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1998:
85:
71:
2065:, missionaries in Russian America applied a strategy that placed value on local cultures and encouraged indigenous leadership in parish life and missionary activity. When compared to later Protestant missionaries, the Orthodox policies "in retrospect proved to be relatively sensitive to indigenous Alaskan cultures." This cultural policy was originally intended to gain the loyalty of the indigenous populations by establishing the authority of Church and State as protectors of over 10,000 inhabitants of Russian America. (The number of ethnic Russian settlers had always been less than the record 812, almost all concentrated in Sitka and Kodiak).
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1512:, especially the competitive Americans. This strategy backfired since the Russian colony had become used to relying on American supply ships, and the United States had become a valued customer for furs. Eventually the Russian–American Company entered into an agreement with the Hudson's Bay Company, which gave the British rights to sail through Russian territory.
2349:
distant colony, reduced interest in the territory. In addition, Russia was in a difficult financial position and feared losing
Russian Alaska without compensation in some future conflict, especially to the British. The Russians believed that in a dispute with Britain, their hard-to-defend region might become a prime target for British aggression from
3237:
emperor. Some of the
Natives, evidently making up from a twelfth to an eighth of the adult population, belonged to the so-called kayury, whose position was in fact that of slaves, since they received nothing for their labor besides scanty clothing and food. However, this was not slavery as once existed in ancient Rome or in the American South ....
1474:
tenure
Baranov traded over 2 million rubles worth of furs for American supplies, to the consternation of the board of directors. From 1806 to 1818 Baranov shipped 15 million rubles worth of furs to Russia, only receiving under 3 million rubles in provisions, barely half of the expenses spent solely on the Saint Petersburg company office.
2405:" comprised the only land that Russia was entitled to sell. Other indigenous groups also argued that they had never given up their land; the Americans had encroached on it and taken it over. Native land claims were not fully addressed until the latter half of the 20th century, with the signing by Congress and leaders of the
1315:. Russian colonists took Koniag wives and started families whose surnames continue today, such as Panamaroff, Petrikoff, and Kvasnikoff. In 1795 Baranov, concerned by the sight of non-Russian Europeans trading with the natives in southeast Alaska, established Mikhailovsk six miles (10 km) north of present-day
3236:
The Aleuts and other dependent
Natives of the Russian colonies could never be considered slaves, or feudal serfs, or civilian workers in the usual sense of the terms. ... Up to the 1790s the Natives were obligated to pay tribute to the royal treasury, demonstrating personal dependence on the Russian
2348:
By the 1860s, the
Russian government was ready to abandon its Russian America colony. Over-hunting had severely reduced the fur-bearing animal population, and competition from the British and Americans exacerbated the situation. This, combined with the difficulties of supplying and protecting such a
2096:
A side effect of the missionary strategy was the development of a new and autonomous form of indigenous identity. Many native traditions survived within local "Russian" Orthodox tradition and in the religious life of the villages. Part of this modern indigenous identity is an alphabet and the basis
3116:
Russian merchants along the route from
Kamchatka to Kiakhta must have been elated when Vitus Bering's expedition returned in 1742 to report that the northern coast of America was nearby and that its waters teemed with fur seals and sea otters. By the following year, the first commercial vessel had
3185:
described the process .... Two methods of colonization were primary: 'fur colonization,' with hunters harvesting and depleting the habitats of fur animals and moving further and further across
Siberia all the way to Alaska; and 'fishing colonization,' which supplied Russian centers with fresh- or
2136:
Observers noted that while their religious ties were tenuous, before the sale of Alaska there were 400 native converts to
Orthodoxy in New Archangel. Tlingit practitioners declined in number after the lapse of Russian rule, until there were only 117 practitioners in 1882 residing in the place, by
2017:
faith. This faith (with its liturgies and texts, translated into Aleut at a very early stage) had been informally introduced, in the 1740s–1780s. Some fur traders founded local families or symbolically adopted Aleut trade partners as godchildren to gain their loyalty through this special personal
1473:
in 1799, several RAC ships sank or were damaged in storms, leaving the RAC outposts with scant resources. On June 24, 1800, an
American vessel sailed to Kodiak Island. Baranov negotiated the sale of over 12,000 rubles worth of goods carried on the ship, averting "imminent starvation." During his
2049:
population of New
Archangel, Veniamiov prohibited any Lutheran priests from proselytizing to neighboring Tlingits. Veniamiov faced difficulties in exercising influence over the Tlingit people outside New Archangel, due to their political independence from the RAC leaving them less receptive to
804:, and unable to fully colonize the Americas to their satisfaction, the Russians concluded that their North American colonies were too expensive to retain. Eager to release themselves of the burden, the Russians sold Fort Ross in 1841, and in 1867, after less than a month of negotiations, the
2488:, such statements reappeared in Russian media. Those claims of illegitimacy derive from wrong or misleading interpretations of a policy of the Russian Federation to re-acquire formerly held properties. The Alaska Purchase Treaty clearly states that the agreement was for a complete Russian
1450:
A company ship visited the Russian American outposts only every two or three years to give provisions. Because of the limited stock of supplies, trading was incidental compared to trapping operations under the Aleutian laborers. This left the Russian outposts dependent upon British and
2068:
Difficulties arose in training Russian priests to attain fluency in any of the various Indigenous Alaskan languages. To redress this, Veniaminov opened a seminary for mixed race and native candidates for the Church in 1845. Promising students were sent to additional schools in either
957:
Due to the distance from central authority in St. Petersburg, and combined with the difficult geography and lack of adequate resources, the next state-sponsored expedition would wait more than two decades until 1766, when captains Pyotr Krenitsyn and Mikhail Levashov embarked for the
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harassed the Russian party and Shelekhov responded by killing hundreds and taking hostages to enforce the obedience of the rest. Having established his authority on Kodiak Island, Shelekhov founded the second permanent Russian settlement in Alaska (after
949:
to pieces. After the stranded crew wintered on the island, the survivors built a boat from the wreckage and set sail for Russia in August 1742. Bering's crew reached the shore of Kamchatka in 1742, carrying word of the expedition. The high quality of the
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ordered the Russians out of their homes in Sitka, maintaining that the dwellings were needed for the Americans. The Russians complained of rowdiness of and assaults by the American troops. Many Russians returned to Russia, while others migrated to the
855:. One legend holds that some of his boats were carried off course and reached Alaska. However, no evidence of settlement survives. Dezhnev's discovery was never forwarded to the central government, leaving open the question of whether or not
1455:
merchants for sorely needed food and materials; in such a situation Baranov knew that the RAC establishments "could not exist without trading with foreigners." Ties with Americans were particularly advantageous since they could sell furs at
2112:
The most visible trace of the Russian colonial period in contemporary Alaska is the nearly 90 Russian Orthodox parishes with a membership of over 20,000 men, women, and children, almost exclusively indigenous people. These include several
1230:
of 1783–1799 developed a monopoly, its use of skirmishes and violent incidents turned into systematic violence as a tool of colonial exploitation of the indigenous people. When the Aleutian serfs revolted and won some victories, the
1237:
retaliated, killing many and destroying their boats and hunting gear, leaving them no means of survival. The most devastating effects came from disease: during the first two generations (1741–1759 & 1781–1799) of Sibero-Russian
1323:, but in 1802, while Baranov was away, Tlingit from a neighboring settlement attacked and destroyed Mikhailovsk. Baranov returned with a Russian warship and razed the Tlingit village. He built the settlement of New Archangel (
799:
had brought the sea otter to near extinction, while the population of bears, wolves, and foxes on land was also nearing depletion. Faced with the reality of periodic Native American revolts, the political ramifications of the
2128:
Orthodox Christianity only after the Russian colonial period, in an area where there had been no Russian settlers nor missionaries. The widespread and continuing local Russian Orthodox practices are likely the result of the
711:
and Russians in the 1760s. The fur trade proved to be a lucrative enterprise, capturing the attention of other European nations. In response to potential competitors, the Russians extended their claims eastward from the
998:'s circumnavigation of 1814–1816, which provided substantial scientific information on Alaska's and California's flora and fauna, and important ethnographic information on Alaskan and Californian (among other) natives.
157:
1801:
off San Francisco. By 1818 Fort Ross had a population of 128, consisting of 26 Russians and of 102 Native Americans. The Russians maintained it until 1841, when they left the region. As of 2015 Fort Ross is a Federal
5423:
751:
Angered by encroachment on their land and other grievances, the indigenous peoples' relations with the Russians deteriorated. In 1802, Tlingit warriors destroyed several Russian settlements, most notably
2416:, who had been guaranteed the privileges of citizens in the United States, were given the opportunity of becoming citizens within a three-year period, but few decided to exercise that option. General
2394:
After Russian America was sold to the US in 1867, for $ 7.2 million (2 cents per acre, equivalent to $ 156,960,000 in 2023), all the holdings of the Russian–American Company were liquidated.
929:
in southeast Alaska. He sent a group of men ashore in a longboat, making them the first Europeans to land on the northwestern coast of North America. On roughly July 16, Bering and the crew of
1401:
By 1804, Baranov, now manager of the Russian–American Company, had consolidated the company's hold on fur trade activities in the Americas following his suppression of the Tlingit clan at the
732:
missionaries began to arrive, evangelizing thousands of Native Americans, many of whose descendants continue to maintain the religion. By the late 1780s, trade relations had opened with the
2018:
bond. The missionaries soon opposed the exploitation of the indigenous populations, and their reports provide evidence of the violence exercised to establish colonial rule in this period.
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to explore the North Pacific for potential colonization. The Russians were primarily interested in the abundance of fur-bearing mammals on Alaska's coast, as stocks had been depleted by
2468:
At the beginning of the 21st century, a resurgence of Russian ultra-nationalism has spurred regret and recrimination over the sale of Alaska to the United States. There are periodic
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decided to grant his company a monopoly only over the area it had already occupied. Other traders were free to compete elsewhere. Catherine's decision was issued as the imperial
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Province. The fort was the northernmost Mexican outpost to halt any further Russian settlement southward. The restored Presidio and mission are in the present-day city of
2050:
Russian cultural influences than Aleuts. A smallpox epidemic spread throughout Alaska in 1835-1837 and the medical aid given by Veniamiov created converts to Orthodoxy.
1012:
Imperial Russia was unique among European empires for having no state sponsorship of foreign expeditions or territorial (conquest) settlement. The first state-protected
5418:
2077:, the later city becoming the original seminary's new location in 1858. The Holy Synod instructed for the opening of four missionary schools in 1841, to be located in
1025:
388:
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3322:... before he died, Shelikhov had appointed Alexandr Baranov as governor of the Russian Alaska Company, the first functional and approved Russian monopoly in Alaska.
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7629:
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4101:
Saul, Norman. "California-Alaska trade, 1851–1867: The American Russian commercial company and the Russian America company and the sale/purchase of Alaska."
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The earliest written accounts indicate that the Eurasian Russians were the first Europeans to reach Alaska. There is an unofficial assumption that Eurasian
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in order to assert its claim over the Pacific Northwest. These claims were later abandoned at the turn of the 19th century following the aftermath of the
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1508:. Most naval officers did not have any experience in the fur trade, so the company suffered. The second charter also tried to cut off all contact with
1132:, where Russia's east coast lies closest to Alaska's west coast. Early Russian colonization occurred well south of the strait, in the Aleutian Islands.
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as the only remaining outpost on mainland Alaska. This failed to expel the Russians, who re-established their presence two years later following the
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772:, a situation that, with few interruptions, lasted for the duration of Russian presence in Alaska.) In 1808, Redoubt Saint Michael was rebuilt as
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was never very profitable because of the costs of transportation, most Russian traders were determined to keep the land for themselves. In 1784,
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4164:
Smith-Peter, Susan (2013). ""A Class of People Admitted to the Better Ranks": The First Generation of Creoles in Russian America, 1810s–1820s".
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1185:. As word spread of the potential riches in furs, competition among Russian companies increased and a large number of Aleuts were apparently
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already been constructed in Kamchatka and had set off for a two-year voyage to the Aleutians. A rush of fur-seeking expeditions followed
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fostered by the Russian fur-trade, were increasingly coerced into taking greater and greater risks in the highly dangerous waters of the
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2387:. The cost was set at 2 cents an acre, which came to a total of $ 7,200,000 on April 9, 1867. The canceled check is in the present day
2097:
for written literature in nearly all of the ethnic-linguistic groups in the Southern half of Alaska. Father Ivan Veniaminov (later St.
2002:
1964:
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in June 1741. They were soon separated, but each continued sailing east. On July 15, Chirikov sighted land, probably the west side of
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3999:] (in French). Paris: thesis, University of Paris 1 - Panthéon Sorbonne (available in limited editions in specialized libraries).
1629:
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By the middle of the 19th century, profits from Russia's North American colonies were in steep decline. Competition with the British
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communities, and quite nearly all of the Aleut and Alutiiq populations. Among the few Tlingit Orthodox parishes, the large group in
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in 1821, on the condition that the company would financially support missionary efforts. The company board ordered chief manager
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north of latitude 54°40'N, with the American rights and claims restricted to below that line. This division was repeated in the
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The first sighting of the Alaskan coastline was in 1732; this sighting was made by the Russian maritime explorer and navigator
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1908:(translated here): "In the year 1796, in the month of January, this bell was cast on the Island of Kodiak by the blessing of
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International Conference on European Multilingualism: Shaping Sustainable Educational and Social Environment EMSSESE, 2019
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1857:(Sonoma Mission, 1823) specifically responded to the presence of the Russians at Fort Ross; and Mexico established the
1849:. After declaring their independence in 1821, the Mexicans also asserted themselves in opposition to the Russians: the
1574:
4094:
Saul, Norman E. "Empire Maker: Aleksandr Baranov and Russian Colonial Expansion into Alaska and Northern California."
2093:. Veniamiov established the curriculum, which included Russian history, literacy, mathematics, and religious studies.
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Wheeler, Mary E. (1971). "Empires in Conflict and Cooperation: The "Bostonians" and the Russian-American Company".
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1997:
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for $ 7.2 million (equivalent to $ 157 million in 2023) ended Imperial Russia's colonial presence in the Americas.
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At the height of Russian America, the Russian population had reached 700, compared to 40,000 Aleuts. They and the
1405:. The Russians never fully colonized Alaska. For the most part, they clung to the coast and shunned the interior.
1164:
to do the work for them, often by taking hostage family members in exchange for hunted seal-furs. This pattern of
1070:, and came under the direct authority of the Ministry of Commerce of Imperial Russia. Siberian merchants based in
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Alaska Historical Society - Dedicated to the promotion of Alaska history by the exchange of ideas and information
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2484:, but only leased for 99 years (= to 1966), or 150 years (= to 2017)—and would be returned to Russia. During the
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headed back to Russia in October with news of the land they had found. In November, Bering's ship was wrecked on
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17:
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1701:. Subsequently, Russian explorers and settlers continued to establish trading posts in mainland Alaska, on the
1639:
1370:
expected the company to establish new settlements in Alaska and to carry out an expanded colonization program.
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4356:
4323:
3581:
Kan, Sergei (1985). "Russian Orthodox Brotherhoods among the Tlingit: Missionary Goals and Native Response".
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1811:
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for their fur. The peak population of the Russian colonies was about 4,000 although almost all of these were
1494:
1478:
1412:
1346:
As Baranov secured the Russians' settlements in Alaska, the Shelekhov family continued to work among the top
1304:
289:
4293:
4184:
Savelev, Ivan. "Patterns in the Adoption of Russian Linguistic and National Traditions by Alaskan Natives."
3224:]. Translated by Bland, Richard L. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press (published 2018). p. 198.
3214:
Grinëv, Andrei Val'terovic (2016). "Russian Promyshlenniki in Alaska at the end of the Eighteenth Century".
1307:
to manage his Alaskan fur-enterprise. Baranov moved the colony to the northeast end of Kodiak Island, where
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2500:, take issue with the legitimacy of colonial rule itself rather than the purchase from the Russian Empire.
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on the Alaskan mainland; they turned westward toward Russia soon afterward. Meanwhile, Chirikov and the
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1343:) on the ruins of Mikhailovsk. It became the capital of Russian America – and later the city of Sitka.
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512:
1419:, played an active role in the Russian–American Company and was the first governor of Russian America.
740:(RAC) was formed in order to monopolize the fur trade, also serving as an imperialist vehicle for the
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3539:
Nordlander, David (1995). "Innokentii Veniaminov and the Expansion of Orthodoxy in Russian America".
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Imperial Russia in frontier America: the changing geography of supply of Russian America, 1784–1867
3922:
Gibson, James R. "Old Russia in the New World: adversaries and adversities in Russian America." in
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and became the capital of Russian America after the previous colonial headquarters were moved from
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in 1990 and 1991 to mark the 250th anniversary of the first sighting of and claiming domain over
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2014:
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were initial major stockholders, but soon replaced by Russia's nobility and aristocracy based in
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3450:. California natural history guides. Vol. 61. University of California Press. p. 375.
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4361:
3417:
2761:
2601:
2361:
2293:
1505:
1428:
1033:
809:
609:
5094:
4391:
4138:
Grinëv, Andrei V. "Natives and Creoles of Alaska in the maritime service in Russian America."
3133:
2026:
8528:
8462:
8377:
7881:
7419:
7129:
6207:
6134:
6005:
5636:
5596:
5356:
5285:
4734:
4610:
4544:
4381:
3941:
3869:
2835:
2627:
2595:
2282:
2042:
2022:
1982:
1952:
1766:
1760:
1490:
1440:
1424:
597:
206:
7337:
7067:
3974:
Russian Colonization of Alaska: Preconditions, Discovery, and Initial Development, 1741–1799
3217:
Russian Colonization of Alaska: Preconditions, Discovery, and Initial Development, 1741–1799
3097:
2956:
1489:, a parallel agreement with the British in 1825 (which also settled most of the border with
8973:
8824:
8598:
8546:
8419:
8341:
8204:
8174:
8124:
7896:
7891:
7813:
7639:
7535:
7490:
7453:
7448:
7404:
6596:
6099:
5918:
5819:
5809:
5169:
4842:
4739:
4709:
2376:
2114:
1666:
1204:
867:
488:
477:
408:
4106:
8:
8729:
8673:
8534:
8401:
8274:
8234:
8134:
8056:
7228:
7208:
7174:
6079:
6045:
5884:
5829:
5744:
5674:
5531:
5059:
4994:
4765:
4584:
4279:
3965:
Grinëv, Andrei Val’terovich. "The External Threat to Russian America: Myth and Reality."
3441:
2798:
2783:
2633:
2246:
2062:
1936:
1901:
1790:
1710:
1067:
1063:
1032:
during the 1780s. Shelikhov petitioned the government for exclusive control, but in 1788
918:
785:
717:
681:
500:
3985:
3270:, outsiders whom they acquired through trading and warfare with people from other areas.
764:. (Peace negotiations between the Russians and Native Americans would later establish a
8923:
8697:
8610:
8180:
8162:
7850:
7500:
7495:
5874:
5824:
5734:
5716:
5669:
5651:
5631:
5270:
5022:
4920:
4892:
4775:
4760:
4630:
4539:
4508:
4503:
4275:
4211:
4189:
4071:
3903:
3878:
Anóoshi Lingít Aaní Ká/Russians in Tlingit America: The Battles of Sitka, 1802 and 1804
3873:
3598:
3556:
3410:
3390:
3304:
Mathews-Benham, Sandra K. (2008). "5: From the Aleutian Chain to Northern California".
2920:
Memory Eternal: Tlingit Culture and Russian Orthodox Christianity Through Two Centuries
2803:
2417:
2354:
2098:
2038:
1909:
1882:
1860:
1249:
1178:
1174:
979:
704:
652:
494:
135:
1378:
667:
made sight of the North American mainland. Bering claimed the Alaskan country for the
8665:
8407:
8292:
8144:
8113:
8051:
7886:
7876:
7717:
7510:
7189:
5786:
5641:
5581:
5388:
5314:
5292:
5191:
5069:
4882:
4862:
4857:
4847:
4682:
4477:
4467:
4462:
4202:
Gibson, James R. (1972). "Russian America in 1833: The Survey of Kirill Khlebnikov".
4117:
4081:
4075:
4050:
4031:
4009:
3977:
3952:
3909:
3881:
3851:
3451:
3421:
3311:
3255:
3225:
3166:
3139:
3105:
3045:
2962:
2937:
2927:
2840:
2661:
2497:
2422:
2372:
2365:
2061:, the origins of which were in early Christianity's need to adapt to the cultures of
1794:
1698:
1538:
1260:
1186:
1021:
934:
721:
713:
458:
7223:
3290:
3222:
Predposylki rossiisoi kolonizatsii Alyaski, ee otkrytie i pervonachal'noye osnovanie
3135:'Times Are Altered with Us': American Indians from First Contact to the New Republic
2009:
At Three Saints Bay, Shelekov built a school to teach the natives to read and write
8829:
8437:
8413:
8347:
8322:
8280:
8139:
8041:
7608:
7550:
7458:
6062:
5626:
5571:
5477:
5218:
4989:
4959:
4925:
4770:
4594:
4589:
4498:
4447:
4396:
4267:
4252:
4173:
3590:
3548:
3382:
3182:
2756:
2751:
2649:
2544:
2527:
2521:
2350:
2262:
2188:
2171:
2165:
2106:
2090:
2070:
2010:
1917:
1905:
1798:
1770:
1702:
1432:
1359:
1324:
1297:
1280:
1268:
1182:
1118:
1104:
1075:
1059:
959:
914:
890:
725:
664:
636:
569:
7684:
3799:"There Are Two Versions of the Story of How the U.S. Purchased Alaska From Russia"
103:
8841:
8634:
8552:
8510:
8474:
8316:
8298:
8286:
8192:
8149:
8129:
8071:
8046:
7560:
7285:
7212:
5864:
5814:
5646:
5393:
5245:
5213:
4887:
4867:
4635:
4549:
4513:
4493:
4457:
4442:
4386:
4253:"A Brief Survey of the Russian Historiography of Russian America of Recent Years"
4148:
3445:
3305:
3215:
3160:
2901:
2766:
2734:
2729:
2577:
2538:
2493:
2481:
2450:
2380:
2343:
2336:
2221:
2182:
2082:
1978:
1876:
1824:
1732:
1504:
was renewed in 1821, it stipulated that the chief managers from then on be naval
1460:, closed to the Russians at the time. The downside was that American hunters and
1402:
1394:
1355:
1218:
As the animal populations declined, the Aleuts, already too dependent on the new
1029:
1013:
991:
894:
813:
761:
644:
482:
343:
127:
108:
3722:"Analysis: Russian decree on its assets overseas (no, Alaska was not mentioned)"
1493:). However, the agreements soon went by the wayside, and with the retirement of
8796:
8592:
8566:
8262:
8066:
7381:
7179:
5879:
5729:
5556:
5319:
5309:
4686:
4574:
4554:
4023:
3865:
3843:
2682:
2639:
2583:
2557:
2462:
2413:
2398:
2384:
2252:
2227:
2201:
2122:
2058:
1920:
1889:
1748:
1744:
1656:
1469:
1386:
1312:
1292:
1155:
1143:
1108:
1055:
852:
844:
840:
777:
753:
745:
733:
698:
668:
613:
553:
393:
185:
117:
76:
54:
4271:
4222:
Golovin, Pavel Nikolaevich, Basil Dmytryshyn, and E. A. P. Crownhart-Vaughan.
2508:
2149:
2013:, and introduced the first resident missionaries and clergymen who spread the
8882:
8516:
8268:
8249:
7871:
7672:
7485:
5689:
5526:
5164:
4559:
4177:
3976:
Translated by Richard L. Bland. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2018.
2941:
2857:
2710:
2696:
2589:
2551:
2513:
2458:
2233:
2195:
2154:
2138:
2086:
2034:
1968:
1924:
1817:
Spanish concern about Russian colonial intrusion prompted the authorities in
1452:
1316:
1272:
1223:
1129:
975:
963:
942:
871:
805:
773:
767:
741:
672:
640:
617:
593:
557:
435:
242:
229:
191:
8540:
8395:
8389:
7570:
7477:
7473:
7289:
5911:
5901:
5445:
4969:
4935:
4690:
4569:
4437:
3310:. Cultures in the American West. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 246.
2771:
2645:
2438:
2320:
2258:
1740:
1444:
906:
886:
875:
848:
828:
A 1773 map of northwestern America based on reports from Russian explorers.
708:
648:
5206:
3102:
The Fur Farms of Alaska: Two Centuries of History and a Forgotten Stampede
1957:
994:
in 1803–1806, and was instrumental in the outfitting of the voyage of the
684:. The decree also provided monopolistic privileges to the state-sponsored
8869:
Article also discusses colonization in Central and South America and Asia
8480:
8365:
8359:
8061:
7480:
6074:
5551:
5280:
5201:
5134:
4964:
4452:
4338:
3197:
2724:
2621:
2454:
2240:
1509:
1435:. By the 1830s, the Russian monopoly on trade was weakening. The British
1165:
801:
624:
564:. Russian colonial possessions in the Americas are collectively known as
506:
5974:
4215:
3408:
Tikhmenev, P. A. (1978). Pierce, Richard A.; Donnelly, Alton S. (eds.).
3342:
1974:
962:, eventually reaching their destination after initially been wrecked on
780:. A year later, the RAC began expanding its operations to more abundant
8856:
8604:
8560:
7442:
7153:
5586:
5536:
5455:
5324:
4298:
3560:
3508:
3394:
2469:
2426:
2335:
A map depicting the territory of Alaska in 1867, immediately after the
2130:
2102:
1786:
1347:
1083:
601:
4114:
Russian America: An Overseas Colony of a Continental Empire, 1804–1867
3602:
2353:, and would be easily captured. So following the Union victory in the
8851:
8468:
7565:
7275:
5869:
5174:
2118:
1818:
1736:
1482:
1457:
1245:
951:
836:
navigators reached the coast of Alaska long before the 18th century.
789:
781:
8082:
5755:
3670:"150 Years After Sale of Alaska, Some Russians Have Second Thoughts"
3552:
3386:
1300:, permanently settled since 1774) on the island's Three Saints Bay.
1267:
that developed into the Alaskan colonial administration, arrived in
1248:; these were by then endemic among Eurasians, but the Aleuts had no
8304:
7783:
5739:
5601:
4231:
Colonial Russian America: Kyrill T. Khlebnikov's Reports, 1817–1832
3773:"Transcription of the English text of the Alaska Treaty of Cession"
3594:
1989:
1832:
1461:
1351:
1311:
was available. The site later developed as what is now the city of
1152:
Rather than hunting the marine life themselves, the Sibero-Russian
1058:, which granted the company monopolistic control over trade in the
680:
which established the southern border of Russian America along the
561:
4224:
The end of Russian America: Captain PN Golovin's last report, 1862
1439:
was leased the southern edge of Russian America in 1839 under the
1117:
began to sail from the shores of the Russian Pacific coast to the
716:
to the shores of Alaska. In 1784, with encouragement from Empress
7119:
3165:. Cambridge: John Wiley & Sons (published 2013). p. 68.
2563:
Fort Saints Constantine and Helen on Nuchek Island, Alaska – 1793
2489:
2375:
in the beginning of March 1867. At the instigation of Seward the
2207:
Fort Saints Constantine and Helen on Nuchek Island, Alaska – 1793
2074:
1501:
1390:
1367:
1358:, had acquired a monopoly on the American fur trade from Emperor
1320:
1208:
1124:
1071:
856:
201:
3618:"Not An April Fools' Joke: Russians Petition To Get Alaska Back"
2331:
616:
settlements were concentrated in Alaska, including the capital,
8451:
Non-British colonial entities in the contemporary United States
7159:
4678:
3479:"Fort Ross Cultural History Fort Ross Interpretive Association"
2531:
2477:
2473:
2446:
2324:
2175:
1928:
1840:
1706:
1694:
1308:
1256:
1244:
contact, 80 percent of the Aleut population died from Eurasian
1219:
1079:
1078:. The company constructed settlements in what is today Alaska,
882:
605:
589:
440:
50:
3993:
La Colonization russe en Amérique du Nord: 18 - 19 ème siècles
1751:. The number of Russians rarely exceeded 500 at any one time.
671:. Russia later confirmed its rule over the territory with the
7097:
4304:
Fort Ross Cultural History Fort Ross Interpretive Association
2961:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 1.
2958:
In Darkest Alaska: Travel and Empire Along the Inside Passage
2605:
2297:
2078:
2046:
1382:
1212:
1161:
1039:
833:
630:
4006:
Kodiak Kreol: Communities of Empire in Early Russian America
3252:
Kodiak Kreol: Communities of Empire in Early Russian America
3181:
that the history of Russia was the history of colonization,
945:. There Bering fell ill and died, and high winds dashed the
4049:(2nd ed.). Yonkers, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press.
2358:
1814:, about 80 miles (130 km) northwest of San Francisco.
1052:
8759:
3997:
Russian Colonization in North America, 18th-19th Centuries
3896:
Fort Ross: California Outpost of Russian Alaska, 1812–1841
3254:. Ithaca: Cornell University (published 2010). p. 2.
2617:
Fort Barclay-de-Tolly near Hanalei, Kaua'i, Hawai'i – 1817
2309:
Fort Barclay-de-Tolly near Hanalei, Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi – 1817
1497:
in 1818, the Russian hold on Alaska was further weakened.
897:
called for another expedition. As a part of the 1733–1743
4238:
Russian America: Statistical and ethnographic information
3864:
2503:
2101:), famous throughout Russian America, developed an Aleut
1892:
bronze church bell was unearthed in an orange grove near
1797:. The Fort Ross colony included a sealing station on the
954:
pelts they brought sparked Russian settlement in Alaska.
724:
founded Russia's first permanent settlement in Alaska at
639:
began in 1552, and in 1639 Russian explorers reached the
2105:
for hundreds of language and dialect words based on the
2144:
1354:
on Alaska's fur trade. In 1799 Shelekhov's son-in-law,
1047:
The Shelikhov-Golikov Company formed the basis for the
1016:
for sponsoring such activities in the Americas was the
2364:
instructed the Russian minister to the United States,
1051:(RAC). Its charter was laid out in a 1799, by the new
5473:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
4065:
Russian America, 1741–1867: A Biographical Dictionary
1338:
583:
8248:
Other British colonial entities in the contemporary
3924:
European Settlement and Development in North America
3416:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. pp.
3104:. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press. p. 8.
2882:
2672:
1464:
encroached on territory Russians considered theirs.
588:; 1799 to 1867). It consisted mostly of present-day
7714:
3926:(University of Toronto Press, 2019) pp. 46–65.
3162:
Internal Colonization: Russia's Imperial Experience
3644:"After Crimea, Russians Say They Want Alaska Back"
3440:
3409:
3198:Stephen W. Haycox, Mary Childers Mangusso (2011).
1873:as the Commandant of the Northern Frontier of the
4299:Official Website of Fort Ross State Historic Park
4150:The Tlingit Indians in Russian America, 1741–1867
3949:The Tlingit Indians in Russian America, 1741–1867
2397:Following the transfer, many elders of the local
707:, which instigated several conflicts between the
8880:
5488:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
4818:List of battles involving the Russian Federation
3191:
3127:
3125:
3017:. California Academy of Sciences. Archived from
2876:
1028:. A number of other companies were operating in
8432:Colony of British Columbia and Vancouver Island
5934:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
5607:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
5522:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)
3641:
659:was foiled by thick fog and ice, but in 1741 a
7630:Areas disputed by Canada and the United States
4251:Grinëv, Andrei. V.; Bland, Richard L. (2010).
3303:
2480:was not sold to the United States in the 1867
8894:States and territories disestablished in 1867
8745:
8098:
7700:
7083:
5990:
5771:
5461:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
4662:
4324:
4030:. Yonkers, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press.
3951:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
3850:. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska Press.
3642:Tetrault-Farber, Gabrielle (March 31, 2014).
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3202:. University of Washington Press. p. 27.
3122:
2858:
2496:peoples, in their struggle for democracy and
1874:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1780:
1774:
1674:
1239:
1232:
1169:
1153:
1141:
1037:
703:(trappers and hunters) quickly developed the
696:
673:
621:
533:
144:
136:
40:
34:
7809:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories
7635:Proposed provinces and territories of Canada
3936:Gibson, James R. "Russian America in 1821."
3447:Natural History of the Islands of California
2908:(London: Harrison and Sons, 1893), pp. 25–27
2021:The RAC's monopoly was continued by Emperor
8959:Russian exploration in the Age of Discovery
5414:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
5409:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
4250:
4163:
4111:
3836:Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)
3667:
3098:"Chapter One: The Russian Period 1749–1866"
3044:. Vancouver: J.J. Douglas. pp. 26–33.
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2898:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1810:. It is preserved—restored in California's
1765:The Russians established an outpost called
1481:recognized exclusive Russian rights to the
765:
122:Russian possessions in North America (1835)
8889:States and territories established in 1741
8752:
8738:
8105:
8091:
7707:
7693:
7090:
7076:
5997:
5983:
5778:
5764:
4730:Military history of the Russian Federation
4669:
4655:
4331:
4317:
4158:Alutiiq villages under Russian and US rule
4152:, Andreĭ Valʹterovich Grinev (GoogleBooks)
3538:
3515:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3200:An Alaska Anthology: Interpreting the Past
3070:National Historic Landmark summary listing
2814:History of the west coast of North America
2516:), the capital of Russian America, in 1837
2157:), the capital of Russian America, in 1837
2053:Inspired by the same pastoral theology as
1681:
1667:
1303:In 1790, Shelekhov, back in Russia, hired
885:in 1741 during the Russian exploration by
851:and around the eastern tip of Asia to the
540:
526:
116:
102:
8909:Colonization history of the United States
7099:Former colonies and territories in Canada
6004:
4980:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)
4116:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
3720:Stepanova, Alexandra (January 31, 2024).
3719:
3616:Nelson, Soraya Sarhaddi (April 1, 2014).
3407:
3131:
1865:or Sonoma Barracks in 1836, with General
1731:was formed in 1799 with the influence of
1423:From 1812 to 1841, the Russians operated
1113:Beginning in 1743, small associations of
1062:and the North America mainland, south to
4226:(Oregon Historical Society Press, 1979.)
4008:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
3990:
3908:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
3905:Bering: The Russian Discovery of America
3898:(Kingston, Ont.: Limestone Press, 1991.)
3745:
3412:A History of the Russia-American Company
2999:. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press.
2975:
2954:
2507:
2330:
2319:
2148:
1996:
1988:
1973:
1956:
1407:
1377:
1203:
1191:
1135:
1123:
881:The first landfall happened in southern
823:
4941:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)
4811:List of wars involving the Soviet Union
4240:(Kingston, Ont.: Limestone Press, 1980)
4067:(Kingston, Ont.: Limestone Press, 1990)
3372:
3357:
3266:The people of Kodiak kept some slaves,
3088:
3072:. National Park Service. Archived from
3042:First Approaches to the Northwest Coast
3039:
1089:
14:
8914:European colonization of North America
8881:
8761:European colonization of North America
5562:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
5493:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
5352:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)
5330:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919
5044:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)
4720:Military history of the Russian Empire
4570:Redoubt Saint Dionysius (Fort Stikine)
4201:
4044:
4028:Orthodox Alaska: A Theology of Mission
4022:
4003:
3946:
3748:"The Purchase of Alaska: 1867 or 1971"
3693:
3615:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3250:Gwenn, Miller (2015). "Introduction".
3213:
3158:
2917:
2368:, to enter into negotiations with the
1942:
1044:(proclamation) of September 28, 1788.
728:. Ten years later, the first group of
8904:Russian colonization of North America
8733:
8658:Discourse Concerning Western Planting
8112:
8086:
7688:
7071:
5978:
5785:
5759:
5712:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)
5090:Russian colonization of North America
4650:
4312:
4080:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
4070:
3901:
3842:
3779:. The United States National Archives
3696:"Russian extremists want Alaska back"
3249:
3138:. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 231–232.
3058:
2994:
2584:Redoubt St. Archangel Michael, Alaska
2315:
2228:Redoubt St. Archangel Michael, Alaska
1467:Starting with the destruction of the
984:Russia's first naval circumnavigation
8487:Captaincy General of the Philippines
4725:Military history of the Soviet Union
4341:Russian colonization of the Americas
4236:baron Wrangel, Ferdinand Petrovich.
3791:
3739:
3713:
3668:Gershkovich, Evan (March 30, 2017).
3095:
2891:
2887:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 18.
2831:Flag of the Russian-American Company
2614:near Hanalei, Kaua'i, Hawai'i – 1817
2504:Russian settlements in North America
2379:approved the purchase, known as the
2306:near Hanalei, Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi – 1817
2145:Russian settlements in North America
2133:of local beliefs with Christianity.
1808:National Register of Historic Places
1500:When the Russian-American Company's
8944:Pre-statehood history of California
5929:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
5466:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
4294:The Russian-American Treaty of 1867
4160:(University of Alaska Press, 2008.)
4103:Journal of Russian American Studies
3947:Grinev, Andrei Valterovich (2008).
3746:Metcalfe, Peter (August 24, 2017).
3580:
3567:
2453:. The commemoration consisted of a
2407:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
2117:groups of the interior, very large
596:, but also included the outpost of
24:
8929:Pre-Confederation British Columbia
8919:Subdivisions of the Russian Empire
5512:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
4878:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
4195:
4096:Journal of American Ethnic History
3967:Journal of Slavic Military Studies
3880:. University of Washington Press.
3832:Bibliography of California history
3825:
3307:American Indians in the Early West
1894:Mission San Fernando Rey de España
1001:
25:
8985:
8690:Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
8171:(1629–1641; 1679–1686; 1689–1776)
6046:Genocide of indigenous population
5377:Red Army intervention in Mongolia
4575:Redoubt Saint Michael (Old Sitka)
4287:
4244:
4233:(Oregon Historical Society, 1976)
1697:in Alaska was founded in 1784 by
1635:Colonization of the United States
1447:which began siphoning off trade.
8714:
8713:
8493:Captaincy General of Puerto Rico
7782:
7716:
7666:
7654:
7653:
7625:Territorial evolution after 1867
6090:Interim government of California
5843:
5820:Department of Alaska (1867–1884)
5795:
5431:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
5224:Russian conquest of Central Asia
5160:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
4956:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)
4898:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
4045:Oleksa, Michael J., ed. (2010).
2703:
2689:
2675:
2370:United States Secretary of State
1650:
1537:
1094:
859:was connected to North America.
465:
415:
386:
153:
83:
69:
8964:Territorial evolution of Russia
8949:History of European colonialism
8939:Pre-statehood history of Alaska
5830:Territory of Alaska (1912–1959)
5717:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)
5362:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
5303:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine
4204:The Pacific Northwest Quarterly
4047:Alaskan Missionary Spirituality
3933:(Oxford University Press, 1976)
3765:
3687:
3661:
3635:
3609:
3501:
3471:
3434:
3401:
3327:
3297:
3275:
3242:
3206:
3152:
2789:Territorial evolution of Russia
2389:United States National Archives
2327:used for the purchase of Alaska
2274:Kolmakov Redoubt, Alaska – 1844
1904:. It has an inscription in the
1853:Mission San Francisco de Solano
1373:
1226:to hunt for more otter. As the
870:on the eastern boundary of the
5825:District of Alaska (1884–1912)
5399:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)
5049:War of the Austrian Succession
3694:Haycox, Steve (May 18, 2017).
3444:; Feldmeth, C. Robert (1999).
3033:
3003:
2948:
2924:University of Washington Press
2911:
1319:. He bought the land from the
905:under the Danish-born Russian
819:
13:
1:
8332:
5835:Recent history (1959–present)
5622:South Ossetia war (1991–1992)
5500:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
5251:Russian invasion of Manchuria
5241:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
5187:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
5182:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
5125:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
5115:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
5080:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
5075:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
5065:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
5055:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
5033:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
5028:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)
5005:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
5000:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)
4975:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)
4951:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
4946:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
4931:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)
4806:List of wars involving Russia
4801:Sino-Russian border conflicts
3972:Grinëv, Andrei Val’terovich.
3848:Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867
3096:Isto, Sarah Crawford (2012).
2997:Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867
2883:Charles P. Wohlforth (2011).
2869:
2809:Russo-American Treaty of 1824
2443:series of commemorative coins
1914:Alexander Andreyevich Baranov
1812:Fort Ross State Historic Park
1754:
1479:Russo-American Treaty of 1824
1415:, called "Lord of Alaska" by
1413:Alexander Andreyevich Baranov
1305:Alexander Andreyevich Baranov
1148:(hunter-trapper frontiersmen)
1066:. The RAC was Russia's first
972:several expeditions to Alaska
843:sailed from the mouth of the
812:'s offer to sell Alaska. The
8438:Province of British Columbia
7531:British Columbia (1866–1871)
7526:British Columbia (1858–1866)
5577:Eritrean War of Independence
5547:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
5542:East German uprising of 1953
5483:Eastern Front (World War II)
5372:Red Army invasion of Georgia
5367:Red Army invasion of Armenia
5335:Estonian War of Independence
5276:Russian occupation of Tabriz
5197:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
5155:War of the Seventh Coalition
5038:War of the Polish Succession
4985:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
3483:www.fortrossinterpretive.org
3132:Carpenter, Roger M. (2015).
3011:""The People You May Visit""
1804:National Historical Landmark
1175:practices in their expansion
7:
7995:Archaeology of the Americas
5815:Russian America (1733–1867)
5617:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
5567:Sino-Soviet border conflict
5436:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
5404:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
5340:Latvian War of Independence
5229:Russian conquest of Bukhara
5120:War of the Fourth Coalition
5105:War of the Second Coalition
3938:Oregon Historical Quarterly
3186:salt-water fish and caviar.
2859:
2668:
2656:Pokrovskaya Mission, Alaska
2634:Redoubt St. Michael, Alaska
2620:Fort (New) Alexandrovsk at
2512:New Archangel (present-day
2486:Russian invasion of Ukraine
2269:Pokrovskaya Mission, Alaska
2247:Redoubt St. Michael, Alaska
2239:Fort (New) Alexandrovsk at
2153:New Archangel (present-day
1781:
1735:for the purpose of hunting
1515:
1366:. As part of the deal, the
1339:
1261:Grigory Ivanovich Shelekhov
1240:
1233:
1170:
1154:
1142:
1038:
988:Adam Johann von Krusenstern
986:under the joint command of
899:Second Kamchatka expedition
893:. In the early 1720s, Tsar
697:
674:
622:
584:
145:
41:
10:
8990:
8617:Brandenburger Saint Thomas
8426:Colony of British Columbia
7438:British Arctic Territories
5612:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
5150:War of the Sixth Coalition
5140:War of the Fifth Coalition
5110:War of the Third Coalition
4715:Military history of Russia
4677:Armed conflicts involving
4188:. (Atlantis Press, 2019).
4132:
4112:Vinkovetsky, Ilya (2011).
3829:
3159:Etkind, Alexander (2011).
2846:Russian–American Telegraph
2341:
1993:An Aleutian man and woman.
1946:
1861:El Presidio Real de Sonoma
1829:Province settlement, with
1758:
1720:
1487:Treaty of Saint Petersburg
1098:
1005:
866:from sea near present-day
637:Russian expansion eastward
8865:
8767:
8709:
8653:
8644:
8587:, 1682–1763 and 1801–1803
8505:Captaincy General of Cuba
8458:
8447:
8329:New England Confederation
8258:
8244:
8158:
8120:
8023:
7987:
7946:
7905:
7864:
7791:
7780:
7729:
7648:
7617:
7594:
7413:
7390:
7369:
7346:
7313:
7261:
7138:
7105:
6582:
6279:
6263:
6226:
6173:
6115:
6016:
6012:
5907:Aleutian Islands campaign
5852:
5841:
5802:
5793:
5725:
5660:
5451:Soviet invasion of Poland
5261:
5145:French invasion of Russia
5013:
4911:
4830:
4756:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
4748:
4705:
4698:
4603:
4522:
4486:
4430:
4347:
4280:10.1525/phr.2010.79.2.265
4272:10.1525/phr.2010.79.2.265
4260:Pacific Historical Review
4004:Miller, Gwenn A. (2010).
3541:Pacific Historical Review
3375:Pacific Historical Review
3335:"Alaska History Timeline"
2955:Campbell, Robert (2007).
2794:Great Northern Expedition
2747:List of Russian explorers
2652:(now Fort Stikine) – 1834
2432:
2265:(now Fort Stikine) – 1834
1875:
1869:Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo
1867:
1823:
1775:
1716:
1389:allied forces defeat the
1356:Nikolay Petrovich Rezanov
1328:
1284:
1228:Shelekhov-Golikov Company
1018:Shelikhov-Golikov Company
573:
431:
365:
361:
357:
353:
340:
331:Great Northern Expedition
327:
323:
315:
311:
307:
295:
285:• 1799–1818 (first)
283:
279:
269:
262:
258:
219:
212:
200:
178:
137:
133:
126:
115:
101:
65:
60:
49:
35:
31:
8499:Santa Fe de Nuevo México
8311:Massachusetts Bay Colony
8005:North American timelines
5860:Russian-American Company
5592:South African Border War
5517:Guerrilla war in Ukraine
5419:Chechen uprising of 1932
5100:Russo-Persian War (1796)
4621:Russian-American Company
4530:Fort Elizabeth (Hawai'i)
4178:10.1215/00141801-2140758
4077:Russia's American Colony
2995:Black, Lydia T. (2004).
2628:Kolmakov Redoubt, Alaska
2590:Novo-Arkhangelsk, Alaska
2234:Novo-Arkhangelsk, Alaska
1912:, during the sojourn of
1729:Russian-American Company
1364:Russian-American Company
1265:Russian-American Company
1198:Russian-American Company
1101:Russian-American Company
1049:Russian-American Company
1026:Ivan Larionovich Golikov
1008:Russian-American Company
966:. Between 1774 and 1800
738:Russian-American Company
686:Russian-American Company
297:• 1863–1867 (last)
221: • Coordinates
8629:Scottish Darien Company
8573:Hospitaller Saint Croix
8372:Dominion of New England
8354:North-Western Territory
8000:North America by period
7839:Portuguese colonization
7723:History of the Americas
7541:North-Western Territory
7516:Queen Charlotte Islands
6006:History of California
5892:Alaska boundary dispute
5234:Khivan campaign of 1873
5085:Russo-Polish War (1792)
4626:St. Michael's Cathedral
3991:Kobtzeff, Oleg (1985).
3807:Smithsonian Institution
3040:Pethick, Derek (1976).
2906:Behring Sea Arbitration
2902:"Text of Ukase of 1779"
2852:Slavic Voice of America
2826:Alaska boundary dispute
2401:tribe maintained that "
1949:Russian Orthodox Church
1723:Alaska boundary dispute
1263:, who later set up the
690:Russian Orthodox Church
556:laid claim to northern
552:From 1732 to 1867, the
453:Part of a series on the
8969:History of colonialism
8682:Of Plymouth Plantation
8404:(1779–1783; 1814–1815)
8313:(1629–1686; 1689–1691)
8289:(1620–1686; 1689–1691)
8201:(1664–1673; 1702–1776)
7954:Pre-Columbian cultures
6085:Conquest of California
5897:1925 serum run to Nome
5707:Western Libya campaign
5382:East Karelian uprising
4903:Wagner Group rebellion
4838:Uprising of Bolotnikov
4545:Fort Ross (California)
4473:Demid Ilyich Kulikalov
4362:Ludwig von Hagemeister
4229:Khlebnikov, Kyrill T.
4142:82.3 (2020): 328–345.
3902:Frost, Orcutt (2003).
3894:Essig, Edward Oliver.
3015:Russia's Great Voyages
2762:Johan Hampus Furuhjelm
2517:
2492:of the territory. The
2339:
2328:
2158:
2055:Bartolomé de las Casas
2006:
2003:St.Michael's Cathedral
1994:
1986:
1971:
1933:Roman Catholic Mission
1888:In 1920 a one-hundred-
1859:
1851:
1839:
1831:
1821:to initiate the upper
1630:Colonization of Canada
1429:Russian Fort Elizabeth
1420:
1398:
1252:against the diseases.
1215:
1201:
1168:resembled some of the
1149:
1133:
927:Prince of Wales Island
829:
766:
653:overhunting in Siberia
610:Russian Fort Elizabeth
151:("God Save the Tsar!")
8463:Columbian Viceroyalty
8010:Mesoamerica by period
7824:European colonization
7804:Indigenous population
6246:Santa Catalina Island
6218:Territorial evolution
5702:Intervention in Syria
5637:Tajikistani Civil War
5345:Lithuanian–Soviet War
5286:Battle of Robat Karim
4735:Post-Soviet conflicts
4560:New Archangel (Sitka)
4382:Ferdinand von Wrangel
3969:30.2 (2017): 266–289.
3287:The Aleut Corporation
2836:Alaskan Creole people
2646:Redoubt St. Dionysius
2596:Fort Ross, California
2550:Fort St. Nicholas in
2511:
2334:
2323:
2283:Fort Ross, California
2259:Redoubt St. Dionysius
2194:Fort St. Nicholas in
2152:
2000:
1992:
1977:
1960:
1953:Alaskan Creole people
1947:Further information:
1923:church artifact from
1761:Fort Ross, California
1529:European colonization
1491:British North America
1431:was operating in the
1427:. From 1814 to 1817,
1425:Fort Ross, California
1411:
1381:
1362:. Rezanov formed the
1207:
1195:
1166:colonial exploitation
1139:
1127:
1099:Further information:
827:
756:(Old Sitka), leaving
754:Redoubt Saint Michael
604:, and three forts in
8825:Fridtjof Nansen Land
8599:Dutch Virgin Islands
8547:Spanish West Florida
8541:Spanish East Florida
8420:Stickeen Territories
8125:New England Colonies
8015:Mesoamerica timeline
7928:Indigenous languages
7844:British colonization
7829:Spanish colonization
7814:Christopher Columbus
7769:Andean South America
7640:Population of Canada
7491:Prince Edward Island
6068:Mexican–American War
6053:Spanish colonization
5959:History of Fairbanks
5947:History of Anchorage
5919:Alaska Statehood Act
5685:Annexation of Crimea
5389:Central Asian Revolt
5298:Ukrainian–Soviet War
5170:Russo-Circassian War
4853:Pugachev's Rebellion
4796:Russo-Ukrainian Wars
4740:Russian Armed Forces
4710:Early modern warfare
3803:Smithsonian Magazine
3700:Anchorage Daily News
3442:Schoenherr, Allan A.
3293:on November 2, 2007.
2918:Sergei, Kan (2014).
2377:United States Senate
2045:was planned for the
1845:(villages), and the
1437:Hudson's Bay Company
1275:with two ships, the
1090:Russian colonization
868:Cape Prince of Wales
797:Hudson's Bay Company
688:and established the
489:Department of Alaska
410:Department of Alaska
146:Bozhe Tsarya khrani!
8820:Erik the Red's Land
8535:Provincias Internas
8511:Spanish Saint Croix
8135:Chesapeake Colonies
8057:Classical Antiquity
7834:French colonization
7433:Newfoundland (1583)
6271:San Fernando Valley
6241:San Fernando Valley
6080:California Republic
5745:Sphere of influence
5675:Russo-Ukrainian War
5532:First Indochina War
5505:Soviet–Japanese War
5441:Xinjiang War (1937)
5310:Kazakhstan Campaign
5095:Kościuszko Uprising
4995:Second Northern War
4873:Coup attempt (1991)
4766:Soviet-Finnish wars
4098:36.3 (2017): 91–93.
4072:Starr, S. Frederick
4063:Pierce, Richard A.
3874:Dauenhauer, Richard
3345:on October 27, 2005
3076:on October 18, 2007
2799:California Fur Rush
2784:Russian Colonialism
2568:Hinchinbrook Island
2560:(now Kodiak) – 1791
2558:Pavlovskaya, Alaska
2537:Fort St. George in
2212:Hinchinbrook Island
2204:(now Kodiak) – 1791
2202:Pavlovskaya, Alaska
2181:Fort St. George in
2063:Classical antiquity
2027:Arvid Adolf Etholén
1943:Missionary activity
1937:Southern California
1902:Southern California
1898:San Fernando Valley
1847:California missions
1791:Northern California
1711:Northern California
1523:Part of a series on
1255:Though the Alaskan
1246:infectious diseases
1068:joint stock company
878:. He did not land.
792:was built in 1812.
786:Northern California
718:Catherine the Great
682:55th parallel north
643:. In 1725, Emperor
560:territories in the
501:Territory of Alaska
239: /
8698:Quintipartite Deed
8611:Danish West Indies
8579:French Saint Croix
7959:Indigenous peoples
7851:Columbian Exchange
7799:Indigenous peoples
7464:Nova Scotia (1710)
7328:Nova Scotia (1621)
7130:L'Anse aux Meadows
6095:United States rule
6041:Later explorations
6036:First explorations
6026:Native Californian
5803:Timeline of Alaska
5735:Russian Revolution
5670:Russo-Georgian War
5652:Second Chechen War
5632:Georgian Civil War
5271:Russo-Japanese War
5023:Great Northern War
4921:Russo-Crimean Wars
4893:Second Chechen War
4791:Russo-Turkish wars
4786:Russo-Swedish wars
4776:Russo-Persian Wars
4761:Russo-Crimean Wars
4540:Fort Nikolaevskaia
4509:Innocent of Alaska
4504:Juvenaly of Alaska
4407:Aleksander Rudakov
4156:Luehrmann, Sonja.
4105:2.1 (2018): 1–14.
4024:Oleksa, Michael J.
3674:The New York Times
2885:Alaska For Dummies
2592:(now Sitka) – 1804
2518:
2474:Russian Federation
2441:(USSR) released a
2418:Jefferson C. Davis
2355:American Civil War
2340:
2329:
2316:Purchase of Alaska
2236:(now Sitka) – 1804
2159:
2099:Innocent of Alaska
2059:St. Francis Xavier
2007:
1995:
1987:
1979:St.Peter the Aleut
1972:
1910:Juvenaly of Alaska
1883:Sonoma, California
1693:The first Russian
1657:History portal
1421:
1399:
1216:
1202:
1150:
1134:
1064:55° north latitude
980:Nikolay Rumyantsev
917:set sail from the
913:under the Russian
830:
736:, and in 1799 the
730:Orthodox Christian
705:maritime fur trade
647:ordered navigator
495:District of Alaska
243:57.050°N 135.317°W
8876:
8875:
8727:
8726:
8702:
8694:
8686:
8678:
8670:
8666:Mayflower Compact
8662:
8647:Related Documents
8529:Spanish Louisiana
8408:Columbia District
8331:(1643–1654; 1675–
8217:Massachusetts Bay
8145:Southern Colonies
8114:Thirteen Colonies
8080:
8079:
8052:Pre-Columbian era
7877:Pre-Columbian era
7682:
7681:
7673:Canada portal
7511:Columbia District
7338:Port Royal Colony
7305:Pacific Northwest
7115:Named territories
7065:
7064:
6259:
6258:
6140:Industrial growth
5972:
5971:
5853:Topics and events
5787:History of Alaska
5753:
5752:
5642:First Chechen War
5597:Soviet–Afghan War
5582:Angolan Civil War
5357:Polish–Soviet War
5315:Finnish Civil War
5293:Russian Civil War
5192:November Uprising
5130:Anglo-Russian War
5070:Bar Confederation
4883:First Chechen War
4863:Russian Civil War
4858:Decembrist revolt
4848:Bulavin Rebellion
4843:Razin's Rebellion
4826:
4825:
4781:Russo-Polish Wars
4749:Lists by opponent
4644:
4643:
4478:Lavrenty Zagoskin
4468:Evstratii Delarov
4463:Grigory Shelikhov
4412:Stepan Voyevodsky
4402:Nikolay Rosenberg
4357:Alexander Baranov
4339:Russian America:
4123:978-0-19-539128-2
4087:978-0-8223-0688-7
4056:978-0-88141-340-3
4037:978-0-88141-092-1
4015:978-0-8014-4642-9
3982:978-1-4962-0762-3
3958:978-0-8032-2071-3
3940:(1976): 174–188.
3929:Gibson, James R.
3915:978-0-300-10059-4
3887:978-0-295-98601-2
3857:978-1-889963-05-1
3261:978-1-5017-0069-9
3145:978-1-118-73315-8
3111:978-1-60223-171-9
3021:on April 13, 2003
2968:978-0-8122-4021-4
2841:Russian Americans
2662:Ninilchik, Alaska
2586:near Sitka – 1799
2576:near present-day
2498:indigenous rights
2423:Pacific Northwest
2373:William H. Seward
2366:Eduard de Stoeckl
2230:near Sitka – 1799
2220:near present-day
2001:The Sanctuary of
1939:remains unknown.
1795:San Francisco Bay
1699:Grigory Shelikhov
1691:
1690:
1441:RAC-HBC Agreement
1433:Kingdom of Hawaii
1337:
1022:Grigory Shelikhov
935:Mount Saint Elias
874:opposite Russian
808:accepted Emperor
722:Grigory Shelekhov
714:Commander Islands
582:
550:
549:
459:History of Alaska
448:
447:
427:
426:
423:
422:
401:
400:
290:Alexander Baranov
171:
138:Боже, Царя храни!
16:(Redirected from
8981:
8954:Overseas empires
8934:History of Yukon
8830:Sverdrup Islands
8754:
8747:
8740:
8731:
8730:
8717:
8716:
8700:
8692:
8684:
8676:
8674:Mourt's Relation
8668:
8660:
8585:French Louisiana
8414:Red River Colony
8337:
8334:
8281:Berkeley Hundred
8140:Tobacco Colonies
8107:
8100:
8093:
8084:
8083:
8042:Three-age system
7786:
7721:
7720:
7709:
7702:
7695:
7686:
7685:
7671:
7670:
7669:
7657:
7656:
7609:Sverdrup Islands
7605:
7557:
7521:Vancouver Island
7429:
7401:
7378:
7357:
7334:
7324:
7296:
7282:
7272:
7205:
7149:
7126:
7116:
7092:
7085:
7078:
7069:
7068:
6727:Rancho Cucamonga
6702:Huntington Beach
6155:Legal revolution
6063:California Trail
6014:
6013:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5976:
5975:
5847:
5846:
5799:
5798:
5780:
5773:
5766:
5757:
5756:
5627:Transnistria War
5572:War of Attrition
5478:Continuation War
5427:
5219:January Uprising
5060:Seven Years' War
4960:Time of Troubles
4926:Russo-Kazan Wars
4771:Russo-Kazan Wars
4703:
4702:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4648:
4647:
4590:Three Saints Bay
4499:Herman of Alaska
4448:Gerasim Izmailov
4397:Mikhail Tebenkov
4377:Pyotr Chistyakov
4333:
4326:
4319:
4310:
4309:
4283:
4257:
4219:
4181:
4127:
4091:
4060:
4041:
4019:
4000:
3962:
3919:
3891:
3870:Dauenhauer, Nora
3861:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3809:. March 29, 2017
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3648:The Moscow Times
3639:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3578:
3565:
3564:
3536:
3513:
3512:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3485:. Archived from
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3415:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3370:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3341:. Archived from
3339:Kodiakisland.net
3331:
3325:
3324:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3289:. Archived from
3279:
3273:
3272:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2992:
2973:
2972:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2915:
2909:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2880:
2862:
2757:Mikhail Tebenkov
2752:Herman of Alaska
2719:Native Americans
2713:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2650:Wrangell, Alaska
2545:St. Paul, Alaska
2528:Three Saints Bay
2522:Unalaska, Alaska
2351:British Columbia
2263:Wrangell, Alaska
2189:St. Paul, Alaska
2172:Three Saints Bay
2166:Unalaska, Alaska
2137:then renamed as
2107:Russian alphabet
2071:Saint Petersburg
2015:Russian Orthodox
1962:Russian Orthodox
1918:Russian Orthodox
1906:Russian language
1880:
1879:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1856:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1827:
1799:Farallon Islands
1784:
1778:
1777:
1703:Aleutian Islands
1683:
1676:
1669:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1541:
1520:
1519:
1495:Alexandr Baranov
1342:
1340:Novo-Arkhangelsk
1332:
1330:
1329:Ново-Архангельск
1286:
1269:Three Saints Bay
1243:
1236:
1183:Russian Far East
1173:
1159:
1147:
1119:Aleutian islands
1105:Aleutian Islands
1076:Saint Petersburg
1060:Aleutian Islands
1043:
960:Aleutian Islands
891:Aleksei Chirikov
771:
726:Three Saints Bay
702:
677:
665:Aleksei Chirikov
629:), which is now
628:
587:
585:Russkaya Amerika
577:
575:
542:
535:
528:
469:
468:
450:
449:
419:
418:
411:
405:
404:
396:
390:
389:
383:
382:
367:
366:
254:
253:
251:
250:
249:
248:57.050; -135.317
244:
240:
237:
236:
235:
232:
222:
192:Novo-Arkhangelsk
173:
172:
148:
140:
139:
120:
106:
94:
87:
77:Flag (1806–1867)
73:
44:
42:Russkaya Amerika
38:
37:
29:
28:
21:
8989:
8988:
8984:
8983:
8982:
8980:
8979:
8978:
8899:Russian America
8879:
8878:
8877:
8872:
8861:
8763:
8758:
8728:
8723:
8705:
8649:
8640:
8635:Russian America
8553:Alta California
8523:Las Californias
8475:Spanish Florida
8454:
8443:
8335:
8254:
8240:
8154:
8150:United Colonies
8130:Middle Colonies
8116:
8111:
8081:
8076:
8047:Ancient history
8019:
7983:
7942:
7901:
7860:
7787:
7778:
7749:Central America
7725:
7715:
7713:
7683:
7678:
7667:
7665:
7644:
7613:
7603:
7590:
7556:Important sites
7555:
7427:
7418:
7409:
7399:
7386:
7376:
7365:
7361:Russian America
7355:
7342:
7332:
7322:
7309:
7294:
7286:Fort San Miguel
7281:Important sites
7280:
7270:
7257:
7213:Annapolis Royal
7204:Important sites
7203:
7147:
7134:
7124:
7114:
7101:
7096:
7066:
7061:
6947:San Luis Obispo
6578:
6484:San Luis Obispo
6275:
6255:
6222:
6169:
6145:Postwar culture
6111:
6008:
6003:
5973:
5968:
5924:1964 earthquake
5865:Alaska Purchase
5848:
5844:
5839:
5800:
5796:
5789:
5784:
5754:
5749:
5721:
5662:
5656:
5647:War of Dagestan
5421:
5394:August Uprising
5263:
5257:
5246:Boxer Rebellion
5214:Amur Annexation
5015:
5009:
4913:
4907:
4888:War of Dagestan
4868:August Uprising
4822:
4744:
4694:
4675:
4645:
4640:
4636:Battle of Sitka
4631:Awa'uq Massacre
4616:Orthodox Church
4599:
4580:Russian Mission
4518:
4514:Iakov Netsvetov
4494:Ioasaph Bolotov
4482:
4458:Nikolai Rezanov
4443:Mikhail Gvozdev
4426:
4422:Dmitri Maksutov
4417:Johan Furuhjelm
4387:Ivan Kupreyanov
4372:Matvey Muravyev
4367:Semyon Yanovsky
4343:
4337:
4290:
4255:
4247:
4198:
4196:Primary sources
4135:
4130:
4124:
4088:
4057:
4038:
4016:
3959:
3916:
3888:
3866:Black, Lydia T.
3858:
3844:Black, Lydia T.
3838:
3828:
3826:Further reading
3823:
3822:
3812:
3810:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3782:
3780:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3756:
3754:
3744:
3740:
3730:
3728:
3718:
3714:
3704:
3702:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3650:
3640:
3636:
3626:
3624:
3614:
3610:
3579:
3568:
3553:10.2307/3640333
3537:
3516:
3509:"Fort Ross SHP"
3507:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3490:
3489:on May 28, 2010
3477:
3476:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3406:
3402:
3387:10.2307/3637703
3371:
3358:
3348:
3346:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3302:
3298:
3283:"Aleut History"
3281:
3280:
3276:
3262:
3247:
3243:
3232:
3211:
3207:
3196:
3192:
3173:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3130:
3123:
3112:
3093:
3089:
3079:
3077:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3038:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2993:
2976:
2969:
2953:
2949:
2934:
2916:
2912:
2896:
2892:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2804:Awa'uq Massacre
2767:Nikolai Rezanov
2735:Jacob Netsvetov
2730:Peter the Aleut
2709:
2704:
2702:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2648:in present-day
2624:, Alaska – 1819
2606:Kaua'i, Hawai'i
2578:Yakutat, Alaska
2570:, Alaska – 1793
2539:Kasilof, Alaska
2506:
2482:Alaska Purchase
2472:stories in the
2465:in both years.
2463:palladium coins
2451:Russian America
2435:
2381:Alaska Purchase
2346:
2344:Alaska Purchase
2337:Alaska Purchase
2318:
2298:Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi
2261:in present-day
2243:, Alaska – 1819
2222:Yakutat, Alaska
2214:, Alaska – 1793
2183:Kasilof, Alaska
2147:
2043:Lutheran church
1983:Aleutian Creole
1967:in present-day
1955:
1945:
1877:Alta California
1825:Las Californias
1785:) in 1812 near
1763:
1757:
1749:Native Alaskans
1733:Nikolay Rezanov
1725:
1719:
1687:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1531:of the Americas
1530:
1518:
1443:, establishing
1417:Hector Chevigny
1403:Battle of Sitka
1395:Battle of Sitka
1376:
1140:Sibero-Russian
1111:
1097:
1092:
1030:Russian America
1014:trading company
1010:
1004:
1002:Trading company
992:Nikolai Rezanov
915:Alexei Chirikov
895:Peter the Great
822:
814:Alaska Purchase
762:Battle of Sitka
645:Peter the Great
574:Русская Америка
566:Russian America
546:
517:
507:State of Alaska
483:Russian America
466:
416:
409:
394:
387:
349:18 October 1867
346:
344:Alaska Purchase
333:
302:Dmitry Maksutov
298:
286:
247:
245:
241:
238:
233:
230:
228:
226:
225:
220:
196:
174:
154:
150:
143:
121:
107:
97:
96:
95:
90:
88:
80:
79:
74:
45:
39:
36:Русская Америка
32:Russian America
23:
22:
18:Russian America
15:
12:
11:
5:
8987:
8977:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8874:
8873:
8871:
8870:
8866:
8863:
8862:
8860:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8833:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8768:
8765:
8764:
8757:
8756:
8749:
8742:
8734:
8725:
8724:
8722:
8721:
8710:
8707:
8706:
8704:
8703:
8695:
8687:
8679:
8671:
8663:
8654:
8651:
8650:
8645:
8642:
8641:
8639:
8638:
8632:
8626:
8620:
8614:
8608:
8602:
8596:
8593:New Netherland
8590:
8589:
8588:
8582:
8576:
8570:
8567:French Florida
8558:
8557:
8556:
8550:
8544:
8538:
8532:
8526:
8520:
8514:
8508:
8502:
8496:
8490:
8484:
8478:
8466:
8459:
8456:
8455:
8453:
8452:
8448:
8445:
8444:
8442:
8441:
8435:
8429:
8423:
8417:
8411:
8405:
8399:
8393:
8387:
8381:
8378:Indian Reserve
8375:
8369:
8363:
8357:
8351:
8345:
8339:
8326:
8320:
8314:
8308:
8302:
8296:
8290:
8284:
8278:
8272:
8266:
8259:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8252:
8245:
8242:
8241:
8239:
8238:
8232:
8229:South Carolina
8226:
8223:North Carolina
8220:
8214:
8208:
8202:
8196:
8190:
8184:
8178:
8172:
8166:
8159:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8121:
8118:
8117:
8110:
8109:
8102:
8095:
8087:
8078:
8077:
8075:
8074:
8069:
8067:Modern history
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8024:
8021:
8020:
8018:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7991:
7989:
7985:
7984:
7982:
7981:
7980:
7979:
7974:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7950:
7948:
7944:
7943:
7941:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7909:
7907:
7903:
7902:
7900:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7868:
7866:
7862:
7861:
7859:
7858:
7856:Decolonization
7853:
7848:
7847:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7795:
7793:
7789:
7788:
7781:
7779:
7777:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7735:
7733:
7727:
7726:
7712:
7711:
7704:
7697:
7689:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7676:
7662:
7649:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7621:
7619:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7611:
7606:
7600:
7598:
7592:
7591:
7589:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7424:
7422:
7411:
7410:
7408:
7407:
7402:
7396:
7394:
7388:
7387:
7385:
7384:
7382:Oregon Country
7379:
7373:
7371:
7367:
7366:
7364:
7363:
7358:
7352:
7350:
7344:
7343:
7341:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7319:
7317:
7311:
7310:
7308:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7267:
7265:
7259:
7258:
7256:
7255:
7248:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7224:Trois-Rivières
7221:
7216:
7206:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7197:
7192:
7190:Pays d'en Haut
7187:
7182:
7180:Domaine du roy
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7150:
7144:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7111:
7109:
7103:
7102:
7095:
7094:
7087:
7080:
7072:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6672:San Bernardino
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6588:
6586:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6464:San Bernardino
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6285:
6283:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6273:
6267:
6265:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6254:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6232:
6230:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6179:
6177:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6121:
6119:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6102:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6055:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6022:
6020:
6010:
6009:
6002:
6001:
5994:
5987:
5979:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5955:
5954:
5944:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5888:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5867:
5862:
5856:
5854:
5850:
5849:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5783:
5782:
5775:
5768:
5760:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5730:Russian Winter
5726:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5672:
5666:
5664:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5557:Vlora incident
5554:
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5320:Sochi conflict
5317:
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4535:Fort Alexander
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4296:
4289:
4288:External links
4286:
4285:
4284:
4266:(2): 265–278.
4246:
4245:Historiography
4243:
4242:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4197:
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4182:
4172:(3): 363–384.
4161:
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4146:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4122:
4109:
4099:
4092:
4086:
4074:, ed. (1987).
4068:
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3595:10.2307/481921
3589:(3): 196–222.
3566:
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3470:
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3433:
3426:
3400:
3381:(4): 419–441.
3356:
3326:
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3296:
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3230:
3205:
3190:
3177:Agreeing with
3171:
3151:
3144:
3121:
3110:
3087:
3066:"Russian Fort"
3057:
3050:
3032:
3002:
2974:
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2683:History portal
2670:
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2640:Nulato, Alaska
2637:
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2612:Fort Alexander
2609:
2602:Fort Elizabeth
2599:
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2555:
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2542:
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2494:Alaskan Native
2434:
2431:
2385:Russian Empire
2342:Main article:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2304:Fort Alexander
2301:
2294:Fort Elizabeth
2288:
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2286:
2277:
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2275:
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2266:
2256:
2253:Nulato, Alaska
2250:
2244:
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2215:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2192:
2186:
2179:
2169:
2146:
2143:
1944:
1941:
1776:Крѣпость Россъ
1759:Main article:
1756:
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1640:Decolonization
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1375:
1372:
1293:Alaska Natives
1241:promyshlenniki
1234:promyshlenniki
1220:barter-economy
1171:promyshlenniki
1156:promyshlenniki
1144:promyshlenniki
1109:promyshlenniki
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1006:Main article:
1003:
1000:
841:Semyon Dezhnev
821:
818:
746:Alaska Natives
699:promyshlenniki
669:Russian Empire
663:by Bering and
614:Russian Creole
554:Russian Empire
548:
547:
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544:
537:
530:
522:
519:
518:
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509:(1959–present)
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109:Russian Creole
99:
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68:
67:
66:
63:
62:
58:
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55:Russian Empire
47:
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33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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8517:Spanish Texas
8515:
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8364:
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8348:Rupert's Land
8346:
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8324:
8321:
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8309:
8306:
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8250:United States
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8169:New Hampshire
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7977:South America
7975:
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7972:North America
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7898:
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7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7872:Paleo-Indians
7870:
7869:
7867:
7863:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
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7797:
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7764:South America
7762:
7760:
7759:Latin America
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7739:North America
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7569:
7567:
7566:Avalon (1620)
7564:
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7554:
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7509:
7507:
7506:New Caledonia
7504:
7502:
7501:United Canada
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7486:New Brunswick
7484:
7482:
7479:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7459:Rupert's Land
7457:
7455:
7454:New Yorkshire
7452:
7450:
7447:
7444:
7441:
7439:
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7426:
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7406:
7403:
7398:
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7393:
7389:
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7380:
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7374:
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7368:
7362:
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7298:
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7287:
7284:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7264:
7260:
7254:
7253:
7252:List of forts
7249:
7247:
7246:
7245:List of towns
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
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7210:
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7141:
7137:
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7128:
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7113:
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7110:
7108:
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7100:
7093:
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7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7022:Crescent City
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
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6968:
6965:
6963:
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6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6892:Santa Barbara
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6802:Thousand Oaks
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
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6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6707:Santa Clarita
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6692:Moreno Valley
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6607:San Francisco
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6585:
6581:
6575:
6572:
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6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6494:Santa Barbara
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6474:San Francisco
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
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4392:Adolf Etholén
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4140:The Historian
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3986:online review
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3777:Our Documents
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2711:Russia portal
2701:
2698:
2697:Alaska portal
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1981:, a martyred
1980:
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1291:. The Koniag
1290:
1285:Три Святителя
1282:
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1273:Kodiak Island
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1211:Chieftain of
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1095:1740s to 1800
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976:Nootka Crisis
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969:
965:
964:Bering Island
961:
955:
953:
948:
944:
943:Bering Island
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
923:Petropavlovsk
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
872:Bering Strait
869:
865:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
837:
835:
826:
817:
815:
811:
807:
806:United States
803:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
774:New Archangel
770:
769:
768:modus vivendi
763:
759:
755:
749:
747:
743:
742:Russification
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
706:
701:
700:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
676:
670:
666:
662:
661:second voyage
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
641:Pacific Ocean
638:
634:
632:
627:
626:
619:
618:New Archangel
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:United States
591:
586:
580:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:Pacific Coast
555:
543:
538:
536:
531:
529:
524:
523:
521:
520:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
473:
472:
464:
463:
460:
457:
456:
452:
451:
442:
439:
438:
437:
436:United States
434:
432:Today part of
430:
414:
412:
407:
406:
403:
397:
392:
385:
384:
381:
380:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
345:
339:
335:
332:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
303:
300:
294:
291:
288:
282:
278:
274:
272:
268:
265:
261:
257:
252:
224:
218:
215:
211:
208:
205:
203:
199:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
181:
177:
147:
141:
132:
129:
125:
119:
114:
110:
105:
100:
93:
86:
78:
72:
64:
59:
56:
52:
48:
43:
30:
27:
19:
8646:
8623:Krabbeninsel
8396:West Florida
8390:East Florida
8211:Pennsylvania
8187:Rhode Island
7664:
7652:
7586:Fort Langley
7571:York Factory
7561:Cuper's Cove
7300:Newfoundland
7290:Nootka Sound
7250:
7243:
7165:Isle St-Jean
7152:
6912:Redwood City
6887:Santa Monica
6712:Garden Grove
6319:Contra Costa
6058:Mexican rule
5964:Other topics
5940:Exxon Valdez
5939:
5912:Project Hula
5902:World War II
5446:World War II
5089:
4970:Smolensk War
4936:Livonian War
4487:Missionaries
4438:Vitus Bering
4340:
4263:
4259:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4207:
4203:
4185:
4169:
4166:Ethnohistory
4165:
4157:
4149:
4139:
4113:
4102:
4095:
4076:
4064:
4046:
4027:
4005:
3996:
3992:
3973:
3966:
3948:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3904:
3895:
3877:
3847:
3811:. Retrieved
3802:
3793:
3783:November 26,
3781:. Retrieved
3776:
3767:
3755:. Retrieved
3751:
3741:
3729:. Retrieved
3725:
3715:
3705:November 26,
3703:. Retrieved
3699:
3689:
3679:November 26,
3677:. Retrieved
3673:
3663:
3653:November 26,
3651:. Retrieved
3647:
3637:
3627:November 26,
3625:. Retrieved
3621:
3611:
3586:
3583:Ethnohistory
3582:
3547:(1): 19–35.
3544:
3540:
3503:
3491:. Retrieved
3487:the original
3482:
3473:
3461:. Retrieved
3446:
3436:
3411:
3403:
3378:
3374:
3347:. Retrieved
3343:the original
3338:
3329:
3321:
3306:
3299:
3291:the original
3286:
3277:
3267:
3265:
3251:
3244:
3235:
3221:
3216:
3208:
3199:
3193:
3176:
3161:
3154:
3134:
3115:
3101:
3090:
3078:. Retrieved
3074:the original
3069:
3060:
3041:
3035:
3023:. Retrieved
3019:the original
3014:
3005:
2996:
2957:
2950:
2919:
2913:
2905:
2893:
2884:
2878:
2850:
2820:Other topics
2819:
2818:
2777:
2776:
2772:Vitus Bering
2740:
2739:
2718:
2717:
2467:
2439:Soviet Union
2436:
2411:
2396:
2393:
2362:Alexander II
2347:
2135:
2111:
2095:
2067:
2052:
2020:
2008:
1916:." How this
1887:
1816:
1764:
1726:
1692:
1609:
1499:
1476:
1468:
1466:
1449:
1445:Fort Stikine
1422:
1400:
1374:1800 to 1867
1345:
1302:
1288:
1277:Three Saints
1276:
1254:
1217:
1200:(1806–1881).
1196:Flag of the
1151:
1112:
1046:
1034:Catherine II
1011:
995:
956:
946:
938:
930:
910:
907:Vitus Bering
902:
887:Vitus Bering
880:
876:Cape Dezhnev
864:Ivan Fedorov
861:
853:Anadyr River
849:Arctic Ocean
847:through the
845:Kolyma River
838:
831:
810:Alexander II
794:
750:
694:
657:first voyage
649:Vitus Bering
635:
608:, including
565:
551:
513:Other topics
376:Succeeded by
375:
370:
336:15 July 1741
92:Coat of arms
26:
8974:Colonialism
8807:Hospitaller
8685:(1630–1651)
8637:(1799–1867)
8625:(1689–1693)
8619:(1685–1754)
8613:(1672–1917)
8607:(1638–1655)
8601:(1625–1672)
8595:(1614–1667)
8581:, 1665–1733
8575:, 1651–1665
8569:, 1562–1565
8565:1534–1763;
8555:, 1804–1821
8549:, 1783–1821
8543:, 1783–1821
8537:, 1776–1821
8531:, 1769–1801
8525:, 1767–1804
8519:, 1690–1821
8513:, 1650–1651
8507:, 1607–1801
8501:, 1598–1821
8495:, 1580–1898
8489:, 1565–1898
8483:, 1565–1821
8481:New Navarre
8477:, 1565–1763
8473:1521–1821;
8465:(1492–1535)
8440:(1871–1903)
8434:(1866–1871)
8428:(1863–1866)
8422:(1862–1863)
8416:(1811–1818)
8410:(1810–1846)
8402:New Ireland
8398:(1763–1783)
8392:(1763–1783)
8386:(1763–1783)
8380:(1763–1783)
8374:(1686–1689)
8368:(1674–1702)
8366:West Jersey
8362:(1674–1702)
8360:East Jersey
8356:(1670–1870)
8350:(1670–1811)
8344:(1663–1712)
8336: 1680
8325:(1638–1664)
8319:(1635–1644)
8307:(1629–1663)
8301:(1625–1650)
8299:Saint Croix
8295:(1622–1658)
8277:(1607–1699)
8271:(1607–1608)
8265:(1585–1590)
8237:(1732–1776)
8231:(1712–1776)
8225:(1712–1776)
8219:(1691–1776)
8213:(1681–1776)
8207:(1664–1776)
8195:(1664–1776)
8189:(1636–1776)
8183:(1636–1776)
8181:Connecticut
8177:(1632–1776)
8165:(1607–1776)
8062:Middle Ages
7819:Exploration
7744:Mesoamerica
7496:Cape Breton
7449:New Britain
7295:Expeditions
7195:Terre Neuve
7052:Nevada City
7012:Placerville
6877:Santa Maria
6837:Victorville
6827:Santa Clara
6812:Simi Valley
6657:Chula Vista
6632:Bakersfield
6592:Los Angeles
6499:Santa Clara
6479:San Joaquin
6379:Los Angeles
6165:Present day
6150:Development
6130:Engineering
6075:Californios
6018:Before 1900
5552:Vietnam War
5422: [
5281:World War I
5202:Crimean War
5135:Finnish War
5051:(1740–1748)
5040:(1733–1738)
4965:Ingrian War
4681:(including
4585:St. Michael
4523:Settlements
4453:Ivan Kuskov
4210:(1): 1–13.
3493:January 15,
2922:. Seattle:
2725:Juana Maria
2622:Bristol Bay
2455:silver coin
2403:Castle Hill
2383:, from the
2279:California
2241:Bristol Bay
2037:for bishop
2031:a residency
2023:Alexander I
1793:, north of
1590:Hospitaller
1160:forced the
1115:fur-traders
820:Exploration
802:Crimean War
784:grounds in
720:, explorer
692:in Alaska.
655:. Bering's
625:Arkhangelsk
503:(1912–1959)
497:(1884–1912)
491:(1867–1884)
485:(1733–1867)
371:Preceded by
246: /
188:(1799–1804)
149:(1833–1867)
111:settlements
8883:Categories
8837:Portuguese
8816:Norwegian
8605:New Sweden
8561:New France
8199:New Jersey
7988:Chronology
7968:Conflicts
7964:Population
7792:Settlement
7443:New Albion
7405:Nova Dania
7234:Louisbourg
7209:Port Royal
7170:Île Royale
7154:New France
7002:Marysville
6977:Susanville
6932:San Rafael
6927:Santa Cruz
6857:Costa Mesa
6717:Santa Rosa
6622:Long Beach
6617:Sacramento
6534:Stanislaus
6504:Santa Cruz
6459:San Benito
6454:Sacramento
6135:Water wars
6117:Since 1900
6031:Precontact
5810:Prehistory
5587:Ogaden War
5537:Korean War
5456:Winter War
5325:Heimosodat
4912:Tsardom of
4565:New Russia
3830:See also:
3349:August 31,
2870:References
2574:New Russia
2470:mass media
2461:, and two
2427:California
2218:New Russia
2131:syncretism
2115:Athabascan
2103:dictionary
2039:Veniaminov
1935:Church in
1787:Bodega Bay
1755:California
1747:and other
1737:sea otters
1721:See also:
1605:Portuguese
1550:First wave
1510:foreigners
1287:) and the
1084:California
919:Kamchatkan
758:New Russia
602:California
478:Prehistory
263:Government
8924:Fur trade
8469:New Spain
8323:New Haven
8275:Jamestown
8037:By region
8032:By period
7933:Epidemics
7923:Geography
7865:Societies
7754:Caribbean
7596:Norwegian
7551:Red River
7545:districts
7276:New Spain
7239:Plaisance
7185:Louisiana
6992:Red Bluff
6967:Hollister
6952:El Centro
6917:Yuba City
6872:Fairfield
6862:Inglewood
6822:Roseville
6792:Fullerton
6782:Sunnyvale
6777:Escondido
6742:Elk Grove
6737:Lancaster
6722:Oceanside
6647:Riverside
6642:Santa Ana
6597:San Diego
6489:San Mateo
6469:San Diego
6449:Riverside
6399:Mendocino
6329:El Dorado
6324:Del Norte
6309:Calaveras
6281:By county
6228:By region
6203:Railroads
6183:Etymology
6160:Tech boom
6105:Civil War
6100:Gold Rush
5942:oil spill
5885:Fairbanks
5207:Åland War
5175:Murid War
5014:18th–19th
4349:Governors
3726:annie lab
3463:April 27,
3248:Compare:
3212:Compare:
3094:Compare:
2942:901270092
2029:to build
1965:cathedral
1837:(forts),
1833:presidios
1819:New Spain
1483:fur trade
1458:Guangzhou
1350:to win a
1334:romanized
1289:St. Simon
970:also led
952:sea otter
939:Sv. Pavel
911:Sv. Pavel
839:In 1648,
790:Fort Ross
782:sea otter
598:Fort Ross
579:romanized
61:1741–1867
8847:Scottish
8782:Curonian
8719:Category
8342:Carolina
8317:Saybrook
8305:Carolana
8287:Plymouth
8205:New York
8193:Delaware
8175:Maryland
8163:Virginia
7774:Genetics
7659:Category
7581:Victoria
7536:Stickeen
7370:American
7315:Scottish
7229:Montreal
7042:Lakeport
7007:Piedmont
6987:Oroville
6962:Martinez
6937:Woodland
6847:Berkeley
6842:El Monte
6787:Pasadena
6767:Torrance
6747:Palmdale
6697:Glendale
6652:Stockton
6602:San Jose
6559:Tuolumne
6519:Siskiyou
6419:Monterey
6394:Mariposa
6349:Imperial
6344:Humboldt
6251:Yosemite
6236:Bay Area
6198:Missions
6193:Maritime
6188:Highways
6175:By topic
5952:timeline
5875:Klondike
5740:Cold War
5602:Gulf War
4958:and the
4831:Internal
4687:Imperial
4595:Unalaska
4216:40488966
4026:(1992).
3876:(2008).
3846:(2004).
3183:Shchapov
3179:Soloviev
2741:Russians
2669:See also
2566:Fort on
2290:Hawaiʻi
2210:Fort on
2091:Nushagak
1745:Tlingits
1615:Scottish
1565:Curonian
1516:Colonies
1506:officers
1462:trappers
1453:American
1383:Aleutian
1352:monopoly
1298:Unalaska
1250:immunity
1187:enserfed
1181:and the
978:. Count
947:Sv. Petr
933:sighted
931:Sv. Petr
921:port of
909:and the
903:Sv. Petr
788:, where
734:Tlingits
695:Russian
562:Americas
271:Governor
234:135°19′W
8857:Swedish
8852:Spanish
8842:Russian
8777:Belgian
8772:British
8263:Roanoke
8235:Georgia
7938:Slavery
7918:Culture
7906:Related
7731:History
7618:Related
7576:Halifax
7420:British
7415:English
7348:Russian
7263:Spanish
7120:Vinland
7057:Alturas
7047:Jackson
7027:Willows
6942:Hanford
6882:Redding
6867:Ventura
6832:Vallejo
6817:Concord
6807:Visalia
6772:Hayward
6757:Salinas
6732:Ontario
6687:Fontana
6677:Modesto
6662:Fremont
6637:Anaheim
6627:Oakland
6584:By city
6564:Ventura
6549:Trinity
6289:Alameda
6264:Regions
6213:Slavery
6208:Ranchos
5680:Outline
5663:century
5264:century
5016:century
4699:Related
4683:Tsarist
4550:Kasilof
4133:Natives
3813:May 22,
3757:May 22,
3731:May 22,
3561:3640333
3395:3637703
3080:July 4,
2863:of 1821
2778:History
2490:cession
2414:Creoles
2399:Tlingit
2162:Alaska
2126:adopted
2083:Chiniak
2075:Irkutsk
2047:Finnish
2041:When a
2011:Russian
1896:in the
1841:pueblos
1806:on the
1771:Russian
1625:Swedish
1620:Spanish
1610:Russian
1595:Italian
1560:British
1502:charter
1470:Phoenix
1397:, 1804.
1393:at the
1387:Russian
1368:Emperor
1348:leaders
1336::
1325:Russian
1321:Tlingit
1281:Russian
1209:Tlingit
1179:Siberia
1072:Irkutsk
982:funded
857:Siberia
678:of 1799
592:in the
581::
570:Russian
342:•
329:•
316:History
231:57°03′N
202:Demonym
179:Capital
53:of the
8802:French
8792:German
8787:Danish
8701:(1676)
8693:(1638)
8677:(1622)
8669:(1620)
8661:(1584)
8631:(1698)
8384:Quebec
8283:(1619)
8269:Popham
8072:Future
7892:Muisca
7604:Claims
7481:Canada
7469:Quebec
7428:Claims
7400:Claims
7392:Danish
7377:Claims
7356:Claims
7323:Claims
7271:Claims
7219:Quebec
7175:Canada
7160:Acadia
7148:Claims
7140:French
7125:Sites:
7037:Sonora
7032:Colusa
6997:Auburn
6972:Eureka
6957:Lompoc
6922:Madera
6902:Merced
6852:Downey
6797:Orange
6762:Pomona
6752:Corona
6682:Oxnard
6667:Irvine
6612:Fresno
6554:Tulare
6544:Tehama
6539:Sutter
6529:Sonoma
6524:Solano
6514:Sierra
6509:Shasta
6444:Plumas
6439:Placer
6434:Orange
6429:Nevada
6404:Merced
6384:Madera
6374:Lassen
6334:Fresno
6314:Colusa
6299:Amador
6294:Alpine
4990:Deluge
4914:Russia
4693:times)
4691:Soviet
4679:Russia
4555:Kodiak
4431:People
4278:
4214:
4190:online
4144:online
4120:
4107:online
4084:
4053:
4034:
4012:
3980:
3955:
3942:online
3912:
3884:
3854:
3603:481921
3601:
3559:
3454:
3424:
3393:
3314:
3258:
3228:
3169:
3142:
3108:
3048:
2965:
2940:
2930:
2664:– 1847
2658:– 1837
2642:– 1834
2636:– 1833
2630:– 1832
2608:– 1817
2598:– 1812
2580:– 1796
2554:– 1791
2547:– 1788
2541:– 1786
2534:– 1784
2532:Alaska
2524:– 1774
2478:Alaska
2447:Alaska
2433:Legacy
2300:– 1817
2285:– 1812
2271:– 1837
2255:– 1834
2249:– 1833
2224:– 1796
2198:– 1791
2191:– 1788
2185:– 1786
2178:– 1784
2176:Alaska
2168:– 1774
2123:Juneau
2119:Yup'ik
2089:, and
1929:Alaska
1921:Kodiak
1741:Aleuts
1717:Alaska
1709:, and
1707:Hawaii
1695:colony
1585:German
1580:French
1570:Danish
1555:Basque
1385:&
1360:Paul I
1313:Kodiak
1309:timber
1257:colony
1162:Aleuts
1107:, and
1082:, and
1080:Hawaii
1056:Paul I
996:Riurik
901:, the
883:Alaska
834:Slavic
778:Kodiak
709:Aleuts
606:Hawaii
590:Alaska
441:Alaska
319:
275:
186:Kodiak
128:Anthem
51:Colony
8812:Norse
8797:Dutch
8293:Maine
7947:Lists
7882:Aztec
7478:Upper
7474:Lower
7333:Sites
7107:Norse
7017:Yreka
6982:Ukiah
6897:Chico
6409:Modoc
6389:Marin
6364:Kings
6339:Glenn
6304:Butte
6125:Labor
5426:]
4604:Other
4276:JSTOR
4256:(PDF)
4212:JSTOR
3995:[
3599:JSTOR
3557:JSTOR
3418:63–64
3391:JSTOR
3268:kalgi
3220:[
2860:Ukase
2476:that
2325:Check
2139:Sitka
2087:Kenai
2079:Amlia
1969:Sitka
1890:pound
1600:Norse
1575:Dutch
1317:Sitka
1213:Sitka
1177:into
1040:ukase
968:Spain
675:Ukase
631:Sitka
623:Novo-
7913:Maps
7897:Inca
7887:Maya
7476:and
6907:Napa
6574:Yuba
6569:Yolo
6424:Napa
6414:Mono
6369:Lake
6359:Kern
6354:Inyo
5880:Nome
5661:21st
5262:20th
4689:and
4118:ISBN
4082:ISBN
4051:ISBN
4032:ISBN
4010:ISBN
3978:ISBN
3953:ISBN
3910:ISBN
3882:ISBN
3852:ISBN
3834:and
3815:2024
3785:2019
3759:2024
3733:2024
3707:2019
3681:2019
3655:2019
3629:2019
3495:2022
3465:2015
3452:ISBN
3422:ISBN
3351:2005
3312:ISBN
3256:ISBN
3226:ISBN
3167:ISBN
3140:ISBN
3106:ISBN
3082:2008
3046:ISBN
3027:2005
2963:ISBN
2938:OCLC
2928:ISBN
2457:, a
2437:The
2425:and
2359:Tsar
1951:and
1727:The
1477:The
1128:The
1053:Tsar
1024:and
990:and
889:and
213:Area
8028:Era
7445:(?)
7417:and
4268:doi
4174:doi
3622:NPR
3591:doi
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