sonderausgabe, Orbis Verlag, München 1988,
3407:, that has pointed arch decorated with small
2542:, end of 8th century BC, photo taken in 1853)
440:There are multiple ways to classify an arch:
7446:
7363:Sturgis, Russell; Davis, Francis A. (2013).
7362:
7173:Notices of the American Mathematical Society
7144:
6742:
6058:
5941:, New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 108,
5736:
5570:, London & New York: Routledge, p. 128,
5554:
5296:
5284:
5220:
5208:
5176:
5145:
5139:
5115:
5096:Brick Industry Association] (January 1995).
5083:
5071:
4896:
4844:
4820:
4808:
4796:
4784:
4772:
4760:
4748:
4736:
4724:
4617:
4605:
4593:
4581:
4569:
4542:
4527:
4371:
4359:
4344:
4332:
4320:
4308:
4296:
4281:
4269:
4209:
4084:
4072:
4040:
4028:
4004:
3992:
3960:
3924:
3907:
3895:
3871:
3869:
3845:
3821:
3023:in Cairo (876-879 AD), Nizamiyya Madrasa at
6707:
5878:, New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 55,
5794:, New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 56,
5252:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4136:
3744:, inspired by a collapse of a tower at the
1948:Shouldered arch above the main entrance of
1578:increases with a distance from the center.
256:(an underside of the arch, also known as a
7528:
7514:
7371:. Dover Architecture. Dover Publications.
6979:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t2082057
6745:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms
6603:The Design of Prestressed Concrete Bridges
6321:"On the Arch in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica"
6271:
6074:The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives
5660:
5477:"Oldest arched gate in the world restored"
5338:. New York: Psychology Press. p. 41.
3478:Arches at Buland Darwaza (16th century AD)
3019:). Their variations spread fast and wide:
2945:from no longer existent wooden buildings,
2210:arch, built before 3800 BC, and dated by
873:). Since then it was occasionally used in
179:arches that are not based on compression.
7457:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t003657
7052:
7046:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t085978
7035:
6899:, vol. 1, Treviso: Edizioni Canova,
6894:
6833:Architect's Illustrated Pocket Dictionary
6464:
6274:"The True Arch in Pre-Columbian America?"
6161:
5724:
5666:
5642:
5474:
4488:
3866:
3860:
3530:, 1846-1850). A fervent proponent of the
3129:Semicircular arches at the Umayyad mosque
2554:Vault underneath the temple of Apollo in
2308:utilized only the corbel arches in their
2113:Learn how and when to remove this message
194:arch consists of the following elements:
7220:
7162:
7115:Martinez Nespral, Fernando Luis (2023).
6407:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 12.
6272:Befu, Harumi; Ekholm, Gordon F. (1964).
6259:
6146:
6124:
6070:
5331:
5031:
4947:
4899:, Indian subcontinent and Islamic lands.
4672:
4629:
4133:
3644:can be wedge-shaped or have a form of a
3599:
3550:is more scientifically constructed than
3483:
3265:). In few decades, the practice spread (
3113:. Mixed-line arch became popular in the
2724:. The utilitarian and mass residential (
2367:A true arch (catenary) at the Ramesseum
2124:
1819:used to counteract the thrust of Gothic
1033:
797:
784:"Scissors" strainer arch arrangement in
334:. The vertical load produces a positive
321:
181:
46:
7427:
7392:
7327:
7278:
7260:. Oxford, UK: Westview Press. pp.
6857:
6630:. Collections spéciales. B. T. Batsford
6596:"The Design and Construction of Arches"
6503:
6181:
4557:
4494:
4461:
4184:
3948:
3695:
3352:and barrel vaults in rock-cut temples (
3168:Interlaced arches at the Cordoba Mosque
2702:were a standard staple for the Western
118:Arches had several advantages over the
14:
8605:
7119:. In Rashid, H.; Petersen, K. (eds.).
6995:
6968:
6593:
6479:
6097:
6017:
5019:
3719:
3682:
3491:utilized the corbel arches. The other
3391:With the arrival of Islamic and other
3368:(7th century AD), the latter has both
3337:in 1940 during excavation at Harappa.
3180:Horseshoe arches at the Cordoba Mosque
2137:at mid-span of this three-hinged arch.
2133:) near Bern, Switzerland, showing the
381:tension-only arrangements, noticed by
7509:
7304:
7244:
6565:
6491:
6436:Fundamentals of Building Construction
6431:
6365:
6162:Kenoyer, J.M.; Miller, Heather M..L.
6151:. Prehistory Press. pp. 185–262.
6104:. Asia Publishing House. p. 77.
6041:
6029:
6000:
5431:
5393:
5362:
5043:
4677:. On Demand Publishing. p. 289.
4385:"Rare Victorian Railway Arches Saved"
4016:
3507:The 19th-century introduction of the
3466:Pointed vault at the Mahabodhi temple
3451:Decorative ogee arches (gavaksha) in
2640:. The introduction of the ceremonial
2263:. An Elamite tomb dated 1500 BC from
1751:A triangular arch built using masonry
645:Interlaced arcade of blind arches at
210:(a wedge-like construction block). A
7279:Royster, Paula D. (1 January 2021).
7253:
7080:
6952:10.1093/acref/9780198832485.001.0001
6769:
6753:10.1093/acref/9780199569922.001.0001
6708:Calvo-López, José (2020). "Arches".
6642:
6623:
6400:
6134:Indian Journal of History of Science
6125:Tripathi, Vibha (27 February 2018).
5983:. Cambridge University Press, 1994.
5752:, Taipei: Caves Books, pp. 161–188,
5654:
5375:from the original on 28 October 2012
4908:
4832:
4700:"Structural Systems in Architecture"
4660:
4440:
4229:. Wasmuth, Berlin 1932, p. 293.
3936:
3834:Gorse, Johnston & Pritchard 2020
3805:Gorse, Johnston & Pritchard 2020
3604:A series of parabolic arches on the
3156:Trefoil arches at the Cordoba Mosque
2904:Segmental arches in an Ostian insula
2065:
2026:A wide arch with its rise less than
1936:. The raised portion is a flat arch.
1062:) and later became prominent in the
6594:Benaim, Robert (14 December 2019).
6061:, Western Europe and its influence.
5773:, Taipei: Caves Books, pp. 171–172
5008:González, Samper & Herrera 2018
4996:González, Samper & Herrera 2018
4984:González, Samper & Herrera 2018
4972:González, Samper & Herrera 2018
4960:González, Samper & Herrera 2018
4924:González, Samper & Herrera 2018
3423:The insides of the Lomas Rishi cave
2624:, with the outstanding 1st century
2507:arch appears in the 4th century BC
2000:Skew arch (Sickergill Bridge) with
1925:Shouldered arch around the door of
1344:St Peter's Church, Walpole St Peter
1154:, the arch became a fixture of the
369:
24:
7163:Osserman, Robert (February 2010).
6830:Davies, N.; Jokiniemi, E. (2012).
6802:Davies, N.; Jokiniemi, E. (2008).
6546:
6224:
5631:Ancient building technology vol. 3
5099:Brick Masonry Arches: Introduction
4675:Structural Systems in Architecture
4420:National Heritage List for England
4391:. Historic England. 18 August 2014
4096:
3204:Cusped arhes at the Cordoba Mosque
2976:Anji Bridge: segmental arch, open-
2274:(underground barrel vaults at the
661:Rear arch around three lights at
532:, mostly for decorative purposes.
479:
435:
238:. If the arch resides on top of a
230:). The tops of imposts define the
25:
8634:
7475:
7165:"Mathematics of the Gateway Arch"
7081:Mark, Robert (July–August 1996).
6421:from the original on 2 June 2016.
6101:Lothal and the Indus Civilization
5475:Lefkovits, Etgar (8 April 2008).
5050:. J. Wiley & Son. p. 247
4109:Allen, Ochsendorf & West 2016
3403:, with the monumental example of
3317:burial chamber has been noted at
3225:
3031:, 11th century), Kongo Mosque in
2784:Arches of the aqueduct at Segovia
2744:made of wood, while the concrete
2713:from the 1st century BC onwards.
1178:popular in 14th century England (
469:
297:, the overall line of an arch is
220:(an external surface of the arch)
142:
8590:
8578:
8566:
8540:
8539:
7496:: interactive applets, tutorials
7305:Saoud, Rabah (17 January 2002).
7249:, vol. 15, pp. 117–139
6425:
6394:
6359:
6312:
6265:
6218:
6175:
6155:
6140:
6118:
6091:
6064:
5973:
5952:
5931:
5910:
5889:
5868:
5847:
5826:
5805:
5784:
5763:
5742:
5730:
5718:
5623:
5602:
5581:
5560:
5528:
5468:
5425:
5412:
5399:
5356:
4697:
3583:
3571:
3471:
3459:
3444:
3428:
3416:
3209:
3197:
3185:
3173:
3161:
3149:
3134:
3122:
2969:
2937:(202 BC – 220 AD) are
2909:
2897:
2885:
2865:
2845:
2833:
2821:
2801:
2789:
2777:
2757:
2567:
2547:
2527:
2426:
2407:
2380:
2360:
2332:
2070:
2055:
2011:
1993:
1977:
1961:
1941:
1918:
1892:
1756:
1744:
1732:
1717:
1611:
1583:
1541:
1521:
1509:
1497:
1417:
1394:
1372:
1350:
1335:
1320:
1305:
1290:
1275:
1255:
1011:
1006:Bridge with a basket handle arch
999:
984:
960:
777:
762:
747:
735:
654:
638:
626:
610:
588:
572:
415:
395:
366:connecting the ends of an arch.
6646:American Journal of Archaeology
6550:Elementary Structural Mechanics
5587:Garthwaite, Gene Ralph (2005),
5302:
5258:
5226:
5182:
5118:, p. 121, Triangular Arch.
5089:
5047:A Treatise on Civil Engineering
5037:
4691:
4666:
4623:
4403:
4377:
4232:
4215:
4046:
3966:
3595:
3503:Revival of the trabeated system
3192:Ogee arch at the Cordoba Mosque
3082:version of the pointed arch.
2952:China's oldest surviving stone
2579:
2501:An early European example of a
2174:The arch became popular in the
1662:
1379:Curtain arches over windows in
1090:that appeared in France in the
840:builders since the 4th century
493:
301:(this term is also used for an
87:that withstands the horizontal
7149:, Cambridge University Press,
5855:China: Its History and Culture
5365:"Support and Connection Types"
5315:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
5271:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
5239:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
5195:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
4059:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
3979:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1984:Stilted pointed arches at the
1329:St Mary the Virgin, Silchester
1170:, occasionally also called an
447:of its intrados (for example,
317:
147:
13:
1:
6872:10.1080/00438243.1990.9980116
6532:. Routledge. pp. 39–47.
5568:The Persians: An Introduction
4223:Wasmuths Lexikon der Baukunst
3791:
3257:started experiments with the
3102:
2915:Ancient architecture of China
2877:
2857:
2813:
2769:
2444:
2415:
2399:
2372:
2348:
2253:
2242:
2215:
2190:Bronze Age: ancient Near East
1768:
1704:until the late 11th century (
1403:Government Palace of Tlaxcala
866:
669:
663:St Matthew's Church, Langford
242:, the impost is formed by an
7403:10.1007/978-3-030-29227-0_65
7328:Slivnik, L. (27 June 2013).
7307:"The Arch That Never Sleeps"
7083:"Architecture and Evolution"
6895:Galliazzo, Vittorio (1995),
6770:Curl, James Stevens (2006).
5674:Greek and Roman Architecture
5332:Reynolds, Charles E (2008).
4443:, p. 207, counter-arch.
4173:Punmia, Jain & Jain 2005
4128:Punmia, Jain & Jain 2005
3388:in 11th and 12th centuries.
3340:The use of arches until the
2941:defensive walls and towers,
2680:temple of Jupiter at Sbeitla
2669:temple of Hadrian at Ephesus
2472:(550 BC–330 BC) built small
2418:1300-1190 BC): corbel arch,
2095:Knowledge's inclusion policy
1724:Flat arch in the kitchen of
1439:
1426:Escuelas Menores (Salamanca)
881:, and got popular as window
7:
7451:. Oxford University Press.
7334:Structures and Architecture
7040:. Oxford University Press.
6973:. Oxford University Press.
6946:. Oxford University Press.
6747:. Oxford University Press.
6718:10.1007/978-3-030-43218-8_6
6147:Kenoyer, J.M; Dales, G. F.
5939:The Arts of China to AD 900
5485:. Jerusalem. Archived from
5128:Davies & Jokiniemi 2008
4857:Davies & Jokiniemi 2012
3752:
3675:, forming what is known as
3281:but with the same height.
3074:. Mosque of Ibn Tulun adds
2490:(224–651), which built the
2456:Classical Persia and Greece
2194:True arches, as opposed to
1631:Unlike regular arches, the
967:Semi-circular arches using
714:. Strainer arches can be "
619:Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba
444:
422:A complex funicular model (
10:
8639:
6513:
5683:Cambridge University Press
5538:, retrieved 9 April 2020.
4936:Bradley & Gohnert 2022
4702:. MHHE.com. Archived from
4212:, Ancient Greece and Rome.
3635:
3564:reinforced concrete frames
3261:late in the 11th century (
3097:five years later) and the
2985:
2665:"temple of Minerva Medica"
2534:Arch at the excavation in
2516:temple of Apollo at Didyma
2312:with triangular openings.
2169:
2059:
1041:
1029:
975:block construction at the
924:
887:
854:
825:
821:
518:were used to separate the
373:
151:
29:
8535:
8479:
8292:
8209:
8056:
7899:
7729:
7673:
7547:
7289:10.1163/9789004446120_004
6927:10.1007/s00004-017-0355-7
6691:10.1201/9781003348443-130
6182:Chihara, Daigorō (1996).
6077:. ABC-CLIO. p. 293.
5958:Knapp, Ronald G. (2008).
5610:Cambridge History of Iran
3536:Alexander "Greek" Thomson
3401:Indo-Islamic architecture
3342:Islamic conquest of India
3239:the deep opening into an
2999:, 706–715 CE). The first
2995:notwithstanding (cf. the
2728:) buildings, as found in
2696:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
2628:examples provided by the
1092:Early Gothic architecture
793:
788:includes an inverted arch
617:Two-tiered arches in the
595:Separating arches in the
8249:Multi-family residential
7428:Wilkins, H.S.C. (1879).
7395:Proceedings of ARCH 2019
7145:O'Connor, Colin (1993),
6996:Heyman, Jacques (2015).
6836:. Taylor & Francis.
6808:. Taylor & Francis.
6530:The Fabric Formwork Book
6059:Woodman & Bloom 2003
5937:Watson, William (2000),
5832:Chang, Chun-shu (2007),
5769:Needham, Joseph (1986),
5748:Needham, Joseph (1986),
5667:Robertson, D.S. (1969).
5555:Woodman & Bloom 2003
5297:Woodman & Bloom 2003
5285:Woodman & Bloom 2003
5221:Woodman & Bloom 2003
5209:Woodman & Bloom 2003
5177:Woodman & Bloom 2003
5140:Woodman & Bloom 2003
5116:Sturgis & Davis 2013
5084:Woodman & Bloom 2003
5072:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4897:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4845:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4821:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4809:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4797:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4785:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4773:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4761:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4749:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4737:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4725:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4673:Hadrovic, Ahmet (2009).
4618:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4606:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4594:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4582:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4570:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4543:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4528:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4372:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4360:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4345:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4333:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4321:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4309:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4297:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4282:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4270:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4210:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4085:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4073:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4041:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4029:Woodman & Bloom 2003
4005:Woodman & Bloom 2003
3993:Woodman & Bloom 2003
3961:Woodman & Bloom 2003
3925:Woodman & Bloom 2003
3908:Woodman & Bloom 2003
3896:Woodman & Bloom 2003
3846:Clarke & Clarke 2010
3822:Woodman & Bloom 2003
3296:
3093:, 1066–1071 AD, and the
2997:Great Mosque of Damascus
2917:(and Japan) used mostly
2148:statically indeterminate
1970:St John's Chapel, London
1836:Late Gothic architecture
1695:Like a corbel arch, the
1626:
1548:Palau Güell: Elliptical
1516:Palau Güell: Hyperbolic
1492:are actually parabolic.
885:during the Renaissance.
690:, are placed across the
688:Carolingian architecture
445:by the geometrical shape
246:or its thicker version,
7482:Physics of Stone Arches
7254:Roth, Leland M (1993).
6778:Oxford University Press
6071:McIntosh, Jane (2008).
5916:Wang, Zhongshu (1982),
5811:Wang, Zhongshu (1982),
5566:Brosius, Maria (2006),
4630:Crossley, Paul (2000).
4495:Ambrose, James (2012).
4462:Ambrose, James (2012).
4221:Günther Wasmuth (ed.):
3881:Encyclopædia Britannica
3590:Britannia bridge (2008)
3538:, whose preference for
3271:Basilica of Saint-Denis
3060:Great Mosque of Cordoba
2876:of Santa Sabina, Rome (
2796:Arches of the Colosseum
1504:Palau Güell: Parabolic
1284:Diwan-i-Khas (Red Fort)
1156:English Decorated style
1135:Romanesque architecture
1023:Great Mosque of Cordoba
424:Church of Colònia Güell
7340:. pp. 1129–1136.
7199:. Laxmi Publications.
6624:Bond, Francis (1905).
6432:Allen, Edward (2009).
6225:Le, Huu Phuoc (2010).
4389:historicengland.org.uk
3613:
3218:Palacio de Torre Tagle
2704:Christian architecture
2602:
2306:Mycenaean architecture
2259:), both in modern-day
2138:
1808:
1342:Nodding ogee niche at
1039:
991:Segmental arch of the
803:
404:Saint Peter's Basilica
327:
187:
54:
7196:Building Construction
6915:Nexus Network Journal
6685:. London: CRC Press.
6401:Reid, Esmond (1984).
6228:Buddhist Architecture
5409:, (Jul. – Sep., 1895)
5164:Enciclopedia Treccani
4872:Martinez Nespral 2023
4160:Enciclopedia Treccani
3624:, being strong under
3603:
3493:Mesoamerican cultures
3484:Pre-Columbian America
3364:(5th century AD) and
3216:Mixed line arches at
3017:White Mosque of Ramle
2852:Temple of Jupiter at
2598:
2540:Assyrian architecture
2434:King's Gate (Hattusa)
2128:
1424:Mixed-line arches at
1401:A draped arch at the
1037:
914:, etc.). Was used in
801:
754:Transverse arches in
510:. In the interior of
325:
186:Masonry arch elements
185:
101:arcuated construction
61:is a curved vertical
50:
40:Arch (disambiguation)
7434:. E. & F.N. Spon
7002:Construction History
6325:Current Anthropology
6278:Current Anthropology
5876:Chinese Architecture
5792:Chinese Architecture
5363:Luebkeman, Chris H.
5044:Mahan, D.H. (1873).
4962:, pp. 174, 184.
3746:Chichester Cathedral
3704:. For example, when
3696:Architectural styles
3632:is applied to them.
3344:in the 12th century
3232:Western Roman Empire
3230:The collapse of the
2993:Umayyad architecture
2764:The Jupiter gate at
2682:, Severan temple at
1840:Iranian architecture
1763:Mayan corbelled arch
1684:architecture in the
1676:used already in the
1671:) arch, made of two
1297:Trefoil arch in the
1229:Arnold von Westfalen
1203:Perpendicular Gothic
1109:The intrados of the
1084:equilateral triangle
920:Baroque architecture
879:Islamic architecture
771:San Miniato al Monte
530:Islamic architecture
470:by the material used
344:Roman triumphal arch
122:, especially in the
103:, as opposed to the
89:hydrostatic pressure
7695: / Guest room
6619:on 2 February 2017.
5161:by C. Ewert in the
5010:, p. 183, #19.
4998:, p. 183, #18.
4974:, p. 183, #14.
4633:Gothic Architecture
4499:Building Structures
4466:Building Structures
4175:, pp. 431–432.
3951:, pp. 291–293.
3720:Cultural references
3702:architectural style
3683:Reinforced concrete
3628:, but brittle when
3374:semicircular arches
3348:was sporadic, with
3220:, Lima, Peru (1735)
3021:Mosque of Ibn Tulun
3009:Palace of Ukhaidhir
2740:made of bricks and
2638:aqueduct of Segovia
2389:Kazarma tholos tomb
2237:city gates, one at
2219: 2000 BC
2129:Rossgraben bridge (
1838:, became common in
1702:Anglo-Saxon England
1600:Newcastle upon Tyne
1592:through arch bridge
1264:Mosque of Ibn Tulun
1168:reversed curve arch
1100:Salisbury Cathedral
1082:point, they form a
1064:Gothic architecture
462:is single-centred,
281:horizontal division
76:in the 4th century
8171:Servants' quarters
7346:10.1201/b15267-153
7091:American Scientist
6566:Beall, C. (1987).
5727:, pp. 429–437
5679:Cambridge, England
5629:Wright, G. R. H.,
5482:The Jerusalem Post
5318:. Merriam-Webster.
5274:. Merriam-Webster.
5242:. Merriam-Webster.
5198:. Merriam-Webster.
4986:, p. 182, #9.
4062:. Merriam-Webster.
3982:. Merriam-Webster.
3690:reinforcement rods
3646:rectangular cuboid
3614:
3489:Mayan architecture
3331:Cemetery H culture
2943:ceramic roof tiles
2808:Arch of Augustus,
2736:, mostly used low
2688:Christian basilica
2520:stadium at Olympia
2139:
2062:Hinged arch bridge
2050:basket handle arch
2040:(sometimes also a
1986:Monreale Cathedral
1927:Lorenziberg church
1899:Ramping arches at
1874:(also known as an
1453:curves (including
1314:Layer Marney Tower
1262:Pointed arches of
1201:), in the English
1152:St Mark's Basilica
1052:consists of two ("
1040:
904:three-centred arch
896:basket-handle arch
890:Basket-handle arch
804:
769:Diaphragm arch in
328:
188:
55:
8623:Bridge components
8618:Arches and vaults
8554:
8553:
7972:Janitorial closet
7706:Bedsit / Miniflat
7494:InteractiveTHRUST
7466:978-1-884446-05-4
7449:Oxford Art Online
7412:978-3-030-29226-3
7378:978-0-486-14840-3
7365:"Triangular Arch"
7355:978-0-429-15935-0
7298:978-90-04-44612-0
7271:978-0-06-430158-9
7206:978-81-7008-053-4
7156:978-0-521-39326-3
7130:978-1-350-14541-2
7066:978-0-226-86939-1
6998:"Strainer arches"
6988:978-1-884446-05-4
6971:Oxford Art Online
6961:978-0-19-883248-5
6906:978-88-85066-66-3
6860:World Archaeology
6843:978-1-136-44406-7
6815:978-1-136-41025-3
6787:978-0-19-860678-9
6762:978-0-19-956992-2
6727:978-3-030-43217-1
6700:978-1-003-34844-3
6612:978-0-367-86572-6
6579:978-0-07-004223-0
6467:, pp. 14–15.
6451:978-0-470-07468-8
6414:978-0-262-68054-7
6238:978-0-9844043-0-8
6195:978-90-04-10512-6
6111:978-0-210-22278-2
6084:978-1-57607-907-2
5979:Needham, Joseph.
5968:978-0-8048-3884-9
5521:978-1-58983-277-0
5489:on 14 August 2013
5345:978-0-419-25820-9
5190:"surmounted arch"
4835:, ogee arch p=37.
4684:978-1-4392-5944-3
4643:978-0-300-08799-4
4514:978-0-470-54260-6
4481:978-0-470-54260-6
3785:Suspension bridge
3620:and unreinforced
3556:truss arch bridge
3528:Robert Stephenson
3439:, 1st century AD)
3435:Arches at Karle (
3307:2nd millennium BC
3039:, 16th century).
2947:stone gate towers
2921:construction and
2722:Ponte San Lorenzo
2590:semicircular arch
2512:Rhodes Footbridge
2470:Achaemenid Empire
2420:cyclopean masonry
2414:Arkadiko Bridge (
2272:4th millennium BC
2200:ancient Near East
2156:thermal expansion
2123:
2122:
2115:
2052:or a blunt arch.
1817:flying buttresses
1690:2nd millennium BC
1667:The corbel (also
1563:weighted catenary
1534:weighted catenary
1451:hyperbolic cosine
1447:elliptical curves
1381:Hartenfels Castle
1191:four-centred arch
1184:Southwell Minster
1096:Saint-Denis Abbey
828:Semicircular arch
684:Transverse arches
526:Two-tiered arches
516:separating arches
487:thermal expansion
480:by the number of
70:4th millennium BC
16:(Redirected from
8630:
8595:
8594:
8583:
8582:
8571:
8570:
8562:
8543:
8542:
8512:Home improvement
8284:Studio apartment
8076:Kitchen-related
7752:Conversation pit
7539:and spaces of a
7530:
7523:
7516:
7507:
7506:
7470:
7443:
7441:
7439:
7424:
7389:
7387:
7385:
7359:
7324:
7322:
7320:
7311:
7302:
7275:
7250:
7241:
7229:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7189:
7169:
7159:
7141:
7139:
7137:
7111:
7087:
7077:
7075:
7073:
7049:
7038:Grove Art Online
7032:
7030:
7028:
6992:
6965:
6938:
6909:
6891:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6798:
6796:
6794:
6776:(2nd ed.).
6766:
6739:
6704:
6677:
6639:
6637:
6635:
6620:
6615:. Archived from
6600:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6562:
6560:
6558:
6543:
6527:
6507:
6501:
6495:
6489:
6483:
6477:
6468:
6462:
6456:
6455:
6439:
6429:
6423:
6422:
6398:
6392:
6391:
6363:
6357:
6356:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6269:
6263:
6257:
6251:
6250:
6222:
6216:
6215:
6209:
6207:
6198:. Archived from
6179:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6144:
6138:
6137:
6131:
6122:
6116:
6115:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6068:
6062:
6056:
6045:
6039:
6033:
6027:
6021:
6015:
6004:
5998:
5992:
5977:
5971:
5956:
5950:
5935:
5929:
5918:Han Civilization
5914:
5908:
5893:
5887:
5872:
5866:
5851:
5845:
5830:
5824:
5813:Han Civilization
5809:
5803:
5788:
5782:
5767:
5761:
5746:
5740:
5734:
5728:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5712:Internet Archive
5709:
5707:
5677:(2nd ed.).
5664:
5658:
5652:
5646:
5640:
5634:
5627:
5621:
5606:
5600:
5585:
5579:
5564:
5558:
5552:
5539:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5472:
5466:
5465:
5429:
5423:
5416:
5410:
5403:
5397:
5391:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5329:
5320:
5319:
5306:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5262:
5256:
5253:Calvo-López 2020
5250:
5244:
5243:
5230:
5224:
5218:
5212:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5186:
5180:
5174:
5168:
5160:
5152:
5143:
5137:
5131:
5125:
5119:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5093:
5087:
5081:
5075:
5069:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5041:
5035:
5029:
5023:
5017:
5011:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4969:
4963:
4957:
4951:
4945:
4939:
4933:
4927:
4921:
4912:
4906:
4900:
4894:
4875:
4869:
4860:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4746:
4740:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4706:on 13 March 2013
4695:
4689:
4688:
4670:
4664:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4627:
4621:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4555:
4546:
4540:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4502:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4469:
4459:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4411:Historic England
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4330:
4324:
4318:
4312:
4306:
4300:
4294:
4285:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4261:
4247:
4236:
4230:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4188:
4182:
4176:
4170:
4164:
4156:
4148:
4131:
4125:
4112:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3970:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3884:
3873:
3864:
3858:
3849:
3843:
3837:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3808:
3802:
3742:J. Meade Falkner
3712:(no arches) and
3587:
3575:
3524:Britannia Bridge
3517:tensile strength
3475:
3463:
3448:
3432:
3420:
3366:Mahabodhi temple
3267:Durham Cathedral
3255:Romanesque style
3213:
3201:
3189:
3177:
3165:
3153:
3138:
3126:
3104:
2973:
2901:
2889:
2879:
2869:
2859:
2849:
2837:
2825:
2815:
2805:
2793:
2781:
2771:
2761:
2748:can be found in
2738:segmental arches
2718:Alconétar Bridge
2711:domed structures
2677:
2650:Arch of Augustus
2571:
2562:(4th century BC)
2551:
2531:
2446:
2442:
2430:
2417:
2411:
2401:
2397:
2384:
2374:
2364:
2350:
2336:
2300:Auguste Mariette
2258:
2255:
2247:
2244:
2220:
2217:
2118:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2098:
2074:
2073:
2066:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2015:
1997:
1981:
1965:
1945:
1935:
1922:
1909:
1896:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1794:
1760:
1748:
1736:
1721:
1615:
1587:
1545:
1525:
1513:
1501:
1474:hyperbolic curve
1459:parabolic curves
1434:
1421:
1411:
1398:
1389:
1376:
1367:
1359:Palazzo Guadagni
1354:
1339:
1324:
1309:
1299:Bayeux Cathedral
1294:
1279:
1259:
1237:
1076:Equilateral arch
1055:two-centred arch
1015:
1003:
993:Alconétar Bridge
988:
964:
868:
781:
766:
756:Speyer Cathedral
751:
739:
686:, introduced in
676:relieving arches
658:
642:
630:
614:
605:
592:
576:
466:is two-centred);
419:
399:
370:Funicular shapes
283:above is called
137:tensile strength
21:
8638:
8637:
8633:
8632:
8631:
8629:
8628:
8627:
8603:
8602:
8601:
8589:
8577:
8565:
8557:
8555:
8550:
8546:Category: Rooms
8531:
8475:
8296:
8288:
8254:Secondary suite
8205:
8080:butler's pantry
8052:
7995:Mechanical room
7948:Electrical room
7907:
7895:
7725:
7669:
7643:Recreation room
7543:
7534:
7478:
7473:
7467:
7437:
7435:
7413:
7383:
7381:
7379:
7356:
7318:
7316:
7314:Muslim Heritage
7309:
7299:
7272:
7238:
7227:
7211:
7209:
7207:
7167:
7157:
7135:
7133:
7131:
7085:
7071:
7069:
7067:
7026:
7024:
6989:
6962:
6907:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6820:
6818:
6816:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6763:
6728:
6701:
6633:
6631:
6613:
6598:
6584:
6582:
6580:
6572:. McGraw-Hill.
6556:
6554:
6547:Au, T. (1960).
6540:
6525:
6516:
6511:
6510:
6502:
6498:
6490:
6486:
6478:
6471:
6463:
6459:
6452:
6430:
6426:
6415:
6399:
6395:
6364:
6360:
6317:
6313:
6270:
6266:
6258:
6254:
6239:
6223:
6219:
6205:
6203:
6196:
6180:
6176:
6168:
6160:
6156:
6145:
6141:
6129:
6123:
6119:
6112:
6096:
6092:
6085:
6069:
6065:
6057:
6048:
6040:
6036:
6028:
6024:
6016:
6007:
5999:
5995:
5978:
5974:
5957:
5953:
5936:
5932:
5915:
5911:
5894:
5890:
5873:
5869:
5852:
5848:
5831:
5827:
5810:
5806:
5789:
5785:
5768:
5764:
5747:
5743:
5735:
5731:
5723:
5719:
5705:
5703:
5693:
5685:. p. 231.
5665:
5661:
5653:
5649:
5641:
5637:
5628:
5624:
5607:
5603:
5586:
5582:
5565:
5561:
5553:
5542:
5534:Frances, Rosa:
5533:
5529:
5522:
5506:
5502:
5492:
5490:
5473:
5469:
5446:10.2307/4199854
5430:
5426:
5417:
5413:
5404:
5400:
5392:
5388:
5378:
5376:
5361:
5357:
5346:
5330:
5323:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5295:
5291:
5283:
5279:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5251:
5247:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5219:
5215:
5207:
5203:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5175:
5171:
5158:
5153:
5146:
5138:
5134:
5126:
5122:
5114:
5110:
5102:
5094:
5090:
5082:
5078:
5070:
5063:
5053:
5051:
5042:
5038:
5030:
5026:
5018:
5014:
5006:
5002:
4994:
4990:
4982:
4978:
4970:
4966:
4958:
4954:
4946:
4942:
4934:
4930:
4922:
4915:
4907:
4903:
4895:
4878:
4870:
4863:
4855:
4851:
4843:
4839:
4831:
4827:
4819:
4815:
4811:, Four-centred.
4807:
4803:
4795:
4791:
4783:
4779:
4771:
4767:
4759:
4755:
4747:
4743:
4735:
4731:
4723:
4719:
4709:
4707:
4696:
4692:
4685:
4671:
4667:
4659:
4655:
4644:
4628:
4624:
4616:
4612:
4604:
4600:
4592:
4588:
4580:
4576:
4568:
4564:
4556:
4549:
4541:
4534:
4526:
4522:
4515:
4493:
4489:
4482:
4460:
4447:
4439:
4435:
4425:
4423:
4408:
4404:
4394:
4392:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4370:
4366:
4358:
4351:
4343:
4339:
4331:
4327:
4319:
4315:
4307:
4303:
4295:
4288:
4280:
4276:
4268:
4264:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4220:
4216:
4208:
4191:
4187:, p. 1089.
4183:
4179:
4171:
4167:
4154:
4149:
4134:
4126:
4115:
4107:
4103:
4095:
4091:
4083:
4079:
4071:
4067:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4039:
4035:
4027:
4023:
4015:
4011:
4003:
3999:
3991:
3987:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3959:
3955:
3947:
3943:
3935:
3931:
3923:
3914:
3906:
3902:
3894:
3887:
3874:
3867:
3859:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3832:
3828:
3820:
3811:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3775:Flying buttress
3755:
3738:The Nebuly Coat
3722:
3706:Heinrich Hübsch
3698:
3685:
3638:
3598:
3591:
3588:
3579:
3576:
3505:
3486:
3479:
3476:
3467:
3464:
3455:
3449:
3440:
3433:
3424:
3421:
3397:post and lintel
3299:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3205:
3202:
3193:
3190:
3181:
3178:
3169:
3166:
3157:
3154:
3145:
3139:
3130:
3127:
3111:transverse arch
3056:mixed-line arch
2988:
2981:
2974:
2912:
2905:
2902:
2893:
2890:
2881:
2870:
2861:
2850:
2841:
2838:
2829:
2826:
2817:
2806:
2797:
2794:
2785:
2782:
2773:
2762:
2671:
2604:Throughout the
2582:
2575:
2572:
2563:
2552:
2543:
2532:
2488:Sasanian Empire
2484:Parthian Empire
2458:
2451:
2436:
2431:
2422:
2412:
2403:
2391:
2385:
2376:
2365:
2356:
2337:
2318:Arkadiko Bridge
2256:
2245:
2218:
2212:H. V. Hilprecht
2192:
2172:
2119:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2085:Please help by
2084:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2058:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2007:
2005:masonry courses
1998:
1989:
1982:
1973:
1966:
1957:
1946:
1937:
1929:
1923:
1914:
1903:
1897:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1832:shouldered arch
1788:
1771:
1764:
1761:
1752:
1749:
1740:
1739:Triangular arch
1737:
1728:
1722:
1706:St Mary Goslany
1697:triangular arch
1665:
1635:(also known as
1629:
1622:
1616:
1607:
1588:
1571:funicular curve
1549:
1546:
1537:
1526:
1517:
1514:
1505:
1502:
1478:circumferential
1442:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1413:
1405:
1399:
1390:
1383:
1377:
1368:
1361:
1357:Keel arches at
1355:
1346:
1340:
1331:
1325:
1316:
1310:
1301:
1295:
1286:
1282:Cusped arch in
1280:
1271:
1260:
1248:mixed-line arch
1231:
1219:(also known as
1145:Each arc of an
1113:(also known as
1046:
1032:
1025:
1016:
1007:
1004:
995:
989:
980:
965:
945:Southern France
935:(also known as
929:
898:(also known as
892:
859:
830:
824:
802:Types of arches
796:
789:
786:Wells Cathedral
782:
773:
767:
758:
752:
743:
740:
728:flying buttress
712:Wells Cathedral
708:Strainer arches
672:
665:
659:
650:
643:
634:
631:
622:
615:
606:
599:
597:St. Zeno church
593:
584:
577:
549:containing arch
541:Early Christian
496:
438:
436:Classifications
431:
430:, 19th century)
420:
411:
408:Giovanni Poleni
400:
378:
376:Funicular curve
372:
360:engineered wood
320:
232:springing level
190:A typical true
169:proscenium arch
157:
150:
145:
113:posts and beams
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8636:
8626:
8625:
8620:
8615:
8600:
8599:
8587:
8575:
8552:
8551:
8549:
8548:
8536:
8533:
8532:
8530:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8483:
8481:
8477:
8476:
8474:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8442:
8441:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8395:
8394:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8345:
8340:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8300:
8298:
8290:
8289:
8287:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8245:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8224:
8219:
8213:
8211:
8207:
8206:
8204:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8166:Servants' hall
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8109:
8108:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8074:
8069:
8063:
8061:
8054:
8053:
8051:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7992:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7955:
7953:Equipment room
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7914:
7912:
7897:
7896:
7894:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7869:
7867:Secret passage
7864:
7859:
7858:
7857:
7852:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7796:
7795:
7785:
7776:
7775:
7774:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7733:
7731:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7702:
7701:
7690:
7689:
7688:
7677:
7675:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7640:
7639:
7638:
7628:
7627:
7626:
7616:
7611:
7610:
7609:
7604:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7553:
7551:
7545:
7544:
7533:
7532:
7525:
7518:
7510:
7504:
7503:
7497:
7491:
7477:
7476:External links
7474:
7472:
7471:
7465:
7444:
7425:
7411:
7390:
7377:
7360:
7354:
7325:
7297:
7276:
7270:
7251:
7242:
7236:
7218:
7205:
7190:
7180:(2): 220–229.
7160:
7155:
7142:
7129:
7112:
7078:
7065:
7050:
7033:
6993:
6987:
6966:
6960:
6939:
6921:(1): 173–186.
6910:
6905:
6897:I ponti romani
6892:
6866:(3): 407–424.
6855:
6842:
6827:
6814:
6799:
6786:
6767:
6761:
6740:
6726:
6705:
6699:
6678:
6659:10.2307/503797
6640:
6621:
6611:
6591:
6578:
6563:
6544:
6538:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6496:
6484:
6469:
6465:Mallgrave 1988
6457:
6450:
6424:
6413:
6393:
6380:10.2307/991404
6358:
6337:10.1086/200668
6311:
6290:10.1086/200506
6284:(4): 328–329.
6264:
6252:
6237:
6217:
6202:on 2 July 2018
6194:
6174:
6171:. p. 124.
6154:
6139:
6117:
6110:
6090:
6083:
6063:
6046:
6034:
6022:
6005:
5993:
5991:. pp. 145–147.
5972:
5951:
5930:
5909:
5888:
5867:
5846:
5825:
5804:
5783:
5762:
5741:
5729:
5725:Galliazzo 1995
5717:
5691:
5659:
5647:
5643:Galliazzo 1995
5635:
5622:
5601:
5580:
5559:
5540:
5527:
5520:
5500:
5467:
5440:(2): 234–264.
5424:
5411:
5398:
5386:
5355:
5344:
5321:
5301:
5289:
5277:
5257:
5255:, p. 265.
5245:
5234:"splayed arch"
5225:
5213:
5201:
5181:
5169:
5144:
5132:
5130:, p. 305.
5120:
5108:
5088:
5076:
5061:
5036:
5034:, p. 224.
5024:
5022:, p. 501.
5012:
5000:
4988:
4976:
4964:
4952:
4950:, p. 220.
4940:
4928:
4926:, p. 185.
4913:
4911:, p. 387.
4901:
4876:
4861:
4859:, p. 153.
4849:
4837:
4825:
4813:
4801:
4789:
4777:
4765:
4753:
4741:
4729:
4727:, Equilateral.
4717:
4690:
4683:
4665:
4663:, p. 265.
4653:
4642:
4622:
4610:
4608:, Two-centred.
4598:
4586:
4574:
4562:
4560:, p. 417.
4547:
4532:
4520:
4513:
4487:
4480:
4445:
4433:
4402:
4376:
4364:
4349:
4337:
4325:
4313:
4301:
4286:
4274:
4262:
4260:, p. 447.
4231:
4214:
4189:
4177:
4165:
4132:
4130:, p. 425.
4113:
4101:
4099:, p. 169.
4089:
4077:
4065:
4045:
4033:
4021:
4019:, p. 301.
4009:
3997:
3985:
3974:"rowlock arch"
3965:
3953:
3941:
3929:
3912:
3900:
3885:
3865:
3861:Lyttleton 2003
3850:
3838:
3826:
3809:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3780:Order moulding
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3721:
3718:
3697:
3694:
3684:
3681:
3637:
3634:
3630:tensile stress
3612:, Spain (2005)
3597:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3570:
3504:
3501:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3458:
3456:
3450:
3443:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3415:
3405:Buland Darwaza
3370:pointed arches
3298:
3295:
3236:pre-Romanesque
3227:
3226:Western Europe
3224:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3148:
3146:
3140:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3121:
3044:horseshoe arch
3005:Al-Aqsa Mosque
3001:pointed arches
2987:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2884:
2882:
2872:Arches in the
2871:
2864:
2862:
2851:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2820:
2818:
2810:Susa, Piedmont
2807:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2776:
2774:
2763:
2756:
2752:and palaces.
2646:Roman republic
2644:dates back to
2642:triumphal arch
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2566:
2564:
2553:
2546:
2544:
2533:
2526:
2466:ancient Persia
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2432:
2425:
2423:
2413:
2406:
2404:
2386:
2379:
2377:
2366:
2359:
2357:
2338:
2331:
2320:, in Greece.
2296:Roman conquest
2257: 1750 BC
2248:), and one at
2246: 1850 BC
2202:including the
2191:
2188:
2171:
2168:
2141:The practical
2121:
2120:
2078:
2076:
2069:
2060:Main article:
2057:
2054:
2042:depressed arch
2024:
2023:
2017:
2010:
2008:
1999:
1992:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1958:
1947:
1940:
1938:
1924:
1917:
1915:
1901:Palau Dalmases
1898:
1891:
1844:Ottoman Turkey
1784:) is known as
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1731:
1729:
1723:
1716:
1664:
1661:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1610:
1608:
1589:
1582:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1527:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1496:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1400:
1393:
1391:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1334:
1332:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1312:Tudor arch at
1311:
1304:
1302:
1296:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1274:
1272:
1261:
1254:
1189:Each arc of a
1127:scalloped arch
1123:polylobed arch
1115:multifoil arch
1042:Main article:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1019:Horseshoe arch
1017:
1010:
1008:
1005:
998:
996:
990:
983:
981:
966:
959:
933:horseshoe arch
927:Horseshoe arch
925:Main article:
900:depressed arch
888:Main article:
863:segmental arch
857:Segmental arch
855:Main article:
852:architecture.
826:Main article:
823:
820:
795:
792:
791:
790:
783:
776:
774:
768:
761:
759:
753:
746:
744:
741:
734:
704:diaphragm arch
680:Roman Pantheon
674:Structurally,
671:
668:
667:
666:
660:
653:
651:
644:
637:
635:
632:
625:
623:
616:
609:
607:
594:
587:
585:
578:
571:
495:
492:
491:
490:
473:
467:
456:
437:
434:
433:
432:
421:
414:
412:
401:
394:
374:Main article:
371:
368:
348:counter-arches
336:bending moment
319:
316:
291:
290:
274:
269:
263:
251:
221:
215:
205:
149:
146:
144:
143:Basic concepts
141:
74:Ancient Romans
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8635:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8610:
8608:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8563:
8560:
8547:
8538:
8537:
8534:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8484:
8482:
8478:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8440:
8437:
8436:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8393:
8390:
8389:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8301:
8299:
8295:
8294:Architectural
8291:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8274:Semi-detached
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8229:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8214:
8212:
8208:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8191:Swimming pool
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8131:Great chamber
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8113:
8110:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8077:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8055:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8043:Wiring closet
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8014:Semi-basement
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7915:
7913:
7911:
7906:
7902:
7898:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7847:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7794:
7791:
7790:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7780:
7777:
7773:
7770:
7769:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7734:
7732:
7728:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7700:
7697:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7687:
7684:
7683:
7682:
7679:
7678:
7676:
7674:Private rooms
7672:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7649:
7648:billiard room
7646:
7645:
7644:
7641:
7637:
7634:
7633:
7632:
7629:
7625:
7622:
7621:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7602:dirty kitchen
7600:
7599:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7550:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7531:
7526:
7524:
7519:
7517:
7512:
7511:
7508:
7501:
7498:
7495:
7492:
7489:
7488:
7483:
7480:
7479:
7468:
7462:
7458:
7454:
7450:
7445:
7433:
7432:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7408:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7391:
7380:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7361:
7357:
7351:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7326:
7315:
7308:
7300:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7277:
7273:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7258:
7252:
7248:
7243:
7239:
7237:0-86728-012-3
7233:
7226:
7225:
7219:
7208:
7202:
7198:
7197:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7174:
7166:
7161:
7158:
7152:
7148:
7147:Roman Bridges
7143:
7132:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7092:
7084:
7079:
7068:
7062:
7058:
7057:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7034:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6994:
6990:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6967:
6963:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6911:
6908:
6902:
6898:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6856:
6845:
6839:
6835:
6834:
6828:
6817:
6811:
6807:
6806:
6800:
6789:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6774:
6768:
6764:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6706:
6702:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6679:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6653:(1): 83–100,
6652:
6648:
6647:
6641:
6629:
6628:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6608:
6605:. CRC Press.
6604:
6597:
6592:
6581:
6575:
6571:
6570:
6564:
6552:
6551:
6545:
6541:
6539:9781315675022
6535:
6531:
6524:
6519:
6518:
6506:, p. 62.
6505:
6500:
6493:
6488:
6481:
6476:
6474:
6466:
6461:
6453:
6447:
6443:
6438:
6437:
6428:
6420:
6416:
6410:
6406:
6405:
6397:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6362:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6315:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6268:
6262:, p. 47.
6261:
6260:Quirarte 1989
6256:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6234:
6230:
6229:
6221:
6213:
6201:
6197:
6191:
6187:
6186:
6178:
6167:
6166:
6158:
6150:
6143:
6135:
6128:
6121:
6113:
6107:
6103:
6102:
6094:
6086:
6080:
6076:
6075:
6067:
6060:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6043:
6038:
6031:
6026:
6019:
6014:
6012:
6010:
6002:
5997:
5990:
5989:0-521-29286-7
5986:
5982:
5976:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5955:
5948:
5947:0-300-08284-3
5944:
5940:
5934:
5927:
5926:0-300-02723-0
5923:
5919:
5913:
5906:
5905:0-300-10797-8
5902:
5898:
5892:
5885:
5884:0-300-09559-7
5881:
5877:
5871:
5864:
5863:0-07-141279-4
5860:
5856:
5850:
5843:
5842:0-472-11534-0
5839:
5835:
5829:
5822:
5821:0-300-02723-0
5818:
5814:
5808:
5801:
5800:0-300-09559-7
5797:
5793:
5787:
5780:
5779:0-521-05803-1
5776:
5772:
5766:
5759:
5758:0-521-07060-0
5755:
5751:
5745:
5739:, p. 171
5738:
5737:O'Connor 1993
5733:
5726:
5721:
5713:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5663:
5657:, p. 91.
5656:
5651:
5645:, p. 36.
5644:
5639:
5632:
5626:
5619:
5618:0-521-20092-X
5615:
5611:
5605:
5598:
5597:1-55786-860-3
5594:
5590:
5584:
5577:
5576:0-415-32089-5
5573:
5569:
5563:
5556:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5537:
5531:
5523:
5517:
5513:
5512:
5504:
5488:
5484:
5483:
5478:
5471:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5428:
5421:
5415:
5408:
5402:
5396:, p. 117
5395:
5390:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5359:
5351:
5347:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5328:
5326:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5305:
5298:
5293:
5286:
5281:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5261:
5254:
5249:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5229:
5222:
5217:
5210:
5205:
5197:
5196:
5191:
5185:
5179:, Shouldered.
5178:
5173:
5166:
5165:
5156:
5151:
5149:
5141:
5136:
5129:
5124:
5117:
5112:
5101:
5100:
5092:
5085:
5080:
5073:
5068:
5066:
5049:
5048:
5040:
5033:
5032:Osserman 2010
5028:
5021:
5016:
5009:
5004:
4997:
4992:
4985:
4980:
4973:
4968:
4961:
4956:
4949:
4948:Osserman 2010
4944:
4937:
4932:
4925:
4920:
4918:
4910:
4905:
4898:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4874:, p. 15.
4873:
4868:
4866:
4858:
4853:
4846:
4841:
4834:
4829:
4822:
4817:
4810:
4805:
4798:
4793:
4786:
4781:
4774:
4769:
4762:
4757:
4750:
4745:
4738:
4733:
4726:
4721:
4705:
4701:
4694:
4686:
4680:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4657:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4626:
4619:
4614:
4607:
4602:
4595:
4590:
4583:
4578:
4571:
4566:
4559:
4554:
4552:
4544:
4539:
4537:
4529:
4524:
4516:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4500:
4491:
4483:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4467:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4442:
4437:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4373:
4368:
4361:
4356:
4354:
4346:
4341:
4335:, Transverse.
4334:
4329:
4323:, Rear-arch .
4322:
4317:
4310:
4305:
4299:, Containing.
4298:
4293:
4291:
4283:
4278:
4272:, Two-tiered.
4271:
4266:
4259:
4258:3-572-05927-5
4255:
4251:
4245:
4240:
4239:Wilfried Koch
4235:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4211:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4186:
4181:
4174:
4169:
4162:
4161:
4152:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4129:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4111:, p. 40.
4110:
4105:
4098:
4093:
4086:
4081:
4074:
4069:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4049:
4042:
4037:
4030:
4025:
4018:
4013:
4006:
4001:
3994:
3989:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3962:
3957:
3950:
3945:
3939:, p. 90.
3938:
3933:
3927:, Triangular.
3926:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3909:
3904:
3897:
3892:
3890:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3870:
3862:
3857:
3855:
3847:
3842:
3835:
3830:
3823:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3693:
3691:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3586:
3581:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3474:
3469:
3462:
3457:
3454:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3437:Great Chaitya
3431:
3426:
3419:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:cusped arches
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3294:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3219:
3212:
3207:
3200:
3195:
3188:
3183:
3176:
3171:
3164:
3159:
3152:
3147:
3144:
3137:
3132:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:Mudéjar style
3112:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3091:Monte Cassino
3089:, in Europe (
3088:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2979:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2919:timber-framed
2916:
2910:Ancient China
2900:
2895:
2888:
2883:
2875:
2868:
2863:
2855:
2848:
2843:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2819:
2811:
2804:
2799:
2792:
2787:
2780:
2775:
2767:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2746:lintel arches
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2654:Arch of Titus
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2536:Dur-Sharrukin
2530:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2474:barrel vaults
2471:
2467:
2463:
2450:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2424:
2421:
2410:
2405:
2395:
2390:
2387:Ruins of the
2383:
2378:
2370:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2341:Heb-sed court
2335:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2310:beehive tombs
2307:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2280:Third Dynasty
2277:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2251:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2196:corbel arches
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2117:
2114:
2106:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:This section
2077:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2056:Hinged arches
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2038:surbased arch
2021:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1950:Doge's Palace
1944:
1939:
1933:
1928:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1821:ribbed vaults
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:straight arch
1642:
1638:
1634:
1620:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1530:Rankine curve
1528:Palau Güell:
1524:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1327:Ogee arch at
1323:
1318:
1315:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1266:(9th century
1265:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:inflexed arch
1218:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:inverted arch
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:polyfoil arch
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1036:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1009:
1002:
997:
994:
987:
982:
978:
974:
970:
963:
958:
957:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
928:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
875:Greek temples
872:
864:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
829:
819:
817:
813:
809:
800:
787:
780:
775:
772:
765:
760:
757:
750:
745:
738:
733:
732:
731:
729:
725:
721:
720:flying arches
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
664:
657:
652:
648:
641:
636:
629:
624:
620:
613:
608:
603:
598:
591:
586:
582:
575:
570:
569:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
521:
517:
514:, arcades of
513:
512:hall churches
509:
505:
501:
488:
484:
483:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
461:
457:
454:
450:
446:
443:
442:
441:
429:
425:
418:
413:
409:
405:
398:
393:
392:
391:
389:
384:
377:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
337:
333:
324:
315:
313:
308:
304:
300:
296:
288:
287:
282:
278:
275:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
260:
255:
252:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
209:
206:
204:
200:
197:
196:
195:
193:
184:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
155:
140:
138:
134:
130:
125:
121:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
60:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
8613:Arch bridges
8573:Architecture
8424:Roof lantern
8303:
8176:Smoking room
8146:Long gallery
8126:Drawing room
8112:Conservatory
8019:Storm cellar
7990:Storage room
7986:Utility room
7982:Laundry room
7958:Furnace room
7549:Shared rooms
7486:
7448:
7436:. Retrieved
7430:
7394:
7382:. Retrieved
7368:
7333:
7317:. Retrieved
7313:
7280:
7256:
7247:Architectura
7246:
7223:
7210:. Retrieved
7195:
7177:
7171:
7146:
7134:. Retrieved
7120:
7095:
7089:
7070:. Retrieved
7055:
7037:
7025:. Retrieved
7005:
7001:
6970:
6943:
6918:
6914:
6896:
6863:
6859:
6847:. Retrieved
6832:
6819:. Retrieved
6804:
6791:. Retrieved
6772:
6744:
6709:
6682:
6650:
6644:
6632:. Retrieved
6626:
6617:the original
6602:
6583:. Retrieved
6568:
6555:. Retrieved
6549:
6529:
6504:Royster 2021
6499:
6487:
6482:, p. 1.
6460:
6435:
6427:
6403:
6396:
6374:(1): 46–58.
6371:
6367:
6361:
6331:(1): 89–90.
6328:
6324:
6314:
6281:
6277:
6267:
6255:
6247:Google Books
6231:. Grafikol.
6227:
6220:
6212:Google Books
6210:– via
6204:. Retrieved
6200:the original
6184:
6177:
6164:
6157:
6148:
6142:
6133:
6120:
6100:
6093:
6073:
6066:
6044:, p. 4.
6037:
6032:, p. 7.
6025:
6003:, p. 5.
5996:
5980:
5975:
5959:
5954:
5938:
5933:
5917:
5912:
5896:
5891:
5875:
5870:
5854:
5849:
5833:
5828:
5812:
5807:
5791:
5786:
5770:
5765:
5749:
5744:
5732:
5720:
5710:– via
5704:. Retrieved
5673:
5662:
5650:
5638:
5630:
5625:
5609:
5604:
5589:The Persians
5588:
5583:
5567:
5562:
5530:
5510:
5503:
5491:. Retrieved
5487:the original
5480:
5470:
5437:
5433:
5427:
5414:
5401:
5389:
5377:. Retrieved
5368:
5358:
5350:Google Books
5348:– via
5334:
5313:
5304:
5292:
5280:
5269:
5260:
5248:
5237:
5228:
5216:
5204:
5193:
5184:
5172:
5162:
5159:(in Italian)
5135:
5123:
5111:
5098:
5091:
5086:, Corbelled.
5079:
5052:. Retrieved
5046:
5039:
5027:
5015:
5003:
4991:
4979:
4967:
4955:
4943:
4931:
4904:
4852:
4840:
4828:
4816:
4804:
4792:
4780:
4768:
4756:
4744:
4732:
4720:
4708:. Retrieved
4704:the original
4693:
4674:
4668:
4656:
4648:Google Books
4646:– via
4632:
4625:
4613:
4601:
4596:, Horseshoe.
4589:
4584:, Depressed.
4577:
4565:
4558:DeLaine 1990
4545:, Segmental.
4523:
4498:
4490:
4465:
4436:
4424:. Retrieved
4418:
4405:
4393:. Retrieved
4388:
4379:
4367:
4347:, Diaphragm.
4340:
4328:
4316:
4311:, Interlace.
4304:
4277:
4265:
4249:
4234:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4185:Slivnik 2013
4180:
4168:
4158:
4155:(in Italian)
4104:
4092:
4080:
4075:, Archivolt.
4068:
4057:
4048:
4036:
4024:
4012:
4000:
3988:
3977:
3968:
3963:, Structure.
3956:
3949:Wilkins 1879
3944:
3932:
3903:
3879:
3841:
3829:
3800:
3723:
3699:
3686:
3670:
3654:
3639:
3615:
3596:Construction
3560:steel frames
3552:York Minster
3509:wrought iron
3506:
3487:
3453:Ajanta Caves
3393:Western Asia
3390:
3339:
3300:
3283:
3275:Early Gothic
3259:pointed arch
3253:
3245:rebated arch
3244:
3229:
3087:Gothic style
3084:
3076:four-centred
3041:
2989:
2951:
2939:rammed earth
2927:arch bridges
2913:
2766:Falerii Novi
2730:Ostia Antica
2715:
2708:
2692:Santa Sabina
2658:
2634:Pont Du Gard
2606:Roman empire
2603:
2599:
2588:learned the
2584:The ancient
2583:
2580:Ancient Rome
2502:
2500:
2477:
2459:
2322:
2304:
2269:
2193:
2173:
2164:
2152:
2143:arch bridges
2140:
2109:
2103:January 2024
2100:
2087:spinning off
2080:
2048:is either a
2045:
2041:
2037:
2025:
1880:splayed arch
1879:
1876:oblique arch
1875:
1869:
1854:
1851:stilted arch
1848:
1831:
1825:
1801:rampant arch
1800:
1796:
1786:ramping arch
1775:
1772:
1726:Pitti Palace
1694:
1668:
1666:
1663:False arches
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1619:Gateway Arch
1567:
1552:
1471:
1443:
1243:
1239:
1220:
1217:Curtain arch
1216:
1215:
1195:Persian arch
1188:
1176:nodding ogee
1175:
1171:
1167:
1144:
1139:trefoil arch
1137:. A similar
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1053:
1050:pointed arch
1047:
1044:Pointed arch
937:keyhole arch
936:
930:
912:five-centred
911:
907:
903:
899:
893:
860:
834:semicircular
831:
805:
724:counter-arch
698:and support
683:
673:
649:(Romanesque)
581:Pont du Gard
564:
560:
551:, common in
548:
534:
525:
524:
508:Pont du Gard
497:
494:Arrangements
481:
476:structurally
464:pointed arch
449:semicircular
439:
387:
383:Robert Hooke
379:
341:
331:
329:
298:
294:
292:
284:
265:
257:
253:
235:
231:
217:
212:rowlock arch
211:
202:
189:
164:
160:
158:
135:): the high
129:wrought iron
117:
111:technique),
109:steel-framed
100:
97:barrel vault
82:
58:
56:
52:Gateway Arch
44:
35:
31:
18:Rowlock arch
8585:Engineering
8517:Home repair
8314:Belt course
8222:Hidden room
8151:Lumber room
8067:Antechamber
8058:Great house
8038:Wine cellar
8009:Root cellar
7962:Boiler room
7943:Crawl space
7614:Living room
7607:kitchenette
7592:Home cinema
7577:Family room
7572:Dining room
7562:Common room
7438:16 December
7384:15 December
7136:20 February
6849:20 February
6634:15 December
6480:Heyman 2015
6018:Graves 2009
5706:31 December
5371:. MIT.edu.
5310:"drop arch"
5287:, Surbased.
5020:Benaim 2019
4374:, Strainer.
4362:, Inverted.
4242: [
4031:, Intrados.
4007:, Dosseret.
3836:, arch dam.
3770:Flying arch
3692:or fibres.
3666:scaffolding
3626:compression
3606:Móra d'Ebre
3558:), yet the
3511:(and later
3354:Karla Caves
3350:ogee arches
3311:Lomas Rishi
3291:Renaissance
3263:Cluny Abbey
3101:in Venice (
3095:Cluny Abbey
3054:, and the
3052:cusped arch
3033:Diani Beach
2962:Sui dynasty
2958:Anji Bridge
2954:arch bridge
2935:Han dynasty
2742:architraves
2672: [
2437: [
2392: [
2347:(restored,
2176:Roman times
2160:contraction
2131:Rüeggisberg
1930: [
1904: [
1809:arc rampant
1797:raking arch
1789: [
1649:plate-bande
1641:lintel arch
1596:Tyne Bridge
1486:Palau Güell
1429: [
1406: [
1384: [
1362: [
1244:tented arch
1240:draped arch
1232: [
1111:cusped arch
1088:lancet arch
1060:Cluny Abbey
916:late Gothic
908:basket arch
869:2100 BC at
850:Renaissance
647:Castle Acre
600: [
579:Arcades of
350:, as in an
332:arch action
318:Arch action
154:Corbel arch
148:Terminology
131:(and later
115:dominate.
95:, with the
8607:Categories
8527:Tree house
8497:Front yard
8429:Sill plate
8377:Foundation
8319:Bressummer
8232:house plan
8201:Undercroft
8186:State room
8136:Great hall
8105:still room
7772:dumbwaiter
7757:Cubby-hole
7587:Great room
7557:Bonus room
7319:25 January
7212:23 January
7072:7 February
7027:25 January
6710:Stereotomy
6492:Saoud 2002
6136:: 279–295.
6042:Saoud 2002
6030:Saoud 2002
6001:Saoud 2002
5701:1149316661
5692:0521061040
5493:21 January
5394:Rasch 1985
5379:3 February
5266:"surbased"
5211:, Stilted.
5142:, Ramping.
5054:13 January
4847:, Curtain.
4787:, Nodding.
4763:, Trefoil.
4710:3 February
4620:, Pointed.
4225:, vol. 4:
4087:, Joggled.
4054:"arcature"
4017:Beall 1987
3824:, History.
3792:References
3548:Stonehenge
3362:Bhitargaon
3319:Rakhigarhi
3241:arch order
3068:interlaced
2636:, and the
2314:Mycenaeans
2265:Haft Teppe
2252:(dated to
2241:(dated to
2231:Bronze Age
2091:relocating
2002:helicoidal
1855:surmounted
1813:staircases
1769:Variations
1199:Tudor arch
1160:Flamboyant
1104:blunt arch
977:Great Wall
871:Beni Hasan
846:Romanesque
670:Structural
557:interlaced
545:Romanesque
537:blind arch
460:round arch
453:triangular
356:buttressed
272:Clear span
177:triangular
165:false arch
8597:Transport
8451:Threshold
8334:Colonnade
8279:Townhouse
8217:Furniture
8121:Courtyard
8023:Safe room
7933:Cloakroom
7901:Technical
7891:Vestibule
7876:Staircase
7815:Inglenook
7788:Fireplace
7747:Breezeway
7619:Gynaeceum
7421:211581407
7338:CRC Press
7283:. BRILL.
7186:0002-9920
7014:0267-7768
6935:1590-5896
6880:0043-8243
6821:5 January
6793:3 January
6736:241431231
6675:194040597
6585:1 January
6557:2 January
6353:144301211
6345:0011-3204
6306:145134147
6298:0011-3204
6188:. Brill.
5655:Boyd 1978
5462:162348582
5420:Babylonia
4909:Mark 1996
4833:Curl 2006
4751:, Cusped.
4739:, Lancet.
4661:Bond 1905
4572:, Basket.
4441:Curl 2006
3995:, Haunch.
3937:Boyd 1978
3710:trabeated
3677:bald arch
3673:keystones
3662:Voussoirs
3642:voussoirs
3610:Catalonia
3532:trabeated
3378:Gupta era
3286:rib vault
3099:ogee arch
3048:keel arch
3025:Khar Gerd
2923:trabeated
2694:in Rome,
2652:at Susa,
2630:Colosseum
2622:aqueducts
2594:Etruscans
2592:from the
2496:Ctesiphon
2492:Taq Kasra
2462:Assyrians
2369:granaries
2292:Ramesseum
2284:mud brick
2235:Canaanite
2223:Tell Taya
2046:drop arch
2020:Chedgrave
1912:Barcelona
1872:skew arch
1682:Mycenaean
1669:corbelled
1637:jack arch
1633:flat arch
1576:dead load
1440:Parabolic
1207:keel arch
1158:, French
1147:ogee arch
1131:scalloped
955:England.
883:pediments
816:parabolic
621:(Islamic)
565:rere-arch
561:Rear-arch
406:in Rome (
388:funicular
307:Archivolt
173:corbelled
161:true arch
105:trabeated
63:structure
8492:Driveway
8487:Backyard
8446:Skylight
8409:Plumbing
8404:Ornament
8399:Lighting
8309:Baluster
8297:elements
8269:Detached
8264:Terraced
8116:Orangery
8095:scullery
8072:Ballroom
8048:Workshop
8033:Wardrobe
8021: /
7988: /
7984: /
7960: /
7923:Basement
7855:sleeping
7850:screened
7835:Overhang
7779:Entryway
7767:Elevator
7681:Bathroom
7636:man cave
7108:29775710
7100:Sigma Xi
7022:44215905
6419:Archived
6243:Archived
5373:Archived
4799:, Tudor.
4530:, Round.
4426:21 April
4395:21 April
4284:, Blind.
3910:, False.
3848:, vault.
3760:Buttress
3753:See also
3714:arcuated
3658:centring
3622:concrete
3608:bridge,
3534:system,
3376:. These
3358:gavaksha
3315:Harappan
3013:cisterns
2978:spandrel
2663:and the
2661:Pantheon
2614:Scotland
2518:and the
2504:voussoir
2449:Hittites
2375:1300 BC)
2325:Hittites
2239:Ashkelon
2229:and two
2186:ones.
1678:Egyptian
1657:medieval
1559:catenary
1557:itself,
1555:parabola
1532:(a.k.a.
1455:catenary
1211:capsized
1180:pulpitum
1164:Venetian
953:interwar
832:"Round"
716:inverted
455:, etc.);
299:arcature
286:spandrel
277:Abutment
254:Intrados
248:dosseret
228:springer
218:Extrados
208:Voussoir
199:Keystone
85:arch dam
66:spanning
8559:Portals
8480:Related
8456:Transom
8348:Cornice
8338:Portico
8329:Chimney
8324:Ceiling
8156:Parlour
8141:Library
8100:spicery
8090:saucery
8085:buttery
7928:Carport
7910:storage
7905:utility
7886:Veranda
7881:Terrace
7810:Hallway
7742:Balcony
7721:Nursery
7716:Cabinet
7711:Boudoir
7693:Bedroom
7665:Sunroom
7597:Kitchen
6514:Sources
6206:1 April
5454:4199854
5407:352–368
5299:, Drop.
5223:, Skew.
5167:, 1991
5074:, Flat.
4823:, Keel.
4775:, Ogee.
4227:P - Zyp
4163:, 1929
4157:in the
4097:Au 1960
3878:at the
3807:, arch.
3732:. This
3636:Masonry
3540:lintels
3521:tubular
3323:S.R Rao
3303:Kosambi
3080:stilted
3072:joggled
3064:trefoil
3015:at the
2986:Islamic
2956:is the
2880:425 AD)
2874:narthex
2860:150 AD)
2854:Sbeitla
2772:300 BC)
2734:Pompeii
2726:insulae
2700:arcades
2684:Djemila
2618:bridges
2608:, from
2345:Saqqara
2276:Dendera
2250:Tel Dan
2233:arched
2170:History
2031:⁄
1887:shape.
1885:conical
1862:⁄
1828:trefoil
1782:pointed
1776:If one
1673:corbels
1604:England
1574:as the
1482:Galileo
1457:), and
1030:Pointed
1021:in the
979:, China
971:and/or
822:Rounded
812:pointed
808:rounded
583:(Roman)
410:, 1748)
312:joggled
192:masonry
124:masonry
8544:
8502:Garden
8471:Window
8414:Quoins
8392:Portal
8343:Column
8259:Duplex
8237:styles
8196:Turret
8028:Studio
8004:Pantry
7977:Larder
7967:Garage
7938:Closet
7872:Stairs
7830:Loggia
7793:hearth
7783:Genkan
7737:Atrium
7730:Spaces
7699:closet
7686:toilet
7655:Shrine
7631:Andron
7582:Garret
7463:
7419:
7409:
7375:
7352:
7295:
7268:
7234:
7203:
7184:
7153:
7127:
7106:
7063:
7020:
7012:
6985:
6958:
6933:
6903:
6888:124838
6886:
6878:
6840:
6812:
6784:
6759:
6734:
6724:
6697:
6673:
6667:503797
6665:
6609:
6576:
6536:
6448:
6411:
6388:991404
6386:
6351:
6343:
6304:
6296:
6235:
6192:
6108:
6081:
5987:
5966:
5945:
5924:
5903:
5882:
5861:
5840:
5819:
5798:
5777:
5756:
5699:
5689:
5616:
5595:
5574:
5518:
5460:
5452:
5342:
5157:entry
4698:MHHE.
4681:
4640:
4511:
4478:
4256:
4153:entry
4043:, Arc.
3650:mortar
3327:Lothal
3249:rebate
3107:Sicily
3070:, and
3050:, the
2980:design
2931:relief
2750:villas
2586:Romans
2560:Turkey
2556:Didyma
2468:, the
2288:mortar
2261:Israel
2208:Nippur
2204:Levant
2180:Viking
1954:Venice
1853:(also
1830:-like
1805:French
1803:(from
1778:impost
1653:lintel
1561:, and
1412:(1545)
1225:Saxony
1125:, and
848:, and
814:, and
794:Shapes
700:vaults
563:(also
553:Gothic
504:Romans
500:arcade
482:hinges
352:arcade
303:arcade
259:soffit
244:abacus
240:column
236:haunch
224:Impost
120:lintel
93:vaults
38:, see
36:arches
8461:Vault
8434:Style
8382:Gable
8372:Floor
8352:Eaves
8242:types
8227:House
8210:Other
8181:Solar
8161:Sauna
8060:areas
7999:floor
7918:Attic
7845:Porch
7840:Patio
7820:Lanai
7800:Foyer
7660:Study
7624:harem
7541:house
7537:Rooms
7417:S2CID
7310:(PDF)
7262:27–28
7228:(PDF)
7168:(PDF)
7104:JSTOR
7098:(4).
7086:(PDF)
7018:JSTOR
6884:JSTOR
6732:S2CID
6671:S2CID
6663:JSTOR
6599:(PDF)
6526:(PDF)
6384:JSTOR
6349:S2CID
6302:S2CID
6169:(PDF)
6130:(PDF)
5458:S2CID
5450:JSTOR
5103:(PDF)
4246:]
3734:adage
3730:Arabs
3726:Hindu
3618:stone
3544:spans
3513:steel
3497:Aztec
3386:Bagan
3297:India
3279:spans
3143:Ramla
3037:Kenya
3027:(now
2816:8 BC)
2676:]
2610:Syria
2522:. .
2509:Greek
2441:]
2396:]
2351:2650
2221:from
2184:Hindu
2135:hinge
2044:). A
1934:]
1908:]
1849:In a
1799:, or
1793:]
1710:Mayan
1627:Other
1490:Gaudi
1433:]
1410:]
1388:]
1366:]
1236:]
973:stone
969:brick
949:Italy
941:Spain
838:Roman
604:]
428:Gaudi
203:crown
133:steel
8522:Shed
8507:Home
8466:Wall
8439:list
8419:Roof
8387:Gate
8362:Door
8357:Dome
8304:Arch
7908:and
7862:Ramp
7825:Loft
7805:Hall
7762:Deck
7487:Nova
7461:ISBN
7440:2023
7407:ISBN
7386:2023
7373:ISBN
7350:ISBN
7321:2024
7293:ISBN
7266:ISBN
7232:ISBN
7214:2024
7201:ISBN
7182:ISSN
7151:ISBN
7138:2024
7125:ISBN
7074:2024
7061:ISBN
7029:2024
7010:ISSN
6983:ISBN
6956:ISBN
6931:ISSN
6901:ISBN
6876:ISSN
6851:2024
6838:ISBN
6823:2024
6810:ISBN
6795:2024
6782:ISBN
6757:ISBN
6722:ISBN
6695:ISBN
6636:2023
6607:ISBN
6587:2024
6574:ISBN
6559:2024
6534:ISBN
6446:ISBN
6409:ISBN
6341:ISSN
6294:ISSN
6233:ISBN
6208:2018
6190:ISBN
6106:ISBN
6079:ISBN
5985:ISBN
5964:ISBN
5943:ISBN
5922:ISBN
5901:ISBN
5880:ISBN
5859:ISBN
5838:ISBN
5817:ISBN
5796:ISBN
5775:ISBN
5754:ISBN
5708:2020
5697:OCLC
5687:ISBN
5614:ISBN
5593:ISBN
5572:ISBN
5516:ISBN
5495:2018
5434:Iraq
5381:2013
5340:ISBN
5155:arco
5056:2024
4712:2013
4679:ISBN
4638:ISBN
4509:ISBN
4476:ISBN
4428:2024
4397:2024
4254:ISBN
4151:Arco
3876:Arch
3765:Dome
3640:The
3562:and
3384:and
3372:and
3335:Vats
3251:).
3243:(or
3078:and
3029:Iran
2732:and
2656:).
2620:and
2479:iwan
2460:The
2227:Iraq
2182:and
2158:and
1870:The
1688:and
1680:and
1472:The
1250:.
1080:apex
1072:rise
1068:span
918:and
722:. A
702:. A
696:bays
692:nave
520:nave
266:Rise
175:and
59:arch
32:arch
8367:Ell
7567:Den
7484:by
7453:doi
7399:doi
7342:doi
7285:doi
7042:doi
6975:doi
6948:doi
6923:doi
6868:doi
6749:doi
6714:doi
6687:doi
6655:doi
6442:529
6376:doi
6333:doi
6286:doi
5442:doi
3740:by
3728:to
3652:.
3411:.
3382:Pyu
3273:).
2720:or
2706:.
2612:to
2494:at
2343:in
2225:in
2089:or
1952:in
1910:in
1823:.
1708:).
1686:3rd
1598:in
1242:or
1205:.A
1186:).
1182:in
1070:to
426:by
364:tie
314:".
305:).
295:arc
57:An
34:or
8609::
8350:/
8336:/
8114:/
7997:/
7903:,
7459:.
7415:.
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7348:.
7336:.
7332:.
7312:.
7303:*
7291:.
7264:.
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7176:.
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7096:84
7094:.
7088:.
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6981:.
6954:.
6929:.
6919:20
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4507:.
4505:32
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4413:.
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3679:.
3660:.
3346:AD
3321:.
3305:,
3269:,
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3066:,
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3007:,
2964:.
2878:c.
2858:c.
2814:c.
2770:c.
2678:,
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2632:,
2626:AD
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2445:c.
2439:de
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2400:c.
2394:de
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2353:BC
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2254:c.
2243:c.
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1932:de
1906:ca
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1795:,
1791:fr
1692:.
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1268:AD
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902:,
894:A
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861:A
842:BC
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