454:
852:
992:
998:
804:
35:
445:" or "bidarkas" by the Russians. These were the model for modern fiberglass kayaks in use today, and are the smallest ocean-going craft made by humans, capable of long journeys in some of the most dangerous seas. Three-person baidarkas were developed at the behest of the Russians, who wanted to ride as passengers in the center; these "three-hole" baidarkas were then adapted for Aleut use in long-distance travel and trade.
366:
to mark a death and celebrate a child's first successful hunt, as a prelude to marriage. Those who aspired to leadership were expected to host memorable potlatches, at which the would-be leader would give away all his possessions then prove his prowess by providing for himself and his family for an
274:
ceremony in which he would give away, destroy, or invite guests to consume all of his food and possessions. This was referred to as "paying off" the guests who had performed ritual services or provided support in the past. Those who received goods at one potlatch would typically reciprocate by
210:
in western Alaska, although many of them initially settled in interior Canada. While there may have been migrations across this land bridge, there is also evidence from recent research that supports the arrival by sea to Alaska's southeastern coast 17,000 years ago. The
263:—otherwise, the fish would reincarnate with deformities and refuse to return to that river. Coastal Native American society featured a complex system of property ownership with a mix of private and group property. Each
282:
The mild climate and plentiful resources of the
Panhandle allowed the Coastal Native Americans leisure time to devote to social pastimes, travel and trade. They enjoyed complex art, music, and storytelling, and their
235:
emigrated during the territorial period from a town near Prince Rupert in
British Columbia. The Tlingit were known to travel for more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) south to trade with Native peoples in the
275:
inviting their former hosts to their own potlatch at a later date; such invitations would confirm their relative levels of prestige and status. Other important features of the potlatch were the recitation of
490:
settled in the west. To combat the cold, seasonal food was stored against future shortage, in particular against the privations of each winter. A hunter always divided a fresh kill evenly amongst the
295:
in formalized patterns of black, red, and other bold colors. They decorated their craft goods, domestic utensils, clothing, masks, canoes, and ritual objects to signify ownership. The world-renowned
494:, and status within a village was determined by hunting ability. Eskimo village sites were chosen partly on the basis of the availability of food sources. The Arctic coast people depended on seals,
315:
of the region. Endurance and physical strength were prized, and game was often run down on foot. Athabascans harvested salmon and hunted rabbits, caribou, and bear with the help of snares, clubs,
270:
In the social organization of the
Tlingit and Haida, status and prestige were negotiated through wealth. To maintain position, a man of high rank demonstrated wealth by holding a
742:
716:. Anchorage, Alaska: Government Printing Office for Alaska System Support Office, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. pp. 43–62,
107:
940:
784:
267:
owned tools, objects, and food that they had produced themselves, while the clan owned names, land, stories, buildings, and most other property.
586:
having only small slits to look through to protect their eyes from the glare of snow and ice were carved out of wood or ivory. Replicas of the
331:
were common. Because they were seminomadic and hunted on foot, footwear was very important, and the
Athabascans designed light and flexible
698:
423:
techniques, capable of weaving grasses into watertight baskets and sewing seal gut into watertight raincoats suitable for the open ocean.
533:, dogs were used as pack animals. Women were skilled in basketry and sewing. They stitched and fitted waterproof garments made of animal
375:
The Aleuts settled the islands of the
Aleutian chain approximately 10,000 years ago. Although their location allowed them easy access to
1061:
636:
1071:
1042:
725:
426:
Aleut society was divided into three categories: honorables, comprising the respected whalers and elders; common people; and
1076:
611:
287:
kept an accurate account of genealogy and clan history. The painted designs developed by the
Coastal tribes featured fish,
100:
935:
777:
299:
were carved at great expense to illustrate myths, to honor the deceased, and to imply the enormous wealth of the owners.
251:
and animals gave themselves willingly to humans, and strove to honor the animals' sacrifice. They also believed that the
415:
along the beaches at low tide, and berries and other plants in the hills. Aleut women are still today famed for their
155:, possibly allowing bands to fan out throughout the rest of the continent. Eventually, Alaska became populated by the
714:
Ublasaun - First Light: Inupiaq
Hunters and Herders in the Early Twentieth Century, Northern Seward Peninsula, Alaska
335:
made of birch and rawhide. The
Athabascans used birch bark from the interior forests to make canoes, containers,
93:
770:
606:
220:
545:, and coats was sewn from skins and fur, sometimes in complex geometric designs. The coats, which were called
958:
1008:
965:
953:
166:
Today, early
Alaskans are divided into several main groups: the Southeastern Coastal Native Americans (the
139:; a date less than 20,000 years ago is most likely. They found their passage blocked by a huge sheet of
1066:
1035:
970:
80:
913:
240:. There was no standard currency of trade, but slaves, native copper materials, and blankets made of
311:'s interior were hunters and inland fishermen. Most lived in small nomadic bands along the numerous
866:
478:, the Native group most familiar to non-Alaskans, were originally divided into two subgroups: the
898:
163:
groups. Trade with both Asia and southern tribes was active even before the advent of
Europeans.
945:
930:
903:
841:
743:"New map of Alaska's ancient coast supports theory that America's first people arrived by boat"
694:
661:
Cooper, H. Kory; Mason, Owen K.; Mair, Victor; Hoffecker, John F.; Speakman, Robert J. (2016).
1016:
712:
Schaaf, Jeanne (1996). "Before Our Fathers Time". In Schaaf, Jeanne; Smith, Thetus H. (eds.).
637:"National Geographic, "The Genographic Project: Bridge to the New World". Accessed 2014-05-10"
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717:
925:
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660:
279:
and bloodlines, transfer of ceremonial titles and possessions, and offerings to ancestors.
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56:
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8:
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308:
179:
68:
881:
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62:
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The Coastal Native Americans were probably the first wave of immigrants to cross the
26:
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216:
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frame, covered with tightly sewn seal skins. Sleds and dog teams were used for
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510:, roots; they ate wild greens fresh, or preserved them in skin containers.
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should be returned to the river in which it had been caught—to allow for
228:
124:
74:
503:
355:
296:
284:
663:"Evidence of Eurasian Metal Alloys on the Alaskan Coast in Prehistory"
379:, they also had to contend with unpredictable violent weather, severe
876:
695:"Recovered Artifacts Indicate Prehistoric Trade Across Bering Strait"
534:
522:
491:
487:
431:
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400:
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were the most numerous of this group, populating most of the coastal
195:
175:
997:
762:
592:(women's knives) can be found in most Alaskan tourist shops today.
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538:
442:
416:
396:
347:
271:
207:
697:. ARCUS (Arctic Research Consortium of the United States). 2013.
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and whales, while the inland Eskimos lived on a diet of caribou,
475:
384:
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359:
339:, and cradles. Clothing was made of animal hides, decorated with
187:
148:
434:, and slaves were occasionally killed in honor of the deceased.
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Eskimos were known for their carvings, especially their small
567:
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551:, featured an attached hood and a ruff of wolf or bear fur.
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252:
248:
588:
521:, to hunt large sea mammals. Both vessels were made of a
219:
by the time of European contact. The southern portion of
140:
350:
and summer fishing camps. Most bands consisted of a few
131:
sometime between 40,000 and 15,000 years ago across the
502:, and other small game animals. These people gathered
151:) opened up an ice-free corridor through northwestern
537:and fish skins. The Eskimos' everyday clothing of
407:were usually killed with a poisoned, stone-bladed
346:Some Athabascan groups inhabited permanent winter
387:. Aleut fishing technology included fish spears,
1053:
244:bark, and dog and goat-hair were highly valued.
941:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
558:pieces. In early times, household utensils and
711:
411:. The job of women and children was to gather
302:
1036:
778:
101:
570:, and fossil mammoth tusks, Eskimos crafted
247:The Coastal Native Americans believed that
201:
1043:
1029:
785:
771:
108:
94:
678:
430:. At death, the body of an honorable was
452:
354:and had limited internal organization.
1054:
792:
766:
309:Athabascan Native Americans of Alaska
985:
740:
612:Models of migration to the New World
936:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
701:from the original on 13 April 2013.
562:were ornamented. Using wood, bone,
143:until a temporary recession in the
13:
391:, nets, hooks, and lines. Various
367:entire year without outside help.
362:or hunters. Athabascans also gave
343:quills colored with natural dyes.
14:
1088:
1062:Native American history of Alaska
667:Journal of Archaeological Science
582:, small sculptures, game pieces.
996:
990:
850:
827:Department of Alaska (1867–1884)
802:
441:used by the Aleuts were called "
127:people moving into northwestern
33:
1072:Pre-statehood history of Alaska
837:Territory of Alaska (1912–1959)
513:Eskimos used open boats called
832:District of Alaska (1884–1912)
734:
705:
687:
654:
629:
607:Indigenous Amerindian genetics
1:
1007:This article relating to the
842:Recent history (1959–present)
622:
466:
437:The one- and two-person skin
1015:. You can help Knowledge by
1009:history of the United States
482:Eskimos settled in Alaska's
7:
1077:United States history stubs
822:Russian America (1733–1867)
741:Wade, Lizzie (2018-05-30).
595:
303:Athabascan Native Americans
10:
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984:
448:
914:Aleutian Islands campaign
859:
848:
809:
800:
680:10.1016/j.jas.2016.04.021
370:
867:Russian-American Company
202:Coastal Native Americans
899:Alaska boundary dispute
529:travel, and during the
21:Part of a series on the
904:1925 serum run to Nome
472:
221:Prince of Wales Island
456:
966:History of Fairbanks
954:History of Anchorage
926:Alaska Statehood Act
399:were used to obtain
186:, the two groups of
145:Wisconsin glaciation
57:Department of Alaska
293:legendary creatures
223:was settled by the
69:Territory of Alaska
810:Timeline of Alaska
517:, and the smaller
473:
208:Bering land bridge
133:Bering Land Bridge
121:Prehistoric Alaska
63:District of Alaska
1067:Pre-Columbian era
1024:
1023:
979:
978:
860:Topics and events
794:History of Alaska
727:978-0-941555-02-9
602:Ancient Beringian
238:Pacific Northwest
159:and a variety of
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27:History of Alaska
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639:. Archived from
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486:region, and the
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403:and sea otters.
358:was acquired by
352:nuclear families
277:family histories
227:emigrating from
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872:Alaska Purchase
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231:in Canada. The
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75:State of Alaska
51:Russian America
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77:(1959–present)
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877:Gold Rush era
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681:
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643:on 2015-04-25
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617:Paleo-Indians
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327:. Periods of
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261:reincarnation
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129:North America
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28:
25:
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20:
19:
16:
1017:expanding it
1006:
1003:
981:
971:Other topics
947:Exxon Valdez
946:
919:Project Hula
909:World War II
816:
750:. Retrieved
746:
736:
713:
707:
689:
670:
666:
656:
645:. Retrieved
641:the original
631:
587:
553:
546:
514:
512:
474:
463:Nome, Alaska
436:
425:
395:, nets, and
374:
345:
306:
281:
269:
246:
205:
165:
123:begins with
120:
119:
81:Other topics
45:
15:
673:: 176–183.
584:Snowgoggles
470: 1907
381:earthquakes
297:totem poles
229:Haida Gwaii
180:Athabascans
135:in western
125:Paleolithic
71:(1912–1959)
65:(1884–1912)
59:(1867–1884)
53:(1733–1867)
1056:Categories
817:Prehistory
752:2019-02-03
647:2014-05-10
623:References
364:potlatches
356:Leadership
285:traditions
147:(the last
46:Prehistory
949:oil spill
892:Fairbanks
580:oil lamps
566:, walrus
535:intestine
523:driftwood
492:community
443:baidarkas
432:mummified
413:shellfish
401:sea lions
341:porcupine
333:snowshoes
265:household
242:red cedar
233:Tsimshian
217:Panhandle
176:Tsimshian
959:timeline
882:Klondike
699:Archived
596:See also
539:trousers
496:walruses
417:basketry
397:harpoons
385:volcanos
360:warriors
348:villages
272:potlatch
718:page 47
560:weapons
508:berries
480:Inupiat
476:Eskimos
461:woman,
459:Inupiat
449:Eskimos
377:fishing
289:animals
213:Tlingit
192:Inupiat
188:Eskimos
178:), the
168:Tlingit
149:ice age
724:
576:knives
572:dishes
564:baleen
548:parkas
531:summer
527:winter
519:kayaks
515:umiaks
488:Yup'ik
484:Arctic
439:kayaks
428:slaves
421:sewing
405:Whales
383:, and
371:Aleuts
329:famine
325:arrows
319:, and
317:spears
313:rivers
291:, and
257:salmon
225:Haidas
196:Yup'ik
190:, and
182:, the
174:, and
153:Canada
137:Alaska
1011:is a
568:ivory
556:ivory
543:boots
500:birds
409:lance
393:darts
389:weirs
337:sleds
253:bones
184:Aleut
172:Haida
157:Inuit
1013:stub
887:Nome
722:ISBN
504:eggs
419:and
323:and
321:bows
307:The
249:fish
194:and
675:doi
589:ulu
457:An
141:ice
1058::
745:.
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