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326:– had gone missing in the same year. The Russian Geographical Society led efforts lobbying the government to organise a rescue mission and by early 1914 the Naval Ministry had been ordered to mount an effort to locate Sedov. Although the government was generally reluctant to get involved, this was later expanded to Rusanov and Brusilov. Given the vagueness of Rusanov's intentions in his last telegrams, no-one had any idea where to start searching and all three expedition leaders were in general felt to have displayed "incredible irresponsibility". The Council of Ministers made a note that in future steps should be taken to protect the Treasury from the expenses of Arctic rescue missions.
262:
Spitsbergen, Rusanov announced to the expedition members he planned to sail east rather than returning to port, and it became clear he was considering taking the opportunity to investigate the
Northern Sea Route. He seems to have asked for volunteers to accompany him: Samoilovich and Svatoš returned home via Norway on a passing steamer along with the expedition field reports and scientific collections, as did A. Popov, who was in poor health. Rusanov also sent a message to St Petersburg advising "programme completely executed am going east".
20:
103:
330:
204:, F. A. Bykovsky, assistant engineer, and sailors V. T. Cheremkhin, A. S. Chukhchin, A. A. Ravvinov, V. G. Popov, and F. M. Ermolin. The last member of the expedition was Rusanov's fiancée Juliette Jean-Sossine, who was working towards both a geology PhD at the Sorbonne and a medical degree. Rusanov sought approval for her inclusion in several "extremely diplomatic" letters to the authorities and her family that stressed her scientific abilities.
181:
451:
Kara Sea as far as
Severnaya Zemlya, wintering there in 1912, but then became trapped there. Popov and Chukhchin's group could have been sent back later in 1913 when supplies began to run short, leaving the marker on Hercules Island en route. Inconsistencies in Kosoy's story have however suggested that Kosoy misrepresented or exaggerated the finds, and it remains very doubtful whether Rusanov and his crew reached the Laptev Sea.
279:
266:
one of the sailors, wrote before leaving
Alexandrovsk that they would be sailing from "Spitsbergen to Franz Josef Land clearly we'll have to winter". Samoilovich later claimed that before leaving he attempted to dissuade Rusanov and Kuchin from wintering, suggesting the ship was too small and their supplies inadequate; Kuchin supposedly agreed and said they would "turn back" if threatened by ice.
270:
experience of small boat navigation around Novaya Zemlya, while
Amundsen had successfully traversed the Northwest Passage in 1902–5 in an even smaller vessel. However given the unknown conditions in the east of the Kara Sea, the northerly route proposed around Novaya Zemlya, and the late time of year, Rusanov's plan remained an extremely risky, possibly irresponsible, undertaking.
265:
The change of plan had not been authorised by the government, and the degree to which expedition members were aware of
Rusanov's intentions in advance is uncertain. While the student Semonov wrote to his parents that he would be back from Spitsbergen by early October at the latest, Vasily Cheremkhin,
149:
might result in comparatively ice-free conditions to the north of the archipelago. By 1911 he had published several articles outlining the possibility of a regular shipping route along the
Siberian coast, using icebreaking freighters and up to date meteorological information, stressing the importance
167:
continuing reservations over his political background
Rusanov was asked to lead it, due to his experience and excellent record on the expeditions to Novaya Zemlya. He was given a great deal of latitude in organisation and selection of personnel; he engaged the experienced navigator and oceanographer
450:
before being wrecked and that
Rusanov could speculatively be credited with discovery of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago. A theory based on Kosoy's report suggests that thanks to northeasterly winds in the summer of 1912, the expedition could have found a relatively ice free passage in the northern
232:
had impressive sailing qualities; they purchased it along with spares, two boats, a motor whaleboat, kayaks, and tents. Rusanov then had to return quickly to Paris to buy scientific instruments before travelling to St
Petersburg to produce a progress report; he then organised the transfer of the
470:
on the Taymyr mainland, along with artefacts such as shotgun shells, coins, and a boat hook. These were for many years linked with Tessem and
Knudsen, but a later comparison of the records matched the shells with a type found at the site in the Minina Skerries, showing that the campsites in fact
414:
crew member, Chukhchin, and a watch belonging to V. Popov; nearby a rough shelter had been constructed from driftwood logs laid against a rock. A follow-up visit two years later found a notebook inscribed by Rusanov; the finds were taken to suggest that at some point during 1913, with supplies
261:
The expedition left Alexandrovsk on 26 June, arriving at Bellsund on 3 July. After an initial overland traverse of 200 km, Rusanov and his team over the next six weeks made another 1000 km of geological traverses, staking 28 claims on promising coal deposits. On completion of work in
269:
Rusanov himself seems to have been overwhelmingly confident, writing to his mother "we can winter perfectly well. We are extremely well supplied the ship is strong, with plenty of experience in ice Do not worry about us". He was by this time a seasoned Arctic traveller, with a great deal of
166:
In spring 1912 the Russian government made plans for an expedition to investigate coal deposits in Spitsbergen. The island was a political no-man's-land at the time, and Swedish, British and American mining companies had already beaten Russia in attempting to establish claims there. Despite
133:
Returning to Russia in 1907, he overcame the suspicions of the government to take part in a series of successful expeditions to Novaya Zemlya. These gave him considerable experience of Arctic travel, often under challenging conditions. In addition to his important contributions to scientific
315:– possibly signalling his intent to attempt the North-East Passage. This was to be the final message received from the expedition, none of whose members were ever seen again. Conditions in the Kara Sea in 1912–13 were unusually harsh, with exceptional amounts of ice.
371:, wintering 280 km to the north; Sverdrup was asked to assist an overland evacuation of part of their crew. After successfully carrying out this mission he continued searching for Rusanov during the following summer, but found no trace of the
195:
and biologist Zénón Svatoš; Konstantin Semenov, a student at the St Petersburg Polytechnical Institute, was taken on as engineer after his department head asked him to join. The remaining crew comprised Konstantin Belov,
249:
474:
In more recent years, a 2000 expedition organised by a media company from Oryol found human bones in the vicinity of Mt. Minin which were identified as likely being those of Alexander Kuchin, captain of the
302:
on Novaya Zemlya, it was passed on via ship and telegram to St Petersburg. He stated he intended to round the northern tip of Novaya Zemlya, then go east across the Kara Sea, with his projected route – past
410:, some distance south-west of the Mona Islands. Here oceanographer M. Tsyganyuk discovered the remains of a hunting knife, camera, clothing, spent shells, and other items, including papers belonging to a
217:
387:
World War I intervened, and for the next twenty years a great deal of speculation and controversy surrounded the fate of the Rusanov expedition. The first evidence was found in 1934, when the vessel
399:
near the shoreline. This showed that the expedition had successfully rounded Nova Zemlya into the Kara Sea, and was speculated to have possibly marked Rusanov's wintering site in 1913.
495:
The "Hercules" marker also bore the inscription "V.P", possibly for "Vasily Popov"; this may imply that the expedition leaders Rusanov and Kuchin were not responsible for leaving it.
286:; Rusanov's intention was to round the northern tip of Novaya Zemlya, then sail east. Traces of the expedition were found in the 1930s on the coast some 200km north-east of Dikson.
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357:
was already intermittently icebound in the Kara Sea and by September Sverdrup had decided to winter in the ice off the Taymyr Peninsula. He was ordered to abandon the search for
415:
running low, Rusanov sent some members of the expedition including Popov and Chukhchin back southwards overland, probably towards the nearest settlements on the lower Yenisey.
150:
this could have to Russian economic development through cheap transport of Siberian grain, lumber and minerals. His ideas in many ways anticipated the later development of the
145:
rivers, and on to the Pacific. Based on observations and sea temperature measurements made during voyages around Novaya Zemlya's coast in 1910 and 1911, he proposed that the
118:
but his early academic career was interrupted by his arrest for Marxist political activity. While in prison he developed an interest in polar exploration after reading about
207:
Rusanov had initially wanted to build a vessel to his own specifications, but the government refused; he and Kuchin instead travelled to Norway in April 1912 to buy one. In
434:
The most controversial find was reported in 1949, when A. S. Kosoy wrote that in 1947 a surveying party found bones and the traces of a campsite on the eastern shores of
78:, and suggest that at least some of the party survived well into 1913, and possibly later. It is generally thought the expedition met an unknown fate in the area of the
4002:
228:, "Gerkules") of 63 tons, which had already been well-tested in Greenland waters. Although its kerosene engine was rated at only 24 hp, Rusanov reported that
341:, who carried out the first Arctic flights in history in August–September 1914 while searching for traces of Rusanov, Sedov and Brusilov's expeditions
318:
By the spring of 1913 public concern over Rusanov's fate was mounting, particularly given that two other Russian expeditions to the Arctic – those of
454:
By the 1970s, a re-examination of earlier records uncovered further evidence from the eastern shore of the Kara Sea. A 1921 search party looking for
379:
made the first polar flights in history in August–September 1914 from Novaya Zemlya in a further unsuccessful bid to locate the lost expeditions.
257:; he left the expedition following the survey of Spitsbergen, believing Rusanov's supplies to be inadequate for a proposed wintering in the Arctic
134:
knowledge of Novaya Zemlya’s geology, Rusanov was inspired by the beauty of what he described as the "wild and magnificent" Arctic landscape.
391:
was carrying out a survey of the south-eastern shore of the Kara Sea. On the small island of Veyzel (later renamed Hercules Island) in the
67:
in August 1912, where he sent a message that he was continuing east; this was the last ever heard of the expedition and its 11 personnel.
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55:. Following completion of its official programme, Rusanov expanded the expedition's scope to include an investigation of the
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From 1909 Rusanov developed a particular interest in the possibility of a northern sea route from the Atlantic to the
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crossed the Barents Sea. The next communication from Rusanov was dated August 31 N.S.; left at a
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82:: it has also been suggested that Rusanov, an experienced Arctic explorer, went as far east as
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and its crew remains one of the great mysteries of Russian exploration of the Arctic.
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59:, though it remains unclear exactly which route he proposed to take. Rusanov's ship
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442:. Kosoy suggested these were related to the Rusanov expedition, implying that
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1955:
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1609:
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944:
912:
447:
427:
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138:
87:
768:
Barr, William (1974). "Rusanov, Gerkules and the Northern Sea Route".
395:
a wooden post inscribed "Hercules, 1913" was discovered embedded in a
126:
before emigrating to France to complete a doctorate in geology at the
3274:
2111:
1663:
1446:
345:
The task of locating Rusanov and Brusilov was given to the Norwegian
273:
201:
177:
expedition, as assistant head of the expedition and as boat captain.
856:
462:
expedition in 1919 while attempting to reach the weather station at
3206:
283:
180:
75:
430:
on Spitsbergen, now preserved as a memorial and self guided museum
3833:
3213:
1478:
1454:
1442:
208:
142:
123:
2000:
2079:
1404:
278:
74:
show that Rusanov managed to round Novaya Zemlya and cross the
48:
44:
590:
361:
after making radio contact with the Imperial Navy icebreakers
51:, with an initial objective of establishing mineral claims on
1465:
396:
111:
28:
426:, a hut supposedly constructed by Rusanov's team in 1912 at
115:
106:
Expedition leader, geologist Vladimir Alexandrovich Rusanov
638:
636:
634:
632:
783:"The Last Journey of Peter Tessem and Paul Knutsen, 1919"
770:
Canadian Slavonic Papers / Revue Canadienne des Slavistes
514:
512:
2670:
629:
735:
733:
731:
718:
716:
701:
679:
677:
675:
536:
509:
184:
Alexander Kuchin, assistant to Rusanov and captain of
660:
619:
617:
580:
578:
565:
563:
835:
Shumilov and Shparo (1979). "Personnel of Rusanov".
382:
122:’s voyages; he was then sent into internal exile in
834:
745:
728:
713:
689:
672:
648:
596:
614:
602:
575:
560:
548:
524:
274:Voyage to Novaya Zemlya and loss of the expedition
161:
70:Artefacts found decades later on islands off the
4003:Polar exploration by Russia and the Soviet Union
3979:
810:"Imperial Russia's pioneers in Arctic aviation"
298:settlement at the western end of the strait of
466:overland, found several old camp fires on the
446:had successfully travelled as far east as the
872:
850:"Ледовитоокеанская мечта Владимира Русанова"
847:
642:
879:
865:
825:
798:
3937:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
417:
328:
277:
248:
179:
101:
18:
3512:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
402:Later the same year another party from
241:, which Kuchin had sailed from Norway.
191:The other personnel included geologist
3980:
2656:
898:
886:
860:
16:1912 Russian expedition to the Arctic
807:
780:
767:
751:
739:
722:
707:
695:
683:
666:
654:
623:
608:
584:
569:
554:
542:
530:
518:
114:in 1875, had attended university in
3298:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1495:Norse colonization of North America
13:
2827:United States Exploring Expedition
14:
4029:
3901:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
3269:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
471:related to Rusanov's expedition.
383:Discovery of traces of expedition
3795:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
3188:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
211:they found a 1908-built sealer,
489:
458:, two men lost from Amundsen's
406:came ashore at an islet in the
162:Preparations for the expedition
244:
1:
3174:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
3109:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
2657:
502:
456:Peter Tessem and Paul Knutsen
97:
3531:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
3347:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
3153:French Antarctic Expeditions
3083:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
2969:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
1087:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
349:, who set out in the whaler
7:
2616:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
2295:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
1160:Andrée's balloon expedition
290:After leaving Spitsbergen,
10:
4034:
4018:Russian Arctic expeditions
3998:1914 in the Russian Empire
3993:1913 in the Russian Empire
3988:1912 in the Russian Empire
1817:Franklin's lost expedition
1517:Christian IV's expeditions
899:
848:Veselyansky, Yuri (2019).
761:
171:, a veteran of Amundsen's
3634:
3365:
2952:
2692:
2669:
2665:
2652:
2171:Great Northern Expedition
2065:
1847:Rae–Richardson expedition
1596:
1441:
1047:British Arctic Expedition
939:
911:
907:
894:
225:
3455:British Antarctic Survey
3449:Captain Arturo Prat Base
2694:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
597:Shumilov and Shparo 1979
482:
233:expedition equipment at
3931:Pole of inaccessibility
3594:Antarctic Treaty System
1935:2nd Grinnell expedition
31:built in Norway in 1908
808:Barr, William (1985).
781:Barr, William (1983).
431:
342:
287:
258:
188:
107:
32:
3601:Transglobe Expedition
3500:Operation Deep Freeze
2909:Challenger expedition
1775:Coppermine expedition
1296:Drifting ice stations
421:
375:or its crew. Aviator
353:. By mid August 1914
332:
281:
252:
183:
105:
22:
309:New Siberian Islands
147:North Atlantic Drift
23:Rusanov's ship, the
3771:South magnetic pole
2437:Brusilov expedition
1546:Danish colonization
984:North magnetic pole
827:10.14430/arctic2137
800:10.14430/arctic2286
545:, pp. 586–587.
521:, pp. 576–581.
468:Mikhailov Peninsula
200:, Alexander Popov,
39:, led by geologist
3462:Operation Windmill
3443:Operation Highjump
2418:Rusanov expedition
2323:A. E. Nordenskiöld
2067:North East Passage
1871:McClure expedition
710:, pp. 218–30.
432:
343:
305:Uyedineniya Island
288:
259:
255:Rudolf Samoylovich
193:Rudolf Samoylovich
189:
152:Northern Sea Route
108:
47:expedition to the
37:Rusanov expedition
33:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3429:Operation Tabarin
3291:Far Eastern Party
3137:Nimrod Expedition
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2207:M. Pronchishcheva
2129:Siberian Cossacks
1598:Northwest Passage
931:Research stations
888:Polar exploration
669:, pp. 597–9.
110:Rusanov, born in
57:Northeast Passage
4025:
3476:Ronne Expedition
2961:
2955:
2819:Dumont d'Urville
2667:
2666:
2654:
2653:
2202:V. Pronchishchev
909:
908:
896:
895:
881:
874:
867:
858:
857:
853:
844:
831:
829:
804:
802:
777:
755:
749:
743:
737:
726:
720:
711:
705:
699:
693:
687:
681:
670:
664:
658:
652:
646:
643:Veselyansky 2019
640:
627:
621:
612:
606:
600:
594:
588:
582:
573:
567:
558:
552:
546:
540:
534:
528:
522:
516:
496:
493:
440:Severnaya Zemlya
436:Bolshevik Island
227:
220:
169:Alexander Kuchin
84:Severnaya Zemlya
72:Taymyr Peninsula
41:Vladimir Rusanov
4033:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4022:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3963:
3638:
3630:
3506:McMurdo Station
3375:Modern research
3373:
3361:
3096:O. Nordenskjöld
2959:
2953:
2948:
2864:Ross expedition
2688:
2661:
2640:
2069:
2061:
1602:Northern Canada
1600:
1592:
1445:
1437:
943:
935:
903:
890:
885:
764:
759:
758:
750:
746:
738:
729:
721:
714:
706:
702:
694:
690:
682:
673:
665:
661:
653:
649:
641:
630:
622:
615:
607:
603:
595:
591:
583:
576:
568:
561:
553:
549:
541:
537:
529:
525:
517:
510:
505:
500:
499:
494:
490:
485:
408:Minina Skerries
385:
276:
247:
216:
164:
120:Fridtjof Nansen
100:
80:Pyasina estuary
17:
12:
11:
5:
4031:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3923:Vostok Station
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3874:Cherry-Garrard
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3714:Southern Cross
3710:
3709:
3708:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3644:
3642:
3636:Farthest South
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3597:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3551:
3546:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3508:
3503:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3458:
3451:
3446:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3397:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3333:Ross Sea party
3329:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3294:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3198:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3133:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3117:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3027:Southern Cross
3020:Southern Cross
3016:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2964:
2962:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2885:
2879:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2766:Bellingshausen
2756:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2663:
2662:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2625:
2613:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2075:
2073:
2071:Russian Arctic
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2010:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1887:
1882:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1828:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1513:
1508:
1506:Snæbjörn galti
1503:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1408:
1401:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1373:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1299:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1063:
1058:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
949:
947:
941:Farthest North
937:
936:
934:
933:
928:
923:
918:
905:
904:
892:
891:
884:
883:
876:
869:
861:
855:
854:
852:. goarctic.ru.
845:
832:
805:
778:
763:
760:
757:
756:
754:, p. 324.
744:
742:, p. 603.
727:
725:, p. 602.
712:
700:
698:, p. 601.
688:
686:, p. 599.
671:
659:
657:, p. 597.
647:
628:
626:, p. 595.
613:
611:, p. 592.
601:
589:
587:, p. 569.
574:
572:, p. 591.
559:
557:, p. 590.
547:
535:
533:, p. 578.
523:
507:
506:
504:
501:
498:
497:
487:
486:
484:
481:
384:
381:
313:Wrangel Island
300:Matochkin Shar
275:
272:
246:
243:
163:
160:
99:
96:
90:. The fate of
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4030:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3054:Discovery Hut
3052:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2584:A. Sibiryakov
2581:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2556:Glavsevmorput
2553:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1858:J. Richardson
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424:Rusanoffhuset
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366:
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348:
347:Otto Sverdrup
340:
337:aeroplane of
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65:Novaya Zemlya
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
43:, was a 1912
42:
38:
30:
26:
21:
3929:
3917:Pole of Cold
3915:
3841:
3832:
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3793:
3769:
3740:
3726:
3720:Borchgrevink
3712:
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3296:
3289:
3276:
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3221:
3212:
3205:
3193:
3186:
3172:
3160:Pourquoi-Pas
3159:
3151:
3143:
3135:
3130:Orcadas Base
3128:
3120:
3107:
3101:C. A. Larsen
3089:
3081:
3067:
3060:
3047:
3039:
3033:Borchgrevink
3026:
3018:
2975:
2967:
2942:C. A. Larsen
2935:
2916:
2907:
2889:
2871:
2862:
2849:
2834:
2825:
2812:
2773:
2759:
2752:
2733:
2718:
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2604:
2597:
2583:
2568:
2554:
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2516:
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2500:
2486:
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2366:
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2314:
2312:
2293:
2169:
2127:
2110:
2078:
2042:
2040:
2020:
2019:
1999:
1998:
1984:
1971:
1956:
1942:
1933:
1920:
1891:
1879:Investigator
1878:
1869:
1845:
1832:
1824:
1815:
1802:
1773:
1750:
1735:
1720:
1690:
1675:
1645:
1564:
1544:
1515:
1511:Erik the Red
1493:
1471:
1464:
1421:submersibles
1418:
1412:Arktika 2007
1410:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1377:
1368:
1365:
1346:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1301:
1294:
1270:
1256:
1255:
1247:
1245:
1211:
1209:
1180:
1177:
1166:S. A. Andrée
1158:
1145:
1120:
1112:
1109:
1085:
1067:
1054:
1045:
1027:
1018:
1016:
982:
840:
836:
817:
813:
790:
786:
773:
769:
747:
703:
691:
662:
650:
604:
592:
550:
538:
526:
491:
476:
473:
459:
453:
443:
433:
423:
411:
403:
401:
393:Mona Islands
388:
386:
377:Jan Nagórski
372:
368:
362:
358:
354:
350:
344:
339:Jan Nagórski
335:Farman MF.11
317:
291:
289:
268:
264:
260:
238:
235:Alexandrovsk
229:
212:
206:
190:
185:
172:
165:
156:Soviet Union
136:
132:
109:
91:
69:
60:
36:
34:
24:
3620:Lake Vostok
3570:Tryoshnikov
3492:Schlossbach
3383:Christensen
3325:James Caird
3246:E. R. Evans
3012:Dobrowolski
2982:de Gerlache
2684:Expeditions
2570:Aviaarktika
2524:Samoylovich
2395:Kolomeitsev
2289:Middendorff
2249:Gedenshtrom
1669:I. Fyodorov
1431:Chilingarov
1319:E. Fyodorov
926:Expeditions
837:Vokrug Seta
245:Spitsbergen
53:Spitsbergen
27:; a 63-ton
3982:Categories
3843:Terra Nova
3748:Shackleton
3691:J. C. Ross
3650:Resolution
3640:South Pole
3415:New Swabia
3339:Mackintosh
3311:Shackleton
3230:Terra Nova
3223:Terra Nova
2957:Heroic Age
2917:Challenger
2877:J. C. Ross
2787:Bransfield
2719:Resolution
2634:icebreaker
2598:Chelyuskin
2339:expedition
2317:Expedition
2259:Matyushkin
2217:Kh. Laptev
2212:Chelyuskin
2106:Heemskerck
2096:Chancellor
2091:Willoughby
2086:Koch boats
2029:Stefansson
1963:McClintock
1927:Inglefield
1769:J. C. Ross
1676:Resolution
1528:Cunningham
1426:Sagalevich
1115:expedition
1074:Stephenson
1034:C. F. Hall
1021:expedition
995:J. C. Ross
958:Heemskerck
945:North Pole
503:References
448:Laptev Sea
428:Colesbukta
253:Geologist
154:under the
98:Background
88:Laptev Sea
3942:Tolstikov
3728:Discovery
3698:HMS
3683:HMS
3665:Adventure
3663:HMS
3648:HMS
3584:Tolstikov
3305:Endurance
3090:Antarctic
3075:Drygalski
3048:Discovery
3041:Discovery
3002:Arctowski
2915:HMS
2888:HMS
2882:Abernethy
2870:HMS
2848:USS
2835:Vincennes
2833:USS
2813:Astrolabe
2753:San Telmo
2734:Adventure
2732:HMS
2717:HMS
2712:Kerguelen
2674:Continent
2659:Antarctic
2536:Urvantsev
2494:Vilkitsky
2347:Jeannette
2345:USS
2337:Jeannette
2301:Weyprecht
2279:Pakhtusov
2229:Chichagov
2222:D. Laptev
2165:Permyakov
2140:Stadukhin
2135:Perfilyev
2112:Mangazeya
2050:H. Larsen
2015:Rasmussen
1970:HMS
1941:USS
1890:HMS
1877:HMS
1841:Collinson
1831:HMS
1823:HMS
1801:HMS
1749:HMS
1734:HMS
1719:HMS
1704:Mackenzie
1691:Discovery
1689:HMS
1674:HMS
1646:Discovery
1625:Frobisher
1588:Rasmussen
1501:Gunnbjörn
1447:Greenland
1376:USS
1367:USS
1239:Ellsworth
1181:Roosevelt
1111:Nansen's
1068:Discovery
1066:HMS
1053:HMS
1000:Abernethy
968:Marmaduke
752:Barr 1983
740:Barr 1974
723:Barr 1974
708:Barr 1985
696:Barr 1974
684:Barr 1974
667:Barr 1974
655:Barr 1974
624:Barr 1974
609:Barr 1974
585:Barr 1974
570:Barr 1974
555:Barr 1974
543:Barr 1974
531:Barr 1974
519:Barr 1974
404:Stalinets
389:Stalinets
218:‹See Tfd›
4013:Svalbard
4008:Kara Sea
3954:A. Fuchs
3911:V. Fuchs
3891:McKinley
3854:E. Evans
3813:Bjaaland
3808:Amundsen
3758:Marshall
3671:Furneaux
3523:V. Fuchs
3487:E. Ronne
3482:F. Ronne
3421:Ritscher
3275:SY
3263:Filchner
3207:Framheim
3201:Amundsen
3007:Racoviță
2992:Amundsen
2987:Lecointe
2856:Ringgold
2850:Porpoise
2740:Furneaux
2576:Shevelev
2531:Begichev
2510:Amundsen
2472:Nagórski
2450:Brusilov
2444:Sv. Anna
2358:Melville
2328:Palander
2284:Tsivolko
2244:Sannikov
2239:Billings
2182:Chirikov
2101:Barentsz
2043:St. Roch
2034:Bartlett
2008:Amundsen
1992:Sverdrup
1892:Resolute
1781:Franklin
1709:Kotzebue
1576:Sverdrup
1559:Scoresby
1533:Lindenov
1384:Plaisted
1369:Nautilus
1314:Shirshov
1288:Belyakov
1283:Baydukov
1257:Nautilus
1219:Amundsen
1179:SS
1138:Sverdrup
1133:Johansen
1103:Brainard
1098:Lockwood
953:Barentsz
477:Hercules
444:Hercules
412:Hercules
373:Hercules
359:Hercules
320:Brusilov
292:Hercules
284:Kara Sea
239:Hercules
230:Hercules
226:Геркулес
213:Hercules
186:Hercules
128:Sorbonne
92:Hercules
86:and the
76:Kara Sea
63:reached
61:Hercules
25:Hercules
3959:Messner
3906:Hillary
3886:Balchen
3834:Polheim
3828:Wisting
3706:Crozier
3678:Weddell
3656:J. Cook
3626:Kapitsa
3607:Fiennes
3549:Klenova
3518:Hillary
3468:Ketchum
3394:BANZARE
3369:·
3214:Polheim
3180:Shirase
3166:Charcot
2976:Belgica
2895:Crozier
2807:Morrell
2802:Weddell
2780:Lazarev
2725:J. Cook
2679:History
2629:Arktika
2605:Krassin
2590:Voronin
2562:Schmidt
2548:Ushakov
2487:Vaygach
2455:Albanov
2424:Rusanov
2405:Kolchak
2400:Matisen
2374:Makarov
2353:De Long
2254:Wrangel
2234:Lyakhov
2187:Malygin
2145:Dezhnev
1972:Pandora
1943:Advance
1910:Kennedy
1905:Belcher
1898:Kellett
1885:McClure
1809:Beechey
1803:Blossom
1796:Simpson
1764:Crozier
1757:Hoppner
1714:J. Ross
1682:J. Cook
1630:Gilbert
1523:J. Hall
1489:Ingólfr
1479:Naddodd
1473:Vikings
1460:Brendan
1455:Pytheas
1443:Iceland
1397:Arktika
1389:Herbert
1354:Badygin
1324:Krenkel
1309:Papanin
1278:Chkalov
1264:Wilkins
1229:Wisting
1173:F. Cook
1079:Markham
1039:Bessels
1028:Polaris
1019:Polaris
990:J. Ross
973:Carolus
921:History
762:Sources
364:Vaygach
222:Russian
209:Alesund
143:Yenisey
124:Siberia
45:Russian
3869:Bowers
3864:Wilson
3823:Hassel
3818:Helmer
3787:Mackay
3777:Mawson
3742:Nimrod
3700:Terror
3685:Erebus
3612:Burton
3407:Rymill
3283:Mawson
3277:Aurora
3256:Lashly
3241:Wilson
3144:Nimrod
3121:Scotia
2928:Murray
2903:Cooper
2890:Terror
2872:Erebus
2841:Wilkes
2792:Palmer
2760:Vostok
2707:Bouvet
2631:-class
2611:Gakkel
2479:Taymyr
2460:Konrad
2429:Kuchin
2367:Yermak
2274:Lavrov
2192:Ovtsyn
2177:Bering
2155:Ivanov
2118:Hudson
2080:Pomors
2057:Cowper
2022:Karluk
1921:Isabel
1915:Bellot
1865:Austin
1833:Terror
1825:Erebus
1721:Griper
1697:Clerke
1657:Baffin
1640:Hudson
1571:Nansen
1484:Garðar
1405:Barneo
1272:ANT-25
1248:Italia
1224:Nobile
1193:Henson
1152:Amedeo
1128:Nansen
1093:Greely
963:Hudson
901:Arctic
814:Arctic
787:Arctic
464:Dikson
369:Taymyr
355:Eklips
351:Eklips
307:, the
296:Nenets
49:Arctic
3949:Crary
3896:Dufek
3859:Oates
3849:Scott
3782:David
3763:Adams
3734:Barne
3555:Mirny
3544:Somov
3354:Quest
3251:Crean
3236:Scott
3115:Bruce
3069:Gauss
3062:Gauss
2936:Jason
2923:Nares
2797:Davis
2774:Mirny
2747:Smith
2702:Roché
2622:Lenin
2542:Sadko
2467:Wiese
2412:Sedov
2383:Zarya
2306:Payer
2269:Litke
2264:Anjou
2197:Minin
2160:Vagin
2150:Popov
2123:Poole
1978:Young
1791:Dease
1736:Hecla
1727:Parry
1652:Bylot
1635:Davis
1610:Cabot
1583:Peary
1565:Jason
1552:Egede
1466:Papar
1378:Skate
1359:Wiese
1339:NP-37
1332:NP-36
1212:Norge
1200:Sedov
1188:Peary
1146:Jason
1061:Nares
1055:Alert
1010:Hayes
978:Parry
916:Ocean
820:(3).
793:(4).
483:Notes
397:cairn
324:Sedov
202:bosun
112:Oryol
29:ketch
3881:Byrd
3802:Fram
3753:Wild
3435:Marr
3401:BGLE
3388:Byrd
3316:Wild
3195:Fram
2997:Cook
2518:AARI
2503:Maud
2390:Toll
2315:Vega
2001:Gjøa
1986:Fram
1949:Kane
1786:Back
1751:Fury
1742:Lyon
1664:Munk
1303:NP-1
1205:Byrd
1122:Fram
1113:Fram
1005:Kane
776:(4).
460:Maud
422:The
367:and
333:The
322:and
311:and
282:The
198:mate
174:Fram
141:and
116:Kiev
35:The
3578:3rd
3564:2nd
3538:1st
3371:IGY
3367:IPY
1957:Fox
1853:Rae
1419:Mir
1395:NS
822:doi
795:doi
438:in
237:to
3984::
2483:/
841:11
839:.
818:38
816:.
812:.
791:36
789:.
785:.
774:16
772:.
730:^
715:^
674:^
631:^
616:^
577:^
562:^
511:^
479:.
224::
158:.
139:Ob
130:.
2960:"
2954:"
2897:)
2893:(
2884:)
2875:(
880:e
873:t
866:v
843:.
830:.
824::
803:.
797::
645:.
599:.
215:(
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