1999 Russian apartment bombings

1217: 1476:, that was partly based on his two-hour long interview with Yuri Tkachenko, the police explosives expert who defused the Ryazan bomb. The essay noted that it's well known that a gas analyser that tested the vapours coming from the sacks indicated the presence of RDX. Tkachenko said that he was completely certain that the instrument was in correct working order. The gas analyser was of world-class quality, cost $ 20,000, and was maintained by a specialist who worked according to a strict schedule, making frequent prophylactic checks, because the device contained a radioactive source. Meticulous care in the handling of the gas analyser was a necessity because the lives of the bomb squad experts depended on the reliability of their equipment. Speaking of the detonator, Voloshin noted that people who disarmed the device (Tkachenko and his bomb squad) claimed that the detonator attached to the sacks was not a dummy and had been prepared on a professional level. The police warrant officer who answered the original call and discovered the bomb insisted that there were no doubts it was a combat situation. 1196: 1494:. Pinyaev guarded a storehouse with weapons and ammunition near the city of Ryazan. Together with a friend, he entered the storehouse to see the weapons. The friends were surprised to see that the storehouse contained sacks with the word "sugar" on them. Pinyaev and his friend were discouraged, but didn't want to leave the storehouse empty-handed. The two paratroopers cut a hole in one of the bags and put some sugar in a plastic bag. They made tea with the sugar, but the taste of the tea was terrible. They became frightened because the substance might turn out to be saltpeter, and brought the plastic bag to a platoon commander. He consulted a sapper, who identified the substance as 2807:, with two thirds of Russian citizens favoring the separation of the breakaway republic. However, the public opinion in Russia has changed dramatically after the bombings. Most Russians started "baying for blood" and strongly supporting the war with Chechnya that became inevitable and led to the loss of the independence as a result of the bombings. According to Abrahms, this supports his theory that attacks by terrorist organizations have been always counterproductive for the perpetrators and therefore gave rise to conspiracy theories about alternative perpetrators who actually benefited from the events. 2272:

For "Operation Successor" to succeed, however, it was necessary to have a massive provocation. In my view, this provocation was the bombing in September 1999 of the apartment building bombings in Moscow, Buinaksk, and Volgodonsk. In the aftermath of these attacks, which claimed 300 lives, a new war was launched against Chechnya. Putin, the newly appointed prime minister who was put in charge of that war, achieved overnight popularity. Yeltsin resigned early. Putin was elected president and his first act was to guarantee Yeltsin immunity from prosecution.

2212:, because he had just promised to "waste in the outhouse" (as he said) everyone who had any relation to terrorism. It was politically beneficial for him to scare people with terrorism. That is not proven. But what can be stated with full confidence is this: the investigation of both the Moscow explosions and the so-called "exercises" in Ryazan is trumped up. There can be various possibilities. It seems to me, that Ryazan should have been the next explosion, but I cannot prove that." 2793:

because they would increase the risk to expose the conspiracy. Fourth, a complex plot involving multiple players and a large number of FSB operatives could not be kept secret. According to Taylor, it is plausible that the FSB "simulated" an attack in Ryazan in order to claim credit for "uncovering" it; however, the plot was foiled by vigilant local denizens and law enforcement personnel, and the "training exercise" justification was improvised after the plot failed.

2111:'s Directorate of FSB officers came to the GUVD headquarters, captured evidence and ordered the investigators fired. Trepashkin wrote that he learned about the story at a meeting with several RUOP officers in the year 2000. They claimed that their colleagues could present eyewitness accounts in a court. They offered a video tape with evidence against the RDX dealers. Mr Trepashkin did not publicise the meeting fearing for lives of the witnesses and their families. 2906: 1301: 3098: 2773:. Ware points out that that would explain the timing of the attacks, and why there were no attacks after the date on which the insurgents were driven from Dagestan. It would also explain why no Chechen claimed responsibility. Also it would explain Basayev's reference to responsibility of Dagestanis and it would be consistent with the initial vow of Khattab to set off the bombs blasting through Russian cities. 9901: 3084: 1113: 68: 6046: 1831:. Both defendants have pleaded guilty only to some of the charges. Dekkushev acknowledged that he knew the explosives he transported were to be used for an act of terror. Dekkushev also confirmed Gochiyaev's role in the attacks. Dekkushev was extradited to Russia on 14 April 2002 to stand trial. Krymshakhalov was apprehended and extradicted to Moscow. 1740: 6050: 2861:, the CIA and the FBI, inquiring about documents pertaining to the apartment bombings, the Ryazan incident and persons who tried to investigate the bombings and were killed. The agencies acknowledged receipt of the requests, but Satter received no other response within the statutory time limit. On 29 August 2016, Satter filed suit against the 1049:

of civilian casualties. The explosives were placed to destroy the weakest, most critical elements of the buildings and force them to "collapse like a house of cards". The individuals behind the bombings were able to obtain or manufacture several tons of powerful explosives and deliver them to numerous destinations across Russia.

1276:, Seleznyov made an announcement based on a wire service message about an explosion which took place in Volgodonsk on September 12 and killed one person. At the time it was thought that this (smaller and eventually found to be unrelated) explosion was another in the same series as the preceding ones in Moscow and Buynaksk. 1775:" vans to three addresses—Ulitsa Guryanova, Kashirskoye Shosse and Ulitsa Borisovskiye Prudy, where pseudo-Laipanov leased cellars. Gochiyayev supervised the placement of the bombs in the rented cellars. Next followed the explosions at the former two addresses. The explosion at 16 Borisovskiye Prudy was prevented. 1620:. He said that the explosions in Buynaksk and Moscow were carried out by his organisation. According to him, the attacks were a retaliation to the deaths of Muslim women and children during Russian air raids in Dagestan. "We will answer death with death," the caller said. Russian officials from both the 5794: 2681:

said that "It was during Mr. Putin's tenure as Prime Minister in 1999 that he launched the Second Chechen War following the Moscow apartment bombings. There remain credible allegations that Russia's FSB had a hand in carrying out these attacks. Mr. Putin ascended to the presidency in 2000 by pointing

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bombing was ordered by Al-Khattab. Reportedly, since the perpetrators have managed to explode only one truck bomb instead of the two, Khattab called it a "botched job" and paid $ 300,000 for it, which was a part of the sum he originally promised. One of the suspects confessed having loaded the trucks

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The State Department responded with a redacted copy of a cable from the U.S. embassy in Moscow. According to the cable, on 24 March 2000, a former member of Russian intelligence services told a U.S. diplomat that the real story about the Ryazan incident could never be known because it "would destroy

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dismissed the allegations of FSB involvement in the bombings as "delirious nonsense." "There are no people in the Russian secret services who would be capable of such crime against their own people. The very allegation is immoral," he said. An FSB spokesman said that "Litvinenko's evidence cannot be

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With Yeltsin and his family facing possible criminal prosecution, however, a plan was put into motion to put in place a successor who would guarantee that Yeltsin and his family would be safe from prosecution and the criminal division of property in the country would not be subject to reexamination.

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in southern Moscow, about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from the place of the last attack. This was the deadliest blast in the chain of bombings (because the apartment was built with brick), with 119 people killed and 200 injured. The eight-story building was flattened, littering the street with debris

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that Putin would almost certainly be president himself by the year 2000, contrary to speculation over Yeltsin's successor. Prior to his flight, Putin telephoned Clinton and claimed he had "every reason to believe" that Chechen extremists were not only behind the attacks but had links to the Al-Qaeda

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Four apartment bombings took place and at least three attempted bombings were prevented. All bombings had the same "signature", based on the nature and the volume of the destruction. In each case a powerful explosive was used, and the timers were set to go off at night and inflict the maximum number

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in 2003, they were confiscated by the FSB. Trepashkin himself, acting as a lawyer for two relatives of the victims of the blast, was unable to obtain information he requested and was entitled to see by law". However, Soldatov believed that the obstruction might reflect "'paranoia' rather than guilt

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documentary on Vladimir Putin also mentioned the theory and FSB involvement, citing the quick removal of rubble and bodies from the bombing scenes before any investigation could take place, the discovery of the Ryazan bomb, the deaths of several people who had attempted to investigate the bombings,

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In September 1999, hundreds of Chechen nationals (out of the more than 100,000 permanently living in Moscow) were briefly detained and interrogated in Moscow, as a wave of anti-Chechen sentiments swept the city. However, no Chechens were tried for the Buinaksk, Moscow or Volgodonsk attacks. Rather,

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Political scientist Brian Taylor believes that there is too little evidence to decide which version of the events is correct, as the available evidence is fragmentary and controversial. Taylor identifies several reasons to doubt the conspiracy version. First, while the bombings did propel Putin to

2575:, a historian of the KGB, wrote that it was "abundantly clear" that the FSB was responsible for carrying out the attacks and that Vladimir Putin's "guilt seems clear," since it was inconceivable that the FSB would have done so without the sanction of Putin, the agency's former director and by then 2095:

issued a statement that "there are serious grounds to believe that Mikhail Trepashkin was arrested and convicted under falsified criminal charges which may be politically motivated, in order to prevent him continuing his investigative and legal work related to the 1999 apartment bombings in Moscow

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On 4 September 1999, another bomb was discovered shortly after the explosion in the city of Buynaksk in Dagestan. The defused bomb was in a car containing 2,706 kilograms (5,966 lb) of explosive material. It was discovered by local residents in a parking lot surrounded by an army hospital and

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within the country, which was restricted prior to 1993. According to Luzhkov, the law made it possible for Chechen terrorists to bring weapons to Moscow and store them there, as well as purchase vehicles and provide housing for their personnel who had arrived in Moscow. According to Luzhkov, "for

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even without the bombings—namely, the invasion of Dagestan and multiple kidnappings in the region in the preceding years. Third, if the goal of the bombings was to justify a new war, one or two bombings in Moscow would be more than adequate; any subsequent bombings would be potentially dangerous,

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for whose security the central FSB is responsible. The culprits would also have needed to organise nine explosions (the four that occurred and the five attempted bombings reported by the authorities) in different cities in a two-week period. Satter's estimate for the time required for target plan

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in November 2004, extradited to Russia, found not guilty on the charge of terrorism by the jury on 24 January 2006; found guilty of participating in an armed force and illegal crossing of the national border, he was retried again on the same charges on 13 November 2006 and again found not guilty,

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At 01:30 on 23 September 1999, explosive engineers of the Ryazan UFSB took a sample of substance from the suspicious-looking sacks to a firing ground located about 1.6 km (1 mi) away from Ryazan for testing. During the substance tests at that area they tried to explode it by means of a

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At least 49 bodies, including children, have been found. Dozens more may be still trapped under the rubble. ... It is thought that few of the 120 people who lived in the block – situated on Kashirskoye Shosse – will have survived. ... The police are linking the blast to the bomb which killed 93

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Even if their guilt was never conclusively proven and the circumstances of the bomb blasts were shrouded in mystery, the attacks were widely attributed to Chechen terrorists (Dawisha 2014, 207–223). Together, these events provided Putin with the casus belli that he needed to initiate the Second

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According to Satter, all four bombings that occurred had a similar "signature" which indicated that the explosives had been carefully prepared, a mark of skilled specialists. The terrorists were able to obtain tons of hexogen explosive and transport it to various locations in Russia; hexogen is

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officer who asked him to rent basements "as storage facilities" at four locations where bombs were later found. After the second explosion on Kashirskoye highway Gochiyaev realized he was set up, called the police and told them about the basements of two other buildings at Borisovskie Prudy and

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released a report entitled "Putin's Asymmetric Assault on Democracy in Russia and Europe: Implications for U.S. National Security". According to the report, "no credible evidence has been presented by the Russian authorities linking Chechen terrorists, or anyone else, to the Moscow bombings."

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who "knew quite a few things about the bombings" were killed to prevent the independent investigation. Kovalev responded: "I cannot state with full confidence that the explosions were organized by the authorities. Although it's clear that the explosions were useful for them, useful for future

1366:, residents of neighboring buildings fled their homes in terror, to the effect that nearly 30,000 residents spent the night on the street. Police and rescue vehicles converged from different parts of the city. As many as 1,200 local police officers were put on alert, the railroad stations and 880:

The official investigation of the Buynaksk bombing was completed in 2001, while the investigations of the Moscow and Volgodonsk bombings were completed in 2002. In 2000, seven people were convicted of perpetrating the Buynaksk attack. According to the court ruling on the Moscow and Volgodonsk

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David Satter made a renewed FOIA request, and on 22 March 2017, State Department responded that documents concerning the U.S. assessment of the bombings would remain secret. A draft Vaughn index, a document used by agencies to justify withholdings in FOIA cases, said that the release of that

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denied responsibility for the bombings and said that it had been the work of Dagestanis. According to Basayev, the bombings were a retribution for the military operation of the Russian Army against "three small villages" in Dagestan. In subsequent interviews, Basayev said he did not know who

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The position of Russian authorities on the Ryazan incident changed significantly over time. Initially, it was declared by the FSB and federal government to be a real threat. However, after the people who planted the bomb were identified, the official version changed to "security training".

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and that the latter was witnessed by several people. Trepashkin also investigated a letter attributed to Achemez Gochiyayev and found that the alleged assistant of Gochiyayev who arranged the delivery of sacks might have been Kapstroi-2000 vice president Alexander Karmishin, a resident of

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was not an innocent businessman, but a leader of a local Islamist group since the mid-1990s, together with Dekkushev and Krymshamkhalov. Soldatov and Borogan have also noted a partial admission of guilt by Dekkushev and Krymshamkhalov after their interrogations during a trial in 2003.

2648:, a former key economic adviser to the Russian president, said that FSB involvement "is not a theory, it is a fact. There is no other element that could have organized the bombings except for the FSB." Later Lebed's public relations staff claimed that he was quoted out of the context. 2589:

summarized evidence related to the bombings and concluded that "to blow up your own innocent and sleeping people in your capital city is an action almost unthinkable. Yet the evidence that the FSB was at least involved in planting a bomb in Ryazan is incontrovertible." According to

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that "The weight of evidence so far supports the grimmest interpretation: that the attacks were a ruthlessly planned stunt to create a climate of panic and fear in which Putin would quickly become the country's indisputable leader, as indeed he did." In the September 2009 issue of

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If the sacks which proved to contain explosive were noticed, that means there is a positive side to it, if only the fact that the public is reacting correctly to the events taking place in our country today. I'd like ... to thank the public. ... No panic, no sympathy for the

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Kapotnya, where the explosives were actually found and explosions averted. In 2002 Felshtinsky and Litvinenko obtained a written testimony from Achemez Gochiyaev as well as a video recording and several photographs about it. The statement by Gochiyaev was also received by

7919:, 1 December 2007. "давай вместе работать против Литвиненко и уйди из комиссии по взрывам домов и тогда тебя никто не тронет. Я говорил со своими шефами, совершенно точно, тебя не тронут. Кончай с Ковалевым Сергеем Адамовичем контактировать в Госдуме и так далее." 1328:

noticed two suspicious men who carried sacks into the basement from a car. While the license plate indicated that the car was registered in Moscow, a sheet of paper was taped over the last two digits, and the number written on it implied that the car was local.

5786: 2769:, the simplest explanation for the apartment block blasts is that they were perpetrated by Islamist extremists from North Caucasus who sought retribution for the attacks of the Federal forces against the Islamist enclave in the central Dagestan, known as the 1268:

questioned Seleznyov in the Duma the following day, but Seleznyov turned his microphone off. Later, Seleznyov said it was a misunderstanding, and he actually referred to an explosion organized by criminal gangs which took place in Volgodonsk on September 12.

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detonator, which was also made from a shotgun shell, but the substance failed to detonate. At 05:00, Radio Rossiya reported about the attempted bombing, noting that the bomb was set up to go off at 05:30. In the morning, Ryazan resembled a city under siege.

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in London in 2006. A British inquiry later determined that Litvinenko's murder was "probably" carried out with the approval of Vladimir Putin and Nikolai Patrushev. Others argue that there is insufficient evidence to assign responsibility for the attacks.

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After the newspaper report, FSB officers descended on Pinyayev's unit, accused them of divulging a state secret and told them, "You guys can't even imagine what serious business you’ve got yourselves tangled up in." The regiment later sued publishers of

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On 23 September Natalia Yukhnova, a telephone service employee in Ryazan, tapped into a suspicious phone call to Moscow and overheard the following instruction: "Leave one at a time, there are patrols everywhere". The called number was traced to a

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of lying. According to Grozin and Vishnevoy, there is no storehouse at the test range of the 137th Regiment. Alexei Pinyaev has admitted meeting with Pavel Voloshin, but claimed that he was merely asked to confirm a pre-conceived story. At an

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news agency, saying that the blasts in Moscow and Buynaksk were "our response to the bombings of civilians in the villages in Chechnya and Dagestan." On 15 September, an unidentified man, again speaking with a Caucasian accent, called the

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of three suspected terrorists, two men and a woman, were posted everywhere in the city and shown on TV. At 08:00 Russian television reported the attempt to blow out the building in Ryazan and identified the explosive used in the bomb as

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was "the most compelling proof" of the FSB involvement theory. According to the book, the murder of Litvinenko "gave credence to all his previous theories, delivering justice for the tenants of the bombed apartment blocks, the

1135:. The nine-story building was destroyed, killing 106 people inside (with early reports giving 93 dead) and injuring 249 others, and damaging 19 nearby buildings. A total of 108 apartments were destroyed during the bombing. An 1186:

Yeltsin ordered the search of 30,000 residential buildings in Moscow for explosives. He took personal control of the investigation of the blast. Putin declared 13 September a day of mourning for the victims of the attacks.

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Adam Dekkushev (an ethnic Karachai), arrested in Georgia, threw a grenade at police during the arrest, extradited to Russia and sentenced to life imprisonment in January 2004, after a two-month secret trial held without a

2784:. Regarding the apartment bombings, Pankratov argued that the Russian authorities did not need an additional justification to wage a war against Chechnya, in view of high-profile kidnappings and the invasion of Dagestan. 2693:. According to senator Rubio, "there's incredible body of reporting, open source and other, that this was all—all those bombings were part of a black flag operation on the part of the FSB." On 10 January 2018, senator 900:

filed two motions for a parliamentary investigation of the events, but the motions were rejected by the State Duma in March 2000. An independent public commission to investigate the bombings was chaired by Duma deputy

5787:"U.S. Senator Ben Cardin Releases Report Detailing Two Decades of Putin's Attacks on Democracy, Calling for Policy Changes to Counter Kremlin Threat Ahead of 2018, 2020 Elections | U.S. Senator Ben Cardin of Maryland" 2153:

warned him on several occasions. Malashenko's recollection of Lesin's warning was that by airing the talk show NTV "crossed the line" and that the NTV managers were "outlaws" in the eyes of the Kremlin. According to

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was among the people who investigated the bombings. He received numerous death threats and died in a suspicious plane crash in March 2000 that was regarded by Felshtinsky and Pribylovsky as a probable assassination.

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This announcement came as a surprise to us and appeared at the moment when the ... FSB had identified the places of residence in Ryazan of those involved in planting the explosive device and was prepared to detain

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development, site visits, explosives preparation, renting space at the sites and transporting explosives to the sites was four to four and a half months. Hexogen was however at this time also widely available in

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In excerpts from the planned Ryazan operation, first published in 2002, it was stated that the exercise was overseen by the head of the FSB's Center of Special Operations (CSO), Major General Alexander Tikhonov.

1811: 2742:, "From the start, it seemed that the Kremlin was determined to suppress all discussion ... When Alexander Podrabinek, a Russian human rights activist, tried to import copies of Litvinenko's and Felshtinsky's 2500:. The film chronicles the story of Tatyana and Alyona Morozova, the two Russian-American sisters, who had lost their mother in the attack, and decided to find out who did it. His next film on the subject was 2130:. The talk with the residents of the Ryazan apartment building along with FSB public relations director Alexander Zdanovich and Ryazan branch head Alexander Sergeyev was filmed few days earlier. On 26 March, 7757: 2594:, "it seemed possible" that the perpetrators of the apartment bombings were FSB officers. David Satter considered the bombings as a political provocation by the Russian secret services that was similar to 2194:

Sergei Kovalyov said: "I think that the Chechen trace was skilfully fabricated. No one from the people who organized the bombings was found, and no one actually was looking for them". He then was asked by

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According to Trepashkin, his supervisors and the people from the FSB promised not to arrest him if he left the Kovalev commission and started working together with the FSB "against Alexander Litvinenko".

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Russia's pre-trial investigation of the Moscow and Volgodonsk bombings was finished in 2002. According to the Russian State Prosecutor office, all apartment bombings were executed under command of ethnic

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said that "From now on they will get our bombs everywhere! Let Russia await our explosions blasting through their cities! I swear we will do it!" However, in a subsequent interview on 14 September to the

1312:, killing 17 people and injuring 69. The bombing took place at 5:57 am. Surrounding buildings were also damaged. The blast also happened 14 km (9 mi) from a nuclear power plant. Prime Minister 8874: 4756: 2869:

refused even to acknowledge the existence of any relevant records because doing so would reveal "very specific aspects of the Agency's intelligence interest, or lack thereof, in the Russian bombings."

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Kartofelnikov alerted the police, but by the time they arrived the car and the men were gone. The policemen found three sacks of white powder in the basement, each weighing 50 kg (110 lb). A

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brought a warning from the Kremlin, one day before airing the show, promising in no uncertain terms that the NTV managers "should consider themselves finished" if they went ahead with the broadcast.

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trailer and delivered it to Moscow. En route, they were protected from possible complications by an accomplice, Khakim Abayev, who accompanied the trailer in another car. In Moscow they were met by

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signed a decree calling on law enforcement and other agencies to develop plans within three days to protect industry, transportation, communications, food processing centres and nuclear complexes.

8726: 5954: 1755:, and Borisovskiye Prudy, and then helped to hide Gochiyayev and his accomplices in Chechnya. In early September 1999, Magayayev, Krymshamkhalov, Batchayev and Dekkushev reloaded the cargo into a 43: 2841:

three months, after having arrived in Moscow, a terrorist could live wherever he wanted and stay with anyone, without notifying the police", which allowed the terrorists to prepare the bombings.

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Although the bombings were widely blamed on Chechen terrorists, their guilt was never conclusively proven. A number of historians and investigative journalists have instead called the bombings a

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Court hearings on the Moscow and Volgodonsk attacks were held behind closed doors, and were completed in 2004. The process has produced 90 volumes of proceedings, five of which were classified.

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truck in which the sacks were stored for two months. After everything was planned, the participants were organised into several groups which then transported the explosives to different cities.

1628:, at the time, expressed scepticism over the claims and said there is no such organization. On 15 September 1999, a Dagestani official also denied the existence of a "Dagestan Liberation Army". 4231: 3598: 3761: 1524:

press conference in 2001, Private Pinyayev stated that there was no hexogen in the 137th Airborne Regiment and that he was hospitalised in December 1999 and no longer visited the test range.

983:, was told on September 9, the day of the first Moscow apartment bombing, that there was to be a terrorist attack in the city. His source was an officer of the Russian military intelligence ( 1216: 6364: 5464: 2244:

coordinated by the Russian state security services to win public support for a new full-scale war in Chechnya and to bring Putin to power. Some of them described the bombings as typical "

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On 9 September 1999, shortly after midnight at 20:00 GMT, a bomb detonated on the ground floor of an apartment building in southeast Moscow (19 Guryanova Street). The explosive power was

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on the part of the authorities". Consequently, Soldatov argued, that paranoia has produced the very conspiracy theories that the Russian Government intended to eradicate. In their book

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Adam Dekkushev, Krymshamkhalov, and Timur Batchayev were recruited by FSB agents who presented themselves as "Chechen separatists" to deliver explosives to Volgodonsk and Moscow.

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in his biography of Putin said that while "It cannot be conclusively proved that no one from the FSB was involved" there is no "factual evidence of Russian state involvement."

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The evidence provided in The Moscow Bombings makes it abundantly clear that the FSB of the Russian Republic, headed by Patrushev, was responsible for carrying out the attacks.

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the country." The informant said the FSB had "a specially trained team of men" whose mission was "to carry out this type of urban warfare". The informant has also said that

1038: 4366: 2799:, a researcher who is critical of the efficacy of terrorism in general, argued that the bombings were detrimental for the self-determination of Chechnya. He noted that the 2103:, Trepashkin wrote that some time before the bombings, Moscow's Regional Directorate against Organized Crimes (RUOP GUVD) arrested several people for selling the explosive 7643: 3312: 1713:

Chechnya, by "mixing aluminium powder, nitre and sugar in a concrete mixer", or by also putting there RDX and TNT. From there they were sent to a food storage facility in

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information had "the potential to inject friction into or cause serious damage" to relationships with the Russian government that were "vital to U.S. national security".

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attack perpetrated by Russian state security services to win public support for a new war in Chechnya and to boost the popularity of Vladimir Putin prior to the upcoming

10095: 2307:, Tatyana Korolyeva, and Alexander Karmishin rented warehouses that received shipments of hexogen disguised as sugar and did not know that the explosives were delivered. 5980: 2674:

Some US politicians have commented that they consider credible the allegations about Russian state security services as the actual organizers of the bombings. In 2003,

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were found on items removed from the site of the explosion. Residents said a few minutes before the blast four men were seen speeding away from the building in a car.

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In Moscow, Volgodonsk and Ryazan, the attacks were organized by the FSB through a chain of command that included director of the counter-terrorism department General

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announced later that police prevented a terrorist act. A news report at 16:00 reported that the explosives failed to detonate during their testing outside the city.

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Trepashkin was unable to bring the alleged evidence to the court because he was arrested in October 2003 (on charges of illegal arms possession) and imprisoned in

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regional FSB branch, has criticized the FSB for performing such exercise on residential buildings with inhabitants inside and without notifying local authorities.

1352: 6515: 4691:"Геннадия Селезнева предупредили о взрыве в Волгодонске за три дня до теракта ("Gennadiy Seleznyov was warned of the Volgodonsk explosion three days in advance")" 9346: 3904: 753: 7333: 4746: 3556: 3351: 3263: 11346: 8864: 4972: 1786:

The explosion in the mall on Manezhnaya Square was the subject of a separate court process held in Moscow in 2009. The court accused Khalid Khuguyev (Russian:

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changed the story about the type of explosive, since it was difficult to explain how huge amounts of RDX disappeared from the closely guarded Perm facility.

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called to police and reported about bombs located in apartment blocks on Borisovskiye Prudy and Kapotnya in Moscow. The police found and defused two bombs.

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voiced support for the idea that the bombings were a false flag operation conducted by Russian security services in order to justify the war in Chechnya.

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mess up". According to Litvinenko, "Moscow-2 was on the 13th and Volgodonsk on 16th, but they got it to the speaker the other way around". Investigator

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announced that the incident in Ryazan had been an anti-terror drill and the device found there contained only sugar, and freed the FSB agents involved.

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a finger at the Chechens for committing these crimes, launching a new military campaign in Chechnya, and riding a frenzy of public anger into office."

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the previous year. Putin and Clinton would have their first face-to-face meeting in Auckland the following day, and Putin flew back shortly afterward.

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However, the public commission was rendered ineffective because of government refusal to respond to its inquiries. Two key members of the commission,

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in 2003 and 2016) where he scrutinized the events and came to the conclusion that the bombings were organized by Russian state security services.(

1532:

After the bombing at Guryanova Street on September 9, the Moscow FSB reported that items removed from the scene showed traces of TNT and RDX (or "

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According to investigators, the explosion in Moscow mall on 31 August was committed by another man, Magomed-Zagir Garzhikaev on the orders from

905:. The commission was rendered ineffective because of government refusal to respond to its inquiries. Two key members of the Kovalev Commission, 11326: 10285: 3186: 798: 6006: 7440: 6175: 5951: 5722: 4584: 3720: 1764: 8684: 6908: 5402: 4045: 3480: 1195: 8444: 6825: 6800: 6408: 5607: 11336: 8487: 8148: 3281: 2410:. ... If Putin's team can not disprove the facts provided by Litvinenko, Putin must shoot himself. Patrushev and all other leadership of 1943:), who helped the truck with explosives pass the checkpoint after getting a sack of sugar as a bribe, sentenced to four years in May 2003 893:, who have been killed. Five other suspects have been killed and six have been convicted by Russian courts on terrorism-related charges. 8188: 6715: 6171: 2631:, then took extreme measures to prevent an article by Anderson from appearing in the Russian media, both physically and in translation. 2555:

The view about the bombings being organized and perpetrated by Russian state security services was originally put forward by journalist

1506:

for insulting the honour of the Russian Army, since there was no Private Alexei Pinyayev in the regiment, according to their statement.

865:

on 22 September. On 23 September, Vladimir Putin even praised the vigilance of the inhabitants of Ryazan and ordered the air bombing of

10949: 9245: 7934: 5743: 5648: 4482: 3051:

announces that police prevented a terrorist act. Vladimir Putin praises the vigilance of the citizens and calls for the air bombing of

2854: 2060:, both Duma members, have died in apparent assassinations in April 2003 and July 2003, respectively. Another member of the commission, 1772: 210: 178: 17: 9295: 6361: 6231: 4650: 4077: 3948: 1991:

Salikhov admitted that he made a delivery of paint to Dagestan for Ibn al-Khattab, although he was not sure what was really delivered.

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in the past. The war in Chechnya boosted Prime Minister and former FSB Director Vladimir Putin's popularity, and brought the pro-war

1855:

According to the official investigation, the following people either delivered explosives, stored them, or harboured other suspects:

706: 9273: 7532:"Russian Federation: Amnesty International's concerns and recommendations in the case of Mikhail Trepashkin – Amnesty International" 7250: 5054: 3022:

13 September 1999: A bomb is defused and a warehouse containing several tons of explosives and six timing devices is found in Moscow

2026:, voted to seal all materials related to the Ryazan incident for the next 75 years and forbade an investigation into what happened. 831:, killing more than 300, injuring more than 1,000, and spreading a wave of fear across the country. The bombings, together with the 11381: 11281: 10234: 10184: 7851: 7188: 6110: 5581: 4694: 1394:

At 19:00, Vladimir Putin praised the vigilance of the inhabitants of Ryazan, and called for the air bombing of the Chechen capital

711: 647: 540: 5901:""Весь дом кричал: "Взорвали все-таки, сволочи"" Как живут пострадавшие при взрыве дома в Волгодонске спустя 20 лет после теракта" 2292:. The bombing in Buynaksk was conducted by the GRU to avoid an "interagency conflict between the FSB and the Ministry of Defense". 1835:, allegedly the head of the group that carried out the attacks, remains a fugitive, and is under an international search warrant. 10275: 7734: 4363: 2007:

Zainutdin Zainutdinov (an ethnic Avar) and native of Dagestan, sentenced to 3 years in March 2001 and immediately released under

850:

The blasts hit Buynaksk on 4 September and Moscow on 9 and 13 September. Another bombing happened in Volgodonsk on 16 September.

8028: 7635: 7065: 5095: 3304: 2022:

The Russian Duma rejected two motions for a parliamentary investigation of the Ryazan incident. In the Duma a pro-Kremlin party

11366: 9933: 9403: 8903: 8317: 7798:

Russian Ex-Agent's Sentencing Called Political Investigator was about to release a report on 1999 bombings when he was arrested

6198: 2264: 1717:, which was managed by an uncle of one of the terrorists, Yusuf Krymshakhalov. Another conspirator, Ruslan Magayayev, leased a 763: 695: 8548: 4664: 11316: 10959: 10457: 10447: 9884: 9862: 9841: 9819: 9798: 9777: 9752: 9694: 9666: 9639: 9629: 9612: 9589: 9568: 9550: 9532: 9474: 9453: 9432: 9389: 9356: 9204: 8835: 8050: 7584: 7559: 7508: 7489: 7413: 6989: 5972: 5132: 5075: 4198: 3510: 3175: 2365:) According to authors the bombings and other terrorist acts have been committed by Russian security services to justify the 2357: 2071:

to investigate the case. Trepashkin said he found that the basement of one of the bombed buildings was rented by FSB officer

1253: 861:

A suspicious device resembling those used in the bombings was found and defused in an apartment block in the Russian city of

171: 6322: 4136: 3429: 1771:

in Ulitsa Krasnodonskaya, which was leased by pseudo-Laipanov (Gochiyayev). The next day, the explosives were delivered in "

11386: 11286: 10954: 10295: 9027: 8406: 7775: 6386: 5937: 4512: 3460: 2146: 1072:

On 2 September 1999, an unknown person called and claimed that the bombing was committed by the militant organization the "

270: 9137: 7712: 7686: 6846: 6089: 5550: 5306: 5165: 4800: 4624: 4323: 4294: 4165: 3975: 10239: 10163: 9598: 8944: 8293: 8212: 7967: 7822:"Russian Federation: Amnesty International calls for Mikhail Trepashkin to be released pending a full review of his case" 7658: 7361: 7127: 7087: 6772: 6436: 5825: 5333: 4722: 2862: 2379: 1172: 1057:

On 31 August 1999, at 20:00 local time, a bomb exploded in the amusement arcade of the Manezh Square shopping complex of

663: 250: 8005: 7797: 7387: 6967: 3499:

Petersson, Bo; Hutcheson, Derek (2021). "Rising from the ashes. The role of Chechnya in contemporary Russian politics".

2382:

described the transformation of the FSB into a criminal and terrorist organization, including conducting the bombings. (

1953:

Timur Batchayev (an ethnic Karachai), killed in Georgia in the clash with police during which Krymshakhalov was arrested

10308: 10214: 9721: 9333: 9172: 9088: 7211: 6512: 5246: 5223: 4112: 3057:

23–24 September 1999: According to David Satter, FSB agents who planted the bomb in Ryazan are arrested by local police

2836:

at the time of the bombings, believed that the bombings in Moscow were facilitated by new legislation that established

2119: 2013:

Makhach Abdulsamedov (a native of Dagestan, sentenced to 3 years in March 2001 and immediately released under amnesty).

1705:, Arab militants fighting in Chechnya on the side of Chechen insurgents. Al-Khattab and al-Saif were killed during the 925: 572: 402: 9791:

The Moscow Bombings of September 1999: Examinations of Russian Terrorist Attacks at the Onset of Vladimir Putin's Rule

9362: 7873: 7042: 3915: 2064:, was assaulted in November 2003 and two years later, on 3 November 2005, he died in a hospital after a car accident. 11356: 9514: 9492: 9411: 9117: 9051: 8278: 8117: 7330: 7196: 6742: 5516: 5284: 4834: 4398: 4272: 3335: 2945: 2858: 1625: 1159: 987:). Borovoy transmitted this information to FSB officials serving on Yeltsin's Security Council, but he was ignored." 933: 728: 8385: 6467: 6349: 3791: 3548: 3253: 1893:. In a statement released in January 2004, the FSB said, "until we arrest Gochiyayev, the case will not be closed." 1659:

Chechen Foreign Ministry issued an official statement on 14 September condemning Moscow blasts, and affirming that "

1351:, disconnected the detonator and the timer. Reportedly, Tkachenko tested the three sacks of white substance with a 10644: 10265: 10055: 10050: 10034: 10004: 9977: 8082: 7464: 7152: 7017: 6597: 5861: 3911: 3500: 3206: 2134:

voiced his concern over the possible shut-down of NTV for airing the talk. Seven months later, NTV general manager

1667: 1308:

A truck bomb exploded on 16 September 1999, outside a nine-story apartment complex in the southern Russian city of

1166:, it was decided that the trip go ahead as planned. Yeltsin had originally intended to go himself, but reasoned to 794: 577: 412: 362: 38: 8969: 8723: 8521: 8466: 7309: 5900: 5197: 5019: 4560: 1751:

According to the court ruling, Al-Khattab paid Gochiyayev $ 500,000 to carry out the attacks at Guryanova Street,

11396: 10357: 8746: 8517: 8113: 7750: 6206: 4003: 2253: 2196: 2191: 2023: 873:(FSB) agents who had planted the devices at Ryazan were arrested by the local police. The next day, FSB director 9220: 6489: 2322:

The theory of Russian government involvement has been described in a number of books and movies on the subject.

1220:

Apartment on Borisovskiye Prudy street, Moscow, where one of the bombs was found and disarmed in September 1999.

1017:. However, the initial plan included only a limited campaign to occupy the northern third of Chechnya up to the 11376: 11301: 10219: 10024: 10009: 8636: 7605: 6773:"Alleged suspect for 1999 bombings hiding in Georgia: Russian FSB CORRECTION: ATTENTION – ADDS background" 3403: 2927: 2757:, a counter-terrorism FSB unit. Soldatov and Borogan noted that, according to Russian state security services, 2524: 2502: 2431: 2417: 2200: 1588: 1491: 1415:

When arrested, the detainees produced FSB identification cards. They were soon released on orders from Moscow.

524: 419: 7531: 6673: 3458:

Volgodonsk (Rostov region) apartment bombing; criminal investigation of Moscow and Buynaksk apartment bombings

2753:, Andrei Soldatov and Irina Borogan believe that the Ryazan incident had actually been a training exercise by 11296: 10199: 6869:"Гиркин (Стрелков). Донбасс, MH17, Гаага, ФСБ, полудохлый Путин, Сурков, Божий суд. "ГОРДОН" (2020), 1:48:43" 6567: 6134: 2436: 1592: 333: 8615: 5367: 3374:"Russian Federation: Amnesty International's concerns and recommendations in the case of Mikhail Trepashkin" 960:

document as evidence, he added that the motive would be to undermine the opponents of the Russian President

11331: 10639: 9942: 6889: 2800: 2209: 1686:

In 2000, investigation of the Buynaksk attack was complete and seven people were convicted of the bombing.

851: 381: 8771: 8351: 6627: 6383:"Religioscope > Archives > Chechnya: Amir Abu al-Walid and the Islamic component of the Chechen war" 5486: 4897: 1536:") explosives. However, FSB has declared later that the explosives used in the bombings were a mixture of 896:

Attempts at an independent investigation faced obstruction from the Russian government. State Duma deputy

11361: 11291: 10681: 9855:

The Less You Know, the Better You Sleep: Russia's Road to Terror and Dictatorship under Yeltsin and Putin

8079: 7905: 7437:"One More Participant of Terrorist Act in Buinaksk, Dagestan, Detained in Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan" 2770: 2338:

The Less You Know, The Better You Sleep: Russia's Road to Terror and Dictatorship under Yeltsin and Putin

1617: 1490:

journalist Pavel Voloshin reported the account of Private Alexei P. (later identified as Pinyaev) of the

1426:

announced that it was an exercise that was being carried out to test responses after the earlier blasts.

1073: 802: 483: 407: 8658: 8243: 6658: 3630: 1977:

Alisultan Salikhov (an ethnic Avar) and native of Dagestan, sentenced to life imprisonment in March 2001

1324:

At 20:30 on 22 September 1999, Alexei Kartofelnikov, a resident of an apartment building in the city of

11341: 10371: 10351: 10229: 10189: 9926: 9833: 9080: 8712: 6286: 6221:"PUTIN'S ASYMMETRIC ASSAULT ON DEMOCRACY IN RUSSIA AND EUROPE: IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY" 5673: 3676: 2463: 2398:

in the country and which continues the criminal war against their own people", like their predecessors

499: 446: 308: 8568: 5836:, 13 January 2004. (Russian:"в бетономешалке изготовила смесь из сахара, селитры и алюминиевой пудры") 2628: 2407: 847:

at the time, boosted his popularity greatly and helped him attain the presidency within a few months.

11351: 11321: 10462: 10209: 10075: 9999: 9161:

Defending Human Rights in Russia: Sergei Kovalyov, Dissident and Human Rights Commissioner, 1969-2003

6449:, 13 January 2004. (Russian:"в бетономешалке изготовила смесь из сахара, селитры и алюминиевой пудры" 5427: 5272: 4751: 2995: 2620: 2602: 1985:

this time on all charges, including the ones he was found guilty of in the first trial. According to

1604: 1058: 956:, warned that there would be terrorist attacks in Moscow organised by the government. Using a leaked 509: 342: 9049:

Pope, Ronald R. (2004). "Feature review. Darkness at Dawn: The Rise of the Russian Criminal State".

2623:

wrote about on Putin's role in the Russian apartment bombings, based in part on his interviews with

1743:

A photo of Al-Hattab (second from left) and Gochiyayev (second from right). The photo was allegedly

1150:

The FSB declared the bombing a terrorist attack the following morning, 10 September 1999. That day,

10474: 10469: 10168: 10070: 9971: 9023: 7975: 6681: 3258: 2781: 2576: 2387: 2281: 2087:, just a few days before he was to make his findings public. He was sentenced by a Moscow military 2001:

Abdulkadyr Abdulkadyrov (an ethnic Avar) and native of Dagestan, sentenced to 9 years in March 2001

1595:"Volga-Don", which promotes legislation for the legal recognition of victims of terrorist attacks. 1576: 1521: 1232: 1136: 1062: 984: 870: 844: 519: 462: 299: 9812:

Inferno in Chechnya: The Russian-Chechen Wars, the Al Qaeda Myth, and the Boston Marathon Bombings

9303: 8681: 8659:

Who was behind the 1999 Moscow apartment bombings that accelerated Vladimir Putin's rise to power?

6412: 4581: 1794:) of organisation and execution of the 1999 explosions in the Manezhnaya Square mall and in hotel 1100:

soldiers and their families. Sixty-four people were killed and 133 were injured in the explosion.

11371: 11306: 10280: 10065: 9109: 7742: 6876: 5412: 4037: 3126: 2916: 2473: 2374: 1882: 1828: 1587:

Multiple survivors of the bombings have developed disabilities, with many of them diagnosed with

746: 679: 556: 386: 8441: 6797: 5603: 2394:

said that the book describes "a leading criminal group that provides "protection" for all other

2284:

officers who were sent to Dagestan and supervised by the head of GRU's 14th Directorate General

854:

militants were blamed for the bombings, but denied responsibility, along with Chechen president

10944: 10405: 9959: 9876: 9770:

The New Nobility: The Restoration of Russia's Security State and the Enduring Legacy of the KGB

5407: 2581: 2532: 2497: 8483: 3277: 10748: 10720: 10440: 10384: 10060: 9919: 7931: 6707: 6347:

Results of the investigation of explosions in Moscow and Volgodonsk and an incident in Ryazan

6179: 5299:"Проверка на сахар. Человек человеку - собака Павлова. Подобные учения проводили бы в Кремле" 4479: 3377: 2468:

as well as the defused Ryazan bomb being made of Russian military explosives and detonators.

2341: 2092: 1203:

On 13 September 1999, at 05:00, a large bomb exploded in a basement of an apartment block on

758: 514: 504: 326: 279: 5658: 2601:

This view has been also supported by investigative journalists. In 2008, British journalist

1515:

in March 2000 and created by journalist Leonid Grozin and operator Dmitry Vishnevoy accused

10823: 10435: 10320: 10204: 10090: 9994: 9652: 9634:, Translated from Russian by Geoffrey Andrews and Co. (2nd ed.), Gibson Square Books, 9625: 9602: 9441: 8266: 7942: 6527: 6220: 6021: 5748: 5574:"Независимое расследование. Рязанский сахар: учения спецслужб или неудавшийся взрыв, 16:39" 5160: 5048: 4261: 4067: 3940: 2675: 2568: 2564: 2426: 2313:

Names and the fate of FSB agents who planted the bomb in the city of Ryazan remain unknown.

2241: 2233: 2229: 2177: 2042: 1279: 1265: 929: 626: 375: 369: 232: 7821: 5753: 3373: 2788:

power, that alone is not proof that this was the goal of the attacks. Second, there was a

8: 11228: 10582: 10224: 10085: 9807: 9740: 9656: 9269: 8599: 8173: 7233: 6868: 6317: 5946: 5127: 5051: 4592: 3430:"Радиостанция 'Эхо Москвы' / Передачи / Интервью / Четверг, 25 July 2002: Сергей Ковалев" 3016: 3009: 2837: 2444: 2057: 1752: 1739: 1660: 1204: 910: 897: 885:, who remains at large. All bombings, the court ruled, were ordered by Islamist warlords 603: 598: 478: 428: 195: 59: 7847: 7185: 5573: 4690: 3721:"How a series of deadly Russian apartment bombings in 1999 led to Putin's rise to power" 2029:

An independent public commission to investigate the bombings was chaired by Duma deputy

1347:

filled with powder. The timer was set to 5:30 AM. Yuri Tkachenko, the head of the local

11214: 10984: 10884: 10669: 10659: 10399: 10255: 9965: 8920: 8545: 8058: 7746: 6959: 6912: 6494: 6463: 5730: 3683: 3068: 3026: 2727: 2668: 2624: 2510: 2448: 2366: 2304: 2173: 2068: 2046: 1886: 1870: 1760: 1706: 1694: 1670: 1511: 1409: 1289: 1249: 1248:

On 13 September, just hours after the second explosion in Moscow, Russian Duma speaker

1022: 980: 952: 914: 913:, have since died in apparent assassinations. The commission's lawyer and investigator 836: 790: 7731: 6939: 4101:

Reducing Terrorism Risk at Shopping Centers: An analysis of Potential Security Options

4099:

LaTourette, Tom; Howell, David R.; Mosher, David E.; MacDonald, John (20 March 2007).

1709:. According to investigators, the explosives were prepared at a fertiliser factory in 1340:

were attached to the sacks. The detonator was reported by a Russian newspaper to be a

11172: 11057: 10998: 10898: 10654: 10194: 10029: 10014: 9953: 9880: 9858: 9837: 9815: 9794: 9773: 9748: 9717: 9705: 9690: 9662: 9635: 9608: 9585: 9564: 9546: 9528: 9510: 9488: 9470: 9449: 9428: 9407: 9385: 9352: 9329: 9200: 9168: 9113: 9084: 8924: 8865:"The Mystery of Russia's 1999 Apartment Bombings Lingers — the CIA Could Clear It Up" 8274: 8025: 7632: 7568: 7061: 6963: 5280: 5099: 4830: 4394: 4268: 4108: 3506: 3343: 3061: 3048: 2878: 2804: 2766: 2758: 2660: 2652: 2645: 2617: 2421: 2285: 2237: 2159: 2108: 1929: 1905: 1890: 1832: 1621: 1561: 1557: 1423: 1388: 1367: 1225: 882: 874: 782: 8309: 7040:Процесс о взрывах жилых домов: адвокат Адама Деккушева просит его полного оправдания 6195: 3502:

Language and Society in the Caucasus. Understanding the past, navigating the present

1256:

made an announcement, "I have just received a report. According to information from

11256: 11248: 11234: 11220: 11206: 11192: 11178: 11164: 11158: 11150: 11144: 11136: 11122: 11108: 11082: 11071: 11063: 11049: 11035: 11017: 11004: 10990: 10976: 10939: 10912: 10904: 10890: 10876: 10862: 10848: 10829: 10815: 10796: 10782: 10768: 10754: 10740: 10726: 10712: 10706: 10698: 10649: 10602: 10596: 10588: 10574: 10550: 10335: 10080: 9830:

Chechnya's Terrorist Network: The Evolution of Terrorism in Russia's North Caucasus

9648: 9621: 9462: 8912: 8692: 8262: 8047: 7946: 7784: 7709: 7683: 7667: 7517: 6951: 6138: 4668: 4257: 4104: 3725: 3305:"Two Decades On, Smoldering Questions About The Russian President's Vault To Power" 2874: 2749: 2560: 2440: 2352: 2329: 2225: 2053: 2034: 1702: 1644: 1541: 1537: 1379: 979:, "even more significant is the fact that a respected and influential Duma deputy, 969: 906: 890: 701: 7655: 7581: 7556: 7505: 7486: 6993: 5122: 5072: 3172: 1767:

under the fake name "Laipanov", and Denis Saitakov. The explosives were left in a

11130: 11102: 11096: 11090: 11043: 11023: 10734: 10674: 10610: 10537: 10527: 10517: 10392: 10378: 10363: 9761: 9252: 8869: 8802:"Russians would attack Russians to justify war in Ukraine, ex-Putin aide alleges" 8753: 8730: 8719: 8688: 8665: 8643: 8624: 8575: 8552: 8470: 8448: 8413: 8297: 8250: 8195: 8086: 8080:

The bombing case. Victims ask the president to resume the investigation (Russian)

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with sacks in Buynaksk, but claimed he did not know what they were intended for.

1545: 1116:

A photo of the bombing at Guryanova St. shows a collapsed section of the building

1013:. The war in Dagestan was allegedly planned in advance by the Russian government 996: 855: 832: 786: 9019: 7772: 6382: 6312: 5934: 5219: 4970:Таймер остановили за семь часов до взрыва: Теракт предотвратил водитель автобуса 4921:

Did Alexei stumble across Russian agents planting a bomb to justify Chechen war?

4508: 4128: 3457: 3029:

makes an announcement about the bombing of an apartment building in the city of

1911:

Khakim Abayev (an ethnic Karachai), killed by FSB special forces in May 2004 in

1264:

was blown up last night." When the Volgodonsk bombing happened on 16 September,

11186: 11116: 11076: 10856: 10842: 10809: 10804: 10776: 10762: 10568: 10558: 10522: 9786: 9732: 9420: 9377: 9133: 8611: 6843: 6085: 5935:

The explosion of an apartment house in Moscow put an end to calm in the capital

5546: 5461:"Evil empire revives in Putin's regime and FSB methods of "fighting terrorism"" 5298: 5155: 4790: 4747:"The future of Russia's media is in the hands of young and tech-savvy vloggers" 4620: 4319: 4290: 4161: 3972: 3702: 3682:, Jos de Putter, Tegenlicht documentary VPRO 2007, Moscow, 2004 Interview with 3089: 2960: 2822: 2656: 2644:

said he was almost convinced that the government organised the terrorist acts.

2635: 2595: 2591: 2540: 2452: 2403: 2391: 2300: 2289: 2165: 1940: 1928:), arrested in Georgia in December 2002, extradited to Russia and sentenced to 1877:, who has not been arrested and remains at large or died. In an interview with 1864: 1725: 1698: 1648: 1636: 1549: 1313: 1151: 1128: 1006: 1002: 902: 886: 840: 9873:

The Russian Military Resurgence: Post-Soviet Decline and Rebuilding, 1992-2018

8938: 8916: 8839: 8290: 7964: 7461: 7410: 7358: 7149: 7124: 7091: 7014: 6776: 6433: 6036:

by Shireen Hunter, Jeffrey L. Thomas, Alexander Melikishvili, J. Collins. P.91

5858: 5822: 5719: 5329: 4969: 4716: 3672: 3207:"September 1999 Russian apartment bombings timeline - Blog - The Fifth Estate" 1798:

and sentenced them to 25 years and 15 years of imprisonment, correspondingly.

11275: 10870: 10837: 10532: 10512: 10330: 10019: 9765: 9682: 9577: 9342: 8063: 8002: 7951: 7468: 7384: 7156: 7021: 6955: 5865: 5678: 5653: 4491: 4129:"Теракт в ТК "Охотный ряд" в Москве 31 August 1999 года. Справка РИА Новости" 3347: 3103: 2690: 2612: 2586: 2204: 2150: 2131: 2100: 1878: 1632: 1486: 1468: 1451: 1348: 1344: 1257: 1180: 1163: 961: 881:

bombings, which was announced in 2004, the attacks were organized and led by

34: 7208: 5252: 2276:

According to a reconstruction of the events by Felshtinsky and Pribylovsky:

917:

was arrested and served four years in prison "for revealing state secrets".

11242: 11200: 11012: 10790: 10563: 10325: 9911: 9850: 9502: 9256: 9188: 8860: 8647: 8501: 8221:. Harvard University (John F. Kennedy School of Government). January 2000. 7881: 7234:"Disrupting escalation of terror in Russia to prevent catastrophic attacks" 7039: 6854: 6809: 5577: 5432: 5398: 3589:"The Unsolved Mystery Behind the Act of Terror That Brought Putin to Power" 3584: 3064:

declares that the incident was a training exercise and frees the FSB agents

2991:

25 August 1999: Russian jets make bombing runs against 16 sites in Chechnya

2850: 2829: 2810: 2719: 2689:

raised the issue of the 1999 bombings during the confirmation hearings for

2556: 2325: 2221: 2088: 2084: 2038: 1933: 1673:

stated they have not seen any evidence that ties the bombings to Chechnya.

1591:. In 2006, Irina Khalai, a survivor of the Volgodonsk bombing, founded the 1572: 1568: 1443: 1363: 1273: 1243: 1167: 1097: 965: 815:

In September 1999, a series of explosions hit four apartment blocks in the

8103: 6750: 4393:(2nd ed.). New York, N.Y.: Henry Holt and Company. pp. 279–280. 10489: 9020:"Re: 7727 #11, Jeremy Putley's review of "Darkness at Dawn" by D. Satter" 8901:

Ware, Robert Bruce (2005). "Revisiting Russia's Apartment Block Blasts".

8669: 8381: 8199: 7582:

Russian court rejects action over controversial "anti-terrorist exercise"

6775:. Eng.terror99.ru. Agence France-Presse. 8 September 2002. Archived from 6711: 6593: 6459: 6346: 6047:"Russia: Dagestani official denies existence of Dagestan Liberation Army" 4132: 3783: 2796: 2707: 2686: 2678: 1939:

Stanislav Lyubichev (a traffic police inspector, resident of Kislovodsk,

1710: 1553: 1292:

said that the man who gave Seleznyov the note was indeed an FSB officer.

1018: 8463: 6589: 2988:

22 August 1999: The forces of Shamil Basayev withdraw back into Chechnya

2776:

Political scientist Ronald R. Pope in his review of David Satter's book

1035:

List of people allegedly involved in the 1999 Russian apartment bombings

11029: 10173: 9714:

Dagestan: Russian Hegemony and Islamic Resistance in the North Caucasus

9077:

State Building in Putin's Russia: Policing and Coercion After Communism

8579: 8513: 8013: 7850:. news.trepashkin.info (published 25 February 2007). 10 December 2006. 7473: 7422: 7304: 7299: 7161: 7136: 7026: 6445: 6167: 5192: 5187: 5014: 5009: 4555: 4550: 3998: 3249: 3037: 3030: 2930: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2694: 2572: 2478: 2257: 2123: 2061: 1995: 1987: 1981: 1925: 1912: 1901: 1714: 1341: 1309: 1282:

believed that someone had mixed up the order of the blasts, "the usual

1261: 1237: 976: 921: 828: 86: 8442:

Screening Horror; A new film seeks the truth behind the 1999 bombings.

6356:. The answer of the Russian state Prosecutor office to the inquiry of 6196:

Chechen president advocates joint action with Russia against terrorism

3993: 2477:

was made in 2000 by two French producers who had previously worked on

2187:

to resume the official investigation in 2008, but it was not resumed.

1980:

Magomed Salikhov (an ethnic Avar) and native of Dagestan, arrested in

1974:) and native of Dagestan, sentenced to life imprisonment in March 2001 1598: 163: 9446:

LPG: Lubianskaia Prestupnaia Gruppirovka: Ofitser FSB Daet Pokazaniia

9164: 6620:"20 лет спустя. Как теракт на Каширском шоссе унес жизни 124 человек" 6499: 6380: 4041: 3905:"Dr Mark Smith, A Russian Chronology July 1999 – September 1999" 2978: 2640: 2547:(Vladimir Putin) to power by staging a series of apartment bombings. 2492:("Disbelief") about the bombing controversy made by Russian director 1849: 1845: 1795: 1768: 1613: 1371: 1333: 1112: 932:, who blamed the FSB for the bombings and was a critic of Putin, was 114: 9400:

The Tragedy of Russia's Reforms: Market Bolshevism Against Democracy

9382:

Godfather of the Kremlin: Boris Berezovsky and the looting of Russia

8940:

Former MI6 Officer, Christopher Steele | Full Q&A | Oxford Union

7611: 3407: 2905: 2881:

was "exactly the right person to order and carry out such actions."

2199:

if he believes that several key members of his commission, and even

2049:. After this meeting, Trepashkin began working with the commission. 67: 10544: 10484: 10479: 8772:"Генерал Лебедь: "Москва ничего не добьется бомбардировками Чечни"" 7592: 7395: 7369: 6743:"Apartment houses-blasts defendants sentenced to life imprisonment" 6281: 5248:Рязань, сентябрь 1999: учения или теракт? Расследование Политком.ру 4795: 3719:

Salter, Lamar; Lopez, Linette; Kakoyiannis, Alana (22 March 2018).

3002: 2968: 2964: 2780:

cited Kirill Pankratov's criticism, published as a contribution to

2712: 2091:

to four years imprisonment on a charge of revealing state secrets.

1956:

Zaur Batchayev (an ethnic Karachai) killed in Chechnya in 1999–2000

1874: 1779: 1691: 1653: 1608: 1362:

Inhabitants of the apartment building were evacuated. According to

1155: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1010: 820: 608: 582: 78: 7896: 6944:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

6708:"Организатор теракта в "Интуристе" получил 25 лет строгого режима" 6590:"В Москве в годовщину теракта на улице Гурьянова помянут погибших" 6563: 5238: 2183:

Surviving victims of the Guryanova street bombing asked President

1429:

The Ryazan FSB "reacted with fury" and issued a statement saying:

1300: 950:

In July 1999, Russian journalist Aleksandr Zhilin, writing in the

8271:

The Corporation. Russia and the KGB in the Age of President Putin

6909:"На взрывы жилых домов террористам было выделено 2 млн. долларов" 6490:"На взрывы жилых домов террористам было выделено 2 млн. долларов" 6357: 6277:"За взрыв домов в Буйнакске начали судить последнего обвиняемого" 4072: 2008: 1917:

Ravil Akhmyarov (a Russian citizen), Surname indicates an ethnic

1533: 1495: 1231:

Gochiyaev claimed that he was framed by his old acquaintance, an

1176: 1088:

detonated outside a five-story apartment building in the city of

957: 124: 1096:, near the border of Chechnya. The building was housing Russian 945: 10507: 10430: 9900: 9270:"List of Freedom of Information Act Decisions Rendered in 2018" 8556: 8090: 7916: 7694: 7342: 6619: 6275:Мехтиханов, Альберт; Раджабов, Гаджимурад (16 September 2005). 5905: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4098: 3112:

List of people allegedly involved in Russian apartment bombings

3052: 3044: 2754: 2663:, but oddly they did not point the finger at Chechen president 2351:

In 2002, former FSB officer Alexander Litvinenko and historian

2077: 2033:. The commission started its work in February 2002. On 5 March 1461: 1447: 1438:

FSB also issued a public apology about the incident. In a show

1395: 1325: 866: 862: 824: 816: 82: 9485:

Unarmed Forces: The Transnational Movement to End the Cold War

8407:"Assassination of Russia"- Film Screening and Panel Discussion 7880:(published 12 February 2007). 10 December 2006. Archived from 5899:Сафронова, Виктория; Бенюмов, Константин (16 September 2019). 4527: 2826:

taken seriously by those who are investigating the bombings".

2519:, based on the bombings. The main characters of the story are 2280:

The bombings in Buynaksk were carried out by a team of twelve

1567:

RDX is produced in only one factory in Russia, in the city of

869:, which marked the beginning of the Second Chechen War. Three 9561:

Inside Putin's Russia: Can There Be Reform Without Democracy?

9525:

The Chechen Wars: Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union?

9196: 4347: 4345: 3173:Ответ Генпрокуратуры на депутатский запрос о взрывах в Москве 3043:

23 September 1999: An apartment bomb is found in the city of

2982: 1918: 1897: 1718: 1337: 1039:

List of deaths related to the 1999 Russian apartment bombings

9106:

Rules for Rebels: The Science of Victory in Militant History

8707: 8705: 8291:

Russian editor questioned over seizure of controversial book

7633:

Chronology of events. State Duma Deputy Yushenkov shot dead

6276: 4954: 1867:, a Saudi-born Mujahid, who was poisoned by the FSB in 2002. 10452: 9543:

The Wolves of Islam: Russia and the Faces of Chechen Terror

8836:"Conspiracy theories on Russia's 1999 bombings gain ground" 8546:Новый роман Юлия Дубова о приходе к власти Владимира Путина 8048:

Presidential election is our last chance to learn the truth

6623: 6460:"ФСБ: организатор терактов в Москве изображал сумасшедшего" 5277:

The New Cold War: Putin's Russia and the Threat to the West

2844: 2803:

has achieved a de facto independence from Russia after the

2607:

The New Cold War: Putin's Russia and the Threat to the West

2399: 2017: 1998:, extradited to Russia, sentenced to 24 years in April 2002 1656:

in Grozny, Khattab denied responsibility for the bombings.

1208:

and throwing some concrete pieces hundreds of meters away.

1066: 4342: 1994:

Ziyavudin Ziyavudinov (a native of Dagestan), arrested in

1681: 1199:

Rescuers digging for survivors after Kashira road bombing.

9731: 9658:

The Age of Assassins. The Rise and Rise of Vladimir Putin

9299: 8702: 8696: 7791: 7209:

NEWS FROM RUSSIA", Vol.VI, Issue No.18, dated 1 May 2003

7106: 6411:. IslamicAwakening.Com. 27 September 1999. Archived from 5403:"The Shadow of Ryazan: Is Putin's government legitimate?" 4458: 4337:

people in another block of flats in Moscow last Thursday.

4265:

The Age of Assassins: The Rise and Rise of Vladimir Putin

3754:"Russian 'False Flag' Ukraine Plot Wouldn't Be Its First" 3156: 3154: 2877:, the FSB's first deputy director and an interrogator of 2866: 2723: 2459: 2249: 2215: 2126:

featured the Ryazan events of Fall 1999 in the talk show

2104: 1924:

Yusuf Krymshamkhalov (an ethnic Karachai and resident of

1744: 1384: 1356: 1284: 1144: 1140: 1132: 9507:

Darkness at Dawn: The Rise of the Russian Criminal State

9246:

How America Helped Make Vladimir Putin Dictator for Life

7293: 7291: 7289: 7287: 7285: 7283: 6883: 5964: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5815: 5813: 4649:. The Jamestown Foundation. 12 June 2003. Archived from 3624:"David Satter – House committee on Foreign Affairs" 2334:

Darkness at Dawn: The Rise of the Russian Criminal State

1244:

Announcement of a Volgodonsk bombing in the Russian Duma

7932:

FSB is blowing up Russia: Chapter 5. FSB vs the People

3991: 3784:"President Putin 'probably' approved Litvinenko murder" 1852:

Wahhabis in the case of Moscow and Volgodonsk attacks.

1663:

stands firmly against terrorism in any manifestation".

1527: 1304:

Volgodonsk bomb partially destroyed an apartment block.

1065:, the explosion had been caused by a bomb of about 300 9647: 6111:

Rebel Chief, Denying Terror, Fights to 'Free' Chechnya

5704: 5642: 5640: 3718: 3657: 3278:"Russian bomb scare turns out to be anti-terror drill" 3151: 2455:, exposing their killers for the whole world to see." 2180:, who investigated the bombings, were killed in 2006. 2004:

Magomed Magomedov (Sentenced to 9 years in March 2001)

1889:, he was a part of a group which attempted to capture 1616:

news agency, claiming to represent a group called the

1472:

journalist Pavel Voloshin published an essay entitled

9620: 8989: 8987: 8514:"Russia: Film On Litvinenko Case Premieres At Cannes" 7455: 7401: 7280: 7143: 7008: 6826:

ACHIMEZ GOCHIYAYEV: RUSSIA’S TERRORIST ENIGMA RETURNS

6513:

Achimez Gochiyayev: Russia’s Terrorist Enigma Returns

5839: 5810: 5354: 4613: 4582:

Achemez Gochiyaev: I’ve been framed up by a FSB agent

4533: 4464: 4351: 2362: 1676: 1603:

On 9 September, an anonymous person, speaking with a

1479: 1021:

valley. After the apartment bombings, Putin approved

7268: 6649:Ванин, Сергей; Расулов, Сергей (22 September 2000). 6258: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6135:"Chechnya: Campaign of terror against Russia threat" 6049:. Nl.newsbank.com. 15 September 1999. Archived from 5123:"В Рязани с антитерроризмом, кажется, перестарались" 3117:

List of deaths related to Russian apartment bombings

3079: 2571:. It was later supported by a number of historians. 2303:, Vladimir Romanovich, Ramazan Dyshekov and others. 1061:. At least 29 people were injured. According to the 9467:

The Oligarchs: Wealth & Power in the New Russia

9425:

The Russia Hand: A Memoir of Presidential Diplomacy

8218:

Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs

7710:Скончался известный российский журналист Отто Лацис 7231: 7227: 7225: 7223: 6890:

Convicted Terrorists Sentenced to Long Prison Terms

6007:

AUTUMN 1999 TERRORIST BOMBINGS HAVE A MURKY HISTORY

5637: 5627: 5625: 4221: 3697:’’The consolidation of Dictatorship in Russia’’ by 3693: 3691: 1599:

Claims and denials of responsibility for the blasts

1023:

a more ambitious campaign to subdue all of Chechnya

9597: 8984: 8968:. Russia Profile. 8 September 2009. Archived from 8429: 8338: 7987: 7331:Suspect in 1999 Buinaksk bombing brought to Russia 7274: 7112: 7056: 7054: 6821: 6819: 6737: 6735: 6733: 6274: 4898:Fears of Bombing Turn to Doubts for Some in Russia 4849: 4607: 4428: 4186: 3869: 3498: 3467:, an interview with FSB public relations director 3231: 2288:. That version was partly based on a testimony by 1848:Wahhabis in the case of the Buinaksk bombing, and 8281:, Encounter Books; 25 February 2009, pages133-138 7732:Tenth anniversary of the "black autumn" in Russia 6541: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6249: 6230:. U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE. p. 10. 5882: 5880: 5878: 5428:"Take care Tony, that man has blood on his hands" 5327: 5090: 5088: 4991: 4989: 4603: 4601: 2317: 2260:and Putin to the presidency within a few months. 11273: 10665:United Vilayat of Kabarda, Balkaria and Karachay 8682:Why 'GQ' Doesn't Want Russians To Read Its Story 8418:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 7814: 7487:Duma Rejects Move to Probe Ryazan Apartment Bomb 7375: 7349: 7220: 6940:"Russia: Grasping the Reality of Nuclear Terror" 6937: 6427: 6306: 6304: 5898: 5622: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3688: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3432:. Beta.echo.msk.ru. 25 July 2002. Archived from 2699:United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee 11392:Building and structure collapses caused by fire 9760: 9745:The Chechen Struggle: Independence Won and Lost 9397: 9296:"Russia acknowledges bombing raids in Chechnya" 9070: 9068: 9066: 9005: 8993: 8435: 8189:McCain decries "new authoritarianism in Russia" 7118: 7051: 6816: 6730: 6409:"World Exclusive Interview with Ibn al-Khattab" 4718:Жириновский - о драках, мемах и фашизме / вДудь 3846: 3844: 3166: 1319: 8141:"Russia 'planned Chechen war before bombings'" 7656:Worries Linger as Schekochikhin's Laid to Rest 6867:Gordon, Dmitry; Strelkov, Igor (18 May 2020). 6866: 6532: 5875: 5735: 5565: 5156:"Терроризм. Рязанцы не дали взорвать свой дом" 5085: 4986: 4944: 4942: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4709: 4598: 4422: 4199:"6 Convicted in Russia Bombing That Killed 68" 4180: 3992:Sergey Topol; Oleg Stulov (1 September 1999). 3653: 3651: 3618: 3616: 2738:According to Russian investigative journalist 2535:). They struggle against an evil KGB officer, 1881:published on May 18, 2020, former GRU officer 1190: 799:Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus 9927: 9870: 7649: 7557:Putin critic loses post, platform for inquiry 7550: 6498:(in Russian). 12 January 2004. Archived from 6301: 6176:International Institute for Counter-Terrorism 5944:, A. Novoselskaya, S. Nikitina, M. Bronzova, 5547:"Ryazan 'bomb' was security service exercise" 5517:"Russian Says Kremlin Faked 'Terror Attacks'" 5068: 5066: 4503: 4501: 4470: 4412: 4410: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3880: 3878: 3856: 3579: 3577: 3535: 3160: 1211: 946:Advance warnings about the impending bombings 179: 9941: 9063: 8896: 8894: 8892: 8829: 8827: 8476: 8213:"RUSSIAN ELECTION WATCH No. 6, January 2000" 8132: 7575: 7499: 7480: 6648: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6191: 6189: 5970: 5425: 4314: 4312: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4224:"Vladimir Putin and his corporate gangsters" 3968: 3966: 3841: 3549:"Finally, We Know About the Moscow Bombings" 3336:"Finally, We Know About the Moscow Bombings" 3254:"Finally, We Know About the Moscow Bombings" 2634:Former Russian State Security Council chief 2263:During the testimony of David Satter in the 1827:have both been sentenced to life terms in a 1548:and sugar prepared by the perpetrators in a 1462:Detonator and explosives detection equipment 1398:in response to the terrorism acts. He said: 1295: 1052: 1001:On 7 August 1999, an Islamist group, led by 9704: 9522: 9482: 9328:(in Russian), TsOS FSB Rossii, Olma-Press, 9272:. The United States Department of Justice. 8855: 8853: 8851: 8849: 7232:Saradzhyan, Simon; Abdullaev, Nabi (2005). 7062:"Court starts hearings into 'hexogen case'" 6381:Religioscope – JFM Recherches et Analyses. 6083: 6071: 5321: 4948: 4939: 4855: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4156: 4154: 3648: 3613: 3244: 3242: 3240: 1556:, Chechnya. Also, each bomb contained some 1224:On September 13, 1999, a local businessman 156:False flag attack by the Russian government 11312:Building and structure collapses in Russia 9934: 9920: 9440: 9239: 8833: 8184: 8182: 6566:(in Russian). Volga-Don. 11 January 2004. 6172:"Al-Khattab: From Afghanistan to Dagestan" 6166: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5775: 5539: 5510: 5508: 5458: 5063: 4498: 4407: 4018: 3890: 3875: 3668: 3666: 3574: 3546: 3199: 2865:and other agencies involved. However, the 2383: 1885:said that during the initial stage of the 1747:by the FSB to prove the guilt by Gochiyaev 1474:What happened in Ryazan: Sugar or Hexogen? 1446:, Evgeniy Savostyanov, former director of 1374:were set up on highways leaving the city. 1131:to 300–400 kilograms (660–880 lb) of 186: 172: 66: 11347:Massacres in the Chechen–Russian conflict 9398:Reddaway, Peter; Glinski, Dmitri (2001), 9376: 9320: 9017: 8889: 8824: 8734: 8163: 7878:Novaya Gazeta, Saint Petersburg's Edition 7462:They should be blown up, not put on trial 7186:ПРИЧАСТНЫЕ К ВЗРЫВАМ В МОСКВЕ УСТАНОВЛЕНЫ 7015:Karachayev terrorists found in the morgue 6765: 6551: 6311:Гомзикова, Светлана (30 September 2005). 6310: 6186: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5925: 5657:(in Russian). No. 11. Archived from 5393: 5391: 5389: 5279:, Palgrave Macmillan (19 February 2008), 5096:"Hour №222 (641). Daily Newspaper. Petit" 4693:(in Russian). Newsru.com. 21 March 2002. 4639: 4309: 4246: 4192: 3963: 3850: 2946:Learn how and when to remove this message 104:Residential apartment buildings in Russia 10235:Domodedovo International Airport bombing 10164:1995 Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis 9827: 9806: 9158: 8846: 8605: 8284: 8138: 8026:Russian crash: search for terrorist link 7824:. Amnesty International. 24 March 2006. 7773:For Trepashkin, Bomb Trail Leads to Jail 7766: 7598: 7297: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7171: 6262: 6077: 5744:"Satisfied with the results of the year" 5741: 5649:"Что было в Рязани: сахар или гексоген?" 5646: 5571: 5296: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5007: 5001: 4891: 4867:Gordon, Michael R. (17 September 1999). 4820: 4818: 4452: 4364:Russian blast deaths blamed on terrorism 4278: 4151: 3830: 3237: 3025:13 September 1999: Russian Duma speaker 2845:Sealing information by the US government 2638:in his 29 September 1999 interview with 2018:Attempts at an independent investigation 1738: 1299: 1215: 1194: 1111: 729:Explosion on Universitetskaya Embankment 11097: 11024: 9461: 9419: 9341: 9187: 9103: 8958: 8179: 7674: 7385:Jury acquitted a Buinaksk suspect again 7300:"Buinaksk terrorists sentenced to life" 6671: 6162: 6160: 5973:"Russia caught in sect's web of terror" 5772: 5742:Trukhina, Lyudmila (20 December 2001). 5729:by Leonid Grozin and Dmitry Vishnevoy, 5671: 5505: 5419: 5220:"Рязанский сахар гексогена не содержит" 5010:"Гексоген занесли на грязных перчатках" 4480:Я Хочу Рассказать О Взрывах Жилых Домов 3818: 3663: 3448: 3145: 3012:, 94 people are killed, 249 are injured 2895: 1838: 1790:) and Magumadzir Gadzhikayev (Russian: 1682:Criminal investigation and court ruling 1260:, an apartment building in the city of 1015:to justify starting the war in Chechnya 218:than 50 deaths. Incidents are bombings, 193: 14: 11274: 9849: 9785: 9540: 9501: 9404:United States Institute of Peace Press 9074: 8904:The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 8859: 8838:. Agence France-Presse. Archived from 8782:from the original on 10 September 2017 8757: 8320:from the original on 13 September 2017 8310:""Бичкрафт", штурмовик ХА-38 "Гризли"" 8120:from the original on 16 September 2017 7150:A terrorist has imprisoned a policeman 6879:from the original on 12 December 2021. 6718:from the original on 27 September 2013 6600:from the original on 29 September 2020 6545: 6470:from the original on 27 September 2013 6218: 5995: 5983:from the original on 17 September 2017 5886: 5859:Only one explosions suspect still free 5766: 5631: 5397: 5386: 5368:"Russians wonder: Bomb plot or drill?" 5226:from the original on 23 September 2012 5135:from the original on 14 September 2000 5120: 5041: 5039: 5037: 4995: 4914: 4866: 4777: 4744: 4647:"Haunting Yushenkov Lecture Broadcast" 4440: 4416: 4024: 4006:from the original on 27 September 2013 3884: 3836: 3824: 3812: 3505:. Lund: Universus Press. p. 149. 3248: 3213:from the original on 15 September 2020 3033:that only takes place three days later 3015:13 September 1999: Bombing in Moscow, 2539:(apparently inspired by the legendary 2369:and to bring Vladimir Putin to power. 2345: 2265:United States House of Representatives 2216:Alleged Russian government involvement 2118:On 24 March 2000, two days before the 1582: 11327:Terrorist incidents in Russia in 1999 9915: 9681: 9631:Blowing up Russia: Terror from within 9576: 9276:from the original on 1 September 2020 9227:from the original on 1 September 2020 9042: 9030:from the original on 25 November 2003 8877:from the original on 11 December 2017 8596:Putin's Kleptocracy: Who Owns Russia? 8524:from the original on 1 September 2020 8490:from the original on 14 November 2007 8457: 8362:from the original on 31 December 2014 8205: 8139:Cockburn, Patrick (29 January 2000). 7828:from the original on 22 November 2018 7626: 7538:from the original on 21 December 2018 7312:from the original on 1 September 2020 7256:from the original on 1 September 2020 7168: 7068:from the original on 17 February 2012 6919:from the original on 1 September 2020 6688:from the original on 25 November 2011 6570:from the original on 1 September 2020 6522:, by Andrew McGregor, Publication by 6389:from the original on 20 February 2012 6360:member A. Kulikov, circa March 2002 ( 6325:from the original on 2 September 2020 6289:from the original on 1 September 2020 6228:Senate Committee on Foreign Relations 6092:from the original on 27 November 2017 5797:from the original on 14 February 2018 5515:Tyler, Patrick E. (1 February 2002). 5514: 5259: 5200:from the original on 1 September 2020 5168:from the original on 1 September 2020 5154:Kots, Aleksandr (24 September 1999). 4979:, Sergey Topol, Nadezhda Kurbacheva, 4824: 4815: 4791:"Адмирал пережил четвертое покушение" 4759:from the original on 11 November 2020 4575: 4551:"Террористы всегда платили наличными" 4509:"Russia hits back over blasts claims" 4388: 4267:, Gibson Square Books, London, 2008, 4222:Non-Fiction Reviews (21 March 2008). 4162:"Russia hit by new Islamic offensive" 3794:from the original on 9 September 2021 3764:from the original on 18 February 2022 3751: 3384:from the original on 22 November 2018 3354:from the original on 18 February 2022 3315:from the original on 18 February 2022 3302: 3266:from the original on 7 December 2021. 3008:9 September 1999: Bombing in Moscow, 2402:and KGB. He added: "The book proves: 2358:Blowing up Russia: Terror from within 1947: 1107: 1079: 972:. However, this warning was ignored. 167: 9558: 9048: 8900: 8812:from the original on 31 October 2014 8388:from the original on 18 January 2015 8374: 8344: 8225:from the original on 30 October 2018 8070: 6837: 6672:Расулов, Сергей (14 November 2004). 6337: 6237:from the original on 9 February 2021 6157: 6145:from the original on 21 October 2020 5647:Voloshin, Pavel (14 February 2000). 5487:"'Учения ФСБ в Рязани': я это видел" 5374:from the original on 6 December 2019 5153: 4869:"Another Bombing Kills 18 In Russia" 4803:from the original on 29 October 2020 4139:from the original on 6 November 2018 4080:from the original on 6 November 2020 4048:from the original on 23 January 2021 3951:from the original on 6 November 2020 3559:from the original on 7 December 2021 2928:adding citations to reliable sources 2899: 2816: 1778:According to the court, 4 September 1528:Explosives in the apartment bombings 216:indicate incidents resulting in more 10240:2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing 8170:Did Putin's Agents Plant the Bombs? 8105:Кто взрывал дома в России в 1999-м? 7974:, Miriam Lanskoy, 8 November 2000, 7854:from the original on 10 August 2018 7610:(in Russian). MN.RU. Archived from 6990:"Putin's defense sector appointees" 5572:Николаев, Николай (24 March 2000). 5309:from the original on 19 August 2019 5244: 5121:Сизова, Ирина (25 September 1999). 5034: 4745:Womack, Helen (10 September 2017). 4725:from the original on 30 August 2017 4657: 4563:from the original on 22 August 2017 4548: 4234:from the original on 2 January 2012 4068:"TIMELINE - Bomb attacks in Moscow" 3941:"Timeline - Bomb attacks in Moscow" 3284:from the original on 20 August 2019 3005:, 64 people killed, 133 are injured 2994:31 August 1999: Bombing in Moscow, 2543:), who brings another KGB officer, 2176:and former security service member 1964: 1932:in January 2004, after a two-month 1139:spokesman announced that traces of 940: 24: 11337:20th-century mass murder in Russia 10200:2002 Moscow theater hostage crisis 9448:(in Russian), Grani, p. 255, 9140:from the original on 3 August 2012 9018:Pankratov, K.K. (10 August 2003). 8484:"Disbelief – 1999 Russia Bombings" 7125:Two life sentences for 246 murders 7088:"Separatists Tied to '99 Bombings" 6434:Two life sentences for 246 murders 6086:"Russia's bombs: Who is to blame?" 5971:Helen Womack (19 September 1999). 5913:from the original on 9 August 2020 5823:Two life sentences for 246 murders 5705:Felshtinsky & Pribylovsky 2008 5584:from the original on 25 March 2021 5553:from the original on 19 April 2012 5493:from the original on 3 August 2016 5467:from the original on 9 August 2019 5336:from the original on 31 March 2019 5330:"А город не знал, что ученья идут" 5297:Voloshin, Pavel (4 October 1999). 5008:Allenova, Olga (5 February 2003). 4825:Short, Philip (2022). "Prologue". 4697:from the original on 19 March 2007 4515:from the original on 3 August 2012 4297:from the original on 3 August 2012 3733:from the original on 17 April 2020 3658:Felshtinsky & Pribylovsky 2008 3601:from the original on 26 April 2018 3333: 1858: 1677:Official government investigations 1480:The case of Private Alexei Pinyaev 1162:; after a brief consultation with 1009:, invaded the Russian republic of 990: 25: 11408: 10960:Islamic State – Caucasus Province 9893: 9134:"Russia charges bombing suspects" 9052:Perspectives on Political Science 8202:'s press release, 4 November 2003 7906:Interview with Mikhail Trepashkin 7684:В Москве жестоко избит Отто Лацис 7359:Jury acquitted a Buinaksk suspect 7090:. Eng.terror99.ru. Archived from 6970:from the original on 7 March 2022 6084:Tom de Waal (30 September 1999). 5686:from the original on 21 July 2020 5527:from the original on 7 March 2022 5440:from the original on 21 June 2019 5355:Felshtinsky & Litvinenko 2007 5196:(in Russian). 25 September 1999. 5073:Новости дня, Четверг, 23 сентября 4879:from the original on 7 March 2022 4799:(in Russian). 15 September 1999. 4627:from the original on 8 March 2021 4534:Felshtinsky & Litvinenko 2007 4465:Felshtinsky & Litvinenko 2007 4352:Felshtinsky & Litvinenko 2007 4038:"Теракты в Москве в 1995-2010 гг" 3680:In Memoriam Aleksander Litvinenko 2363:Felshtinsky & Litvinenko 2007 2240:, the bombings were a successful 1921:, killed in Chechnya in 1999–2000 1643:In a 12 September interview with 1084:On 4 September 1999, at 22:00, a 10266:Battle of Grozny (November 1994) 10051:1999 Russian bombing of Chechnya 9978:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 9899: 9302:. 26 August 1999. Archived from 9288: 9262: 9213: 9181: 9152: 9126: 9097: 9011: 8999: 8931: 8794: 8763: 8740: 8675: 8652: 8630: 8589: 8562: 8536: 8506: 8423: 8400: 8332: 8302: 8256: 8237: 8096: 8038: 8019: 7993: 7981: 7958: 7922: 7866: 7840: 7722: 7700: 7524: 7429: 7411:Khattab said: Your task is small 7324: 7298:Safronov, Yuri (20 March 2001). 7202: 7080: 7064:. Gazeta.ru. 16 September 1999. 7033: 6982: 6931: 6901: 6860: 6791: 6700: 6665: 6651:"Палачей Буйнакска взяли в Баку" 6642: 6630:from the original on 20 May 2020 6612: 6582: 6506: 6482: 6452: 6401: 6374: 6268: 6212: 6127: 6104: 6065: 6039: 6027: 5892: 5760: 5710: 5698: 5672:Волошин, Павел (13 March 2000). 5665: 5610:from the original on 13 May 2021 5022:from the original on 7 July 2020 4326:from the original on 26 May 2012 4168:from the original on 26 May 2012 3912:Conflict Studies Research Centre 3519:from the original on 9 July 2021 3096: 3082: 2904: 1734: 1171:group which had perpetrated the 871:Russian Federal Security Service 839:. The handling of the crisis by 795:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 11382:September 1999 events in Russia 11282:1999 Russian apartment bombings 10271:Censorship of Chechnya coverage 10190:1999 Russian apartment bombings 9906:1999 Russian apartment bombings 9661:, London: Gibson Square Books, 9527:, Brookings Institution Press, 9314: 8966:"The Truth Russians Can't Know" 8947:from the original on 2 May 2022 8518:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 8114:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 7751:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 7506:Duma Vote Kills Query On Ryazan 6219:Cardin, Ben (10 January 2018). 6207:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 5596: 5549:. BBC News. 24 September 1999. 5479: 5452: 5360: 5348: 5328:Rustam Arifdzanov (June 2002). 5290: 5212: 5180: 5147: 5114: 4843: 4783: 4771: 4738: 4683: 4549:Сюн, Юрий (24 September 1999). 4539: 4446: 4434: 4382: 4357: 4322:. BBC News. 13 September 1999. 4215: 4121: 4092: 4060: 4030: 3985: 3933: 3806: 3776: 3752:Stein, Jeff (7 February 2022). 3745: 3712: 3547:Amy Knight (22 November 2012). 3492: 3422: 3396: 3366: 3309:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 2915:needs additional citations for 2890:Satter v. Department of Justice 2158:, Mr. Malashenko told him that 10220:2004 Russian aircraft bombings 10025:Battle of Grozny (August 1996) 10010:1995 Shali cluster bomb attack 8430:Goldfarb & Litvinenko 2007 8339:Goldfarb & Litvinenko 2007 7988:Goldfarb & Litvinenko 2007 7275:Goldfarb & Litvinenko 2007 7113:Goldfarb & Litvinenko 2007 5426:John Sweeney (12 March 2000). 5052:newscast on 23.09.99, at 09:00 4850:Goldfarb & Litvinenko 2007 4721:(in Russian). 29 August 2017. 4608:Goldfarb & Litvinenko 2007 4429:Goldfarb & Litvinenko 2007 4293:. BBC News. 9 September 1999. 4187:Goldfarb & Litvinenko 2007 4164:. BBC News. 5 September 1999. 3994:"Всего лишь 200 грамм тротила" 3914:. October 1999. Archived from 3870:Goldfarb & Litvinenko 2007 3327: 3303:Eckel, Mike (20 August 2019). 3296: 3270: 3232:Goldfarb & Litvinenko 2007 3225: 3139: 3036:16 September 1999: Bombing in 2503:Rebellion: the Litvinenko Case 2318:Books and films on the subject 2041:flew to London where they met 1589:post-traumatic stress disorder 1492:137th Guards Airborne Regiment 1422:On 24 September, FSB director 1173:bombings of the U.S. embassies 964:. These included Moscow mayor 13: 1: 11367:Terrorist incidents in Moscow 10950:Islamic International Brigade 10475:Main Intelligence Directorate 10169:1996 Black Sea hostage crisis 10096:Counter-insurgency operations 9601:; Litvinenko, Marina (2007), 9582:Chechnya: From Past to Future 9523:Evangelista, Matthew (2004), 9483:Evangelista, Matthew (2002). 9221:"Case Detail (1:2016cv01749)" 8584:The Times Literary supplement 8003:Grigory Yavlinsky's interview 6798:Chechens rounded up in Moscow 4320:"Dozens dead in Moscow blast" 4291:"Russia mourns blast victims" 3132: 3001:4 September 1999: Bombing in 1631:In an interview published in 10640:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 10448:Ministry of Internal Affairs 10358:Polina Zherebtsova's Journal 10056:Battle of Grozny (1999–2000) 10035:Russia–Chechnya Peace Treaty 10005:Battle of Grozny (1994–1995) 9871:De La Pedraja, René (2018), 9487:. Cornell University Press. 6657:(in Russian). Archived from 6141:Archive. 12 September 1999. 5752:(in Russian). Archived from 5251:(in Russian). Archived from 3982:, BBC News, 1 September 1999 3553:The New York Review of Books 3471:and MVD head of information 2801:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 2733: 2685:On 11 January 2017, senator 2655:noted that "The FSB accused 2596:the burning of the Reichstag 2451:, and the half-exterminated 2210:Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin 2190:In a 2017 discussion at the 2067:The commission asked lawyer 1801: 1320:Prevented bombings in Ryazan 1122:Involved locations in Moscow 754:Rostov-on-Don hostage crisis 27:Terrorist bombings in Russia 7: 11387:Building bombings in Russia 11287:Islamic terrorism in Russia 10682:Islamic Djamaat of Dagestan 10185:1996 Kizlyar hostage crisis 9689:(2nd ed.), Routledge, 9563:, Oxford University Press, 9136:. BBC News. 16 March 2000. 9006:Soldatov & Borogan 2010 8994:Soldatov & Borogan 2010 7439:. Ln.mid.ru. Archived from 3075: 3040:, 17 are killed, 69 injured 2888:On 16 March 2018, the case 1970:Isa Zainutdinov (an ethnic 1618:Liberation Army of Dagestan 1552:at a fertiliser factory in 1191:Moscow, Kashirskoye highway 1074:Liberation Army of Dagestan 1043: 1028: 803:Islamic terrorism in Europe 220:unless described otherwise. 10: 11413: 10372:The 3 Rooms of Melancholia 10230:2010 Moscow Metro bombings 9081:Cambridge University Press 8637:How Putin Became President 8598:, By Karen Dawisha, 2014, 7644:Centre for Russian Studies 7496:, Terror-99, 21 March 2000 6950:. Ann.sagepub.com: 64–77. 5459:Bohdan Ben (3 June 2019). 5303:Novaya Gazeta - Ponedelnik 4511:. BBC News. 26 July 2002. 3475:by Vladimir Varfolomeyev, 3280:. CNN. 24 September 1999. 2855:Freedom of Information Act 2550: 2496:was premiered at the 2004 2414:must follow his example." 2149:that Information Minister 1896:Denis Saitakov (an ethnic 1640:perpetrated the bombings. 1412:unit serving FSB offices. 1212:Moscow, prevented bombings 1032: 994: 968:and former prime minister 53:Russian apartment bombings 18:Russian apartment bombings 10968: 10932: 10925: 10690: 10632: 10625: 10500: 10480:Special Forces (Spetsnaz) 10423: 10416: 10344: 10248: 10215:2004 Moscow Metro bombing 10210:2002 Grozny truck bombing 10156: 10076:2002 Khankala Mi-26 crash 10043: 9987: 9949: 9857:, Yale University Press, 9509:, Yale University Press, 9251:18 September 2017 at the 8917:10.1080/13518040590914118 8249:27 September 2011 at the 8035:, BBC News, 10 March 2000 7848:"Letter to Olga Konskaya" 7803:29 September 2007 at the 6938:Simon Saradzhyan (2006). 6831:30 September 2007 at the 6313:"Кто все это организовал" 4752:The Sydney Morning Herald 4369:30 September 2017 at the 2857:(FOIA) requests with the 2722:on 12 March 2022, former 2706:produced in one plant in 2667:'s regime, which is what 2651:Russian military analyst 2430:. They asserted that the 2328:, a senior fellow of the 2128:Independent Investigation 1791: 1787: 1440:Independent Investigation 1296:Volgodonsk, Rostov Oblast 1053:Manezhnaya Square, Moscow 776: 737: 721: 688: 672: 656: 640: 617: 591: 565: 549: 533: 492: 471: 455: 439: 395: 353: 319: 290: 261: 241: 225: 209: 205: 146: 138: 130: 120: 108: 100: 92: 74: 65: 57: 52: 11357:Federal Security Service 11317:Chechen–Russian conflict 10470:Federal Security Service 10225:2004 Beslan school siege 10071:2000 Zhani-Vedeno ambush 9972:Insurgency in Ingushetia 9943:Chechen–Russian conflict 9828:Pokalova, Elena (2015), 9607:, Simon & Schuster, 8687:5 September 2009 at the 8664:14 November 2017 at the 8642:16 February 2020 at the 8574:15 November 2017 at the 8569:Getting away with murder 8551:21 February 2005 at the 8447:18 February 2007 at the 8104: 8053:6 September 2008 at the 7760:25 February 2021 at the 7606: 6992:. Bu.edu. Archived from 6956:10.1177/0002716206290964 6844:Gochiyayev's wanted page 6518:23 February 2021 at the 6367:27 February 2021 at the 6201:16 February 2009 at the 6012:27 December 2010 at the 5957:25 February 2021 at the 5940:25 November 2010 at the 5725:2 September 2020 at the 5247: 4717: 3340:New York Review of Books 3259:New York Review of Books 3192:25 February 2021 at the 3178:10 February 2012 at the 2577:Prime Minister of Russia 2567:, in co-authorship with 2432:murder of Mr. Litvinenko 2147:JFK School of Government 1728:, according to the FSB. 10305:International response 10066:Battle of Komsomolskoye 9877:McFarland & Company 9159:Gilligan, Emma (2004). 9110:Oxford University Press 8729:7 November 2020 at the 8469:8 February 2017 at the 8412:26 October 2008 at the 8382:"FRONTLINE Putin's Way" 8296:7 December 2006 at the 8031:9 November 2009 at the 7743:Vladimir Kara-Murza Jr. 7715:12 October 2007 at the 7689:12 October 2007 at the 7416:5 November 2007 at the 7390:12 October 2007 at the 7364:19 October 2015 at the 7130:29 October 2010 at the 6875:(in Russian). YouTube. 6439:29 October 2010 at the 6072:Ware & Kisriev 2009 5828:29 October 2010 at the 5674:"Гексоген. ФСБ. Рязань" 4621:"Video of the Incident" 3406:. MN.RU. Archived from 3209:. CBC. 8 January 2015. 3127:Crocus City Hall attack 2998:, 29 people are injured 2671:was launched against." 2474:Assassination of Russia 2412:Lubyanka Criminal Group 2375:Lubyanka Criminal Group 1104:residential buildings. 39:Infobox civilian attack 31: 11397:1999 murders in Russia 10195:1999 Tukhchar massacre 9747:, Palgrave Macmillan, 9687:Putin, Russia's choice 9545:, Potomac Books Inc., 9112:. pp. 61–64, 70. 9075:Taylor, Brian (2011). 8244:Satter House Testimony 8067:, № 2, 15 January 2004 7214:23 August 2007 at the 7191:4 October 2006 at the 6895:11 August 2010 at the 6564:"Moscow court rulings" 6020:, Volume 8, Issue 27, 5408:National Review Online 5078:21 August 2017 at the 4587:4 January 2007 at the 4485:8 January 2007 at the 4389:Short, Philip (2022). 3479:, 16 September 1999. 2985:becomes prime minister 2605:concluded in his book 2533:Badri Patarkatsishvili 2509:Yuli Dubov, author of 2498:Sundance Film Festival 2390:analyst and historian 2274: 2120:presidential elections 1792:Магумадзаир Гаджиакаев 1748: 1666:In February 2000, the 1436: 1405: 1305: 1221: 1200: 1117: 926:presidential elections 153:Islamist terror attack 44:considered for merging 11377:September 1999 crimes 11302:False flag operations 10749:Abdul-Halim Sadulayev 10721:Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev 10261:Anti-Russian violence 10061:Battle for Height 776 9793:, Stuttgart: Ibidem, 9653:Pribylovsky, Vladimir 9626:Litvinenko, Alexander 9559:Jack, Andrew (2005), 9541:Murphy, Paul (2004), 9442:Litvinenko, Alexander 9306:on 19 September 2000. 9104:Abrahms, Max (2018). 9024:Johnson's Russia List 8778:. 30 September 1999. 8718:21 March 2017 at the 8617:The Road to Unfreedom 8473:. The record in IMDb. 8008:26 April 2011 at the 7976:Johnson's Russia List 7778:14 March 2007 at the 7661:26 April 2007 at the 7587:10 March 2006 at the 7562:10 March 2006 at the 7511:10 March 2006 at the 7492:10 March 2006 at the 7045:21 March 2008 at the 6849:18 March 2005 at the 6803:21 March 2017 at the 6661:on 28 September 2007. 6626:. 13 September 2019. 6524:North Caucasus Weekly 6385:. Religioscope.info. 6170:(20 September 1999). 6116:21 March 2017 at the 5950:, 10 September 1999 ( 5188:"Территориальный акт" 5057:29 April 2011 at the 4667:. CDI. Archived from 4653:on 30 September 2007. 4495:No. 18, 14 March 2005 4204:21 March 2017 at the 3463:29 April 2011 at the 3378:Amnesty International 2863:Department of Justice 2782:Johnson's Russia List 2408:enemies of the people 2342:Yale University Press 2332:, authored two books 2269: 2093:Amnesty International 1829:special regime colony 1742: 1668:US Secretary of State 1431: 1400: 1370:were surrounded, and 1303: 1219: 1198: 1115: 702:Liquidation of Dugina 696:commissariats attacks 271:Kizlyar-Pervomayskoye 11297:Censorship in Russia 10824:Turpal-Ali Atgeriyev 10485:Republic of Chechnya 10321:Politics of Chechnya 10276:Crimes and terrorism 10205:2003 Tushino bombing 10091:2005 raid on Nalchik 9995:Battle of Dolinskoye 9908:at Wikimedia Commons 9808:Williams, Brian Glyn 9741:Brzezinski, Zbigniew 9604:Death of a Dissident 9199:. pp. 255–260. 9167:. pp. 113–115. 8972:on 17 September 2009 8752:8 March 2021 at the 8623:7 March 2022 at the 8600:Simon & Schuster 8267:Vladimir Pribylovsky 8194:18 June 2017 at the 8116:. 5 September 2017. 8085:7 March 2022 at the 7943:Alexander Litvinenko 7911:7 March 2008 at the 7755:computer translation 7753:, 4 September 2009, 7737:3 April 2015 at the 7638:3 March 2006 at the 6596:. 9 September 2005. 6528:Jamestown Foundation 6526:Volume: 8 Issue: 5, 6362:computer translation 6022:Jamestown Foundation 5952:computer translation 5864:21 December 2012 at 5749:Ryazanskie Vedomosti 5720:22 March 2000 report 5604:"Назранский "Сахар"" 5255:on 16 November 2003. 5161:Komsomolskaya Pravda 4975:7 March 2022 at the 4903:13 July 2024 at the 4735:From 33:52 to 37:50. 4733:– via YouTube. 4262:Vladimir Pribylovsky 4208:. Patrick E. Tyler. 3978:1 April 2010 at the 3636:on 27 September 2011 3486:8 March 2021 at the 3481:computer translation 3404:"Московские Новости" 3252:(22 November 2012). 2924:improve this article 2896:Chronology of events 2569:Alexander Litvinenko 2565:Vladimir Pribylovsky 2437:Moscow theater-goers 2427:Death of a Dissident 2242:false flag operation 2234:Vladimir Pribylovsky 2230:Alexander Litvinenko 2178:Alexander Litvinenko 2043:Alexander Litvinenko 1839:Suspects and accused 1763:, who registered in 1280:Alexander Litvinenko 1266:Vladimir Zhirinovsky 930:Alexander Litvinenko 833:Invasion of Dagestan 627:Metrojet Flight 9268 578:Volgograd (December) 11332:Mass murder in 1999 10583:Dzhabrail Yamadayev 10086:2004 raid on Grozny 9599:Goldfarb, Alexander 9365:on 24 February 2021 8863:(2 February 2017). 8842:on 25 October 2007. 8699:, 4 September 2009. 8668:by Scott Anderson, 8174:Insight on the News 7970:15 May 2008 at the 7937:4 June 2007 at the 7874:"ПОДРЫВАЮЩИЙ УСТОИ" 7426:, 13 November 2006. 7398:, 2006 November 13. 7277:, pp. 262, 283 7115:, pp. 271, 283 7094:on 16 February 2012 7020:13 January 2013 at 6915:. 12 January 2004. 6813:, 18 September 1999 6753:on 13 February 2012 6415:on 18 February 2012 6352:14 May 2006 at the 6318:Nezavisimaya Gazeta 6209:, 15 September 1999 6182:on 29 October 2000. 5947:Nezavisimaya Gazeta 5872:, 10 December 2002. 5756:on 31 January 2011. 5128:Nezavisimaya Gazeta 5102:on 14 February 2012 4983:, 24 September 1999 4926:12 May 2011 at the 4623:. Арсений Горюнов. 4379:, 10 September 1999 4228:The Daily Telegraph 4044:. 24 January 2011. 3790:. 21 January 2016. 3469:Alexander Zdanovich 3436:on 16 February 2012 3410:on 29 February 2012 3234:, pp. 190, 196 3187:machine translation 3067:24 September 1999: 3060:24 September 1999: 3017:Kashirskoye highway 2838:freedom of movement 2718:In a speech to the 2627:The journal owner, 2582:Putin's Kleptocracy 2471:A documentary film 2445:Yuri Shchekochikhin 2248:" practised by the 2197:Vladimir Kara-Murza 2096:and other cities". 2073:Vladimir Romanovich 2058:Yuri Shchekochikhin 1936:held without a jury 1818:Yusuf Krymshakhalov 1753:Kashirskoye Highway 1607:accent, phoned the 1583:Impact on survivors 1353:"MO-2" gas analyser 1205:Kashirskoye Highway 928:. Former FSB agent 911:Yuri Shchekochikhin 898:Yuri Shchekochikhin 573:Volgograd (October) 197:Terrorism in Russia 96:4–16 September 1999 60:terrorism in Russia 11362:Second Chechen War 11292:Explosions in 1999 11215:Abu Hafs al-Urduni 10985:Magomed Suleimanov 10885:Rasul Makasharipov 10670:Vilayat Cherkessia 10660:Vilayat Nokhchicho 10508:Russian Federation 10431:Russian Federation 10400:Ant in a Glass Jar 10314:Second Chechen War 10256:Chechen Revolution 10044:Second Chechen War 10000:Battle of Khankala 9966:Second Chechen War 9706:Ware, Robert Bruce 9083:. pp. 82–88. 9008:, pp. 266–267 8432:, pp. 249–250 8059:Anna Politkovskaya 7884:on 17 October 2012 7747:Mikhail Trepashkin 7697:, 11 November 2003 7614:on 8 February 2006 7607:Московские Новости 7572:, 11 December 2003 7372:, 2006 January 24. 7346:, 13 November 2004 7336:9 May 2009 at the 7140:, 13 January 2004. 6913:Channel One Russia 6779:on 11 January 2012 6495:Channel One Russia 6122:The New York Times 6074:, pp. 125–126 5707:, pp. 127–129 5634:, pp. 175–177 5521:The New York Times 5489:. 9 October 2014. 5415:on 6 January 2010. 5245:Соколов, Дмитрий. 4907:, Maura Reynolds, 4873:The New York Times 4536:, pp. 201–202 4467:, pp. 205–206 4210:The New York Times 3973:Blast rocks Moscow 3684:Anna Politkovskaya 3660:, pp. 105–111 3587:(17 August 2016). 3163:, pp. 147–148 3161:De La Pedraja 2018 3148:, pp. 335–338 3069:Second Chechen War 3027:Gennadiy Seleznyov 2728:Christopher Steele 2625:Mikhail Trepashkin 2453:nation of Chechnya 2449:Anna Politkovskaya 2418:Alexander Goldfarb 2406:was taken over by 2380:Alexander Goldfarb 2367:Second Chechen War 2305:Achemez Gochiyayev 2267:, he stated that: 2174:Anna Politkovskaya 2156:Alexander Goldfarb 2107:. Following that, 2069:Mikhail Trepashkin 2047:Mikhail Trepashkin 1948:Volgodonsk bombing 1887:Second Chechen war 1871:Achemez Gochiyayev 1761:Achemez Gochiyayev 1757:Mercedes-Benz 2236 1749: 1707:Second Chechen War 1695:Achemez Gochiyayev 1671:Madeleine Albright 1509:A report aired by 1466:In February 2000, 1410:telephone exchange 1380:Composite sketches 1306: 1290:Mikhail Trepashkin 1250:Gennadiy Seleznyov 1222: 1201: 1154:was due to fly to 1118: 1108:Moscow, Pechatniki 1080:Buynaksk, Dagestan 981:Konstantin Borovoi 953:Moskovskaya Pravda 915:Mikhail Trepashkin 837:Second Chechen War 791:Second Chechen War 648:Shchelkovo Highway 309:Apartment bombings 11342:Conflicts in 1999 11269: 11268: 11265: 11264: 11173:Arthur Getagazhev 11058:Supyan Abdullayev 10999:Aliaskhab Kebekov 10955:Riyad-us Saliheen 10921: 10920: 10899:Ilyas Gorchkhanov 10655:Vilayat Galgayche 10621: 10620: 10309:First Chechen War 10030:Khasavyurt Accord 10015:Samashki massacre 9988:First Chechen War 9954:First Chechen War 9904:Media related to 9886:978-1-47666-991-5 9864:978-0-30021-142-9 9843:978-1-44083-154-6 9821:978-1-61168-737-8 9800:978-3-8382-0388-1 9779:978-1-58648-802-4 9772:, PublicAffairs, 9754:978-0-230-10534-8 9696:978-0-415-40765-6 9668:978-1-906142-07-0 9655:(20 April 2008), 9649:Felshtinsky, Yuri 9641:978-1-903933-95-4 9622:Felshtinsky, Yuri 9614:978-1-4165-5165-2 9591:978-1-84331-164-5 9570:978-0-19-518909-4 9552:978-1-57488-830-0 9534:978-0-8157-2497-1 9476:978-1-58648-001-1 9469:, PublicAffairs, 9455:978-0-9723878-0-4 9434:978-0-375-50714-4 9391:978-0-15-100621-2 9358:978-1-58648-011-0 9351:, PublicAffairs, 9322:Stavitsky, Vasily 9206:978-5-04-088750-7 8943:, 11 March 2022, 8172:, Jamie Dettmer, 8151:on 27 August 2009 7809:Los Angeles Times 7788:, 14 January 2004 7719:, 3 November 2005 7569:The Baltimore Sun 7467:17 April 2013 at 7155:17 April 2013 at 6124:, 16 October 1999 6120:, Carlotta Gall, 6024:, 7 February 2002 5791:cardin.senate.gov 5401:(30 April 2002). 4936:, 27 January 2000 4911:, 15 January 2000 4909:Los Angeles Times 4076:. 29 March 2010. 3947:. 29 March 2010. 3512:978-91-87439-67-4 3380:. 23 March 2006. 3062:Nikolai Patrushev 3049:Vladimir Rushailo 2996:Manezhnaya Square 2981:is dismissed and 2956: 2955: 2948: 2879:Soviet dissidents 2849:On 14 July 2016, 2817:Russian officials 2805:Khasavyurt Accord 2767:Robert Bruce Ware 2759:Achemez Gochiyaev 2744:Blowing up Russia 2653:Pavel Felgenhauer 2646:Andrei Illarionov 2618:war correspondent 2424:published a book 2422:Marina Litvinenko 2378:, Litvinenko and 2372:In another book, 2355:published a book 2299:, FSB operatives 2286:Nikolai Kostechko 2238:Boris Kagarlitsky 2201:Boris Berezovskiy 2160:Valentin Yumashev 2109:Nikolai Patrushev 1930:life imprisonment 1891:Achemez Gochiyaev 1833:Achemez Gochiyaev 1622:Interior Ministry 1562:explosive booster 1558:plastic explosive 1424:Nikolai Patrushev 1389:Vladimir Rushailo 1355:, which detected 1226:Achemez Gochiyaev 883:Achemez Gochiyaev 875:Nikolai Patrushev 812: 811: 783:First Chechen War 772: 771: 632:(going to Russia) 420:Aircraft bombings 403:Moscow (February) 162: 161: 16:(Redirected from 11404: 11352:Murder in Moscow 11322:Events in Moscow 11257:Zalim Shebzukhov 11253: 11239: 11225: 11211: 11197: 11183: 11169: 11159:Asker Dzhappuyev 11155: 11145:Rustam Asildarov 11141: 11127: 11113: 11099: 11087: 11072:Aslan Byutukayev 11068: 11054: 11040: 11026: 11018:Aslambek Vadalov 11009: 10995: 10981: 10940:Caucasus Emirate 10930: 10929: 10913:Rappani Khalilov 10909: 10895: 10881: 10867: 10853: 10834: 10820: 10801: 10787: 10773: 10759: 10745: 10731: 10717: 10707:Dzhokhar Dudayev 10703: 10650:Vilayat Dagestan 10630: 10629: 10607: 10597:Ruslan Yamadayev 10593: 10579: 10555: 10421: 10420: 10336:Chechen genocide 10081:2004 Nazran raid 9936: 9929: 9922: 9913: 9912: 9903: 9889: 9867: 9846: 9824: 9803: 9782: 9762:Soldatov, Andrei 9757: 9726: 9699: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9644: 9617: 9594: 9584:, Anthem Press, 9573: 9555: 9537: 9519: 9498: 9479: 9458: 9437: 9427:, Random House, 9416: 9394: 9373: 9372: 9370: 9361:, archived from 9348:Midnight Diaries 9338: 9308: 9307: 9292: 9286: 9285: 9283: 9281: 9266: 9260: 9259:, 29 August 2017 9243: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9232: 9223:. FOIA Project. 9217: 9211: 9210: 9185: 9179: 9178: 9156: 9150: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9130: 9124: 9123: 9101: 9095: 9094: 9072: 9061: 9060: 9046: 9040: 9039: 9037: 9035: 9015: 9009: 9003: 8997: 8991: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8977: 8962: 8956: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8935: 8929: 8928: 8898: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8882: 8857: 8844: 8843: 8834:Olga Nedbayeva. 8831: 8822: 8821: 8819: 8817: 8798: 8792: 8791: 8789: 8787: 8767: 8761: 8744: 8738: 8709: 8700: 8693:David Folkenflik 8679: 8673: 8656: 8650: 8634: 8628: 8609: 8603: 8593: 8587: 8566: 8560: 8544: 8540: 8534: 8533: 8531: 8529: 8510: 8504: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8480: 8474: 8461: 8455: 8453:The Moscow Times 8439: 8433: 8427: 8421: 8420:, 24 April 2002. 8404: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8393: 8378: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8348: 8342: 8336: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8306: 8300: 8288: 8282: 8263:Yuri Felshtinsky 8260: 8254: 8241: 8235: 8234: 8232: 8230: 8209: 8203: 8186: 8177: 8176:, 17 April 2000. 8167: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8147:. 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3095: 3088: 3083: 3081: 3078: 2977:9 August 1999: 2973:War of Dagestan 2971:, starting the 2963:enters western 2959:5 August 1999: 2952: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2921: 2909: 2898: 2847: 2834:Mayor of Moscow 2821:In March 2000, 2819: 2771:Islamic Djamaat 2740:Andrei Soldatov 2736: 2665:Aslan Maskhadov 2559:and historians 2553: 2517:The Lesser Evil 2494:Andrei Nekrasov 2483:Sugar of Ryazan 2396:organized crime 2384:Litvinenko 2002 2320: 2297:German Ugryumov 2246:active measures 2218: 2185:Dmitry Medvedev 2138: 2136:Igor Malashenko 2099:In a letter to 2031:Sergei Kovalyov 2020: 1967: 1950: 1861: 1859:Moscow bombings 1841: 1820: 1809: 1804: 1737: 1697:and planned by 1684: 1679: 1654:Interfax agency 1601: 1585: 1571:. According to 1530: 1484:In March 2000, 1482: 1464: 1322: 1298: 1254:Communist Party 1246: 1214: 1193: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1110: 1082: 1069:of explosives. 1055: 1046: 1041: 1031: 999: 997:War in Dagestan 993: 991:War in Dagestan 948: 943: 856:Aslan Maskhadov 813: 808: 807: 787:War of Dagestan 768: 733: 717: 684: 668: 652: 636: 631: 613: 587: 561: 545: 529: 488: 467: 451: 435: 413:Moscow (August) 391: 349: 315: 286: 257: 237: 221: 219: 217: 201: 196: 194: 192: 111: 48: 32: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11410: 11400: 11399: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11372:1999 in Moscow 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11307:Vladimir Putin 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11267: 11266: 11263: 11262: 11260: 11259: 11245: 11231: 11217: 11203: 11189: 11187:Ibn al-Khattab 11175: 11161: 11147: 11133: 11119: 11117:Said Buryatsky 11105: 11093: 11079: 11077:Movladi Udugov 11074: 11060: 11046: 11032: 11020: 11015: 11001: 10987: 10972: 10970: 10966: 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10317: 10316: 10311: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10291:Assassinations 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10252: 10250: 10249:Related topics 10246: 10245: 10243: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10181: 10180: 10166: 10160: 10158: 10154: 10153: 10151: 10150: 10149: 10148: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10053: 10047: 10045: 10041: 10040: 10038: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9991: 9989: 9985: 9984: 9982: 9981: 9975: 9969: 9963: 9957: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9939: 9938: 9931: 9924: 9916: 9910: 9909: 9895: 9894:External links 9892: 9891: 9890: 9885: 9868: 9863: 9847: 9842: 9825: 9820: 9804: 9799: 9783: 9778: 9766:Borogan, Irina 9758: 9753: 9728: 9727: 9723:978-0765620286 9722: 9710:Kisriev, Enver 9701: 9700: 9695: 9683:Sakwa, Richard 9679: 9667: 9645: 9640: 9618: 9613: 9595: 9590: 9578:Sakwa, Richard 9574: 9569: 9556: 9551: 9538: 9533: 9520: 9515: 9499: 9493: 9480: 9475: 9463:Hoffman, David 9459: 9454: 9438: 9433: 9417: 9412: 9395: 9390: 9374: 9357: 9343:Yeltsin, Boris 9339: 9335:978-5224014125 9334: 9316: 9313: 9310: 9309: 9287: 9261: 9238: 9212: 9205: 9195:(in Russian). 9193:Москва и жизнь 9180: 9174:978-0415323697 9173: 9151: 9125: 9118: 9096: 9090:978-0521760881 9089: 9062: 9041: 9010: 8998: 8983: 8957: 8930: 8911:(4): 599–606. 8888: 8845: 8823: 8793: 8762: 8739: 8735:Klebnikov 2000 8701: 8674: 8651: 8629: 8612:Timothy Snyder 8604: 8588: 8561: 8535: 8505: 8475: 8456: 8434: 8422: 8399: 8373: 8352:"Who is Putin" 8343: 8331: 8301: 8283: 8255: 8236: 8204: 8178: 8162: 8131: 8112:(in Russian). 8095: 8069: 8037: 8018: 7992: 7980: 7957: 7921: 7895: 7865: 7839: 7813: 7790: 7765: 7721: 7699: 7673: 7648: 7625: 7597: 7595:, 3 April 2003 7574: 7549: 7523: 7521:, 4 April 2000 7498: 7479: 7454: 7428: 7400: 7374: 7348: 7323: 7308:(in Russian). 7279: 7267: 7219: 7201: 7167: 7165:, 15 May 2003. 7142: 7117: 7105: 7079: 7050: 7032: 7030:, 8 June 2004. 7007: 6981: 6930: 6911:(in Russian). 6900: 6882: 6859: 6836: 6815: 6790: 6764: 6747:Russia Journal 6729: 6699: 6680:(in Russian). 6664: 6641: 6622:(in Russian). 6611: 6592:(in Russian). 6581: 6550: 6531: 6505: 6481: 6451: 6426: 6400: 6373: 6336: 6321:(in Russian). 6300: 6285:(in Russian). 6267: 6248: 6211: 6185: 6156: 6126: 6103: 6076: 6064: 6038: 6026: 5994: 5963: 5924: 5909:(in Russian). 5891: 5874: 5838: 5809: 5771: 5759: 5734: 5709: 5697: 5682:(in Russian). 5664: 5636: 5621: 5595: 5576:(in Russian). 5564: 5538: 5504: 5478: 5451: 5418: 5385: 5359: 5347: 5332:(in Russian). 5320: 5289: 5258: 5237: 5211: 5179: 5164:(in Russian). 5146: 5131:(in Russian). 5113: 5084: 5062: 5033: 5018:(in Russian). 5000: 4985: 4953: 4938: 4913: 4890: 4854: 4842: 4835: 4814: 4782: 4770: 4737: 4708: 4682: 4656: 4638: 4612: 4597: 4595:, 25 July 2002 4574: 4538: 4526: 4497: 4469: 4457: 4445: 4433: 4421: 4406: 4399: 4381: 4356: 4341: 4308: 4277: 4245: 4214: 4191: 4179: 4150: 4120: 4114:978-0833040404 4113: 4107:. p. 64. 4091: 4059: 4040:(in Russian). 4029: 4017: 3984: 3962: 3932: 3889: 3874: 3855: 3851:Stavitsky 2000 3840: 3829: 3817: 3805: 3775: 3744: 3711: 3699:Joel M. Ostrow 3687: 3662: 3647: 3612: 3573: 3534: 3511: 3491: 3477:Echo of Moscow 3447: 3421: 3395: 3365: 3326: 3295: 3269: 3236: 3224: 3198: 3165: 3150: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3093: 3090:History portal 3077: 3074: 3073: 3072: 3065: 3058: 3055: 3041: 3034: 3023: 3020: 3013: 3006: 2999: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2975: 2961:Shamil Basayev 2954: 2953: 2912: 2910: 2903: 2897: 2894: 2846: 2843: 2818: 2815: 2735: 2732: 2636:Alexandr Lebed 2621:Scott Anderson 2592:Timothy Snyder 2579:. In her book 2552: 2549: 2541:Philipp Bobkov 2488:A documentary 2392:Viktor Suvorov 2340:(published by 2319: 2316: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2301:Maxim Lazovsky 2293: 2290:Aleksey Galkin 2217: 2214: 2166:Artyom Borovik 2019: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2011: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1992: 1978: 1975: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1954: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1941:Stavropol Krai 1937: 1922: 1915: 1909: 1894: 1868: 1865:Ibn al-Khattab 1860: 1857: 1840: 1837: 1807:Adam Dekkushev 1803: 1800: 1736: 1733: 1726:Shamil Basayev 1699:Ibn al-Khattab 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1649:Ibn al-Khattab 1637:Shamil Basayev 1600: 1597: 1584: 1581: 1550:concrete mixer 1529: 1526: 1481: 1478: 1463: 1460: 1321: 1318: 1314:Vladimir Putin 1297: 1294: 1245: 1242: 1213: 1210: 1192: 1189: 1152:Vladimir Putin 1121: 1120: 1119: 1109: 1106: 1081: 1078: 1054: 1051: 1045: 1042: 1030: 1027: 1007:Ibn al-Khattab 1003:Shamil Basayev 995:Main article: 992: 989: 947: 944: 942: 939: 903:Sergei Kovalev 887:Ibn Al-Khattab 845:prime minister 841:Vladimir Putin 810: 809: 806: 805: 778: 777: 774: 773: 770: 769: 767: 766: 761: 756: 751: 741: 739: 735: 734: 732: 731: 725: 723: 719: 718: 716: 715: 709: 704: 698: 692: 690: 686: 685: 683: 682: 676: 674: 670: 669: 667: 666: 660: 658: 654: 653: 651: 650: 644: 642: 638: 637: 635: 634: 621: 619: 615: 614: 612: 611: 606: 604:Grozny clashes 601: 599:Grozny bombing 595: 593: 589: 588: 586: 585: 580: 575: 569: 567: 563: 562: 560: 559: 553: 551: 547: 546: 544: 543: 537: 535: 531: 530: 528: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 496: 494: 490: 489: 487: 486: 484:Nevsky Express 481: 475: 473: 469: 468: 466: 465: 459: 457: 453: 452: 450: 449: 443: 441: 437: 436: 434: 433: 424: 415: 410: 405: 399: 397: 393: 392: 390: 389: 384: 379: 372: 367: 357: 355: 351: 350: 348: 347: 338: 329: 323: 321: 317: 316: 314: 313: 304: 294: 292: 288: 287: 285: 284: 275: 265: 263: 259: 258: 256: 255: 245: 243: 239: 238: 236: 235: 229: 227: 223: 222: 203: 202: 191: 190: 183: 176: 168: 160: 159: 158: 157: 154: 148: 144: 143: 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10554: 10548: 10547: 10546: 10543: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10533:Pavel Grachev 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10513:Boris Yeltsin 10511: 10510: 10509: 10506: 10505: 10503: 10499: 10491: 10488: 10487: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10450: 10449: 10446: 10442: 10441:Ground Forces 10439: 10437: 10434: 10433: 10432: 10429: 10428: 10426: 10422: 10419: 10415: 10409: 10408: 10404: 10402: 10401: 10397: 10395: 10394: 10390: 10388: 10387: 10383: 10381: 10380: 10376: 10374: 10373: 10369: 10367: 10366: 10362: 10360: 10359: 10355: 10353: 10352:List of films 10350: 10349: 10347: 10343: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10331:Kavkaz Center 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10306: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10253: 10251: 10247: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10179: 10177: 10172: 10171: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10161: 10159: 10157:Major attacks 10155: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10103: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10048: 10046: 10042: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10020:Shatoy ambush 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9992: 9990: 9986: 9979: 9976: 9973: 9970: 9967: 9964: 9961: 9958: 9955: 9952: 9951: 9948: 9944: 9937: 9932: 9930: 9925: 9923: 9918: 9917: 9914: 9907: 9902: 9898: 9897: 9888: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9869: 9866: 9860: 9856: 9852: 9851:Satter, David 9848: 9845: 9839: 9835: 9831: 9826: 9823: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9802: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9784: 9781: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9759: 9756: 9750: 9746: 9742: 9738: 9734: 9730: 9729: 9725: 9719: 9716:, Routledge, 9715: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9702: 9698: 9692: 9688: 9684: 9680: 9670: 9664: 9660: 9659: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9643: 9637: 9633: 9632: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9616: 9610: 9606: 9605: 9600: 9596: 9593: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9575: 9572: 9566: 9562: 9557: 9554: 9548: 9544: 9539: 9536: 9530: 9526: 9521: 9518: 9516:0-300-09892-8 9512: 9508: 9504: 9503:Satter, David 9500: 9496: 9494:0-8014-8784-6 9490: 9486: 9481: 9478: 9472: 9468: 9464: 9460: 9457: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9436: 9430: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9415: 9413:1-929223-06-4 9409: 9405: 9401: 9396: 9393: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9364: 9360: 9354: 9350: 9349: 9344: 9340: 9337: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9318: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9291: 9275: 9271: 9265: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9247: 9242: 9226: 9222: 9216: 9208: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9189:Luzhkov, Yuri 9184: 9176: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9155: 9139: 9135: 9129: 9121: 9119:9780192539441 9115: 9111: 9107: 9100: 9092: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9071: 9069: 9067: 9058: 9054: 9053: 9045: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9014: 9007: 9002: 8996:, p. 111 8995: 8990: 8988: 8971: 8967: 8961: 8946: 8942: 8941: 8934: 8926: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8905: 8897: 8895: 8893: 8876: 8872: 8871: 8866: 8862: 8861:Satter, David 8856: 8854: 8852: 8850: 8841: 8837: 8830: 8828: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8797: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8769:(in Russian) 8766: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8748: 8743: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8714: 8708: 8706: 8698: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8683: 8678: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8660: 8655: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8638: 8633: 8626: 8622: 8619: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8601: 8597: 8592: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8570: 8565: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8547: 8539: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8509: 8503: 8489: 8485: 8479: 8472: 8468: 8465: 8460: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8443: 8438: 8431: 8426: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8408: 8403: 8387: 8383: 8377: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8347: 8341:, p. 259 8340: 8335: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8305: 8299: 8295: 8292: 8287: 8280: 8279:1-59403-246-7 8276: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8259: 8252: 8248: 8245: 8240: 8224: 8220: 8219: 8214: 8208: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8190: 8185: 8183: 8175: 8171: 8166: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8135: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8110:Радио Свобода 8107: 8099: 8093:, 2 June 2008 8092: 8088: 8084: 8081: 8073: 8066: 8065: 8064:Novaya Gazeta 8060: 8056: 8052: 8049: 8041: 8034: 8030: 8027: 8022: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8004: 7996: 7990:, p. 198 7989: 7984: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7966: 7961: 7954: 7953: 7952:Novaya Gazeta 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7933: 7925: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7907: 7899: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7869: 7853: 7849: 7843: 7827: 7823: 7817: 7811:, 20 May 2004 7810: 7806: 7802: 7799: 7794: 7787: 7786: 7781: 7777: 7774: 7769: 7763: 7759: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7733: 7725: 7718: 7714: 7711: 7703: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7685: 7677: 7671:, 7 July 2003 7670: 7669: 7664: 7660: 7657: 7652: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7634: 7629: 7613: 7609: 7601: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7583: 7578: 7571: 7570: 7565: 7561: 7558: 7553: 7537: 7533: 7527: 7520: 7519: 7514: 7510: 7507: 7502: 7495: 7491: 7488: 7483: 7476: 7475: 7470: 7469:archive.today 7466: 7463: 7458: 7442: 7438: 7432: 7425: 7424: 7419: 7415: 7412: 7404: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7386: 7378: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7360: 7352: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7335: 7332: 7327: 7311: 7307: 7306: 7301: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7276: 7271: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7243: 7235: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7217: 7213: 7210: 7205: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7187: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7164: 7163: 7158: 7157:archive.today 7154: 7151: 7146: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7129: 7126: 7121: 7114: 7109: 7093: 7089: 7083: 7067: 7063: 7057: 7055: 7048: 7044: 7041: 7036: 7029: 7028: 7023: 7022:archive.today 7019: 7016: 7011: 6995: 6991: 6985: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6934: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6904: 6898: 6894: 6891: 6886: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6863: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6845: 6840: 6834: 6830: 6827: 6822: 6820: 6812: 6811: 6806: 6802: 6799: 6794: 6778: 6774: 6768: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6703: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6668: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6645: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6615: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6585: 6569: 6565: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6548:, p. 106 6547: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6509: 6501: 6497: 6496: 6491: 6485: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6455: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6430: 6414: 6410: 6404: 6388: 6384: 6377: 6370: 6366: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6340: 6324: 6320: 6319: 6314: 6307: 6305: 6288: 6284: 6283: 6278: 6271: 6264: 6263:Pokalova 2015 6259: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6233: 6229: 6222: 6215: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6192: 6190: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6163: 6161: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6130: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6112: 6107: 6091: 6087: 6080: 6073: 6068: 6052: 6048: 6042: 6035: 6030: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5967: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5928: 5912: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5871: 5867: 5866:archive.today 5863: 5860: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5816: 5814: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5768: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5738: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5713: 5706: 5701: 5685: 5681: 5680: 5679:Novaya Gazeta 5675: 5668: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5654:Novaya Gazeta 5650: 5643: 5641: 5633: 5628: 5626: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5511: 5509: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5466: 5462: 5455: 5439: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5422: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5400: 5399:Satter, David 5394: 5392: 5390: 5373: 5369: 5363: 5356: 5351: 5335: 5331: 5324: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5293: 5287:, pages 22–28 5286: 5285:0-230-60612-1 5282: 5278: 5274: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5254: 5250: 5241: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5199: 5195: 5194: 5189: 5183: 5167: 5163: 5162: 5157: 5150: 5134: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5117: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5089: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5069: 5067: 5060: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5021: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5004: 4997: 4992: 4990: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4950: 4945: 4943: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4922: 4917: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4899: 4894: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4852:, p. 266 4851: 4846: 4838: 4836:9781473521605 4832: 4828: 4821: 4819: 4802: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4786: 4780:, p. 269 4779: 4774: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4741: 4724: 4720: 4712: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4610:, p. 265 4609: 4604: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4583: 4578: 4562: 4558: 4557: 4552: 4542: 4535: 4530: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4502: 4494: 4493: 4492:Novaya Gazeta 4488: 4484: 4481: 4473: 4466: 4461: 4454: 4453:Pokalova 2015 4449: 4443:, p. 104 4442: 4437: 4431:, p. 189 4430: 4425: 4418: 4413: 4411: 4402: 4400:9781627793667 4396: 4392: 4385: 4378: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4365: 4360: 4353: 4348: 4346: 4338: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4313: 4296: 4292: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4274: 4273:1-906142-07-6 4270: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4200: 4195: 4189:, p. 177 4188: 4183: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4155: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4116: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4079: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4063: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4026: 4021: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3988: 3981: 3977: 3974: 3969: 3967: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3886: 3881: 3879: 3872:, p. 196 3871: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3852: 3847: 3845: 3838: 3833: 3827:, p. 267 3826: 3821: 3814: 3809: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3748: 3732: 3728: 3727: 3722: 3715: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3694: 3692: 3685: 3681: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3667: 3659: 3654: 3652: 3632: 3625: 3619: 3617: 3600: 3596: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3585:Satter, David 3580: 3578: 3570: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3531: 3518: 3514: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3473:Oleg Aksyonov 3470: 3466: 3462: 3459: 3451: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3409: 3405: 3399: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3334:Knight, Amy. 3330: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3233: 3228: 3212: 3208: 3202: 3195: 3191: 3188: 3181: 3177: 3174: 3169: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3104:Russia portal 3094: 3091: 3080: 3070: 3066: 3063: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2957: 2950: 2947: 2939: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2913:This section 2911: 2907: 2902: 2901: 2893: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2765:According to 2763: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2751: 2745: 2741: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2691:Rex Tillerson 2688: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2587:Karen Dawisha 2584: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2513: 2512:The Big Slice 2507: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2376: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2220:According to 2213: 2211: 2206: 2205:Boris Nemtsov 2202: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2167: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2151:Mikhail Lesin 2148: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2132:Boris Nemtsov 2129: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2101:Olga Konskaya 2097: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1968: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1904:), killed in 1903: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1883:Igor Strelkov 1880: 1879:Dmitry Gordon 1876: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1824: 1819: 1813: 1808: 1799: 1797: 1784: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1746: 1741: 1735:Court rulings 1732: 1729: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1687: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1657: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1633:Lidove Noviny 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1525: 1523: 1518: 1517:Novaya Gazeta 1514: 1513: 1507: 1505: 1504:Novaya Gazeta 1499: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1487:Novaya Gazeta 1477: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1469:Novaya Gazeta 1459: 1455: 1453: 1452:Moscow Oblast 1449: 1445: 1441: 1435: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1404: 1399: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1345:shotgun shell 1343: 1339: 1338:timing device 1335: 1330: 1327: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1302: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1275: 1272:According to 1270: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1258:Rostov-on-Don 1255: 1251: 1241: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1227: 1218: 1209: 1206: 1197: 1188: 1184: 1182: 1181:Dar es Salaam 1178: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1164:Boris Yeltsin 1161: 1158:for the 1999 1157: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1114: 1105: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1077: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1050: 1040: 1036: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 998: 988: 986: 982: 978: 975:According to 973: 971: 967: 963: 962:Boris Yeltsin 959: 955: 954: 938: 935: 931: 927: 923: 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 899: 894: 892: 888: 884: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 853: 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 779: 775: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 749: 748: 743: 742: 740: 736: 730: 727: 726: 724: 720: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 699: 697: 694: 693: 691: 687: 681: 678: 677: 675: 671: 665: 662: 661: 659: 655: 649: 646: 645: 643: 639: 630: 629: 628: 623: 622: 620: 616: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 596: 594: 590: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 570: 568: 564: 558: 555: 554: 552: 548: 542: 539: 538: 536: 532: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 497: 495: 491: 485: 482: 480: 477: 476: 474: 470: 464: 461: 460: 458: 454: 448: 445: 444: 442: 438: 432: 431: 430: 425: 423: 422: 421: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 400: 398: 394: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 377: 373: 371: 368: 366: 365: 364: 359: 358: 356: 352: 346: 345: 344: 339: 337: 336: 335: 330: 328: 325: 324: 322: 318: 312: 311: 310: 305: 303: 302: 301: 296: 295: 293: 289: 283: 282: 281: 276: 274: 273: 272: 267: 266: 264: 260: 254: 253: 252: 247: 246: 244: 240: 234: 231: 230: 228: 224: 215: 214: 208: 204: 199: 189: 184: 182: 177: 175: 170: 169: 166: 155: 152: 151: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 126: 123: 119: 116: 113: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 88: 84: 80: 77: 73: 69: 64: 61: 56: 51: 45: 41: 40: 36: 30: 19: 11250: 11243:Abdulla Kurd 11236: 11222: 11208: 11201:Abu al-Walid 11194: 11180: 11166: 11152: 11138: 11124: 11110: 11084: 11065: 11051: 11037: 11013:Dokka Umarov 11006: 10992: 10978: 10906: 10892: 10878: 10864: 10850: 10831: 10817: 10798: 10791:Arbi Barayev 10784: 10770: 10756: 10742: 10728: 10714: 10700: 10604: 10590: 10576: 10564:Alu Alkhanov 10552: 10436:Armed Forces 10406: 10398: 10391: 10385: 10377: 10370: 10364: 10356: 10326:Chechenpress 10175: 9872: 9854: 9829: 9814:, ForeEdge, 9811: 9790: 9787:Dunlop, John 9769: 9744: 9713: 9686: 9672:, retrieved 9657: 9630: 9603: 9581: 9560: 9542: 9524: 9506: 9484: 9466: 9445: 9424: 9399: 9384:, Harcourt, 9381: 9367:, retrieved 9363:the original 9347: 9325: 9315:Bibliography 9304:the original 9290: 9278:. Retrieved 9264: 9257:David Satter 9241: 9229:. Retrieved 9215: 9192: 9183: 9160: 9154: 9142:. Retrieved 9128: 9105: 9099: 9076: 9056: 9050: 9044: 9032:. Retrieved 9013: 9001: 8976:19 September 8974:. Retrieved 8970:the original 8960: 8949:, retrieved 8939: 8933: 8908: 8902: 8879:. Retrieved 8868: 8840:the original 8814:. Retrieved 8805: 8796: 8784:. Retrieved 8775: 8765: 8742: 8677: 8654: 8648:David Satter 8632: 8616: 8607: 8595: 8591: 8583: 8564: 8543:(in Russian) 8538: 8526:. Retrieved 8508: 8502:Google Video 8494:13 September 8492:. Retrieved 8478: 8459: 8452: 8437: 8425: 8402: 8390:. Retrieved 8376: 8364:. Retrieved 8355: 8346: 8334: 8324:13 September 8322:. Retrieved 8313: 8304: 8286: 8270: 8258: 8239: 8227:. Retrieved 8216: 8207: 8165: 8155:14 September 8153:. Retrieved 8149:the original 8144: 8134: 8124:15 September 8122:. 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veteran 2573:Amy Knight 2258:State Duma 2208:President 2124:NTV Russia 2062:Otto Lacis 1996:Kazakhstan 1988:Kommersant 1982:Azerbaijan 1926:Kislovodsk 1913:Ingushetia 1902:Uzbekistan 1745:fabricated 1715:Kislovodsk 1372:roadblocks 1349:bomb squad 1310:Volgodonsk 1262:Volgodonsk 1238:Prima News 1129:equivalent 1033:See also: 977:Amy Knight 922:false flag 843:, who was 829:Volgodonsk 819:cities of 764:Surovikino 707:Ust-Ilimsk 541:Domodedovo 387:Red Square 150:Disputed: 87:Volgodonsk 10386:Alexandra 10178:hijacking 9165:Routledge 8925:219628922 8464:Disbelief 8356:Frontline 6964:145500667 6674:"Добрали" 5471:20 August 5444:20 August 5340:20 August 5313:20 August 5204:16 August 5172:16 August 5139:16 August 4631:5 January 4567:21 August 4084:20 August 4052:20 August 3348:0028-7504 3288:20 August 2979:Stepashin 2734:Criticism 2661:Gochiyaev 2641:Le Figaro 2490:Nedoverie 2485:program. 2464:Frontline 2386:) Former 1846:Dagestani 1802:Sentences 1796:Intourist 1769:warehouse 1614:ITAR-TASS 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1999 Russian apartment bombings

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