90:
762:
1959:
119:
591:
106:
278:
507:
746:
1130:
According to
Ptolemy 6.20.1 (cf. Strabo 15.2.9), Arachosia bordered on Drangiana in the west, on the Paropamisadae (i.e., the satrapy of Gandāra) in the north, on a part of India in the east, and on Gedrosia (or, according to Pliny, Natural History 6.92, on the Dexendrusi) in the south; Ptolemy also
1415:
Sakac 1955: "The
Iranian origin of the Croatians according to Constantine Porphyrogenitus", by S. Sakac, in "The Croatian nation in its struggle for freedom and independence" (Chicago, 1955); for other works by Sakac, cf. "Prof. Dr. Stjepan Krizin Sakac - In memoriam" by Milan Blazekovic,
867:: Horvati) and Arachosian name, but other researches indicate that there are also linguistic, cultural, agrobiological and genetic ties. Since Croatia became an independent state in 1991, the Iranian theory gained more popularity, and many scientific papers and books have been published.
665:. At what time (and in what form) Parthian rule over Arachosia was reestablished cannot be determined with any authenticity. From Isidore 19 it is certain that a part (perhaps only a little) of the region was under Arsacid rule in the 1st century CE, and that the Parthians called it
582:
was thrice defeated by the
Achaemenid governor of Arachosia, Vivana, who so ensured that the province remained under Darius' control. It has been suggested that this "strategically unintelligible engagement" was ventured by the rebel because "there were close relations between
830:; there are the city of Biyt and the city of Pharsana and the city of Chorochoad and the city of Demetrias; then Alexandropolis, the metropolis of Arachosia; it is Greek, and by it flows the river Arachotus. As far as this place the land is under the rule of the Parthians."
613:
8.13.3). Following
Alexander's conquest of the Achaemenids, the Macedonian appointed his generals as governors (Arrian 3.28.1, 5.6.2; Curtius Rufus 7.3.5; Plutarch, Eumenes 19.3; Polyaenus 4.6.15; Diodorus 18.3.3; Orosius 3.23.1 3; Justin 13.4.22). In 316 BCE
1371:
Beshevliev 1967: "Iranian elements in the Proto-Bulgarians" by V. Beshevliev (in
Bulgarian)(Antichnoe Obschestvo, Trudy Konferencii po izucheniyu problem antichnosti, str. 237-247, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", Moskva 1967, AN SSSR, Otdelenie Istorii)
626:, the Macedonian satrap of Arachosia, to dispatch them by small groups of two or three to dangerous missions so that their numbers would rapidly dwindle and remove them as a military threat to his power.
1447:
Tomicic 1998: "The old-Iranian origin of Croats", Symposium proceedings, Zagreb 24.6.1998, ed. Prof. Zlatko
Tomicic & Andrija-Zeljko Lovric, Cultural center of I.R. of Iran in Croatia, Zagreb, 1999,
419:. But a recent discovery of an inscription on a clay tablet has provided proof that 'Kandahar' was already a city that traded actively with Persia well before Alexander's time. Isidore,
716:, before coming under attack from the Moslem Arabs. These kingdoms were at first vassals of Sassanids. Around 870 CE the Kushano-Hephthalites (aka Turkshahi Dynasty) was replaced by the
1503:
Vernadsky 1952: "Der sarmatische
Hintergrund der germanischen Voelkerwanderung," (Sarmatian background of the Germanic Migrations), G. Vernadsky, Saeculum, II (1952), 340-347.
1406:
Sakac 1949: "Iranisehe
Herkunft des kroatischen Volksnamens", ("Iranian origin of the Croatian Ethnonym") S. Sakac, Orientalia Christiana Periodica. XV (1949), 813-340.
605:
the
Arachosians and Drangians were under the command of a governor who, together with the army of the Bactrian governor, contrived a plot of the Arachosians against
89:
622:, a veteran Macedonian corps with over forty years experience, to Arachosia to protect the Eastern frontier with India. However they were sent with the order to
326:
198:
49:
1652:
574:
among lists of subject peoples and countries. It is subsequently also identified as the source of the ivory used in Darius' palace at Susa. In the
1674:
1099:
1602:
1144:
814:, in his 1st-century CE "Parthian stations" itinerary, described an "Alexandropolis, the metropolis of Arachosia", which he said was still
1384:
Dvornik 1956: "The Slavs. Their Early
History and Civilization." by F. Dvornik, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston, USA., 1956.
1969:
1614:
1435:
Schmitt 1985: "Iranica Proto-Bulgarica" (in German), Academie Bulgare des Sciences, Linguistique Balkanique, XXVIII (1985), l, p.13-38;
1995:
1490:
827:
1958:
1420:
1590:
1344:. Zagreb: Staroiransko podrijetlo Hrvata: zbornik simpozija / Lovrić, Andrija-Željko (ed). - Teheran: Iranian Cultural Center: 71.
1057:
Arachosia, covering an area from Kandahar and Quetta to the western bank of the Indus, shared its northern boundary with Gandhara.
2000:
997:... Arachosia (modern Arghandab district in Afghanistan and neighboring areas of southeastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan).
804:
in reference to their individual ethnicity, and that name may have been in reference to the modern-day ethnic group known as the
844:
416:
411:
in Afghanistan, the name of which was thought to be derived (via "Iskanderiya") from "Alexandria", reflecting a connection to
1559:
1215:
1182:
1050:
1020:
990:
943:
1288:
1458:
1682:
1131:
mentions (6.20.3) several tribes of Arachosia by name—the Parsyetae, and, to the south, the Sydri, Rhoplutae, and Eoritae.
1667:
1453:
1249:
676:
captured Arachosia from the Indo-Parthians and ruled the region until around 230 CE, when they were defeated by the
1572:
Vogelsang, W. (1985). "Early historical Arachosia in South-east Afghanistan; Meeting-place between East and West."
704:, who were defeated in 565 CE by a coalition of Persian and Turkish armies. Arachosia became part of the surviving
1357:
1272:
1205:
1809:
258:
1552:
Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE
1393:
Hina 2000: "Scholars assert Croats are Descendants of Iranian Tribes", Hina News Agency, Zagreb, Oct 15, 2000 (
2010:
1813:
1660:
731:
Arab geographers referred to the region (or parts of it) as 'Arokhaj', 'Rokhaj', 'Rohkaj' or simply 'Roh'.
1042:
The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys
2005:
1027:
Arachosia is a mountainous area in which is now the border territory between Afghanistan and Pakistan...
601:
The chronologically next reference to Arachosia comes from the Greeks and Romans, who record that under
1337:
1093:
836:
615:
1599:
1526:
1321:
1148:
680:, the second Persian Empire, after which the Kushans were replaced by Sassanid vassals known as the
1948:
1705:
774:
17:
761:
1535:
847:
to the area of Arachosia. This connection was at first drawn due to the similarity of Croatian (
876:
646:
495:
1239:
1172:
965:
1915:
1611:
1308:
1040:
1010:
982:
Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel
980:
933:
290:
1905:
1769:
1693:
1436:
630:
575:
519:
483:
407:, which lay on the river Arachotus. This city is frequently misidentified with present-day
404:
250:
8:
1784:
1587:
1417:
705:
606:
594:
539:
412:
246:
1373:
860:
856:
835:
Isidore of Charax, Parthians stations, 1st century CE. Original text in paragraph 19 of
1845:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1641:
953:
650:
396:
31:
1789:
1779:
1764:
1734:
1687:
1645:
1555:
1484:
1449:
1245:
1211:
1178:
1046:
1016:
986:
939:
881:
864:
852:
811:
750:
709:
559:
254:
212:
109:
1633:
693:
436:
277:
143:
118:
1292:
1081:
1870:
1865:
1855:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1424:
823:
789:
677:
634:
590:
479:
424:
368:
337:
230:
216:
1465:
657:
expelled the Indo-Greeks by the mid 1st century BCE, but lost the region to the
403:(6.20.4-5) each provide a list of cities in Arachosia, among them (yet another)
345:, the name of a river literally meaning "rich in waters/lakes" and derived from
1885:
1875:
1833:
1701:
1338:"Anthropogenic and agrobiological arguments of the scientific origin of Croats"
1114:
935:
Afghanistan Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments
914:
815:
766:
740:
721:
685:
662:
658:
654:
645:
overthrew the Mauryans in 185 BC, but shortly afterwards lost Arachosia to the
642:
638:
463:
359:"Arachosia" was named after the name of a river that runs through it, known in
334:
236:
1989:
1744:
1624:
King, Rhyne (2019). "Taxing Achaemenid Arachosia: Evidence from Persepolis".
673:
610:
584:
579:
535:
388:
372:
360:
220:
176:
1012:
Identity in Persian Egypt: The Fate of the Yehudite Community of Elephantine
202:
55:
1291:. Bangalore: Babasaheb (Umakanta Keshav) Apte Smarak Samiti. Archived from
886:
701:
619:
338:
688:. In 420 CE the Kushanshas were driven out of present Afghanistan by the
555:
527:
515:
506:
322:
266:
224:
193:
227:. The satrapy's Persian-language name is the etymological equivalent of
1933:
1890:
1697:
1521:. World Publishing company, Cleveland, Ohio. Mentor Book edition, 1966.
725:
681:
602:
547:
129:
1839:
1974:
1818:
1804:
745:
717:
697:
689:
623:
430:
In his list, Ptolemy also refers to a city named Arachotus (English:
384:
240:
183:
68:
311:(1.12) under the indigenous dialect form 𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬓𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬍
257:. It was built on top of an earlier Persian military fortress after
1880:
1850:
1725:
1637:
805:
770:
571:
567:
523:
487:
408:
307:
282:
262:
245:, the Greek-language name for the Arghandab River. Around 330 BCE,
1545:: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE.
1910:
1895:
1860:
1794:
848:
754:
563:
551:
400:
392:
353:
303:
1943:
1938:
1900:
1822:
511:
475:
420:
208:
80:
442:
146:
1799:
1774:
1709:
713:
531:
468:
94:
Map of the easternmost Persian satrapies, including Arachosia
427:(6.61) also refer to the city as "metropolis of Arachosia."
1925:
1828:
451:
445:
167:
164:
158:
149:
128:
carrying various gifts and animals for ritual sacrifice at
124:
554:
Persepolis fortification tablets. It appears again in the
1437:
http://members.tripod.com/~Groznijat/bulgar/schmitt.html
1198:
1418:
http://www.studiacroatica.com/revistas/050/0500501.htm
228:
1394:
1374:
http://members.tripod.com/~Groznijat/fadlan/besh.html
1177:(4 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 173.
448:
161:
155:
1241:
E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936
454:
749:15th-century reconstruction by German cartographer
486:mention that its original name was Cophen (Κωφήν).
439:
293:
152:
62:
1342:Staroiransko Podrijetlo Hrvata: Zbornik Simpozija
913:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica (14 May 2022).
587:and Arachosia concerning the Zoroastrian faith."
47:
1987:
1527:The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu.
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
333:. This form is the "etymological equivalent" of
239:. In Greek, the satrapy's name was derived from
757:, depicting Arachosia and surrounding satrapies
1273:"Identity of Croatians in Ancient Afghanistan"
498:which lies northwest of present-day Kandahar.
478:), which was the earlier capital of the land.
1668:
1062:
312:
1210:. Cambridge University Press. 24 June 2010.
1970:Taxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire
1335:
1231:
325:inscriptions, the region is referred to as
281:Map showing the Arachosian satrapy and the
1675:
1661:
1098:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
912:
253:as Arachosia's new capital city under the
1554:. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina.
1358:"Common Origin of Croats, Serbs and Jats"
908:
906:
904:
902:
773:, depicting an Arachosian soldier of the
753:of a 2nd-century map by Roman geographer
1286:
1170:
760:
744:
649:. It then became part of the break-away
597:with Greek troops in Arachosia (329 BCE)
589:
505:
276:
117:
1536:The Peoples of the West from the Weilue
1237:
1147:. Amsterdam: livius.org. Archived from
1079:
1008:
641:in 305 BCE as part of an alliance. The
578:(DB 3.54-76), the King recounts that a
546:The region is first referred to in the
14:
1988:
1489:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1112:
979:Howard, Michael C. (10 January 2014).
978:
899:
1656:
1142:
1038:
494:. This city is identified today with
1623:
1547:Draft annotated English translation.
1530:Draft annotated English translation.
700:were replaced in the 460s CE by the
1336:Budimir/Rac, Stipan/Mladen (1999).
1244:. Vol. 2. BRILL. p. 150.
1113:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
1080:Schmitt, Rüdiger (10 August 2011).
931:
302:). "The same region appears in the
24:
1569:. London. Oxford University Press.
1238:Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987).
788:The inhabitants of Arachosia were
25:
2022:
1996:Historical regions of Afghanistan
1581:
1355:
1289:"Sarasvati Civilization Volume 1"
1174:Chandragupta Maurya and his times
1045:. Algora Publishing. p. 46.
538:, to be received at the court of
223:, it extended as far east as the
1957:
1360:. Bhubaneshwar: iranchamber.com.
1015:. Penn State Press. p. 13.
633:, the region became part of the
435:
142:
104:
88:
27:Satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire
1626:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
1497:
1441:
1429:
1409:
1400:
1387:
1378:
1365:
1349:
1329:
1280:
1265:
1207:The Greeks in Bactria and India
855:: Hrvatska, Croats - Croatian:
845:traces the origin of the Croats
371:, a left-bank tributary of the
2001:Ancient history of Afghanistan
1164:
1136:
1106:
1032:
1009:Becking, Bob (4 August 2020).
1002:
972:
925:
822:"Beyond is Arachosia. And the
734:
728:in the early 11th century CE.
526:), from where he travelled to
321:is typical non-Avestan)." In
259:Alexander's conquest of Persia
13:
1:
1612:ARACHOSIA, province (satrapy)
1510:
1171:Mookerji, Radhakumud (1966).
778:
510:According to Roman historian
261:, and is the site of today's
249:commissioned the building of
1576:, 20 (1985), pp. 55–99.
843:A theory of Croatian origin
653:in the mid 2nd century BCE.
415:'s visit to the city on his
378:
272:
241:
215:. Mainly centred around the
203:
184:
69:
56:
37:Satrapy in Achaemenid Persia
7:
1565:Toynbee, Arnold J. (1961).
870:
339:
229:
10:
2027:
1287:Kalyanaraman, Srinivasan.
932:Inc, IBP (1 August 2013).
818:even at such a late time:
792:, and were referred to as
738:
501:
469:
399:to the south. Isidore and
294:
197:
180:
63:
48:
30:For the spider genus, see
29:
1966:
1955:
1720:
1517:Frye, Richard N. (1963).
1145:"Alexandria in Arachosia"
985:. McFarland. p. 41.
637:, which traded it to the
616:Antigonus I Monophthalmus
467:
431:
99:
87:
78:
42:
938:. Lulu.com. p. 62.
892:
122:Depiction of Arachosian
1617:29 January 2009 at the
1600:Alexandria in Arachosia
1039:Samad, Rafi U. (2011).
618:sent most of the elite
474:) or Arachoti (acc. to
291:Latinized form of Greek
1567:Between Oxus and Jumna
1519:The Heritage of Persia
1316:Cite journal requires
877:History of Afghanistan
841:
785:
758:
692:, who established the
647:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
598:
543:
490:refers to the name as
417:campaign towards India
383:Arachosia bordered on
313:
286:
132:
1916:Hellespontine Phrygia
1550:Hill, John E. (2009)
820:
764:
748:
739:Further information:
593:
524:Kandahar, Afghanistan
509:
280:
219:, a tributary of the
121:
2011:Achaemenid satrapies
1605:15 June 2010 at the
1533:Hill, John E. 2004.
1524:Hill, John E. 2004.
1086:Encyclopædia Iranica
631:Wars of the Diadochi
576:Behistun inscription
484:Stephen of Byzantium
387:to the west, on the
331:h(a)-r(a)-u-v(a)-t-i
251:Alexandria Arachosia
1471:on 12 December 2006
800:. They were called
724:and Muslim Turkish
706:Kushano-Hephthalite
595:Alexander the Great
540:Chandragupta Maurya
413:Alexander the Great
354:Aredvi Sura Anahita
289:"Arachosia" is the
247:Alexander the Great
2006:Historical regions
1930:Samaritan Province
1593:3 May 2013 at the
1423:2011-09-28 at the
1395:http://www.hina.hr
1275:. iranchamber.com.
964:has generic name (
786:
759:
651:Indo-Greek Kingdom
599:
544:
287:
133:
32:Arachosia (spider)
1983:
1982:
1688:Achaemenid Empire
1686:Provinces of the
1560:978-1-4392-2134-1
1217:978-1-108-00941-6
1184:978-81-208-0405-0
1143:Lendering, Jona.
1119:iranicaonline.org
1094:cite encyclopedia
1052:978-0-87586-858-5
1022:978-1-64602-074-4
992:978-0-7864-9033-2
945:978-1-4387-7372-8
919:iranicaonline.org
882:Kandahar province
865:Kajkavian dialect
837:Parthian stations
812:Isidore of Charax
769:, on the tomb of
751:Nicolaus Germanus
669:, "White India."
514:, Greek explorer
395:to the east, and
367:and today as the
255:Macedonian Empire
213:Achaemenid Empire
116:
115:
110:Achaemenid Persia
16:(Redirected from
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1464:. Archived from
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861:Čakavian dialect
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694:Kidarite Kingdom
566:inscriptions of
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1939:Skudra (Thrace)
1920:Greater Phrygia
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1619:Wayback Machine
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1574:Iranica antiqua
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1459:"Archived copy"
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1425:Wayback Machine
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1295:on 19 July 2013
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790:Iranian peoples
781:
775:Achaemenid army
743:
737:
635:Seleucid Empire
504:
480:Pliny the Elder
438:
434:
381:
369:Arghandab River
349:"lake, pond." (
275:
217:Arghandab River
145:
141:
105:
103:
95:
83:
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38:
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28:
23:
22:
15:
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5:
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1980:
1973:(according to
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1964:
1963:
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1954:
1952:
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794:Arachosians
735:Inhabitants
720:, then the
556:Old Persian
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1511:References
826:call this
765:Relief at
726:Ghaznavids
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548:Achaemenid
405:Alexandria
329:, written
204:Harauvatiš
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57:Harauvatiš
1975:Herodotus
1968:See also
1906:Phoenicia
1819:Eber-Nari
1814:2nd Egypt
1810:1st Egypt
1805:Drangiana
1785:Chorasmia
1760:Babylonia
1740:Arachosia
1646:211659841
1588:Arachosia
954:cite book
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718:Saffarids
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678:Sassanids
624:Sibyrtius
607:Alexander
534:) in the
518:lived in
496:Arghandab
385:Drangiana
379:Geography
365:Arachōtós
340:Sarasvatī
317:- (whose
314:Haraxaitī
300:Arachōsíā
285:(500 BCE)
273:Etymology
242:Arachōtós
231:Sárasvatī
207:), was a
185:Arachōsíā
138:Arachosia
70:Arachōsíā
44:Arachosia
1881:Margiana
1851:Hyrcania
1846:Gedrosia
1780:Carmania
1726:Quhistan
1694:Behistun
1615:Archived
1603:Archived
1591:Archived
1485:cite web
1421:Archived
1155:26 March
871:See also
853:Croatian
833:—
806:Pashtuns
802:Pactyans
798:Arachoti
771:Xerxes I
659:Arsacids
572:Xerxes I
568:Darius I
560:Akkadian
470:Ἀραχωτός
432:Arachote
409:Kandahar
397:Gedrosia
308:Vidēvdāt
295:Ἀραχωσία
263:Kandahar
181:Ἀραχωσία
64:Ἀραχωσία
18:Rukhkhaj
1911:Phrygia
1896:Parthia
1861:Hindush
1840:Gandāra
1836:(Nubia)
1795:Colchis
1790:Cilicia
1765:Bactria
1755:Assyria
1750:Armenia
1731:Amyrgoi
1475:13 June
849:Croatia
755:Ptolemy
712:, then
674:Kushans
580:Persian
564:Aramaic
552:Elamite
502:History
401:Ptolemy
393:Hindush
363:as the
304:Avestan
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