1173:
1686, the Qing sent another force of 3,000 troops (chiefly cavalry and including 30-40 "newly cast" cannons), supported by 150 supply boats manned by 3,000 to 6,000 more men, to retake the fort from the garrison of 736 Russian soldiers and militia (who had 11 cannons). The
Russians rejected a Qing demand for surrender, and another battle ensued on July 18. Over the next few weeks, the Qing made various attempts to take the fort, but were always driven back with heavy losses, while Russian combat losses were negligible. The Russians even began sallying out for counterattacks to destroy Qing siege engines, one sally killing 150 Chinese troops for the loss of only 21 Russians. The Qing were befuddled by the design of the fort which, like contemporary European artillery forts, often left the Chinese soldiers caught in crossfires when they attempted to place their siege lines and artillery according to traditional tactics. The Qing general, Langtan, abandoned assaults in August and instead decided to starve the fort out by blocking Russian access to the nearby river. Eventually, the Qing investment in Albazin became so large that the fortifications of the siege camps dwarfed those of Albazin itself. Moscow sent elite musketeers to relieve the fort but the Qing controlled all approaches and no sled or sleigh could slip in. Both armies suffered from disease and starvation: Russian combatants and civilians alike died en masse from scurvy, typhus, and cholera, while the Chinese starved and froze outside the walls and were sometimes driven to
1253:" Thereupon he ordered all our marines to take off their clothes and jump into the water. Each wore a rattan shield on his head and held a huge sword in his hand. Thus they swam forward. The Russians were so frightened that they all shouted: 'Behold, the big-capped Tartars!' Since our marines were in the water, they could not use their firearms. Our sailors wore rattan shields to protect their heads so that enemy bullets and arrows could not pierce them. Our marines used long swords to cut the enemy's ankles. The Russians fell into the river, most of them either killed or wounded. The rest fled and escaped. Lin Hsing-chu had not lost a single marine when he returned to take part in besieging the city." written by Yang Hai-Chai who was related to Marquis Lin, a participant in the war
1169:) were used. Three thousand Qing soldiers initially assailed the fort. A detachment made a feint on the south of the fort, while other soldiers secretly moved Hongyipao to the north of the fort and to its sides, to carry out a pincer attack. In total, the Qing force included 100-150 light artillery, 40-50 large siege guns, and 100 musketeers, with the rest of the men using traditional weapons. On the first day, 100 Russians were killed or wounded by the massive artillery barrage. After the wooden walls were set ablaze, the Russians surrendered and acknowledged Qing suzerainty.
433:
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1177:. By November, 600 Russian men and more than 1,500 Qing soldiers had died. In October 1686, Russian envoys arrived in Beijing from Moscow requesting peace. In December, a messenger from the Qing emperor arrived at the siege lines announcing a pause to the siege, and that his men, as a show of good faith, were to offer food and medicine to the remaining Russians, of which there were only 24.
49:
1915:
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was left in charge with about 400-500 men. They had little difficulty plundering the natives and defeating the local Qing troops. The Qing responded with two policies. First they ordered the local population to withdraw, thereby ending the grain production that had attracted the
Russians in the first
1261:
at Peking. The
Chinese withdrew from the area, but the Russians, hearing of this, returned with 800 men under Aleksei Tolbuzin and reoccupied the fort. Their original purpose was merely to harvest the local grain, a rare commodity in this part of Siberia. From June 1686, the fort was again besieged.
1172:
After this, the
Russian garrison was ordered to build more powerful walls. With the help of Prussian soldier Afanasii Ivanovich Beiton (who was second in command of the fort), the walls were eventually built up to a height of five and a half meters and a thickness of seven and a half meters. In July
1164:
After extensive reconnaissance, the Qing made their first attempt to conquer
Albazin in 1685. At the time Albazin was a wooden fort with only 300 muskets, 3 cannons, and low stocks of gunpowder; regardless, the Chinese concluded that it could not be taken from its tiny garrison unless "red barbarian
941:
was accompanied by massacres due to indigenous resistance to colonization by the
Russian Cossacks, who violently suppressed the natives. The Russian Cossacks were named luocha (羅剎), after Demons found in Buddhist mythology, by the Amur natives because of their cruelty towards the Amur tribes people,
1124:
and the deserted land became a haven for outlaws and renegade
Cossacks. In 1660 a large band of Russians was destroyed. They had some difficulty pursuing the Cossacks since their own policy had removed most of the local food. In the 1670s the Chinese attempted to drive the Russians away from the
1262:
Either the siege was raised in
December when the armies learned that the two empires were engaged in peace negotiations, or the fort was captured after an 18-month siege and Tolbuzin was killed. At that time less than 100 defenders were left alive.
978:
and about 1500 Daurs and
Duchers led by the Manchu general known as Haise (海色), or Izenei (Изеней or Исиней). Haise was later executed for his poor performance. As soon as the ice broke up Khabarov withdrew upriver and built winter quarters at
1226:), former Koxinga followers, and these rattan shield troops did not suffer a single casualty when they defeated and cut down Russian forces traveling by rafts on the river, only using the rattan shields and swords while fighting naked.
1036:. In 1657 he built more than 40 ships at the village of Ula (modern Jilin).. In 1658 a large Qing fleet under Sarhuda caught up with Stepanov and killed him and about 220 Cossacks. A few escaped and became freebooters.
1238:
in the siege of
Albazin. The Russians were fought against by the Taiwan based former soldiers of Koxinga. The nautical military understanding of the former Taiwan sailors were the reason for their participation in the
2826:
1116:. In a naval battle in the Amur a few miles downstream from the mouth of the Sungari (July 10, 1658). The 11-ship Russian flotilla is destroyed (the survivors flee on just one ship), and Stepanov himself dies.
1136:
The Amur Basin with modern national borders. Nerchinsk is on the lower Shilka, Albazin on the northern loop of the Amur, Kumarsk somewhat downstream, Aigun at the mouth of the Zeya and Achansk at Khabarovsk.
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1157:. In 1670 it was unsuccessfully attacked. In 1672 Albazin received the Czar's pardon and was officially recognized. From 1673 to 1683 the Qing dynasty were tied up suppressing a rebellion in the south, the
951:
834:
775:
974:. Again there was fighting and the natives called for the assistance of the Qing. On 24 March 1652, Achansk was unsuccessfully attacked by a large Qing force consisting of 600 Manchu soldiers from
918:
found a better route to the upper Amur and quickly returned to Yakutsk where he recommended that a larger force be sent to conquer the region. He returned the same year and built winter quarters at
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477:
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was twice contested between Russia and China. Hydrologically, the Stanovoy Range separates the rivers that flow north into the Arctic from those that flow south into the
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to reinforce Albazin against the Russians. Kangxi was impressed by a demonstration of their techniques and ordered 500 of them to defend Albazin, under Lin Xingzhu (
1180:
Albazin was eventually ceded to the Qing in the 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk, in exchange for trading privileges in Beijing and the right to keep the city of Nerchinsk.
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983:. In the spring of 1653 reinforcements arrived under Dmitry Zinoviev. The two quarreled, Khabarov was arrested and escorted to Moscow for investigation.
1976:
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228:
218:
2007:
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In 1643, Russian adventurers spilled over the Stanovoy Range, but by 1689 they were driven back by the Qing. The land was populated by some 9,000
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2905:
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17:
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The region of the conflict depicted on a British map about a century after the events, when most of it became parts of the Chinese provinces of
4783:
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3310:
3281:
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L. Carrington Godrich, Chaoying Fang (editors), "Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644". Volume I (A-L). Columbia University Press, 1976.
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1618:(Regarding the fortification techniques used in the settlements of the Amur Valley tribes in the mid-17th century, and the meaning of the
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1. Page 133 -152 China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia By Peter C. Perdue Published by Harvard University Press, 2005
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Kang, Hyeokhweon (2012). "Big Heads and Buddhist Demons: The Korean Military Revolution and Northern Expeditions of 1654 and 1658".
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Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise
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girls and women were raped by Russian Cossacks under Yerofey Khabarov when he invaded the Amur river basin in the 1650s.
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China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia By Peter C. Perdue Published by Harvard University Press, 2005
1096:
1658 : Big warships capable of fighting Russian ships were built by Han Chinese shipbuilders for the Qing forces.
675:. Various Chinese dynasties would claim sovereignty, build forts and collect tribute when they were strong enough. The
2222:
Marginal constituencies: Qing borderland policies and vernacular histories of five tribes on the Sino-Russian frontier
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2017:
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1807:(三手) in the 17th century, and the issues related to the Korean troops' participation in the Manchus' Amur campaigns)
1794:Корейская пехотная тактика самсу в XVII веке и проблема участия корейских войск в Амурских походах маньчжурской армии
1609:К вопросу о характере укреплений поселков приамурских племен середины XVII века и значении нанайского термина «гасян»
1428:
671:
with some areas good for agriculture. Socially and politically, from about 600 AD, it was the northern fringe of the
1737:
1679:Август 1652 г. Из отписки приказного человека Е.П. Хабарова якутскому воеводе Д.А. Францбекову о походе по р. Амуру.
1611:
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773:
December 1639-May 1640 : 1st battle - the native siberians and the Qing participated in the Battle of Gualar (
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1946:
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and who specialized at fighting with rattan shields and swords (Tengpaiying) 藤牌营 were recommended to the
1154:
938:
31:
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with disputes over the Amur region. The hostilities culminated in the Qing siege of the Cossack fort of
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4248:
4238:
4208:
4198:
3813:
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3704:
3150:
1290:, the Russians abandoned the whole Amur country including Albazin. The frontier was established as the
1078:
1888:
1706:
1309:, Russia annexed the land between the Stanovoy Range and the Amur (commonly referred to in Russian as
4549:
4443:
4243:
3714:
3433:
3362:
3155:
2687:
2612:
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2399:
1338:
577:) was the Manchus' forward base for the attacks on Albazin (which itself is not shown on this map);
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3189:
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September 1640 : 2nd battle - the native Siberians and the Qing participated in the Battle of
2012:. Published for the Association for Asian Studies by the University of Arizona Press. p. 80.
4603:
4332:
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3231:
2697:
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2516:
2414:
1045:
1032:(who himself was from the Nierbo village from the mouth of Sungari) as the garrison commander at
1005:
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4001:
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803:
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2315:
Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Maps
4735:
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2719:
2702:
2567:
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1951:
1314:
1054:
were included into Manchu-led troops. The campaigns became known in Korean historiography as
698:
2154:
901:
to its mouth and then north along the Okhotsk coast, returning to Yakutsk three years later.
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In 1859/60 the area was annexed by Russia and quickly filled up with a Russian population.
1325:, an area that had not been in contention in the 17th century. Those treaties allowed the
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January 1654 : the first time a Korean contingent arrived to join a Manchu army near
8:
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Winter 1643 - Spring 1644 : a detachment of a Russian expedition led by the Cossack
644:
100:
1688:
An excerpt from Khabarov's report to the Yakutsk Voivode D.A.Frantsbekov, August 1652.)
1473:
Li, Gertraude Roth (2002). "State Building before 1644". In Peterson, Willard J. (ed.).
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2077:
1941:
1463:. There seem to be few, if any, mentions of this project in other available literature.
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2013:
1955:
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1658:
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1478:
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1655 : Russian Tsardom has established a "military governor of the Amur region".
965:
672:
628:
420:
375:
234:
224:
214:
196:
186:
124:
120:
1598:
G. Patrick March, Eastern Destiny: the Russians in Asia and the North Pacific, 1996.
1257:
Most of the Russians withdrew to Nerchinsk, but a few joined the Qing, becoming the
131:
4725:
4670:
4576:
4317:
4088:
4058:
4024:
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3465:
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2642:
2607:
2511:
2436:
2404:
2059:
1477:. Cambridge History of China. Vol. 9. Cambridge University Press. p. 14.
1258:
1219:
1211:
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998:
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927:
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870:
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455:
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3470:
3236:
3199:
2647:
2637:
2577:
1678:
1619:
1318:
1295:
1230:
May–July 1685 : The siege of Albazin - The Qing used former Ming loyalist
1207:
1149:
murdered the voyvoda of Ilimsk and fled to the Amur and reoccupied the fort at
749:
718:
660:
256:
2081:
2063:
2009:
A Documentary Chronicle of Sino-Western Relations, 1644-1820: Translated texts
4858:
4788:
4625:
4263:
3709:
3675:
3640:
3256:
3246:
3062:
2453:
2262:
2229:
2136:
1800:
854:
710:
586:
549:) was the main early base of Qing river fleets, which was later relocated to
393:
864:
May 1643 : 3rd battle - the native tribes submitted to the Qing Empire.
4544:
4068:
4034:
3789:
3729:
3426:
3368:
3057:
3039:
2895:
2365:
2313:
Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T., eds. (1996).
1368:
1199:
846:
795:
787:
748:
toward the river mouth. The first Russians to hear of Dauria were probably
745:
676:
620:
594:
526:
432:
387:
330:
318:
306:
293:
276:
263:
251:
159:
154:
135:
80:
53:
4305:
1757:
Black Dragon River: A Journey Down the Amur River Between Russia and China
1705:
1517:
A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990
767:
141:
4650:
4379:
4300:
4233:
4063:
3665:
3386:
3107:
3102:
1793:
1734:
1608:
1322:
1231:
1012:
987:
980:
850:
791:
786:) : between 2 regiments of Manchu bannermen and a detachment of 500
753:
729:
714:
687:
4685:
4635:
4554:
4423:
3333:
3177:
3127:
3097:
2940:
2254:
1302:
confirmed and clarified this border and regulated Russo-Chinese trade.
1126:
971:
898:
894:
882:
733:
722:
664:
554:
2334:
4273:
3122:
3112:
1166:
1121:
607:
84:
30:
For the 1969 border conflict between the Soviet Union and China, see
2129:
The Heritage of Han: The Gelaohui and the 1911 Revolution in Sichuan
1856:
The Heritage of Han: The Gelaohui and the 1911 Revolution in Sichuan
1040:
1654-1658 : The Sino-Korean allied expeditions against Russians
922:
at the northernmost point on the river. He occupied the Daur's fort
4838:
4700:
3607:
3352:
3299:
3241:
3117:
3092:
1669:(Although this particular book seems to misspell 海色 as 海包 (Haibao))
1105:
640:
635:
in which the latter tried and failed to gain the land north of the
632:
359:
145:
1405:
667:. Ecologically, the area is the southeastern edge of the Siberian
3592:
1185:
1150:
1113:
1101:
1097:
1074:
1067:
1033:
1029:
975:
959:
Next summer he sailed down the Amur and built a fort near modern
923:
919:
890:
858:
829:
737:
706:
656:
619:(1652–1689) were a series of intermittent skirmishes between the
546:
311:
57:
1305:
In 1858, almost two centuries after the fall of Albazin, by the
597:) were the two other main Manchu centers in northern Manchuria.
3777:
2191:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. pp. 26–47.
1132:
1086:
811:
799:
741:
624:
170:
3316:
2875:
1819:
Ravenstein, The Russians on the Amur, 1860(sic), Google Books
1456:
1455:. Du Halde refers to the Yongle-era fort, the predecessor of
1451:
Numerous later editions are available as well, including one
1090:
986:
Cattle and horses in the hundreds were looted and 243 ethnic
683:
668:
574:
534:
2185:
Emory Endeavors in History: Transnational Encounters in Asia
1282:
Changes in the Russo-Chinese border in the 17-19th centuries
1153:, which became the center of a petty kingdom which he named
1050:
In the following operations significant Korean forces under
768:
1639-1643 : Qing Campaign against the indigenous rulers
3486:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
2975:
1073:
July 1654 : Battle of Hutong (on lower reaches of the
636:
1834:
1822:
1183:
686:, and established an administrative seat at Telin, modern
581:, was Aigun's original site on the left bank of the Amur.
48:
1081:) between a joint Korean-Manchu army of 1500 men led by
1760:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Penguin. p. 187.
881:
explored the stream of the Jingkiri river, present-day
2156:
Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat
1917:
Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat
1449:. Vol. IV. Paris: P.G. Lemercier. pp. 15–16.
1313:, i.e. the "Lands along the Amur"). In 1860, with the
1028:
place. Second they appointed the experienced general
4572:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
1559:
The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians
1161:. In 1682 or 1684 a voyvoda was appointed by Moscow.
1120:
By 1658 the Chinese had wiped out the Russians below
814::Bomboguoer) while the second native leader Bardači (
2312:
2272:
Russia and China: Their Diplomatic Relations to 1728
2110:
White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian
2091:
White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian
1890:
Russia and China: their diplomatic relations to 1728
1411:
3491:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
2054:Andrade, Tonio (2017). "The Renaissance Fortress".
2041:
John J. Stephen, The Russian Far East, 1994,page 31
2153:
1774:
1632:
1242:July–October 1686 : The siege of New Albazin.
713:there was little land fit for agriculture, except
2247:The Unsullied Dynasty & the Kʻang-hsi Emperor
1873:The Unsullied Dynasty & the Kʻang-hsi Emperor
1852:
1202:loyalist Han Chinese troops who had served under
725:which was nominally subject to the Qing dynasty.
682:built a fort on the Northern bank of the Amur at
485:
4856:
4587:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
3917:List of battles involving the Russian Federation
2058:. Princeton University Press. pp. 211–234.
1108:sails down the Sungari into the Amur, and meets
4706:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
4621:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)
996:
905:
2891:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
868:
4560:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
3761:
3311:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
3282:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
2350:
1104:, including a large Korean contingent led by
705:in 1582. By 1643 they reached the Pacific at
471:
447:32 (7 killed, 24 injured, 1 died from wounds)
1886:
1125:Okhotsk coast, reaching as far north as the
27:Series of conflicts between China and Russia
4513:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
4508:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
1913:
1880:
1846:
1234:naval specialists who had served under the
3829:Military history of the Russian Federation
3768:
3754:
2357:
2343:
1934:
1869:
1733:Оксана ГАЙНУТДИНОВА (Oksana Gainutdinova)
1385:
1383:
970:(Wuzhala (乌扎拉)) probably near present-day
478:
464:
4079:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)
2971:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
2005:
1907:
1893:. Harvard University Press. p. 338.
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
406:200 gunners; 60 officers and interpreters
2820:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
1718:United States Government Printing Office
1439:
1277:
1269:
1131:
926:after subduing the Daurs led by Arbaši (
520:
4910:17th-century military history of Russia
4040:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)
3910:List of wars involving the Soviet Union
3427:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
2364:
2293:
2269:
2126:
2053:
1863:
1840:
1828:
1753:
1650:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1556:
1514:
1380:
611:is the site of the treaty negotiations.
14:
4857:
4661:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
4592:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
4451:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)
4429:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919
4143:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)
3819:Military history of the Russian Empire
2107:
2088:
1999:
1940:
1700:
1601:
1533:
1491:
1433:
1391:Late Imperial Chinese Armies 1520-1840
647:in 1689 which gave the land to China.
4811:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)
4189:Russian colonization of North America
3749:
3725:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
2966:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
2338:
2151:
1975:Jenne, Jeremiah (September 6, 2016).
1974:
1321:(i.e. the "Maritime Region") down to
1140:
459:
4895:Wars involving the Tsardom of Russia
3824:Military history of the Soviet Union
2946:Ministry of Posts and Communications
2181:
1780:
1722:Haise was executed for this disgrace
1713:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
1638:
1575:
4565:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
3694:History of Qing (People's Republic)
2244:
2219:
1977:"Settling Siberia: Nerchinsk, 1689"
1786:
1727:
1694:
1672:
1417:
1020:1657 : 2nd Battle of Sharhody.
680:Nurgan Regional Military Commission
623:of China, with assistance from the
24:
4611:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
3977:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
3411:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
2780:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
2773:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
2653:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
2477:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
1472:
1412:Wurm, Mühlhäusler & Tryon 1996
25:
4941:
4905:History of the Cossacks in Russia
4476:Red Army intervention in Mongolia
3700:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
3541:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
3416:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
2568:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
1876:. Mark One Printing. p. 270.
1859:. University of Iowa. p. 18.
1651:Gong, Shuduo; Liu, Delin (2007).
4530:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
4323:Russian conquest of Central Asia
4259:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
4055:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)
3997:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
3511:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
2827:Articles of Favourable Treatment
2583:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
2160:(illustrated ed.). Dk Pub.
740:downstream and several thousand
441:
431:
419:
400:
386:
374:
353:
341:
329:
317:
305:
292:
275:
262:
250:
233:
223:
213:
195:
185:
164:
153:
140:
130:
119:
47:
4915:China–Russia military relations
4885:Wars involving the Qing dynasty
4816:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)
4461:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
4402:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine
2558:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
2444:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
2296:The Russian Far East: A History
2035:
2026:
1968:
1813:
1747:
1644:
1159:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
1093:: 邊岌) against 400-500 Russians.
701:began with the conquest of the
18:Russian-Manchu border conflicts
4925:China–Russian Empire relations
4498:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)
4148:War of the Austrian Succession
3212:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
2502:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
1607:А.М.Пастухов (A.M. Pastukhov)
1519:. Cambridge University Press.
1466:
1396:
942:who were subjects of the Qing.
13:
1:
4890:Wars involving Imperial China
4870:Military history of Manchuria
4721:South Ossetia war (1991–1992)
4599:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
4350:Russian invasion of Manchuria
4340:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
4286:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
4281:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
4224:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
4214:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
4179:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
4174:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
4164:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
4154:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
4132:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
4127:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)
4104:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
4099:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)
4074:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)
4050:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
4045:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
4030:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)
3905:List of wars involving Russia
3900:Sino-Russian border conflicts
3646:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
3421:Islam during the Qing dynasty
3277:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
2961:Provincial military commander
2951:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
2936:Imperial Household Department
2763:Preparative Constitutionalism
2467:Sino-Russian border conflicts
2298:. Stanford University Press.
1744:(The mystery of Fort Achansk)
1374:
1364:Russian invasion of Manchuria
650:
617:Sino-Russian border conflicts
487:Russian-Qing border conflicts
42:Sino-Russian border conflicts
4676:Eritrean War of Independence
4646:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
4641:East German uprising of 1953
4582:Eastern Front (World War II)
4471:Red Army invasion of Georgia
4466:Red Army invasion of Armenia
4434:Estonian War of Independence
4375:Russian occupation of Tabriz
4296:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
4254:War of the Seventh Coalition
4137:War of the Polish Succession
4084:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
3405:Researches on Manchu Origins
2810:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
2420:Transition from Ming to Qing
2410:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
2274:. Harvard University Press.
1561:. Cornell University Press.
1344:Transition from Ming to Qing
643:in 1686 and resulted in the
56:forces storming the fort of
7:
4930:Imperial Russian war crimes
4716:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
4666:Sino-Soviet border conflict
4535:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
4503:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
4439:Latvian War of Independence
4328:Russian conquest of Bukhara
4219:War of the Fourth Coalition
4204:War of the Second Coalition
3305:Changzhou School of Thought
2815:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
2790:Railway Protection Movement
2768:1909 Parliamentary election
2753:British expedition to Tibet
2663:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
2623:Self-Strengthening Movement
2598:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
2220:Kim, Loretta Eumie (2009).
2127:Felsing, Robert H. (1979).
1947:The Search for Modern China
1354:Sino-Soviet border conflict
1349:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
1332:
1265:
939:Russian conquest of Siberia
762:
565:are the Amur and the Zeya.
32:Sino-Soviet border conflict
10:
4946:
4711:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
4249:War of the Sixth Coalition
4239:War of the Fifth Coalition
4209:War of the Third Coalition
3814:Military history of Russia
3776:Armed conflicts involving
3705:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
2593:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
2532:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
2522:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
2492:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
1853:Robert H. Felsing (1979).
1803:" (Korean infantry tactic
1557:Lincoln, W. Bruce (2007).
1191:
1043:
1003:
897:. He then sailed down the
442:
437:several hundreds (debated)
401:
354:
342:
165:
29:
4824:
4759:
4550:Soviet invasion of Poland
4360:
4244:French invasion of Russia
4112:
4010:
3929:
3855:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
3847:
3804:
3797:
3715:Names of the Qing dynasty
3658:
3626:
3583:
3576:
3445:
3363:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
3290:
3222:
3143:
3048:
2844:
2735:
2693:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
2688:Gongche Shangshu movement
2633:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
2545:
2482:Chinese Rites controversy
2452:
2382:
2373:
2294:Stephan, John J. (1994).
2064:10.1515/9781400874446-016
1754:Ziegler, Dominic (2016).
1735:Загадка Ачанского городка
1475:The Ch'ing Empire to 1800
1339:Manchuria under Qing rule
1223:
1215:
931:
914:1650-1651 : In 1649
842:
819:
783:
493:
413:
392:3,000 men including both
368:
176:
112:
63:
46:
41:
4691:South African Border War
4616:Guerrilla war in Ukraine
4518:Chechen uprising of 1932
4199:Russo-Persian War (1796)
3636:Great Qing Treasure Note
3456:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
3166:Administrative divisions
2983:Administrative divisions
2911:Flag of the Qing dynasty
1011:March–April 1655 :
845:): between the natives (
655:The southeast corner of
396:and Han Chinese soldiers
4333:Khivan campaign of 1873
4184:Russo-Polish War (1792)
3232:Chengde Mountain Resort
3033:Three Eastern Provinces
2683:First Sino-Japanese War
2658:Northern Chinese Famine
2517:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
2415:Qing invasion of Joseon
1920:. DK Pub. p. 179.
1657:. 知書房出版集團. p. 66.
1515:Forsyth, James (1994).
1441:Du Halde, Jean-Baptiste
1046:Battle of Hutong (1658)
1006:Battle of Hutong (1654)
947:Battle of Achansky fort
885:, and the Amur rivers.
717:, the land between the
4880:History of Amur Oblast
4865:17th-century conflicts
4806:Western Libya campaign
4481:East Karelian uprising
4002:Wagner Group rebellion
3937:Uprising of Bolotnikov
3613:Great Qing Copper Coin
3501:Convention of Tientsin
3434:Annotated Bibliography
3382:Qing official headwear
2425:Battle of Shanhai Pass
2270:Mancall, Mark (1971).
2108:Bisher, Jamie (2006).
2089:Bisher, Jamie (2006).
1283:
1275:
1274:The Amur Basin in 1860
1255:
1236:Zheng family in Taiwan
1137:
1112:'s smaller fleet from
945:March 24, 1652 :
699:expansion into Siberia
612:
605:" of Russian records.
177:Commanders and leaders
4900:Wars involving Joseon
4801:Intervention in Syria
4736:Tajikistani Civil War
4444:Lithuanian–Soviet War
4385:Battle of Robat Karim
3834:Post-Soviet conflicts
3687:Draft History of Qing
3546:Treaty of Shimonoseki
3327:performance criticism
2931:Imperial Commissioner
2921:Great Qing Legal Code
2720:Eight-Nation Alliance
2703:Third plague pandemic
2613:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
2537:White Lotus Rebellion
2317:. Mouton de Gruyter.
2249:. Mark One Printing.
2152:Grant, R. G. (2005).
1887:Mark Mancall (1971).
1702:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
1317:, Russia annexed the
1315:Convention of Beijing
1281:
1273:
1251:
1184:1685-1687 : The
1135:
524:
414:Casualties and losses
4784:Annexation of Crimea
4488:Central Asian Revolt
4397:Ukrainian–Soviet War
4269:Russo-Circassian War
3952:Pugachev's Rebellion
3895:Russo-Ukrainian Wars
3839:Russian Armed Forces
3809:Early modern warfare
3618:Great Qing Gold Coin
3551:Treaty of Tarbagatai
3496:Convention of Peking
3376:Pentaglot Dictionary
3358:Literary inquisition
3068:Ever Victorious Army
2901:Deliberative Council
2805:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
2758:1905 Batang uprising
2698:Hundred Days' Reform
2588:Small Swords Society
2245:Lux, Louise (1998).
1981:The World of Chinese
1914:R. G. Grant (2005).
1147:Nikifor Chernigovsky
673:Chinese-Manchu world
4844:Sphere of influence
4774:Russo-Ukrainian War
4631:First Indochina War
4604:Soviet–Japanese War
4540:Xinjiang War (1937)
4409:Kazakhstan Campaign
4194:Kościuszko Uprising
4094:Second Northern War
3972:Coup attempt (1991)
3865:Soviet-Finnish wars
3671:Anti-Qing sentiment
3521:Treaty of the Bogue
3461:Treaty of Nerchinsk
3393:Complete Tang Poems
3073:Green Standard Army
2956:Provincial governor
2926:Imperial Clan Court
2906:Diplomatic missions
2881:Consultative Bureau
2628:Tongzhi Restoration
2507:Afaqi Khoja revolts
2487:Ten Great Campaigns
2395:Jurchen unification
1950:. Norton. pp.
1942:Spence, Jonathan D.
1870:Louise Lux (1998).
1843:, pp. 225–230.
1831:, pp. 221–222.
1288:Treaty of Nerchinsk
1100:'s Qing fleet from
1077:at the present-day
645:Treaty of Nerchinsk
101:Treaty of Nerchinsk
4875:History of Siberia
4834:Russian Revolution
4769:Russo-Georgian War
4751:Second Chechen War
4731:Georgian Civil War
4370:Russo-Japanese War
4122:Great Northern War
4020:Russo-Crimean Wars
3992:Second Chechen War
3890:Russo-Turkish wars
3885:Russo-Swedish wars
3875:Russo-Persian Wars
3860:Russo-Crimean Wars
3556:Treaty of Tientsin
3267:Western Qing tombs
3262:Eastern Qing tombs
3088:Peking Field Force
2832:Manchu Restoration
2725:Declaration of war
2678:Jindandao incident
2497:Lhasa riot of 1750
2006:Lo-shu Fu (1966).
1987:on August 20, 2020
1740:2007-08-13 at the
1684:2011-10-04 at the
1614:2011-10-01 at the
1284:
1276:
1141:1665-1689: Albazin
1138:
692:Nikolaevsk-on-Amur
627:of Korea, and the
613:
4852:
4851:
4741:First Chechen War
4696:Soviet–Afghan War
4681:Angolan Civil War
4456:Polish–Soviet War
4414:Finnish Civil War
4392:Russian Civil War
4291:November Uprising
4229:Anglo-Russian War
4169:Bar Confederation
3982:First Chechen War
3962:Russian Civil War
3957:Decembrist revolt
3947:Bulavin Rebellion
3942:Razin's Rebellion
3925:
3924:
3880:Russo-Polish Wars
3848:Lists by opponent
3743:
3742:
3654:
3653:
3566:Treaty of Whampoa
3561:Treaty of Wanghia
3536:Treaty of Nanking
3506:Li–Lobanov Treaty
3481:Chefoo Convention
3476:Burlingame Treaty
3347:Kangxi Dictionary
3252:Old Summer Palace
3083:Firearm Battalion
2886:Cup of Solid Gold
2840:
2839:
2785:Manchurian plague
2748:Late Qing reforms
2739:(1901–1912)
2673:Sikkim expedition
2603:Panthay Rebellion
2573:Taiping Rebellion
2549:(1801–1900)
2527:Sino-Nepalese War
2472:Dzungar–Qing Wars
2458:(1683–1799)
2386:(1616–1683)
2324:978-3-11-013417-9
2305:978-0-8047-2701-3
2281:978-0-674-78115-3
2198:978-1-4751-3879-5
2119:978-1-135-76596-5
2100:978-1-135-76595-8
2073:978-1-4008-7444-6
2056:The Gunpowder Age
1961:978-0-393-30780-1
1927:978-0-7566-1360-0
1792:A.M. Pastukhov, "
1664:978-986-7151-64-3
1568:978-0-8014-8922-8
1526:978-0-521-47771-0
1484:978-0-521-24334-6
1300:Treaty of Kyakhta
1058:(나선정벌, literally
997:1654-1658 :
906:1649-1653 :
869:1643-1644 :
810:: 博木博果爾 or 博穆博果爾
629:Tsardom of Russia
516:
515:
454:
453:
125:Tsardom of Russia
108:
107:
16:(Redirected from
4937:
4726:Transnistria War
4671:War of Attrition
4577:Continuation War
4526:
4318:January Uprising
4159:Seven Years' War
4059:Time of Troubles
4025:Russo-Kazan Wars
3870:Russo-Kazan Wars
3802:
3801:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3747:
3746:
3720:New Qing History
3603:Qianlong Tongbao
3581:
3580:
3526:Treaty of Canton
3466:Unequal treaties
3272:Fuling Mausoleum
2871:Advisory Council
2800:Wuchang Uprising
2740:
2643:Tianjin Massacre
2608:Second Opium War
2550:
2512:Sino-Burmese War
2459:
2437:Battle of Penghu
2405:Seven Grievances
2387:
2380:
2379:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2309:
2285:
2266:
2241:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2207:
2201:. Archived from
2190:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2159:
2148:
2123:
2104:
2085:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2032:March, chapter 5
2030:
2024:
2023:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1983:. Archived from
1972:
1966:
1965:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1751:
1745:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1709:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1676:
1670:
1668:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1573:
1572:
1554:
1531:
1530:
1512:
1489:
1488:
1470:
1464:
1450:
1437:
1431:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1387:
1286:In 1689, by the
1259:Albazin Cossacks
1225:
1217:
1194:Siege of Albazin
1110:Onufriy Stepanov
1060:Russian campaign
1056:Naseon Jeongbeol
1025:Onufriy Stepanov
999:Onufriy Stepanov
969:
955:
933:
916:Yerofei Khabarov
908:Yerofey Khabarov
887:Vassili Poyarkov
844:
837:
821:
785:
778:
703:Khanate of Sibir
488:
480:
473:
466:
457:
456:
446:
445:
444:
436:
435:
423:
405:
404:
403:
394:Manchu Bannermen
391:
390:
378:
358:
357:
356:
346:
345:
344:
334:
333:
322:
321:
310:
309:
297:
296:
280:
279:
267:
266:
255:
254:
237:
227:
217:
209:
201:Onufriy Stepanov
199:
191:Yerofey Khabarov
189:
169:
168:
167:
158:
157:
144:
134:
123:
65:
64:
51:
39:
38:
21:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4820:
4761:
4755:
4746:War of Dagestan
4520:
4493:August Uprising
4362:
4356:
4345:Boxer Rebellion
4313:Amur Annexation
4114:
4108:
4012:
4006:
3987:War of Dagestan
3967:August Uprising
3921:
3843:
3793:
3774:
3744:
3739:
3735:Willow Palisade
3681:Chuang Guandong
3650:
3622:
3572:
3531:Treaty of Kulja
3516:Treaty of Aigun
3449:
3441:
3340:History of Ming
3292:
3286:
3224:
3218:
3144:Special regions
3139:
3078:Imperial Guards
3044:
2836:
2795:1911 Revolution
2741:
2738:
2731:
2708:Boxer Rebellion
2668:Sino-French War
2618:Amur Annexation
2563:First Opium War
2551:
2548:
2541:
2460:
2457:
2448:
2432:Great Clearance
2388:
2385:
2369:
2363:
2332:
2325:
2306:
2282:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2188:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2120:
2101:
2074:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1885:
1881:
1868:
1864:
1851:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1752:
1748:
1742:Wayback Machine
1732:
1728:
1720:. p. 632.
1707:"Šarhûda"
1699:
1695:
1689:
1686:Wayback Machine
1677:
1673:
1665:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1622:word "гасян" (
1616:Wayback Machine
1606:
1602:
1597:
1576:
1569:
1555:
1534:
1527:
1513:
1492:
1485:
1471:
1467:
1453:on Google Books
1438:
1434:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1388:
1381:
1377:
1359:Amur Annexation
1335:
1327:Amur Annexation
1307:Treaty of Aigun
1268:
1248:Outer Manchuria
1204:Zheng Chenggong
1196:
1190:
1143:
1048:
1042:
1008:
1002:
963:
949:
911:
879:Vasili Poyarkov
874:
871:Vasili Poyarkov
833:
825:) kept neutral.
774:
770:
765:
653:
519:
518:
517:
512:
489:
486:
484:
450:
440:
430:
409:
399:
385:
364:
352:
340:
328:
316:
304:
291:
274:
261:
249:
243:
229:Alexei Tolbuzin
219:Afanasy Pashkov
205:
163:
162:
152:
87:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4943:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4829:Russian Winter
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
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4813:
4808:
4803:
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4791:
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4708:
4703:
4698:
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4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4656:Vlora incident
4653:
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4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
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4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
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4419:Sochi conflict
4416:
4411:
4406:
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4389:
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4364:
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3638:
3632:
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3624:
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3605:
3600:
3598:Kangxi Tongbao
3595:
3589:
3587:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
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3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3471:Boxer Protocol
3463:
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3452:
3450:
3443:
3442:
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3439:
3438:
3437:
3423:
3418:
3413:
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3279:
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3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
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3237:Forbidden City
3234:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3200:General of Ili
3197:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3183:List of ambans
3180:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3140:
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3137:
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2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2648:Margary Affair
2645:
2640:
2638:Mudan incident
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2578:Nian Rebellion
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
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2474:
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2427:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
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2389:
2384:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2310:
2304:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2267:
2242:
2217:
2197:
2179:
2166:
2149:
2124:
2118:
2105:
2099:
2086:
2082:j.ctvc77j74.18
2072:
2044:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2018:
1998:
1967:
1960:
1933:
1926:
1906:
1899:
1879:
1862:
1845:
1833:
1821:
1812:
1799:2012-07-08 at
1785:
1773:
1767:978-0143109891
1766:
1746:
1726:
1704:, ed. (1943).
1693:
1671:
1663:
1643:
1631:
1600:
1574:
1567:
1532:
1525:
1490:
1483:
1465:
1432:
1416:
1414:, p. 828.
1404:
1395:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1298:. In 1727 the
1296:Stanovoy Range
1267:
1264:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1218:) and He You (
1208:Kangxi Emperor
1192:Main article:
1189:
1186:Albazin/Yakesa
1182:
1142:
1139:
1118:
1117:
1094:
1071:
1044:Main article:
1041:
1038:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1013:Siege of Komar
1004:Main article:
1001:
995:
957:
956:
943:
910:
904:
903:
902:
889:traveled from
873:
867:
866:
865:
862:
826:
784:селение Гуалар
769:
766:
764:
761:
754:Maxim Perfilev
750:Ivan Moskvitin
719:Stanovoy Range
709:. East of the
661:Stanovoy Range
652:
649:
625:Joseon dynasty
579:Aihom ruin(e)d
514:
513:
511:
510:
505:
500:
494:
491:
490:
483:
482:
475:
468:
460:
452:
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448:
438:
427:
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416:
415:
411:
410:
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397:
382:
380:
371:
370:
366:
365:
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362:
350:
338:
326:
314:
302:
289:
272:
259:
257:Kangxi Emperor
246:
244:
242:
241:
239:Afanasy Beiton
231:
221:
211:
193:
182:
179:
178:
174:
173:
150:
149:
148:
138:
115:
114:
110:
109:
106:
105:
104:
103:
93:
89:
88:
79:
77:
73:
72:
69:
61:
60:
44:
43:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4942:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4920:Eight Banners
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
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4881:
4878:
4876:
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4866:
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4860:
4845:
4842:
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4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4823:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4794:2022 invasion
4792:
4790:
4789:War in Donbas
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4626:Ili Rebellion
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4566:
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4558:
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4551:
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4541:
4538:
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4533:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4519:
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4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
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4427:
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4422:
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4412:
4410:
4407:
4403:
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4399:
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4390:
4386:
4383:
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4365:
4359:
4351:
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4326:
4325:
4324:
4321:
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4316:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4264:Caucasian War
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
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4222:
4220:
4217:
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4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
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4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
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4172:
4170:
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4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
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4067:
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4056:
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4046:
4043:
4041:
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4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4009:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
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3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
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3901:
3898:
3896:
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3891:
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3886:
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3871:
3868:
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3850:
3846:
3840:
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3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
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3807:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3791:
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3779:
3771:
3766:
3764:
3759:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3710:Manchu people
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3676:Canton System
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3641:Hubu Guanpiao
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
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3557:
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3507:
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3502:
3499:
3497:
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3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
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3291:Society &
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3257:Summer Palace
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3247:Mukden Palace
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2916:Grand Council
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2736:20th century
2734:
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2546:19th century
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2218:
2208:on 2020-12-07
2204:
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2163:
2158:
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2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:. Routledge.
2111:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2093:. Routledge.
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2038:
2029:
2021:
2019:9780816501519
2015:
2011:
2010:
2002:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1929:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1910:
1902:
1900:9780674781153
1896:
1892:
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1883:
1875:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1857:
1849:
1842:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1816:
1806:
1802:
1801:archive.today
1798:
1795:
1789:
1783:, p. 31.
1782:
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1641:, p. 26.
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1429:0-231-03801-1
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893:south to the
892:
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863:
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724:
720:
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712:
711:Yenisei River
708:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
678:
674:
670:
669:boreal forest
666:
662:
659:south of the
658:
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324:Lin Hsing-chu
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96:Qing victory
94:
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78:
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62:
59:
55:
50:
45:
40:
33:
19:
4545:World War II
4078:
4069:Smolensk War
4035:Livonian War
3899:
3730:Treaty ports
3692:
3685:
3659:Other topics
3432:
3425:
3403:
3391:
3374:
3369:Peiwen Yunfu
3367:
3345:
3338:
3309:
3058:Beiyang Army
3040:Zongli Yamen
2896:Da-Qing Bank
2713:Red Lanterns
2466:
2366:Qing dynasty
2331:
2314:
2295:
2288:
2271:
2246:
2221:
2210:. Retrieved
2203:the original
2184:
2171:. Retrieved
2155:
2128:
2109:
2090:
2055:
2047:
2046:
2037:
2028:
2008:
2001:
1989:. Retrieved
1985:the original
1980:
1970:
1945:
1936:
1916:
1909:
1889:
1882:
1872:
1865:
1855:
1848:
1841:Andrade 2017
1836:
1829:Andrade 2017
1824:
1815:
1809:(in Russian)
1804:
1788:
1776:
1756:
1749:
1729:
1721:
1711:
1696:
1690:(in Russian)
1674:
1653:
1646:
1634:
1628:(in Russian)
1623:
1603:
1558:
1516:
1474:
1468:
1460:
1445:
1435:
1419:
1407:
1398:
1390:
1369:Jaxa (state)
1310:
1304:
1285:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1200:Ming dynasty
1197:
1179:
1171:
1163:
1144:
1119:
1059:
1055:
1052:King Hyojong
1049:
1023:
985:
958:
934:
822:
820:巴爾達齊 or 巴爾達奇
758:
756:about 1640.
727:
696:
677:Ming dynasty
654:
621:Qing dynasty
616:
614:
606:
599:Houmar River
598:
590:
583:Mergenkhotun
582:
578:
570:
566:
562:
559:Saghalien R.
558:
550:
542:
538:
530:
206:
160:Qing dynasty
118:
113:Belligerents
95:
81:Heilongjiang
4651:Vietnam War
4521: [
4380:World War I
4301:Crimean War
4234:Finnish War
4150:(1740–1748)
4139:(1733–1738)
4064:Ingrian War
3780:(including
3666:Aisin Gioro
3628:Paper money
3387:Qing poetry
3108:Wuwei Corps
3103:Shuishiying
2864:Family tree
2048:Works cited
1991:October 22,
1389:CJ. Peers,
1323:Vladivostok
1292:Argun River
1232:Han Chinese
1175:cannibalism
964: [
950: [
794:led by the
688:Tyr, Russia
563:Tchikiri R.
54:Qing Empire
4859:Categories
4686:Ogaden War
4636:Korean War
4555:Winter War
4424:Heimosodat
4011:Tsardom of
3334:Four Wangs
3225:mausoleums
3178:Golden Urn
3151:Inner Asia
3128:Xiang Army
3098:Hushenying
3023:Liangguang
3003:Liangjiang
2941:Lifan Yuan
2846:Government
2255:B0029LDCSA
2224:(Thesis).
2212:2023-04-17
2167:0756613604
2131:(Thesis).
1375:References
1165:cannons" (
1127:Maya River
1083:Byeon Geup
972:Khabarovsk
899:Amur River
895:Zeya River
857:) and the
734:Zeya River
723:Amur River
665:Amur River
651:Background
637:Amur River
555:Jilin City
551:Kiring Ula
503:2nd Hutong
424:c. 800 men
348:Byeon Geup
299:Minggadari
4306:Åland War
4274:Murid War
4113:18th–19th
3156:Manchuria
3123:Huai Army
3113:Yong Ying
2998:Shaan-Gan
2454:High Qing
2400:Later Jin
2263:606335604
2238:304891316
2230:426251942
2145:302906101
2137:192098907
1781:Kang 2012
1639:Kang 2012
1311:Priamurye
1246:see also
1167:Hongyipao
1122:Nerchinsk
835:‹See Tfd›
823:Bā'ěrdáqí
776:‹See Tfd›
736:, 14,000
608:Nerczinsk
595:Qiqiha'er
591:Tcitcisar
571:Ula Hotum
567:Saghalien
531:Tcitcisar
527:Qiqiha'er
379:2,000 men
85:Priamurye
71:1652–1689
4839:Cold War
4701:Gulf War
4057:and the
3930:Internal
3786:Imperial
3608:Hongqian
3577:Currency
3447:Treaties
3353:Kaozheng
3300:Booi Aha
3242:Hetu Ala
3195:Timeline
3190:Xinjiang
3161:Mongolia
3118:Chu Army
3093:New Army
3050:Military
2988:Viceroys
2234:ProQuest
2141:ProQuest
1944:(1991).
1797:Archived
1738:Archived
1682:Archived
1612:Archived
1443:(1735).
1333:See also
1319:Primorye
1294:and the
1266:Treaties
1239:battles.
1188:Campaign
1145:In 1665
1106:Shin Ryu
991:Mongolic
935:Ā'ěrbāxī
804:Bombogor
763:Timeline
721:and the
697:Russian
633:Cossacks
601:is the "
587:Nenjiang
369:Strength
360:Shin Ryu
146:Cossacks
76:Location
4779:Outline
4762:century
4363:century
4115:century
3798:Related
3782:Tsarist
3593:Zhiqian
3585:Coinage
3322:Economy
3293:culture
3028:Yun-Gui
3018:Min-Zhe
3013:Sichuan
3008:Huguang
2854:Emperor
2375:History
1220:Chinese
1212:Chinese
1198:Former
1151:Albazin
1114:Albazin
1102:Ninguta
1098:Sarhuda
1075:Sungari
1068:Ninguta
1034:Ninguta
1030:Sarhuda
981:Kumarsk
976:Ninguta
937:). The
928:Chinese
924:Albazin
920:Albazin
891:Yakutsk
859:Manchus
839:Russian
816:Chinese
808:Chinese
802:leader
780:Russian
738:Duchers
732:on the
707:Okhotsk
657:Siberia
641:Albazin
631:by the
547:Ninguta
543:Nimguta
508:Albazin
312:Sarhuda
207:†
58:Albazin
4089:Deluge
4013:Russia
3792:times)
3790:Soviet
3778:Russia
3207:Taiwan
2383:Early
2368:topics
2321:
2302:
2278:
2261:
2253:
2236:
2228:
2195:
2173:23 May
2164:
2143:
2135:
2116:
2097:
2080:
2070:
2016:
1958:
1924:
1897:
1764:
1661:
1624:gasyan
1565:
1523:
1481:
1427:
1222::
1214::
1087:Hangul
930::
855:Oroqen
818::
812:pinyin
746:Nivkhs
742:Tungus
715:Dauria
690:above
589:) and
533:) and
498:Hutong
301:(明安达理)
203:
171:Joseon
92:Result
4525:]
3399:Queue
3317:Dibao
3173:Tibet
2993:Zhili
2876:Amban
2206:(PDF)
2189:(PDF)
2078:JSTOR
1805:samsu
1620:Nanai
1461:Aykom
1459:, as
1457:Aigun
1091:Hanja
1089:: 변급
1079:Yilan
968:]
961:Achan
954:]
847:Solon
830:Yaksa
800:Evenk
796:Solon
792:Daurs
788:Solon
730:Daurs
684:Aigun
603:Komar
575:Aigun
569:, or
539:Kirin
535:Jilin
336:Ho Yu
269:Haise
4760:21st
4361:20th
3788:and
3135:Navy
2976:Ejen
2859:List
2319:ISBN
2300:ISBN
2276:ISBN
2259:OCLC
2251:ASIN
2226:OCLC
2193:ISBN
2175:2014
2162:ISBN
2133:OCLC
2114:ISBN
2095:ISBN
2068:ISBN
2014:ISBN
1993:2016
1956:ISBN
1922:ISBN
1895:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1659:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1521:ISBN
1479:ISBN
1425:ISBN
1393:, 33
1155:Jaxa
988:Daur
932:阿尔巴西
883:Zeya
851:Daur
843:Якса
752:and
744:and
615:The
561:and
282:Hife
271:(海色)
136:Jaxa
83:and
68:Date
2060:doi
1954:–.
1654:图说清
1626:))
1216:林兴珠
1062:).
557:).
541:).
4861::
4523:ru
3784:,
2257:.
2232:.
2139:.
2076:.
2066:.
1979:.
1952:56
1716:.
1710:.
1577:^
1535:^
1493:^
1382:^
1329:.
1224:何佑
1129:.
966:ru
952:ru
853:,
849:,
841::
782::
694:.
286:希福
3769:e
3762:t
3755:v
2358:e
2351:t
2344:v
2327:.
2308:.
2284:.
2265:.
2240:.
2215:.
2177:.
2147:.
2122:.
2103:.
2084:.
2062::
2022:.
1995:.
1964:.
1930:.
1903:.
1770:.
1667:.
1571:.
1529:.
1487:.
1085:(
1070:.
861:.
832:(
806:(
798:-
790:-
593:(
585:(
573:(
553:(
545:(
537:(
529:(
479:e
472:t
465:v
288:)
284:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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