1499:
5088:
4479:
5217:
4390:
4269:
314:
1347:
4218:
5228:. Around the same time, a final battle took place in Qbaada in 1864 between the Circassian army of 20,000 men and women, consisting of local villagers and militia as well as tribal horsemen, and a Russian army of 100,000 men, consisting of Cossack and Russian horsemen, infantry and artillery. The Russian forces advanced from four sides. Circassian forces tried to break the line, but many were hit by Russian artillery and infantry before they managed to reach the front. The remaining fighters continued to fight as militants and were soon defeated. The Russian army began celebrating victory on the corpses, and a military-religious parade was held, as 100 Circassian warriors were publicly mutilated in a public execution in order to establish authority.
598:
661:
5087:
3602:
2267:
510:
2454:
448:
3982:
1447:
1222:
7338:Точная дата этого события неизвестна. Х.Х.Хапсироков в статье о Сефер-бее считает, что это произошло после 1807 г., когда мальчику было 10–12 лет (Сефер-бей Зан // Хапсироков Х.Х. Жизнь и литература. Сб. статей. М., 2002. С. 236). В этом случае дата рождения Сефер-бея должна приходиться на 1795 или 1797 год, тогда как принятой датой его рождения считается 1789 год: Хаджебиекова Ф.М. Деятельность Мухаммеда-Амина и Сефер-бей Зана как военно-политических лидеров кубанских горцев в период Кавказской войны. Автореферат дисс. к.и.н. Краснодар, 2012. С. 19. ↑
225:
677:
5065:, British representative Earl of Clarendon insisted that Circassia remain an independent state, but French and Russian representatives wanted to give Circassian lands to Russia. When Clarendon then tried to make the treaty state that Russia could not build forts in Circassia, he was again thwarted by the French representative. The final treaty also extended amnesty to nationals that had fought for enemy powers, but since Circassia had never previously been under Russian control, Circassians were exempt, and thus Circassians were now placed under
1334:
4344:
975:
961:
644:
3771:, pillaging villages. During this single invasion in Circassia, the Russians killed 43,247 Circassian men and women, and drove away 39,200 horses, 190,000 cattle and 227,000 sheep from Circassia. Russia kept waging this type of warfare against Circassia during the period from 1711 to 1763, but this type of operations were not in order to annex Circassia, but rather raid it. Although Peter I was unable to annex Circassia in his lifetime, he laid the political and ideological foundation for the occupation to take place.
1246:
412:
4647:
4780:
1833:
4499:, to move along the Georgian Military Road to cut off the route of the Circassians toward Kabarda. The 40th Eger battalion marched from Kabarda toward Jembulat. Yet, Jembulat suddenly changed his direction and headed toward the town of Georgievsk, the Russian administrative center in the Caucasus. The Circassian army stopped on a high hill at a distance from the Marinskaya fortress. Jembulat menaced the Volzhskiy regiment's left flank with all his forces, and won the battle.
1411:
1196:
870:
485:
1460:
4849:
1473:
572:
1190:
1043:
688:
1595:
1572:
1559:
1427:
1400:
1389:
1378:
1203:
1176:
1164:
1145:
1126:
1114:
1090:
1070:
1050:
1031:
1017:
1003:
989:
466:
123:
4533:, arrived at the Russian camp, where he took an oath of allegiance to the Russian Empire, changed his name to Aytek Konokov, converted to Christianity, took promise that his village would not be destroyed like the other Circassian villages, and accepted Russian citizenship. However, after seeing the failure of the Russian forces to quickly annex Circassia, he changed sides and turned to Islam again and started to fight for Circassia.
535:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1285:
1272:
943:
931:
919:
907:
895:
877:
856:
844:
832:
820:
808:
790:
778:
764:
750:
736:
722:
436:
398:
1486:
5014:
1512:
1234:
5120:
1548:
3560:
27:
4808:
585:
4993:
708:
1359:
611:
5198:
famine; and if neither of these two requests are taken into consideration, and if in our helpless condition we are utterly annihilated notwithstanding our appeals to the mercy and grace of the
Governments, then we shall not cease to invoke our right in the presence of the Lord of the Universe, of Him who has confided to Your Majesty sovereignty, strength, and power for the purpose of protecting the weak.
4697:... with the soldiers lined up ready to fight, the cleansing continued with artillery shells, and I sent there two infantry brigades, but they could only capture 11 more people, and since the fire was in flames in many places, the rest were either killed or burned after attempting to escape by hiding on the roofs of their homes or by the manure. So like this, we destroyed and destructed the neighborhood.
424:
68:
4797:
strongholds. At Tuapse, the
Russian landing had begun at 10:00 in the morning, and the Circassians were not beaten back from their positions until 5:00 in the afternoon, with the Russians suffering heavy casualties. On the following day, May 13, when arriving to request permission to remove their dead from the battlefield, a few Circassians leaders were killed.
5045:
remove Amin from power. Naib's army, the
Murtaziqs, tried to gain power, but were defeated by the Abdzakh opposition. The Russian military, making use of the turmoil, quickly annexed the Abdzakh region, but did not keep any of the promises given to the Abdzakh opposition leaders. After the annexation of the region, most Abdzakh Circassians were forced to a
5128:
straight and ordered his men to kill every living thing, he then set the forest on fire to make sure no survivors are left. Drozdov reported to have overheard
Circassian men taking vows to sacrifice themselves to the cannons to allow their family and rest of their villages to escape, and later more reports of groups of Circassians doing so were received.
3799:, who lived in anticipation. Detachments of Nogai Murzas come to his aid. The Russian Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible, married to Temryuk's daughter Maria, sent 1,000 Cossacks under the command of Grigory Pleshcheev to help him. As a result of this unification of the Kabardino-Nogai-Cossack campaign for discovery, 164 settlements were defeated, judging by the
3917:'s 20,000 cavalrymen, and were victorious as they destroyed the whole Kabardian army. Another major battle took place in the Nartsane area in June 1769, when a large Russian army entered Kabardia and took up positions near the Pashtu mountains. Circassian forces under the leadership of Misost Bematiqwa retreated as both sides suffered losses.
4558:
Circassia. After confirming that it is in fact the real treaty, the
Circassians considered it invalid, arguing that because their territory had been independent of the Ottomans, Istanbul had no right to cede it. Circassian ambassadors were sent to England, France and Ottoman lands announcing that they deny this treaty under all conditions.
4746:). At the time of detention, 8 guns, 800 pounds of gunpowder, and a significant number of weapons had already been unloaded from its side. Bell was allowed to leave as he falsely introduced himself as a diplomat, but the ship and the cargo were confiscated in favor of the Russian government and included in the Russian Black Sea fleet.
5116:
if we destroy half of them completely, the other half will lay down their weapons". In May 1859, elders from the
Bjedugh negotiated a peace with Russia and submitted to the Tsar. Other tribes soon submitted to the Russians, including the Abadzekhs on November 20, 1859. By 1860 the Russians had seventy thousand soldiers in Circassia.
4838:
leaves us alone and we are cornered to the last point of our country, it will be seen what the
Circassians can do. If necessary, we will have to mercifully take the lives of our women and children with our own hands, so that they do not fall into the hands of the enemy and suffer more. And then, to avenge them, we too must perish.
5205:) to be the medium of making known to the great British Government and to the glorious British nation our condition of helplessness and misery, and we have therefore ventured to present to Your Excellency our most humble petition. A copy of it has been submitted to the Sultan’s Government and to the Embassies of other Powers.
3675:, instead seeing Circassia as part of Russia, which was under rebel occupation, despite the fact that the polity was not and had never been under Russian control. Russian generals did not refer to the Circassians by their ethnic name. Instead, they called the Circassians "mountaineers", "bandits", and "mountain scum".
5185:
It is now more than eighty years since the
Russian Government is unlawfully striving to subdue and annex to its dominions Circassia, which since the creation of the world has been our home and our country. It slaughters like sheep the children, helpless women, and old men that fall into its hands. It
5127:
According to Ivan
Drozdov, for the most part, the Russian army preferred to indiscriminately destroy areas where Circassians resided. In September 1862, after attacking a Circassian village and seeing some of its inhabitants flee into the forest, General Yevdokimov bombarded that forest for six hours
4884:
In March 1842, the
Russians attacked the villages on the plains. Thereupon, Circassians from Abdzakh, Shapsug, Ubykh, Hatuqway, Yegeruqway, Chemguy, and Besleney living in the mountains came down from the mountains to help the Circassians who were exposed to Russian attacks on the plains. In front of
4635:
fortress. Colonel Zass received wide authority to act as he saw fit. He was a racist who considered Circassians to be an inferior race than Russians and other Europeans. The only way to deal with the Circassians, in his opinion, was to scare them away "just like wild animals." Zass advocated ruthless
4380:
General Yermolov accelerated his efforts in Kabardia, with the month of March 1822 alone seeing fourteen villages being displaced as Yermolov led expeditions. The construction of new defensive lines in Kabardia led to renewed uprisings, which were eventually crushed and the rebellious lords had their
4311:
Understanding that the resistance was reliant on being fed by sympathetic villages, the Russian military also systematically destroyed crops and livestock. These tactics further enraged natives and intensified resistance to Russian rule. The Russians began to counter this by modifying the terrain, in
4229:
In 1805, a plague struck Kabardia. Using this as an excuse, General Glazenap ordered his forces to burn down 80 villages to terrorize the people into submission and to wreak revenge upon the Kabardians. In 1810 about 200 villages were burned. In 1817 the frontier was pushed to the Sunzha River and in
4093:
took place, and the Anapa castle was taken by the Russians. Once the Russian army entered the fortress, as per Gudovich's orders, the Anapa fort was razed to the ground, wells were poisoned and houses were burned. The entire fort was destroyed. On July 10, Russian troops left Anapa. Sheikh Mansur was
4071:
In 1790, a large Russian army led by General Yury Bogdanovich Bibikov crossed the Kuban River and entered the territory of Western Circassia. Bibikov managed to reach Anapa, but failed to capture the castle. He also suffered heavy losses during his retreat. After this defeat, Bibikov was removed from
3953:
In the same year, 1772, the Kabardian princes sent another embassy to the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey, calling him to assist them in the inevitable war against tsarist Russia. However, in June 1774, despite nominally being allies, the Crimean Khanate attacked Circassia. A large Crimean army led by Khan
9009:
Karl Freidrick Neuman, a German orientalist, cites Ottoman correspondence claiming that 1.5 million Circassians attempted to sail to Turkey, with 500,000 dying in route. An additional 500,000 Circassians died of disease in the camps on Turkish shores, and 200,000 people fled voluntarily to Turkey in
5231:
The Russian army began raiding and burning Circassian villages, destroying fields to prevent return, cutting down trees, and driving the people to the Black Sea coast, the soldiers used many methods to kill or terrorize the Circassian people. After 101 years of resistance, all of Circassia fell into
5164:
After being convinced by his generals, the Russian Tsar declared that not only would Circassia be annexed by Russia unconditionally, but that the Circassians would also be forced to migrate to Turkey and other foreign lands; Russian generals would be tasked with killing any remaining Circassians. He
5115:
published the document in which he argued that the Circassian people should be exterminated. According to Milyutin, the issue was not to take over the Circassian lands, but to put an end to the Circassians. Rostislav Fadeyev supported the proposal, saying "It is not possible to tame the Circassians,
5036:
Amin believed that the Ottomans were actually his enemies attempting to weaken his influence rather than assist him in any way. He went to Varna to declare his worries and went to Istanbul to talk with the Sultan himself. The Sultan, on the condition that he becomes an Ottoman vassal, declared him a
4988:
The Russians, worried about Amin's rise strengthening Circassia, supported the opposition via arms supplies and financial support, as well as promises of high ranks as long as they topple Amin and submit Circassia to Russia. Despite the ongoing Russo-Circassian War, the opposition, mostly made up of
4933:
The second naib was Suleiman Effendi (1845) who arrived among the Abadzeks in February 1845. His main goal was to raise a Circassian force and to lead it back to Chechnya, but the Circassians did not want to lose their best fighters. After twice failing to lead his recruits through the Russian lines
4837:
Even if we lose many of our brave warriors, we have men and young boys to replace them! Worst case, we will not be able to use our rifles because we don't have gunpowder and ammo. We will still fight with swords and daggers in our hands! We will never ever bow to the enemies! Even if the whole world
4654:
In August 1833, Zass led his first expedition into Circassian territory, destroying as many villages and towns as possible. This was followed by a series of other expeditions. He attacked the Besleney region between November and December, destroying most villages, including the village of the double
4521:
commander of Anapa, had decided to surrender the fort, and Seferbiy himself led the negotiations to avoid potential bloodshed but was taken prisoner by the Russians. General Emanuel, a Russian general, then razed 6 Natukhay villages and many Shapsugh villages. He then passed the Kuban and burned 210
4454:
Meanwhile, Circassian commander, Jembulat Boletoqo, was leading his cavalry force into Russian territory. Only one Cossack regiment decided to fight the rising Circassian army on 23 October at the village of Sabl on the Barsukly River. Jembulat's forces surrounded the Cossacks and killed all of them
4307:
In response to persistent Circassian resistance and the failure of their previous policy of building forts, the Russian military began using a strategy of disproportionate retribution for raids. With the goal of imposing stability and authority beyond their current line of control and over the whole
4008:
The position of the Kabardians became even more precarious when Russia occupied the Kuban in 1781 and annexed the Crimea in 1783. Many Tatars, the erstwhile enemies, took refuge in Circassia. Sensing the threat posed by Russia, the Circassians and Nogais launched joint attacks on the Russians in the
3896:
was unacceptable, the region has been a land of Circassians, the situation would create hostility and conflict". She refused diplomacy and the envoys were sent back. On 21 August 1765, the citizens of Circassia were instructed by Russian General De-Medem to accept Russian control or face the Russian
3830:
To facilitate the fall of Persia, Russia would require shipyards on the Black Sea, which made Circassia, with its coastline, a target. The Circassian territories were particularly attractive to the Russians due to their fertile valleys, and by 1853 the Black Sea had become very important for Russian
7481:
This, in turn, demanded ... above all the stomach to carry the war to the highlanders themselves, including putting aside any scruples about destroying, forests, and any other place where raiding parties might seek refuge. ... Targeted assassinations, kidnappings, the killing of entire families and
7411:
This, in turn, demanded...above all the stomach to carry the war to the highlanders themselves, including putting aside any scruples about destroying, forests, and any other place where raiding parties might seek refuge... Targeted assassinations, kidnappings, the killing of entire families and the
5189:
We have not, from father to son, at the cost of our lives and properties, refrained from opposing the tyrannical acts of that Government in defence of our country, which is dearer to us than our lives. But during the last year or two it has taken advantage of a famine caused by a drought with which
5044:
In May 1857, Muhammad Amin returned to Istanbul. He was then arrested at the request of the Russian ambassador and exiled to Damascus. In September 1857, he escaped and returned to Circassia. He made some final efforts to establish authority, but failed. Russian-backed opposition leaders managed to
4950:
regions. They asked to be given a naib to be introduced to Islam properly and unite the peoples under the banner of the Imamate. Imam Shamil agreed to send Muhammad Amin in order to lead their struggle against the expansion of Russia. After learning that a warriorlike scholar has arrived, thousands
4818:
In 1839, Russian forces landed at Subashi and began construction of a fort, where they faced charges by Ubykh forces who were eventually driven back by shellfire from the Russian navy. Over 1000 soldiers then charged the Russian positions, however, they were outflanked and overrun as they attempted
4721:
Prince Boletoqo came to Zass' residency. The general was not there for his first visit, but Zass told him to come at an exact date when he would certainly be in his residency. On his way to the Prochnyi Okop fortress, Great Prince Jembulat was killed by a Russian sniper who was hiding in the forest
4303:
These brutal methods annoyed the Circassians even more, and many Circassian nobles, even those who had been in blood feuds for centuries, joined hands to resist harder, many Russian armies were defeated, some completely destroyed. In Europe, especially in England, great sympathy for the Circassians
3682:
and it has also garnered controversy due to the fact that later Russian sources mostly ignored or belittled the conflict, and Russian state media and officials have gone as far as to claim that the conflict "never happened” and they have also claimed that Circassia "voluntarily joined Russia in the
8594:
In a policy memorandum in 1857, Dmitri Milyutin, chief-of-staff to Bariatinskii, summarized the new thinking on dealing with the northwestern highlanders. The idea, Milyutin argued, was not to clear the highlands and coastal areas of Circassians so that these regions could be settled by productive
5040:
This led to an even more complex situation, as the Ottomans now recognized two different rulers of Circassia. Each one boasted about his own recognition, resulting in rising tensions. In March 1855, near the river of Shebzh, the first battle between Muhammad Amin and Seferbiy Zaneqo took place. In
4900:
again switched sides, and joined Circassia against the Russian forces. On the night of August 26, he tried to siege the fortress of Grigory Zass, ultimately seeking revenge for his destroyed village, but failed. In September 26, he was killed in a battle against the Russians. Some sources claim he
4873:
I must say, General, your statements truly astound me. If your master, the Tsar, is so wealthy, and we are so poor and barbaric, why does your master envy us and forbid us from living in our humble mountains? Your lord appears to be greedy and lustful. I'm afraid, sir, we won't be surrendering the
4860:
took place on the night of February 7, 1840. After a 3-hour battle, the fortification was taken by the Circassians. The fort was then destroyed by Circassians, who did not want hostile elements in their land. Hawduqo mansur and Ismail Berzeg went on to capture two more forts with an army of 11,000
4709:
declared their allegiance for Russia and begged Zass to locate them a place to live. In 1839, Zass established an Armenian colony in the region that had previously belonged to the Circassians. To make room for the Armenians, Circassian villages and the people who lived in them were destroyed. This
4612:
In another report, General Rosen described how, in December 1831, 381 Circassians were captured by his forces and boasted about taking them prisoner and firing at villages, leaving 100 men and 50 women dead. He goes on to detail how when setting fire to a village, a Russian soldier named Midvideiv
4458:
In April 1823, Boletoqo and his forces along with Circassian lord Skhum's army attacked the Russian line. Lord Skhum was wounded in the cheek by a spear on each side and by a bullet around the spine. The Russians withdrew and left more than 20 prisoners to the Circassians. In May of the same year,
4322:
In September 1820, Russian forces began to forcibly resettle inhabitants of Eastern Circassia. Throughout the conflict, Russia had employed a tactic of divide and rule, Military forces were sent into Kabardia, killing cattle and causing large numbers of inhabitants to flee into the mountains, with
3750:
ordered the Crimeans to spread Islam among the Circassians. Islam gained much more ground later as conversion came to be used to cement defensive alliances to protect their independence against Russian expansion. Despite this, there were still Pagans and Christians among the Circassian people. The
4132:
in the center so the war against the mountaineers was divided into eastern and western parts. With Georgia out of the question, more armies were directed to Circassia. Russian armies successfully crossed the Kuban River again in March 1814. Western Circassians used this opportunity to promote the
3989:
In 1779, general Yakobi conducted an offensive in Kabarda, which lasted all summer. The Circassian region of Kabardia, near the Balka River, was attacked on 29 September 1779, and was occupied with the loss of the Kabardian defenders as well as 2,000 horses, 5,000 cattle and 5,000 sheep. About 50
3784:
such nomads and semi-nomads as the Golden Horde, Timur's hordes, Kalmyks, Nogais, Kumyks and Adygs alternately replaced each other. The Ingush were partially exterminated, partially driven into the mountains. However, all these years they did not abandon their attempts to return to the plain. The
5307:
show nearly 1 million migrants entering their land from the Caucasus by 1879, with nearly half of them dying on the shores as a result of diseases. If Ottoman archives are correct, it would make it the biggest exile of the 19th century, and indeed, in support of the Ottoman archives, the Russian
4868:
participated in negotiations with the Russian military leaders in Sochi, but the negotiations ended in vain. The Russian leaders stated that the Circassians were "poor villagers waiting for help from the English". A Russian officer, Lorer, who witnessed Ismail Berzeg's meeting with the Russians,
4725:
In 1838, Zass spread false rumors about his serious illness, then staged his own death, weakening the Circassians' vigilance. On the same night, when the Circassians were celebrating their oppressor's death, the suddenly "resurrected" Zass launched a raid that destroyed two villages. He left the
4553:
In 1830, an emergency council, attended by representatives from all over Circassia, convened to discuss the treaty. Most Circassian leaders believed the treaty was a hoax, not the real one, as they believed that the Ottoman Empire would never abandon the Circassians. And it was decided to send a
3904:
Bematiqwa's resistance was strengthened when on 18 October 1768, the Ottoman sultan, who had declared war on Russia, sent a letter to Bematiqwa stating that he, as caliph, orders that all the Muslim peoples of the Caucasus should officially rise to war with Russia, obey the Crimean Khan as their
3900:
In June 1767, Misost Bematiqwa started a military operation against Russia, but many other Kabardian nobles did not want a war and wanted to surrender. In the middle of 1768, fifteen of these Kabardian princes who decided to surrender reported to Kizlyar that they were ready to "take an oath" of
4892:
while chanting verses from the Quran in order to distract the enemy and increase morale. Russian cavalry, confused and unprepared, was caught off guard as 3,500 Russian soldiers were killed. The remaining Russian forces retreated into Russian ships on the shore, as well as the Scotcha fortress.
4251:
In February of the same year, Fyodor Bursak's forces entered a Circassian village near the Sop River and proceeded to kill every single inhabitant. They decided to postpone their plans to attack the next village when the river began to overflow. In December, the same methods were applied in the
5197:
But if it is not possible to afford this help for the preservation of our country, and race, then we pray to be afforded facilities for removing to a place of safety our helpless and miserable children and women that are perishing by the brutal attacks of the enemy as well as by the effects of
5009:
and ordered him to declare a holy war against Russia. Muhammad Amin took it upon himself to lead the Circassian part of this holy war, and started mobilising against Russia. In 1853, Muhammad Amin gathered a Circassian army consisting of different tribes and planned an attack on Russian forts.
4701:
Zass' main strategy was to intercept and retain the initiative, terrorize the Circassians, and destroy Circassian settlements. After a victory, he would usually burn several villages and seize cattle and horses to show off, acts which he proudly admitted. He paid close attention to the enemy's
4603:
In 1831, the Russian government considered the destruction of the Natukhaj tribe in favor of populating their land on the northern coast of the Black Sea with Cossacks. In late 1831, in retaliation for Circassian attacks against Cossack military bases, Russian General Frolov and his task force
4557:
Seferbiy Zaneqo, Nour Mohammad Haghur, and Tram were selected as delegates. They hoped to meet with the Ottoman caliph to ask the matter and receive a blessing. When they arrived, the Russian ambassador demanded their arrest. Following this, Zaneqo hid while the other two delegates returned to
4462:
In 1823, Under the leadership of Boletoqo, Circassian cavalry headed for Russian camps. Half of the detachment consisted of Kabardians who fled Kabardia to continue fighting. Multiple Cossack armies were defeated by this detachment. Later in 1823, 30 Circassian regional leaders gathered in the
3839:
The date of the outbreak of the Russian-Circassian War has been a matter of debate by historians. Most scholars agree that organised warfare happened after 1763 when Russia established forts in Circassian territory, but small-scale conflicts had been going on since 1711. Another view held by a
4929:
The first Naib was Haji-Mohammad (1842–1844) who reached Circassia in May 1842. By October he was accepted as leader by the Shapsugs and some of the Natukhajs. Next February he moved south to Ubykh country but failed because he started a civil war. In the spring of 1844 he was defeated by the
4796:
with a naval invasion. The majority of engagements during this part of the conflict took place in the form of either amphibious landings on coastal towns in accordance with the directive laid out by the Tsar to secure possible ports, or by routing out Circassian forces entrenched in mountain
4636:
military methods predicated on this notion, including burning people alive, cutting off heads for enjoyment, burning populated villages to the ground, spreading epidemics on purpose, and mass rape of children. He kept a box under his bed with his collection of severed Circassian body parts.
4749:
Left without a ship, Bell remained in Circassia. He did not lose time and helped the Circassians in military affairs. By 1840, with the support of Polish deserters and Circassians trained by Bell, there were several attacks on Russian forts on the Black Sea and Gelendzhik cordon lines. The
3925:
for help. The Khan promised to send a small detachment, however, before that happened, the Russian lieutenant general Johann de Medem sent detachments of Cossacks and Kalmyk cavalry against the Kabardians. In an unequal battle on the river Eshkokon, the superior Russian forces defeated the
4490:
In 31 January, Jembulat burned down the fortress of Marevskoye as revenge. On 4 June 1828, Jembulat Boletoqo started his campaign into Russian lands with 2,000 cavalry under five flags of different Circassian principalities, as well as a Turkish flag as a symbol of their loyalty to Islam.
5311:
90% of people with Circassian descent now live in other countries, primarily in Turkey, Jordan and other countries of the Middle East, with only 500,000–700,000 remaining in what is now Russia. The depopulated Circassian lands were resettled by numerous ethnic groups, including Russians,
4247:
In January 1810, Circassians raided and plundered the Cossack settlements of Ivanovskaya and Stebliyevkaya. At the Olginsk Fortress, they killed 146 Cossacks, including the fortress commander Colonel Tikhovski. During these operations, the Circassian army suffered around 500 casualties.
3779:
After the Mongols and Timur, the Ingush began to develop their foothill plains in the 15th–16th centuries. “In the XIII-XIV centuries. complex processes are taking place on the plain and in the foothills of the North Caucasus: long and unprecedentedly cruel wars, on the flat part of
5190:
the Almighty visited us, as well as by its own ravages, and it has occasioned us great distress by its severe attacks by sea and land. Many are the lives which have been lost in battle, from hunger in the mountains, from destitution on the sea-coast, and from want of skill at sea.
5004:
started and the Ottomans joined the war against the Russians, Muhammad Amin took advantage of this to re-instate his rule. He managed to re-gain control in some parts of his former lands, and strengthened his rule further. On 9 October 1853, the Ottoman Sultan sent a letter to
4230:
1822 a line of forts was built from Vladikavkaz northwest through Nalchik to the Pyatigorsk area. After 1825 fighting subsided. Between 1805 and 1807, Bulgakov's army burned more than 280 villages. The population of Kabarda, which was 350,000 in 1763, was only 37,000 in 1817.
4478:
4576:
Before 1830, Russia maintained a siege line along the Kuban River. There was constant raiding by both sides but no change in borders. In the late 1830s, Russia gained increasing control of the coast. This slowed down after in 1834, the Circassian army under the command of
7971:
4791:
attacked the right bank of the Kuban Russian fort. The Russians wanted to end the war already, and wanted to try another strategy. On April 13, 1838, Russian forces engaged the Circassian army in the estuary of the Sochi River, and on May 12, 1838, the Russians landed at
4717:
In October 1836, General Zass sent Jembulat Boletoqo word that he would like to make peace. This was a strategy, if Boletoqo came to the Russian fortress for explanation, he would be assassinated; in case he did not come, the Russians would claim that he was a warmonger.
3920:
At this point, the anti-Russian group, which refused to cooperate with the Russian tsarist government, was headed by Bematiqwa. He and his supporters moved to the upper reaches of the Kumy river. Bematiqwa and his associates, in need of allies, turned to the Crimean Khan
5193:
We therefore invoke the mediation and precious assistance of the British Government and people – the guardian of humanity and centre of justice – in order to repel the brutal attacks of the Russian Government on our country, and save our country and our nation together.
4140:
On 22 February 1802, near the Karakuban island, Western Circassians captured a Russian ship in the Black Sea and burned it down. During the battle, 2 Russian admirals and 14 Cossacks soldiers were killed, the rest surrendered, were pardoned by the Circassians and left.
4432:
Trade with Circassia could not be prevented, however, and both the Turkish and the English supplied Circassia with firearms and ammunition with which to fight the Russians. England also supplied several advisors, while Turkey attempted to persuade Circassia to start a
4608:…In this affair the Russians lost 10 soldiers and had one officer and 16 soldiers wounded. At the scene of the battle there were more than 150 bodies of Circassians killed by bayonets and up to 50 women and children killed from the action of the Russian artillery.
4475:, and killed his entire family. The village was alarmed and Circassian men and women took up arms and attacked the Russian soldiers who caused the killing. Before the Russians had time to retreat, they were completely destroyed by the attack from the Circassians.
3968:
In 1776 the Russian army built several forts in Terek to encircle the Kabardian Circassians from the north. The Circassians managed to gather a 14,000 strong army and won back several forts. From 1777 the Russians built a line of forts from Mozdok northwest to
4604:
destroyed several villages. Beginning the night of November 20, a "horror campaign" was started, in which villages were surrounded by artillery weapons and shot at. The targets were local homes, as well as mosques. The operation was described in a report:
3758:
ordered Araksin, Governor of Astrakhan, to pillage Circassia. Araksin moved with 30,000 strong Russian armed forces and, on 26 August 1711, broke into the lands of the Circassians, and captured Kopyl town (now Slavianski). From there, heading towards the
4470:
In the summer of 1825, Russian forces carried out several military operations. In 18 August, a group of Russian officers commanded by General Veliaminov burned the residency of Hajji Tlam, one of the elderly supporters of the Circassian resistance in
5099:
set out to re-capture areas and forts taken by the Russian army, and succeeded partly. In the Circassian congress convened in Abin in 1857, it was decided to "continue the war against the Russians and be killed, rather than surrender and be killed".
5424:
forces used various brutal methods to entertain themselves and scare off the native Circassians, such as tearing the bellies of pregnant women and removing the babies that were inside them, then feeding the babies to dogs. Russian generals such as
4466:
In February 1824, the Russian army led by General Vlasov attacked the Circassian villages of Jambut, Aslan, Morza, and Tsab Dadhika and completely destroyed them, along with the inhabitants, despite the villages being loyal to the Russian Empire.
3977:
in former grazing lands slowly converted traditional raiding from a kind of ritualized sport into a serious military struggle. In 1778, a battle took place between the Russian troops under the command of Colonel Kulbakov and the Circassians.
8425:
BOA, İrade Meclis-i Mahsus , 10/430, 28 Zilkâde 1273 ; NA, F.O. 195/528, Stevens to Clarendon, Trebizond, 15 May 1857, No.16 ; Ibid, Stevens to Stratford, Trebizond, 16 May 1857, No.12; Kazem-Bek, “Mukhammed Amin”, p.239; Lapinskii, Vol. 2,
4545:
was signed on 14 September 1829. According to the document, Circassia was given by the Ottoman Empire to Russia. Circassia was not a part of the Ottoman Empire, so it was not clear how this happened, and many, including German economist
3884:
commandant N. A. Potapov and unsuccessfully demanded the demolition of the Mozdok fortress built by the Russians. If the Russian government refused, the Kabardian princes threatened to seek alliance with the Crimean Khan against Russia.
4984:
Muhammad Amin disrupted the general strategy of the Circassians to stay on the defensive and directed 101 attacks against the Russian positions throughout 1849. The Russians, in turn, retaliated more severely against all Circassians.
4401:) in order to free the Black Sea from Turkish influence, and sporadic wars had also flared up with other neighbours. In western Circassia, which Russia had previously been merely foraying into, a number of tribes were dominant; the
3993:
On October 10, 1779, the principalities of Chemguy, Besleney, and Kabarda coordinated an offensive together. The leaders were Misostiqo Bat and Qownshayiqo Adildjeri. As a result, Russian armies temporarily withdrew from Circassia.
3949:
In 1772, a serious collision took place. In the fort Kizlar of the Russian army there were 10,000 soldiers. The battle occurred on Daghestan territory. Both sides suffered serious losses as finally the Russians emerged victorious.
4765:
was attacked by seven Circassian galleys. Russian captain Varnitskiy reported in his report that the Circassians fought in an organized manner, and that the Russians escaped at the last moment as a result of the fierce collision.
5131:
With the operation launched from the autumn of 1863, the Circassian villages and their supplies were to be burned, and this process was repeated until General Yevdokimov was convinced that all inhabitants of the region had died.
4989:
nobles who lost their power, accepted these proposals. A significant part of the population, especially those who submitted recently, began to ignore the Naib's orders, causing the administrative system of Circassia to collapse.
8612:, p. 79. In his memoirs Milutin, who proposed deporting Circassians from the mountains as early as 1857, recalls: "the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse the mountain zone of its indigenous population.".
4284:
In May 1818, the village of Tram was surrounded, burnt, and its inhabitants killed by Russian forces under the command of General Ivan Petrovich Delpotso, who took orders from Yermolov and who then wrote to the rebel forces:
4280:
arrived in the Caucasus. Deciding that Circassians would not surrender, General Yermolov concluded that "terror" would be effective. Russia began to destroy Circassian fortresses, villages and towns and slaughter the people.
4561:
Zaneqo offered the Russians a white peace in which Circassia would remain independent and Russia would leave the region. The Russians wanted the Circassians to surrender unconditionally, but the Circassian stance was clear:
4225:
Russian forces commanded by General Glazenap were pushed back to Georgievsk and then put under siege, however the attacking Kabardian forces were eventually pushed back, and 80 Kabardian villages were burnt as a reprisal.
4506:
observed that the situation changed for Great-Prince Jembulat “after the field marshal Paskevich left the region”. The new commander-in-chief, Baron Rosen, did not believe in human rights of the indigenous Circassians.
4494:
The Russians concluded that he intended to go to Kabarda in the middle of the Russian-Turkish war, and open a second front on the Terek and Sunja Rivers. Earl Paskevich ordered the 2nd Ulan division, returning from the
3872:
While some Kabardian (Eastern Circassian) nobles wanted to fight the Russians, arguing they could convince the Ottomans and Crimea to help them, other nobles wanted to avoid fighting with Russia and try to make peace.
4371:
but when they entered the tsarship in 1822 they have proved their extreme loyalty to the Russian tsarist authorities by guarding all the roads connecting Kabardia and the west of the Kuban River (west of Circassia)
4299:
The Russians also constructed several more fortifications during that year. During the whole period from 1779 to 1818, 315,000 of the 350,000 Kabardian Circassians had reportedly been killed by the Russian armies.
3997:
In 1781, the Ottomans, in Circassia, built a strong fortress in order to ensure Turkish influence in Circassia and as a base for future operations against Russia in the Kuban and the Don, as well as in the Crimea.
3909:
in the upcoming campaign to Russia. In January 1769, the Kizlyar commandant, Major General N. A. Potapov, sent a letter to Bematiqwa putting pressure on him to stop listening to the Ottoman caliph and surrender.
5186:
rolls about their heads with the bayonet like melons, and there is no act of oppression or cruelty which is beyond the pale of civilisation and humanity, and which defies description, that it has not committed.
3905:
commander, and together with the Nogais, defeat Russia. In December 1768, Muhammad-aga, the personal envoy of the Crimean Khan, arrived in Kabarda. The Crimean Khan asked the Kabardian princes to help the Kuban
4111:
The Russian military tried to impose authority by building a series of forts, but these forts in turn became the new targets of raids and indeed sometimes the highlanders actually captured and held the forts.
10309:
4874:
Englishmen and Turkish pashas in our lands; we can not abandon them because they are our friends and visitors. No amount of gold or silver, I swear to God, will be able to deviate us from the path of honor.
3933:, the Ottomans had forces in Circassia. They were seen as fellow Muslim allies by the Circassians. The Cossacks defended the village of Naur against a strong Circassian-Turkish combined army of 8,000 men.
5290:. Between 95 and 97 percent of the total Circassian population were slaughtered or forcibly expelled from their homeland; and approximately 1 to 2 million Circassian natives were mass murdered during the
2673:
2612:
8453:
NA, F.O. 195/458, Misk to Stratford, Damascus, 30 September 1857, No.21; F.O. 78/1303, Stevens to Clarendon, Trebizond, 19 December 1857, No.44; F.O. 78/1276, Alison to Clarendon, 25 December 1857, No.53
5216:
7757:
Rajović, G. & Ezhevski, D.O. & Vazerova, A.G. & Trailovic, M.. (2018). The Tactics and Strategy of General G.Kh. Zass in the Caucasus. Bylye Gody. 50. 1492–1498. 10.13187/bg.2018.4.1492.
4685:
I captured three Circassians from carriages that were on their way to fetch grass, other than the thirteen we already had, who did not wish to surrender to us voluntarily, so I ordered to kill them.
2597:
4289:"This time, I am limiting myself on this. In the future, I will have no mercy for the guilty brigands; their villages will be destroyed, properties taken, wives and children will be slaughtered."
3443:
3422:
3401:
3380:
3292:
4381:
much needed peasant work forces freed by the Russian forces in order to discourage further uprisings. The area was placed under Russian military rule in 1822, as Kabardia eventually fully fell.
3276:
3637:), making it exhausting and casualty-heavy for both sides. The Russo-Circassian War was the longest war both Russia and Circassia have ever fought and the longest war in the Caucasus region.
8996:
6973:
6308:
5875:
4308:
Caucasus, Russian troops retaliated by destroying villages or any place that resistance fighters were thought to hide, as well as employing assassinations and executions of whole families.
3865:
started entering Circassian soil and Russia started building forts in an attempt to quickly annex Circassia. On 17 July (O.S.), 1763, Russian forces entered the town of Mezdeug (modern-day
4901:
was going to the Russian camp in order to change sides again but was attacked by the Russians. His body, contrary to tradition, was not removed by the Circassians from the battlefield for
4312:
both the environment and the demographics. They cleared forests by roads, destroyed native villages, and often settled new farming communities of Russians or pro-Russian Orthodox peoples.
4068:
In 1787, Circassian envoys led by Tatarkhan Kurighoqo and Sidak Jankat requested a meeting with the Russians to secure a solution, but they were denied. The Russians sent the envoys back.
8960:, p. 154: "The number who died in the Circassian catastrophe of the 1860s could hardly, therefore, be less than one million, and may well have been closer to one-and-a-half million".
4425:, portrayed by Russian propaganda as savages in a possible attempt to curry favour from the international community. Russian and Circassian forces clashed repeatedly, particularly on the
4389:
3284:
5165:
gave the Circassian representatives a month to decide. Soon after, Russian General Kolyobakin invaded Sochi and destroyed the parliament and no other government publicly opposed this.
4584:
In early January 1831, Sefebiy Zaneqo organized several general meetings with Circassian leaders. Among other things, he put forward the idea of a possible reconciliation between the
4643:
through ethnic cleansing. He operated on all areas of Circassia, but East Circassia was affected the most. It is estimated 70% of the East Circassian population died in the process.
4566:
If you decide to continue fighting this war against us, you should know that no power has ever been able to bring our mountains to their knees, and we have never submitted to anyone.
4108:
At the same time, as more Russian troops came to be stationed in the region, they started to raid native villages, further enraging the natives and producing cycles of retaliation.
2902:
5169:
4065:
regions in 1787, successfully defeated the regional Circassian armies and burned near a hundred villages. In 1788, the Russians besieged the Bighurqal (Anapa) castle, but failed.
5041:
May 1856 another battle took place on the banks of the Sup River. In January 1857, the followers of Amin and Zaneqo fought again near Tuapse, and both sides suffered casualties.
4005:
arrived in the Soghujaq Castle in Western Circassia as a missionary and diplomat from the Ottoman Empire with the aim of Islamizing some Circassians who were still not Muslims.
6807:
5720:
5888:
The corroboration between both Turkish and Russian documents puts the number of Circassian deaths by military operations and pre-planned massacres between 1.5 – 2 million; ...
3633:
assuming authority in Circassia, followed by the Circassian refusal, and ending 100 years, 10 months and 6 days later with the last army of Circassia defeated on 21 May 1864 (
4244:
In 1808, a Russian commission decided that in order to end Circassian resistance against the Russian Empire, the Circassians would need to be eliminated from their homeland.
3525:
10668:
10663:
4319:. Nevertheless, the Circassian resistance continued. Villages that had previously accepted Russian rule were found resisting again, much to the ire of Russian commanders.
4315:
The complete destruction of villages with everyone and everything within them became a standard action by the Russian army and Cossack units, marking the beginning of the
4101:
After a large influx of Cossack settlers and the construction of a long line of pickets in 1792, which cut the Circassians off from their traditional pastures around the
7302:
4514:
officially declared the military confederation of the Circassian tribes. By the end of 1839, he managed to unite a significant part of the population under his control.
3823:. Russia set her sights on expansion along the Black Sea, and England sought to reduce Russia's ability to take advantage of the declining Ottoman Empire, known as the
10304:
4693:
The savages panicked and started fleeing from their homes, leaving their weapons behind attempting to escape to the forest but most of them were killed by the Cossacks
4268:
1382:
4888:
In October 1842, in Hamish, the Russian-Georgian cavalry of 18,000 men was attacked by the regional Circassian army consisting of 5,000 men. The Circassians applied
4119:
organized several raids against the Western Circassians, and personally ordered his men to burn Circassian villages, even those who were loyal to the Russian Empire.
4072:
his post and Circassian attacks on Russian forts increased significantly. At the same year, Russian armies entered the Bzhedugh region and burnt several villages.
3731:
and built a defense against possible enemies. Circassians were Christians during this period and Islam had not begun to spread. In 1561, Ivan the Terrible married
5033:
in a letter and asked the Ottomans to recognize him. Muhammad Amin's complaint was rejected, and Seferbiy was declared as a pasha, and the leader of Circassians.
9666:
4954:
Calling himself "Naib", Muhammad Amin assumed full control over Circassia. His absolute rule was accepted by almost all Circassians. By the spring of 1849, the
4463:
village of Boletoqo behind the Belaya River. A plan was made to re-take Kabardia from the Russians. In 1832, Boletoqo tried to implement this plan, but failed.
4942:
In 1848, an event took place that significantly influenced the history of the Caucasus and the general course of the Russo-Circassian War. Ambassadors came to
4776:
had reformed his army and organized a campaign, but failed. After this failure, he saw little hope left for Circassia and switched to the Russian side again.
10358:
7888:
4804:, arguing that no more blood should be shed. In response to this offer, the Russian army under the command of General Yermolov burnt 36 Circassian villages.
5555:Çirg, Ashad (1993). "Adıgelerin XIX. yüzyıldaki politik tarihinin incelenmesi gerekir" [Adyghe XIX. century political history needs to be studied].
5297:
After the war, Russian General Yevdokimov was tasked with forcing the surviving Circassian inhabitants to relocate outside of the region, primarily in the
8684:
10407:
4042:, Sheikh Mansur moved to Circassia, and started Western Circassian resistance against Russia. He led the Circassians in assaults against Russian forces.
3692:
1647:
7771:
5172:" was signed by the Circassians. The document requests British military aid, or at the worst case, humanitarian aid, to the Circassian people. It reads:
4830:) as their new capital and Hawduqo Mansur was declared the leader of the Circassian Confederation. Thus, all tribes of Circassia were nominally united.
8916:
Ninety-five to 97 percent of the entire Circassian population had been killed or deported in what contemporary Russian field reports referred to as an
8266:
6429:
Ninety-five to 97 percent of the entire Circassian population had been killed or deported in what contemporary Russian field reports referred to as an
4981:
units, previously used in Dagestan, to Circassia with a strategy of releasing prisoners of war in exchange for their conversion to Islam and loyalty.
9329:
3922:
1612:, approximately 1.5 to 2 million Circassian natives were slaughtered; and about 1,500,000 indigenous highland Caucasians were mainly expelled to the
4974:
along the Ubin River also promised support him with an alliance. The remaining small tribes had to power to resist him, and had to obey his orders.
10373:
9703:
6500:
5294:. Most sources report that as many as 1 to 1.5 million Circassians were forced to flee in total, but less than half of them could make it to land.
1022:
9004:
8748:
The First 'Circassian Exodus' to the Ottoman Empire (1858–1867), and the Ottoman Response, Based on the Accounts of Contemporary British Observers
8703:
The First 'Circassian Exodus' to the Ottoman Empire (1858–1867), and the Ottoman Response, Based on the Accounts of Contemporary British Observers
8599:
formally approved the resettlement plan...Milyutin, who would eventually become minister of war, was to see his plans realized in the early 1860s.
6977:
6781:
The First 'Circassian Exodus' to the Ottoman Empire (1858–1867), and the Ottoman Response, Based on the Accounts of Contemporary British Observers
6316:
5883:
4355:
will not accept the presence of any Kabardian rebels among them They will give information about the Circassian forces passing through their lands
10492:
8155:Майкл Ходарковский. Горький выбор: Верность и предательство в эпоху российского завоевания Северного Кавказа. Новое Литературное Обозрение, 2016.
4738:
arrived in Circassia by 1836, in order to provide military aid and medical relief to the Circassians. In November 1836 the Russian military brig
3272:
10570:
10237:
9929:
8398:
Askhad Iosufovich Chirg, Razvitie obshchestvenno-politicheskogo storia adygov Severo-Zapadnogo Kavkaza, konets XVIII – 60-e gg. XIX v. , p.155.
6756:
5667:
5526:
3359:
3256:
10346:
3869:) in Eastern Circassia, turning it into a Russian fortress. Thus began the first hostilities between the Circassians and the Russian Empire.
3751:
Circassian-Russian alliance was damaged and eventually broken when the Circassians converted to Islam and adopted a more pro-Ottoman policy.
3264:
3246:
2272:
7001:Кабарда на этапах политической истории (середина XVI — первая четверть XIX века). — Москва: «Поматур», 2002. — С. 316. — ISBN 5-86208-106-2.
6921:Кабарда на этапах политической истории (середина XVI — первая четверть XIX века). — Москва: «Поматур», 2002. — С. 307. — ISBN 5-86208-106-2.
6895:Кабарда на этапах политической истории (середина XVI — первая четверть XIX века). — Москва: «Поматур», 2002. — С. 305. — ISBN 5-86208-106-2.
6883:Кабарда на этапах политической истории (середина XVI — первая четверть XIX века). — Москва: «Поматур», 2002. — С. 302. — ISBN 5-86208-106-2.
6868:Кабарда на этапах политической истории (середина XVI — первая четверть XIX века). — Москва: «Поматур», 2002. — С. 301. — ISBN 5-86208-106-2.
6856:Кабарда на этапах политической истории (середина XVI — первая четверть XIX века). — Москва: «Поматур», 2002. — С. 299. — ISBN 5-86208-106-2.
6844:Кабарда на этапах политической истории (середина XVI — первая четверть XIX века). — Москва: «Поматур», 2002. — С. 293. — ISBN 5-86208-106-2.
5147:
was appointed as the head of the parliament. This parliament asked for help from Europe, arguing that they would be forced into exile soon.
10587:
8948:, p. 357 "In the 1860s Russia killed 1.5 million Circassians, half of their population, and expelled the other half from their lands."
7829:
3660:. While the war was initially an isolated conflict, Russian expansion through the entire region soon drew a number of other nations in the
4252:
Shapsug region, and several villages were burnt. After some civilians deserted to the forests, the forests in the region were burnt down.
3965:. Following these events, Russian presence in the region got stronger, and the Circassians requested help and alliance from the Ottomans.
10299:
10294:
9554:
3588:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
9235:
3792:
that left the mountains after the departure of Timur the Lame and mastered their foothill plane from the beginning of the 15th century.
3640:
During and after the war, the Russian Empire employed a genocidal strategy of systematically massacring civilians which resulted in the
10693:
10215:
9615:
5202:
5069:
Russian sovereignty by the treaty, with Russia under no compulsion to grant Circassians the same rights as Russian citizens elsewhere.
2868:
9227:
4517:
The Russians besieged Anapa in 1828. The Ottomans sought help from Circassians and the war lasted for two months and Osman Pasha, the
9515:
6811:
5724:
5339:
3436:
1667:
336:
21 May] 1864 (100 years, 10 months, 6 days) (Disorganized Circassian resistance continued in the mountains until the 1880's)
9505:
9082:
8572:
7589:
3703:
publicly declared the imperial policy as the expulsion of all Circassians; followed by the state implementation of settler-colonial
9841:
947:
187:
9532:
244:
Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
10708:
10698:
9696:
9681:
6393:... between 95 percent and 97 percent of all Circassians were killed outright, died during Evdokimov's campaign, or were deported
3218:
3029:
2277:
1640:
159:
5308:
census of 1897 records only 150,000 Circassians, one tenth of the original number, still remaining in the now conquered region.
4815:
In February 1838, there was a fierce collision between 4 Circassian galleys and a Russian ship. The Russian ship was destroyed.
10447:
10378:
9671:
9605:
8472:
5615:] (in Russian). Russian empire: printing house of nubannago regional administration (published May 1880). pp. 559–562.
4255:
In 1811, petitions were sent to St. Petersburg in Russia, appealing for the basic rights of Circassians in the occupied areas.
3746:
Although there had previously been a small Muslim presence in Circassia, significant conversions came after 1717, when Sultan
9975:
9245:
9195:
9172:
9150:
8901:
8813:
8344:
NA, F.O. 195/144, Longworth to Clarendon, “Cyclops” off Anapa, 21 June 1855, No.3, see the same in Ibid., F.O. 188/1441, No.8
7551:
7514:
7447:
7217:
6611:
6549:
6414:
6386:
6345:
6263:
6230:
6184:
6107:
6020:
5981:
5918:
3045:
2415:
1625:
1289:
140:
86:
40:
9522:
4702:
morale. In his reports, he frequently boasted about the destruction of villages and glorified the mass murder of civilians.
4164:
united in a military movement. They aimed to destroy the Kislovodsk Russian fort. Despite threats of bloodshed from General
166:
10326:
10316:
9610:
4750:
Circassians employed military tactics taught to them by Bell, such as taking fortifications by storm, and using artillery.
4027:
against Russia. Angered, the Russian troops plundered and burned his village to the ground. Soon, Chechen fighters won the
3545:
3415:
3222:
3175:
2713:
313:
7278:
4926:, the leader of Chechnya and Dagestan, wanted to unite Circassia under Islam, and sent three Sufi naibs for this mission.
4217:
4128:, Russia annexed eastern Georgia and by 1806 held Transcaucasia from the Black Sea to the Caspian. Russia had to hold the
3719:
Circassians, Christianised through Byzantine influence between the 5th and 6th centuries, were generally in alliance with
10678:
10673:
10351:
9526:
8001:
7920:
5412:
Between 95 and 97 percent of the total Circassian population were killed or expelled from the Caucasus region during the
9183:
9140:
7803:
4440:
In only one year, 1830, arrived up to 200 Turkish and British ships delivering military aid to the shores of Circassia.
10565:
10397:
10284:
9763:
9300:
6147:
3210:
3200:
1633:
8867:
8435:
BOA, İrade Dahiliye , 25156, 9 Zilkâde 1273 ; NA, F.O. 195/458, Misk to Stratford, Damascus, 30 September 1857, No.21.
173:
10507:
10126:
10072:
10067:
10015:
10010:
10000:
9965:
9960:
9950:
9940:
9918:
9913:
9890:
9885:
9860:
9836:
9831:
9816:
9676:
9467:
9350:
9282:
9046:
8979:
8595:
farmers... Rather, eliminating the Circassians was to be an end in itself – to cleanse the land of hostile elements.
8515:
5858:
5798:
4496:
4398:
3930:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
2627:
277:
259:
206:
104:
54:
8665:
5021:
Meanwhile, the Ottoman Empire, who did not recognize Muhammad Amin as the ruler of Circassia, was preparing to send
10688:
10109:
10045:
9870:
9783:
6627:внутренняя и внешняя политика Ивана Грозного. Запустение Новагорода. Спасение Пскова. Казни в Москве. Царские шуты.
4758:
In May 1834, the Circassians launched a naval landing near Bombory, thus the fighting was carried over to the sea.
4125:
3457:
3003:
2991:
2892:
7880:
7233:
6566:
6475:
5826:
5416:. Most of the Circassian refugees fled to Ottoman territories. Different smaller numbers ended up in neighbouring
3962:
3958:
took place. The Crimean horde entered Mozdok and hit the nearby villages, which were occupied and ruined by them.
3811:
Circassia was a key strategic location amidst the power struggle between the emerging Russian Empire, established
10703:
10658:
10653:
10502:
10262:
10247:
10188:
9547:
6743:
Articles on the history of Ingushetia. Based on the analysis of data from the Nikon Chronicle and Ingush folklore
4039:
3687:
have recorded the expulsion and extermination campaign against Circassians by Russian military during the 1860s.
3581:
3196:
155:
10402:
9403:
9970:
9934:
8681:
4086:
crossed the Kuban and entered Circassia to capture the Anapa castle. The Russian camp was established in June.
2927:
2842:
2296:
144:
9435:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Series: Indiana-Michigan series in Russian and East European studies.
6048:
5453:
10385:
10136:
9865:
9691:
9686:
9641:
8736:
Enclosed in Despatch No.3 From Sir Henry Bulwer to Earl Russell, Constantinople, April 12, 1864 (FO 881/1259)
5182:
Our most humble Petition to Her Magnificent Majesty the Queen and Emperor of England is to the effect that –
5030:
3634:
3626:
3150:
2980:
2695:
333:
329:
9340:
8772:
7857:[ZASS Grigory Khristoforovich von (1797–1883), baron, cavalry general, hero of the Caucasian War.].
5025:, a former Circassian commander in the Russo-Circassian War who had declared loyalty to the sultan, to lead
10713:
10462:
10432:
10427:
10368:
10257:
10252:
10220:
10161:
10082:
10040:
9923:
8932:
6445:
4923:
3946:
A battle took near the Malka River on 29 September 1771. The Russians under General Yakobi won the battle.
3913:
In the same year, a Russian army fought a battle against the Kabardian Circassians with the support of the
3394:
3373:
2864:
2306:
2209:
1832:
10597:
10580:
10452:
10321:
10289:
10225:
10114:
10005:
9990:
9826:
9226:. London: C Hurst & Co, 266 pp. (Also New York: St. Martin's Press, 252 pp.) Part of it can be found
4542:
3505:
3352:
3268:
3018:
2741:
2725:
2219:
1896:
1728:
78:
10497:
10035:
10025:
9995:
9985:
9600:
9540:
4277:
4098:
and imprisoned for life in harsh conditions. In April 1794, he died, reportedly due to poor treatment.
3841:
3574:
3160:
3095:
2733:
2433:
2388:
1951:
824:
238:
3901:
allegiance to Russia. Misost Bematiqwa, not wanting to surrender or convert to Christianity, refused.
10336:
10230:
10030:
4327:. The entirety of Kabardia (Eastern Circassia) was then declared property of the Russian government.
3700:
3288:
3280:
2805:
2575:
2408:
1681:
836:
428:
46:
9490:
9105:
3943:
In 1771, Circassians under the command of Soqur Qaramirza burned many Cossack and Russian barracks.
10477:
10183:
9758:
9562:
9459:
7209:
6541:
6378:
5973:
5910:
4918:
4659:. He continued to exterminate the Circassian population between 1834 and 1835, particularly in the
2937:
1745:
1036:
680:
233:
9039:
Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State Volume II: The Rise of the West and the Coming of Genocide
8380:
Adolphus Slade , Turkey and the Crimean War: A Narrative of Historical Events , p.203; Budak, p.77
8194:
AKAK, Vol. X, p.590, document No. 544, Vorontsov to Chernyshev (secret), 8 November 1847, No. 117
7947:"ЗАСС Григорий Христофорович фон (1797–1883), барон, генерал от кавалерии, герой Кавказской войны"
7855:"ЗАСС Григорий Христофорович фон (1797–1883), барон, генерал от кавалерии, герой Кавказской войны"
3803:
chronicles. The Ingush went to the mountains again. Kabardians settled on their former territory.
180:
10390:
10119:
9738:
7653:
Golitsyn N. B. Zhizneopisanie Generala Ot Kavalerii Emmanuelya (Moscow: «Sobranie», 2004), p. 240
7543:
7506:
7439:
6255:
6176:
6099:
4735:
3888:
Also in 1764, Kabardian Circassian knights Keysin Keytiqo and Kundeyt Shebez-Giray also met with
3252:
3234:
3214:
3101:
3073:
2565:
1921:
452:
133:
5161:
in September 1861 to establish peace, expressing their readiness to accept Russian citizenship.
2467:
10683:
10592:
10267:
9788:
9723:
9362:
7680:В. А. Потто Кавказская война. Том 5. Время Паскевича, или Бунт Чечни. Глава XXVIII. Репрессалии
5158:
5062:
4801:
4195:
reported that the fight lasted from 11 a.m. to 6 p.m. at the same time in the evening, noting:
4129:
3679:
2783:
2661:
2471:
2358:
2238:
1937:
1886:
1740:
1226:
994:
769:
9980:
8084:Ф. А. Щербина История Кубанского казачьего войска. Глава XIX. Борьба с горцами на Старой линии
1655:
10522:
10482:
10242:
10171:
9620:
9251:
9126:
Unrepresented Nations and People Organisation (UNPO) (2004-12-14). Retrieved on April 4, 2007
8416:
AKAK, Vol. XII, p.719, document No.614, Bariatinskii to Sukhozanet, 22 February 1857, No.22.
5151:
5136:
4530:
4397:
While Eastern Circassia was being occupied, Russia was also engaged in a war with the Turks (
4192:
4090:
4012:
Between 1783 and 1785, Russian forces led by General Potyomkin attacked the Kabardia region.
3937:
3862:
3795:
In 1562, the Kabardian prince Temryuk Idarovich undertook an aggressive campaign against the
3723:
and both Georgians and Circassians wanted to keep good relations with the Russians. In 1557,
3653:
3601:
3083:
2248:
2098:
2088:
1929:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1698:
1276:
1250:
923:
741:
439:
9499:
9728:
9625:
9595:
8267:"Muhammad Amin: Imam Shamil's Naib to the Circassians in the Northwest Caucasus (Part One)"
5344:
4191:
came to the rescue, Lieutenant General Glazenap himself in a report to the Russian emperor
4172:
3057:
2860:
2401:
2126:
1916:
1901:
1891:
1881:
1781:
755:
9142:
The Thistle and the Drone: How America's War on Terror Became a Global War on Tribal Islam
8166:История Кубанского казачьего войска. Глава XXII. Борьба с горцами на Старой и Новой линиях
4105:, the Circassians began systematically raiding Russian encampments and then disappearing.
2266:
8:
10630:
10560:
10417:
9945:
9880:
9651:
9079:
8805:
8564:
5413:
5405:
5334:
5291:
5251:
5245:
5050:
4857:
4640:
4316:
4137:
and sent a delegation to the Ottoman Empire, who complained against the Russian actions.
4028:
3981:
3955:
3889:
3858:
3657:
3641:
3025:
2970:
2838:
2623:
2453:
2301:
2260:
2115:
1911:
1906:
1853:
1843:
1837:
1722:
1686:
1609:
713:
365:
305:
9370:
9222:
Henze, Paul B. 1992. "Circassian resistance to Russia." In Marie Bennigsen Broxup, ed.,
4769:
In 1835 and 1836, Circassian armies led by Ismail Berzeg engaged on several operations.
10620:
10602:
10555:
10537:
10517:
10156:
9908:
9806:
9778:
9661:
9646:
8926:
8857:, Niko Javakhishvili, Tbilisi State University, 20 December 2012, retrieved 1 June 2015
8496:
A. Fonwill, The War of Independence of Circassia (1863–1864), Istanbul, 1996, p. 44-47.
7532:
7495:
7428:
6750:
6439:
6248:
6165:
6088:
6013:
The tragedy of the Caucasus from past to present: international conference, 21 May 2005
5661:
5520:
5426:
4820:
4788:
4578:
3684:
3339:
3303:
3242:
3230:
3138:
3091:
2831:
2729:
2717:
2631:
2619:
2539:
2378:
2291:
2145:
1734:
1692:
1393:
1168:
848:
224:
9443:
7975:История Армавира и черкесо-горцев. — Екатеринодар: Электро-тип. т-во «Печатник», 1916.
5301:. This policy was enforced by mobile columns of Russian riflemen and Cossack cavalry.
4646:
4631:
was appointed commander of a part of the Kuban Military Line with headquarters in the
4343:
10527:
10467:
10274:
10200:
10178:
10077:
9955:
9768:
9748:
9743:
9733:
9568:
9463:
9346:
9304:
9278:
9241:
9207:
9191:
9168:
9146:
9042:
8975:
8907:
8897:
8809:
8596:
8511:
7547:
7539:
7510:
7502:
7443:
7435:
7213:
6607:
6545:
6494:
6420:
6410:
6382:
6341:
6259:
6226:
6180:
6172:
6143:
6103:
6095:
6016:
5977:
5914:
5854:
5794:
5317:
5082:
4977:
In a short time, Naib succeeded in carrying out reforms in Circassia. He brought the
4889:
4681:
He talks about how he killed three Circassian civilians on their way to fetch grass:
4503:
4449:
4134:
4046:
3732:
3728:
3720:
3226:
3190:
3186:
3079:
2906:
2888:
2876:
2751:
2737:
2721:
2688:
2641:
2494:
2442:
2368:
2321:
2253:
1716:
1710:
1431:
1149:
1130:
1080:
885:
692:
8854:
8165:
7732:
6703:История Кабардино-Балкарской АССР с древнейших времен до наших дней, т. 1, М., 1967;
6515:
5236:, who lived in the mountainous regions, continued their resistance until the 1870s.
4885:
the Ferz river, the army of the Russian commander Zass retreated with heavy losses.
4819:
to retreat. This pattern of attack by the Russian forces went on for several years.
3840:
smaller number of scholars is that proper warfare began in 1817 with the arrival of
3739:, and named her Mariya. Because of his alliance with Russia, in several narratives,
10512:
10457:
10363:
10104:
9875:
9845:
9811:
9656:
9342:
Life of Schamyl: and narrative of the Circassian War of independence against Russia
8896:(3rd ed.). 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA: Routledge. p. 110.
8290:
Istanbul, Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi , İrade Dahiliye , 281/17605, 5 Muharrem 1270
6409:(3rd ed.). 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA: Routledge. p. 110.
5385:
5304:
5267:
5263:
5144:
5096:
5078:
5029:
instead. Muhammad Amin strictly disagreed with this decision and complained to the
4165:
4095:
4075:
The Russians introduced courts in Kabarda in the early 1790s and declared that the
3877:
3824:
3789:
3182:
3041:
2959:
2916:
2709:
2699:
2373:
2326:
1762:
1756:
1490:
1211:
1207:
1153:
1134:
1118:
1104:
1075:
1060:
1055:
980:
798:
782:
727:
8125:
Hatajuqua, Ali. "Hadji-Ismail Dagomuqua Berzeg, Circassian Warrior and Diplomat".
7285:, Unrepresented Nations and People Organisation (UNPO) (1994-04-16). Retrieved on
1189:
1042:
676:
10532:
10279:
10131:
10099:
9773:
9753:
9454:
9288:
9160:
9086:
8799:
8688:
8669:
8027:
7830:"Bianet :: Çerkeslerden Rusya'ya: Kolonyalist politikalarınız nefret ekiyor"
7282:
7203:
6665:
6535:
6335:
6220:
6006:
5967:
5904:
5368:
5112:
5108:
5022:
4914:
4902:
4711:
4483:
4238:
4002:
3755:
3696:
3691:
portrayed the expulsion of Circassians as essential for "Russian security" while
3671:
During the war, the Russian Empire did not recognize Circassia as an independent
3644:
where up to 3,500,000 Circassians were either killed or forcibly expelled to the
3322:
2856:
2794:
2772:
2651:
2544:
2363:
2139:
1750:
1704:
1363:
1238:
1098:
935:
812:
4722:
on the Russian bank of the Kuban River at the intersection with the Urup River.
3664:
into the conflict. As such, the war is often considered the western half of the
10615:
10442:
10205:
10195:
9572:
7275:
6337:
Geçmişten günümüze Kafkasların trajedisi: uluslararası konferans, 21 Mayıs 2005
6008:
Geçmişten günümüze Kafkasların trajedisi: uluslararası konferans, 21 Mayıs 2005
5433:
allowed their soldiers to rape Circassian girls who were more than 7 years old.
5417:
5401:
5349:
5298:
5283:
5255:
5224:
In March 1864, a surrounded Circassian army refused to surrender and committed
4823:
played a big role in reforming and leading the Circassian armies at this time.
4518:
4324:
4176:
4175:
and Efendi Ishak Abukov in Kabarda on 9 May 1804 a battle took place near the
4023:
in Chechnya who wanted to unite all Caucasian peoples against Russia, declared
3914:
3820:
3645:
3630:
3622:
2880:
2872:
2816:
2761:
2528:
2514:
2483:
2185:
1613:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1284:
1271:
1245:
942:
930:
918:
906:
894:
876:
855:
843:
831:
819:
807:
789:
777:
763:
749:
735:
721:
665:
660:
415:
403:
397:
9477:
9359:. Princeton, New Jersey: Darwin. Chapter 2: Eastern Anatolia and the Caucasus.
9108:
University of Pennsylvania, School of Arts and Sciences] (1996). Retrieved on
8241:
Muhammad Amin: Imam Shamil's Naib to the Circassians in the Northwest Caucasus
8185:Казиев Ш.М. Имам Шамиль / Изд. 2-е испр. — М.: Молодая гвардия, 2003. — 378 с.
7662:
Sherbina F. A. Istoriya Armavira I Cherkeso-gayev (Ekaterinodar, 1916), p. 11.
7596:
Berge A. P. Brief overview of mountain tribes in the Caucasus. – Tiflis, 1858.
5635:
Berge A. P. Brief overview of mountain tribes in the Caucasus. – Tiflis, 1858.
4079:, the Circassian law, has been removed. This greatly angered the Circassians.
3961:
The Ottoman Empire lost its protection over the Crimean Khanate with the 1774
10647:
10575:
10412:
10050:
9397:
9308:
8997:"The Circassian Genocide: The Forgotten Tragedy of the First Modern Genocide"
6309:"The Circassian Genocide: The Forgotten Tragedy of the First Modern Genocide"
5876:"The Circassian Genocide: The Forgotten Tragedy of the First Modern Genocide"
5329:
5104:
4897:
4865:
4773:
4656:
4526:
4511:
4116:
4102:
4083:
4024:
4016:
3796:
3704:
3564:
3260:
2948:
2898:
2585:
2555:
2157:
1657:
1620:. An unknown number of those who were expelled died during their deportation.
1516:
1464:
1351:
1195:
1180:
1094:
1008:
911:
869:
860:
794:
411:
301:
9383:. Oxford and New York: Berghahn Books. Series: War and Genocide; 1. 149–162.
4934:
he surrendered and gave the Russians key information in exchange for money.
4678:
In 1834, Zass sent a report to Rosen detailing his campaign into Circassia:
4237:
in Western Circassia was captured by Russian troops and Circassian nobleman
4198:"...fought in the gorges for the most part with 11,000 desperately fighting
10331:
9855:
9821:
9576:
9478:
Imam Shamil. "Molodaya Gvardiya" publishers. Moscow, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2010
9473:
9292:
7124:
5430:
5225:
4743:
4628:
4622:
4410:
4076:
3740:
3736:
3724:
3665:
3127:
3116:
3033:
2705:
2353:
2110:
2011:
1820:
1617:
1338:
966:
899:
881:
615:
10092:
9387:
9123:
7946:
7854:
5573:Василий Потто — Кавказская война. Том 1. От древнейших времен до Ермолова.
5111:
arrived in the Caucasus to fight for Circassia. In the same year in 1857,
10437:
10166:
10087:
10020:
9850:
9405:
Journal of a residence in Circassia during the years 1837, 1838, and 1839
9034:
8659:
7482:
the disproportionate use of force became central to Russian operations...
5409:
5275:
5271:
5259:
5046:
5006:
5001:
4947:
4943:
4706:
4585:
4426:
4035:
3774:
3768:
3688:
3204:
3105:
3087:
3065:
3053:
2475:
1825:
1793:
9224:
The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance Towards The Muslim World
7772:"Kafkasya'nın istenmeyen Rus anıtları: Kolonyal geçmişi hatırlatıyorlar"
7568:
The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance Towards The Muslim World
7102:
The Insurgency in Chechnya and the North Caucasus: From Gazavat to Jihad
6606:. New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA: Rutgers University Press. p. 96.
4848:
4779:
4038:, and did not occupy it again until 1803. From 1787 to 1791, during the
3897:
army. In 1765, Kabardian Circassians occupied the fortress of Kizlyar.
10472:
10422:
10341:
10210:
9516:
The Place of the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Circassian War (1830–1864)
8855:
Coverage of The tragedy public Thought (later half of the 19th century)
7987:
Colonel Grigory Zass. Letter to Baron Rosen. 25 Feb. 1834. P. Boutkov,
4992:
4967:
4963:
4833:
In 1840, Hawduqo Mansur gave a speech addressing the Circassian nation:
4672:
4199:
4058:
3781:
2846:
2072:
2037:
1996:
1986:
1459:
1451:
621:
5404:
accepted to harbour the Muslim Circassians who were exiled during the
4613:
killed a Circassian who tried to stop him from burning down a mosque.
4554:
delegation to the Ottoman sultan to examine the accuracy of the news.
3892:
in Saint Petersburg. They informed her that "the military build-up in
10060:
9317:
Ottoman Population, 1830–1914: Demographic and Social Characteristics
7598:] (in Russian). Russia: Office of the Cveal Kavk. pp. 35–36.
7412:
disproportionate use of force became central to Russian operations...
5637:] (in Russian). Russia: Office of the Cveal Kavk. pp. 35–36.
5287:
5279:
5026:
4978:
4632:
4547:
4422:
4360:
4348:
4332:
4211:
4207:
4184:
4180:
4157:
4153:
3760:
3618:
3317:
3037:
2852:
2383:
2233:
2190:
2001:
1815:
1415:
1302:
1184:
864:
470:
345:
9433:
Russia's Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500–1800
8972:
Ottoman population 1830–1914: Demographic and social characteristics
7806:[Velyaminov, Zass and his hobby of collecting human heads].
7304:
Acts collected by the Caucasian Archaeographic Commission: Volume II
5220:
Announcement of the end of the war by Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich
5119:
4323:
the land these inhabitants had once lived on being acquired for the
122:
10625:
10487:
9357:
Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922
9109:
9090:
7105:
6476:"Soykırım mı; işte Çerkes soykırımı – Yazarlar – Aziz ÜSTEL | STAR"
5421:
5233:
4971:
4668:
4664:
4593:
4418:
4414:
4402:
4368:
4161:
4062:
4054:
3974:
3906:
3747:
3708:
3661:
3334:
3238:
3061:
2884:
2504:
2067:
2047:
2006:
1991:
1976:
1477:
1326:
648:
602:
589:
576:
563:
539:
526:
501:
9428:, London: RoutledgeCurzon; New York; Routledge and Palgrave, 2001.
8911:
7421:
7419:
7166:. Stavropol: Kavkazskiy Krai 1993–1994. Second Volume: p. 204
6424:
5013:
4459:
the Circassians burned a large Russian fortress in Kruglolesskoe.
435:
8473:"Muhammad Amin: Imam Shamil's Naib to the Circassians (Part Two)"
7689:
7286:
5613:
G. Petrov. The upper reaches of the Kuban-Karachay. Ekaterinodar.
5313:
5209:
5176:
4959:
4955:
4807:
4660:
4472:
4406:
4364:
4352:
4336:
4203:
4188:
4149:
4145:
4050:
3881:
3812:
3069:
2340:
2062:
2057:
2032:
1981:
1971:
1503:
1346:
1314:
557:
551:
520:
514:
489:
9521:
A collection of cited reports on the conflict, collected by the
8829:
8335:
Mustafa Budak, “1853–1856 Kırım Savaşı’nda Kafkas Cephesi”, p.77
5170:
A Petition from Circassian leaders to Her Majesty Queen Victoria
9564:
7456:
7416:
7310:. Main Directorate of the Viceroy of the Caucasus. p. 940.
5091:
Delegation of Circassian tribes to Emperor Alexander II in 1861
4793:
4589:
3893:
3866:
3816:
3800:
3672:
3649:
2214:
2077:
2052:
2027:
1547:
1511:
1233:
670:
627:
545:
495:
9518:. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey.
9398:
Circassia: Adygs Ask European Parliament to Recognize Genocide
8176:Адыгские песни времён Кавказской войны. Нальчик: Эль-Фа. 2005.
4761:
In October 1836, a naval battle was fought as Russian warship
9301:
Circassians demand Russian apology for 19th century genocide.
9165:
Imperial policies and perspectives towards Georgia, 1760–1819
8308:
BOA, Hariciye Nezâreti Siyasî Kısım , 1345/94, 22 Safer 1270
7719:
Rosen, Baron. Letter to Chionchev. 12 Dec. 1831. P. Boutkov,
7010:
Gen. İsmail Berkok, Tarihte Kafkasya, İstanbul, 1958, s. 371.
5177:
In the name of God, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful
5140:
4930:
Russians, withdrew into the mountains and died there in May.
4827:
4597:
4434:
4234:
3954:
Devlet-Girey and Kalga Shabaz-Girey attacked Kabarda and the
3764:
3049:
2535:
2195:
2105:
2042:
1404:
9386:
Unrepresented Nations and People Organisation (UNPO). 2004.
8545:
8543:
8075:Каноков Айтек. Адыги (черкесы) на российской военной службе.
4951:
of families moved to the Abdzakh region to accept his rule.
3767:
and looted and pillaged them. Then, he marched up along the
9112:
9093:
7359:
7357:
7289:
7139:
Materials for the New History of the Caucasus – Part I, 228
5155:
4020:
3970:
9041:. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010. pp. 300, 301.
8226:
NA, F.O. 195/443, “Report of Mehmed Emin…”, 15 August 1854
8214:Гл. управ. намес. кавказского, 1860. — С. 77—102 (отд. 4).
3695:
described the campaign as “one of the most vital tasks in
8540:
8389:
BOA, Hariciye Tercüme Odası , 424/37, 20 Rebîulâhir 1272
8353:
NA, F.O. 195/443, Lloyd to Clarendon, Varna, 24 July 1854
5588:
5472:
4367:
where under the domination and control of the princes of
3743:
was described as a tyrant who only cared about his rule.
8680:
Prof.Dr. ĞIŞ Nuh (yazan), HAPİ Cevdet Yıldız (çeviren).
8002:"General Zass'ın Kızının Adigeler Tarafından Kaçırılışı"
7921:"General Zass'ın Kızının Adigeler Tarafından Kaçırılışı"
7354:
7347:
Hatk, Isam. “Russian-Circassian War 1763- 21 May 1864.”
4852:
Circassians besiege the Russian fortress, March 22, 1840
4800:
In 1837, some Circassian leaders offered the Russians a
4429:, where cavalry from both sides could manoeuvre freely.
3785:
Ingush got this opportunity in the 15th–16th centuries.
16:
Russian invasion and annexation of Circassia (1763–1864)
8206:Магомет-Амин II // Кавказский календарь на 1861 год. —
8028:"JEMBULAT BOLOTOKO: PRENSLERİN PRENSİ (PŞIXEM 'ARİPŞ*)"
6666:"JEMBULAT BOLOTOKO: PRENSLERİN PRENSİ (PŞIXEM 'ARİPŞ*)"
4009:
Western Caucasus in 1784, but no success was achieved.
8145:
Osmanlı devri İstanbul ve İngiliz Gazeteleri: Belgeler
7989:
Materials for the New History of the Caucasus – Part I
7721:
Materials for the New History of the Caucasus – Part I
5589:"4f898ab8-4276-4f31-9bf2-a4e56aaf30ed hosted at ImgBB"
3775:
The confrontation of Prince Temryuk against the Ingush
10359:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
9015:
9001:
American University: Journal of International Service
8732:
8730:
8444:
BOA, İrade Meclis-i Mahsus , 10/430, 28 Zilkâde 1273
8317:
Sadâret Divan-I Hümayun Kalemi , 94/2, 25 Safer 1270
8054:
The Adventures of James Stanislaus Bell in Circassia.
7881:"Jembulat Bolotoko: The Prince of Princes (Part One)"
7234:"Jembulat Bolotoko: The Prince of Princes (Part One)"
6313:
American University: Journal of International Service
5880:
American University: Journal of International Service
5827:"Jembulat Bolotoko: The Prince of Princes (Part One)"
4689:
He then talks about how he destroyed a neighborhood:
3831:
trade, being responsible for a third of its exports.
1616:, and a much smaller number of them were expelled to
9260:
Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus
7804:"Velyaminov, Zass ve insan kafası biriktirme hobisi"
6368:
6366:
5379:
4168:, the forces began threatening the Kislovodsk fort.
4144:
In 1804, the Kabardian Circassians and neighbouring
3876:
In January 1764, several Kabardian nobles including
10669:
19th-century military history of the Russian Empire
10664:
18th-century military history of the Russian Empire
9419:
Materials for New History of the Caucasus 1722–1803
8584:
8582:
7591:Берже А. П. Краткий обзор горских племен на Кавказе
5631:Берже А. П. Краткий обзор горских племен на Кавказе
5624:
5622:
5533:
4045:The Russian army entered Circassia again after the
147:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
8727:
7531:
7494:
7427:
7149:Shcherbina, Fyodor and Felitsyn, Yevgeniy (2007).
6914:
6912:
6910:
6876:
6874:
6283:Pereselenskoye dvizhenie na severo-zapagni Kavakaz
6247:
6164:
6087:
6015:] (in Turkish). Kafkas Vakfı Yayınları. 2006.
5282:, which roughly encompassed the major part of the
4826:Later in 1839, the Circassians declared Bighuqal (
4742:detained his ship, in the port of Sujuk-Qale (now
4034:In 1786, Russian forces abandoned the new fort of
3727:of Eastern Circassia allied with the Russian Tsar
9272:
9145:. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
8868:"The Circassian exile: 9 facts about the tragedy"
8326:Ibid, İrade Dahiliye , 303/19234, 28 Şevval 1270
6684:
6460:
6458:
6456:
6363:
5550:
5548:
4869:later wrote in his memoirs that Berzeg answered:
4529:, a Circassian prince who lost his status in the
10645:
10374:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
9704:List of battles involving the Russian Federation
9234:Richmond, Walter (2008). "Chapter 4 (excerpt)".
8714:
8712:
8579:
8362:BOA, İrade Dahiliye , 305/19355, 5 Zilkâde 1270
6202:
6200:
6198:
6196:
6067:
5619:
5095:In 1854, Circassian forces under the command of
4384:
4304:who resisted the Russians was starting to form.
3455:
3148:
10493:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
10408:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)
9334:The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus
9319:. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press.
9074:Leitzinger, Antero. "The Circassian Genocide".
8872:The Circassian exile: 9 facts about the tragedy
8603:
8590:The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus
8253:Jineps Gazetesi, September 2006-Add 1, p.10-11.
7707:The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus
7534:The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus
7497:The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus
7430:The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus
6992:
6907:
6886:
6871:
6859:
6847:
6288:
6250:The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus
6167:The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus
6090:The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus
5609:Петров Г. Верховья Кубани-Карачая. Екатеринодар
4437:, which would draw support from other nations.
3806:
81:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
9190:. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 149–162.
8629:
8627:
8529:
8527:
8222:
8220:
7607:
7605:
6453:
5754:J. F. B., The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus
5545:
4263:
4082:On 29 May (O.S.), 1791, Russian troops led by
10347:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
9548:
9237:The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future
8773:"We Will Not Forget the Circassian Genocide!"
8709:
8661:Soçi Meclisi ve Çar II. Aleksandr ile Buluşma
8640:
8299:Sadâret Amedi Kalemi , 49/77, 5 Muharrem 1270
7797:
7795:
7793:
7671:Bell, James. Journal of a residence…, p. 422.
7486:
7365:"Blood on the Shore: The Circassian Genocide"
6769:Charles King, The Black Sea: A History, p.167
6584:
6582:
6580:
6567:"Blood on the Shore: The Circassian Genocide"
6193:
6121:
6119:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5849:
5847:
5714:
5712:
5683:Historical Dictionary of the Chechen Conflict
5656:] (in Turkish). Ankara. pp. 281–285.
4639:Colonel Grigory Zass was a key figure in the
4616:
3582:
2409:
2273:Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus
1641:
7733:"Son Haber | 21 Mayıs 1864 Çerkes Soykırımı"
6499:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6354:
6340:(in Turkish). Kafkas Vakfı Yayınları. 2006.
6277:
6275:
6156:
5869:
5867:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5692:
4443:
10300:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
10295:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
9506:Russian–Circassian War, 1763 – 21 May 1864.
9379:. In Levene, Mark and Penny Roberts, eds.,
9117:
8745:
8700:
8624:
8524:
8217:
7964:
7602:
7560:
7095:
7093:
6904:V. A. Potto, Kafkas Savaşı–Cilt 1, Sayfa 60
6778:
5853:Richmond, Walter. The Circassian Genocide.
5778:
4970:declared their allegiance to the Naib; the
3880:met with the representative of the Russian
3844:, and prior to that it was merely clashes.
3834:
55:Learn how and when to remove these messages
9616:Military history of the Russian Federation
9555:
9541:
9525:, translated by Nejan Huvaj, and found on
9186:. In Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (eds.).
7790:
7690:John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton (1907).
7634:Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 8 Issue: 206
6755:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6577:
6564:
6116:
5927:
5844:
5666:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5647:
5525:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5135:The remaining Circassians established the
4753:
3605:Presidents of the Circassian Confederation
3589:
3575:
2416:
2402:
1648:
1634:
332:17 July] 1763 – 2 June [
9866:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)
9500:Course syllabus with useful reading list.
9204:
9181:
8994:
8957:
8646:
6952:
6950:
6948:
6946:
6944:
6942:
6940:
6938:
6513:
6306:
6272:
6239:
6206:
5873:
5864:
5689:
5340:Russian conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan
5239:
4581:defeated the Russian army of 12,000 men.
1669:Russian conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan
1081:
886:
278:Learn how and when to remove this message
260:Learn how and when to remove this message
207:Learn how and when to remove this message
105:Learn how and when to remove this message
9233:
9184:"The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?"
8609:
7801:
7201:
7118:
7099:
7090:
7030:Kabarda’nın Rusya’ya "Gönüllü" Katılımı.
6601:
6533:
6372:
6294:
6218:
6137:
5965:
5902:
5748:
5606:
5583:
5581:
5579:
5539:
5215:
5118:
5086:
5012:
4991:
4847:
4806:
4778:
4645:
4477:
4388:
4342:
4267:
4216:
3980:
3600:
9827:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)
9697:List of wars involving the Soviet Union
9369:. Stuttgart und Tübingen: J. G. Cotta.
9324:Genocide in the Age of the Nation State
9159:
8718:
8505:
8462:Kazem-Bek, “Mukhammed Amin”, pp.239–240
8261:
8259:
8234:
8232:
7765:
7763:
7389:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7381:
7269:
7077:
7075:
7073:
7071:
7069:
6728:The work "History of the Ingush people"
6620:
6565:Capobianco, Michael (13 October 2012).
6081:
6079:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5680:
5478:
5232:Russian hands. The only exception, the
5056:
4729:
4600:, however, this proposal was rejected.
4536:
3788:This campaign was directed against the
2278:Circassian Union and Mutual Aid Society
1099:
10646:
10448:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
10379:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
10238:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)
10216:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919
9930:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)
9606:Military history of the Russian Empire
9377:The Circassians: a forgotten genocide?
9033:
8974:. USA: University of Wisconsin Press.
8969:
8894:Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction
8801:Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction
7999:
7983:
7981:
7918:
7683:
7624:Potto V. Kavkazskaya Voina, v.2, p. 45
7300:
7049:] (in Turkish). İstanbul Matbaası.
6935:
6660:
6658:
6529:
6527:
6407:Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction
6330:
6328:
6326:
6042:
6040:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5898:
5896:
5784:
5685:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 3.
5510:
5440:
5420:. During the process, the Russian and
5208:Signed by the People of Circassia. 29
4710:year is regarded the official year of
1105:
1061:
799:
10598:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)
9976:Russian colonization of North America
9536:
9138:
9021:
8945:
8891:
8797:
8499:
8238:
8124:
8065:A.Y.Chirg- Krasnodar Kültür Enstitüsü
7873:
7802:Richmond, Walter (2 September 2013).
7769:
7587:
6974:"Russian-Circassian War of 1763–1864"
6965:
6956:
6931:Çerkeslerin 1000 yıllık askerî tarihi
6801:
6799:
6645:
6643:
6404:
6133:
6131:
5942:
5791:Chechens in the Russian-Caucasian war
5718:
5628:
5576:
5497:). In: ქართული საბჭოთა ენციკლოპედია (
4272:Russian military camp in the Caucasus
3990:tribal elites died in this conflict.
3707:and Christianization programs across
1629:
9611:Military history of the Soviet Union
9275:The Russian conquest of the Caucasus
9216:
8556:
8256:
8229:
8020:
7993:
7939:
7903:
7891:from the original on 25 October 2020
7760:
7725:
7529:
7492:
7425:
7378:
7375:Vestnik Vladikavazkoyjeleznoy dorogi
7151:Kubanskoye Kazachestvo i ego Atamany
7121:The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus
7066:
6971:
6740:
6602:Richmond, Walter (2013). "4: 1864".
6514:Эльмесова, А. М. (4 December 2014).
6473:
6245:
6162:
6138:Bashqawi, Adel (15 September 2017).
6085:
6076:
5810:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5554:
5394:
4937:
4094:captured in the fort and brought to
218:
145:adding citations to reliable sources
116:
61:
20:
10352:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
8995:Messenger, Evan (6 December 2023).
8674:
8652:
7978:
7847:
7770:Duvar, Gazete (14 September 2020).
7751:
7395:The History of Cossack Kuban Forces
7195:
6655:
6524:
6323:
6307:Messenger, Evan (6 December 2023).
6212:
6029:
5990:
5948:
5893:
5874:Messenger, Evan (6 December 2023).
5501:). Vol. 3: p. 314-5. Tbilisi, 1978.
4258:
13:
10398:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
9764:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
9407:– Bell, James Stanislaus (English)
9277:. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
9266:
9205:Vedeneyev, D. (1994). "77 тысяч".
8575:from the original on 31 July 2019.
8371:Kazem-Bek, “Mokhammed Amin”, p.238
7694:. Macmillan & Co. p. 202.
7081:
7040:
6796:
6640:
6517:ИЗ ИСТОРИИ РУССКО-КАВКАЗСКОЙ ВОЙНЫ
6467:
6128:
6046:
4908:
3852:
3462:
1567:43,000–90,000 in combat (Estimate)
14:
10725:
10694:Wars involving the Russian Empire
10263:Red Army intervention in Mongolia
9483:
7202:Richmond, Walter (9 April 2013).
7153:. Moscow: Veche, 2007. p. 77
7119:Baddeley, John Frederick (1999).
6805:
6534:Richmond, Walter (9 April 2013).
6219:Richmond, Walter (9 April 2013).
5966:Richmond, Walter (9 April 2013).
5787:Чеченцы в русско-кавказской войне
5595:
5072:
4276:In 1817, Russian veteran general
3714:
3476:
668:(1787–1792; 1806–1812; 1828–1829)
36:This article has multiple issues.
10317:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
10110:Russian conquest of Central Asia
10046:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
9842:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)
9784:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
9326:. London; New York: I.B. Tauris.
9098:
9080:Available at circassianworld.com
9068:
9055:
9027:
8988:
8963:
8951:
8939:
8885:
8860:
8848:
8822:
8798:Jones, Adam (16 December 2016).
8791:
8765:
8754:
8739:
8694:
8615:
8562:
8490:
8465:
8456:
8447:
8438:
8429:
8419:
8410:
8401:
8392:
8383:
8374:
8365:
8356:
8347:
8338:
8329:
8320:
8311:
8302:
8293:
8284:
8247:
8197:
8188:
8179:
8170:
8158:
8149:
8137:
8118:
8105:
8096:
8087:
8078:
8069:
8058:
8046:
7912:
7822:
7713:
7704:
7698:
7674:
7665:
7656:
7647:
7638:
7627:
7618:
7581:
7572:
7523:
7469:
7399:
7369:
6725:
6714:Journal "Al-Waha"-"Oasis", Amman
5107:volunteers under the command of
4393:Cossack patrol on the Kuban line
4126:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
3558:
2452:
2265:
1831:
1593:
1570:
1557:
1546:
1510:
1497:
1484:
1471:
1458:
1445:
1425:
1409:
1398:
1387:
1376:
1357:
1345:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1283:
1270:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1201:
1194:
1188:
1174:
1162:
1143:
1124:
1112:
1088:
1068:
1048:
1041:
1029:
1015:
1001:
987:
973:
959:
941:
929:
917:
905:
893:
875:
868:
854:
842:
830:
818:
806:
788:
776:
762:
748:
734:
720:
706:
686:
675:
659:
642:
609:
596:
583:
570:
533:
508:
483:
464:
446:
434:
422:
410:
396:
312:
223:
121:
66:
25:
10603:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)
10248:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
10189:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine
9371:In PDF through Internet Archive
9037:(2005). "6: Declining Powers".
8830:"UNPO: The Circassian Genocide"
8761:Kafkasya Bülteni, 19 Mayıs 1864
8721:On Horseback Through Asia Minor
7341:
7332:
7323:
7314:
7294:
7260:
7251:
7226:
7182:
7169:
7156:
7143:
7131:
7112:
7053:
7034:
7022:
7013:
7004:
6924:
6898:
6835:
6826:
6787:
6772:
6763:
6734:
6719:
6706:
6697:
6631:
6595:
6558:
6507:
6398:
6300:
6051:[Caucasus in History].
5766:
5757:
5739:
5674:
5641:
5362:
5286:and the northeast shore of the
3847:
3470:Not internationally recognized.
2302:Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia
1432:Circassian Confederational Army
380:Russian annexation of Circassia
132:needs additional citations for
44:or discuss these issues on the
10699:Wars involving the Circassians
10285:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)
9935:War of the Austrian Succession
9182:Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999).
8000:Dönmez, Yılmaz (31 May 2018).
7919:Dönmez, Yılmaz (31 May 2018).
5567:
5504:
5484:
5446:
4864:In 1841, Circassian commander
4592:, on the stipulation that the
4399:Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812
4214:, knocked out of 12 dug auls.“
3678:The war has been subjected to
3464:
2928:General Secretariat of Ukraine
2297:Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria
1:
10508:South Ossetia war (1991–1992)
10386:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
10137:Russian invasion of Manchuria
10127:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
10073:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
10068:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
10011:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
10001:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
9966:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
9961:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
9951:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
9941:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
9919:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
9914:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)
9891:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
9886:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)
9861:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)
9837:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
9832:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
9817:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)
9692:List of wars involving Russia
9687:Sino-Russian border conflicts
9431:Khodarkovsky, Michael. 2002.
9367:Russland und die Tscherkessen
9063:Russland und die Tscherkessen
9010:1858 before the deportations.
8691:. Адыгэ макъ,12/13 Şubat 2009
8682:Adigece'nin temel sorunları-1
8658:Ruslan, Yemij (August 2011).
5511:Berkok, Ismail Hakkı (1958).
5049:in the winter as part of the
4946:from the Abdzakh, one of the
4811:Russian army lands in Subashi
4385:Invasion of Western Circassia
4347:This document indicates that
3931:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
3615:Russian invasion of Circassia
3478:
2696:Great Stand on the Ugra River
10463:Eritrean War of Independence
10433:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
10428:East German uprising of 1953
10369:Eastern Front (World War II)
10258:Red Army invasion of Georgia
10253:Red Army invasion of Armenia
10221:Estonian War of Independence
10162:Russian occupation of Tabriz
10083:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
10041:War of the Seventh Coalition
9924:War of the Polish Succession
9871:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
9447:, 2000 October 2000, Issue 2
9375:Shenfield, Stephen D. 1999.
7692:The Cambridge Modern History
7613:Ottoman population 1830–1914
7479:, pp. 47–49. Quote on p. 48:
7363:Capobianco, Michael (2012).
7164:Kavkazskaya Voina v 5i Tomax
7100:Schaefer, Robert W. (2010).
6474:Gazetesi, Aziz ÜSTEL, Star.
6225:. Rutgers University Press.
5380:
5154:negotiated with the Russian
3807:Political reasons of the war
2307:Shapsugsky National District
2210:Mongol invasion of Circassia
2020:Destroyed or barely existing
7:
10503:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
10453:Sino-Soviet border conflict
10322:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
10290:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
10226:Latvian War of Independence
10115:Russian conquest of Bukhara
10006:War of the Fourth Coalition
9991:War of the Second Coalition
9426:The Circassians: A Handbook
8746:Rosser-Owen, Sarah (2007).
8719:Burnaby, Frederick (2007).
8701:Rosser-Owen, Sarah (2007).
8508:Çerkesya Bağımsızlık Savaşı
6959:A Brief History of Kabarda
6779:Rosser-Owen, Sarah (2007).
6651:Circassian prince Temroqwa.
6431:ochishchenie' ("cleansing")
5323:
4339:in the russo circassian war
4264:Russian conquest of Kabarda
3685:Russian imperial historians
2992:Provisional Priamurye Govt.
1838:List of notable Circassians
1729:Battle of the Valerik River
10:
10730:
10709:Christian–Islamic violence
10679:1864 in the Russian Empire
10674:1763 in the Russian Empire
10498:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
10036:War of the Sixth Coalition
10026:War of the Fifth Coalition
9996:War of the Third Coalition
9601:Military history of Russia
9563:Armed conflicts involving
9438:Leitzinger, Antero. 2000.
9273:Baddeley, John F. (1908).
9230:. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
9132:
9078:, Issue 2 (October 2000),
7059:Ali Kasumov-Hasan Kasmov,
6808:"The Russo-Circassian War"
6140:Circassia: Born to Be Free
5721:"The Russo-Circassian War"
5372:
5243:
5076:
4912:
4905:and went to the Russians.
4620:
4617:General Zass takes control
4447:
3648:(especially to modern-day
2389:Circassian Day of Mourning
478:Circassian tribal regions:
10611:
10546:
10337:Soviet invasion of Poland
10147:
10031:French invasion of Russia
9899:
9797:
9716:
9642:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
9634:
9591:
9584:
9529:. Retrieved 11 March 2007
9514:Köremezli İbrahim. 2004.
8970:Karpat, Kemal H. (1985).
7739:(in Turkish). 20 May 2020
6373:Richmond, Walter (2013).
5903:Richmond, Walter (2013).
5607:Velitsyn, Eugene (1880).
5389:
5143:(Sochi) on 25 June 1861.
4550:, criticised this event.
4444:Rise of Jembulat Boletoqo
4233:In 1807, the fortress of
4115:In 1799, Russian general
3763:, he seized ports on the
3701:Russian Tsar Alexander II
3434:
3413:
3395:Luhansk People's Republic
3392:
3374:Donetsk People's Republic
3371:
3350:
3333:
3316:
3137:
3126:
2990:
2969:
2958:
2947:
2926:
2815:
2804:
2793:
2782:
2771:
2576:Principality of Chernigov
1682:Battle of Khankala (1807)
1677:
1607:
1539:
1526:
1262:
837:Maxim Grigorievich Vlasov
699:
649:Kabardia (East Circassia)
429:Principality of Mingrelia
388:
320:
311:
299:
294:
10478:South African Border War
10403:Guerrilla war in Ukraine
10305:Chechen uprising of 1932
9986:Russo-Persian War (1796)
9511:, 1992, 51:10–15. Amman.
9460:Rutgers University Press
9355:McCarthy, Justin. 1995.
9339:Mackie, J Milton. 1856.
9124:The Circassian Genocide.
9061:Neumann, Karl Friedrich
8931:: CS1 maint: location (
8506:Fonvill, Arthur (1863).
7210:Rutgers University Press
6542:Rutgers University Press
6444:: CS1 maint: location (
6379:Rutgers University Press
6073:McCarthy 1995:53, fn. 45
5974:Rutgers University Press
5911:Rutgers University Press
5557:Kafkasya Gerçeği dergisi
5355:
5201:We beg Your Excellency (
4919:Muhammad Amin (Caucasus)
4705:In the end of 1836, the
4124:In 1800, as part of the
3963:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
3835:Starting date of the war
3001:
2671:
2595:
2513:
2503:
2493:
1746:Battle of Gordali (1852)
1532:150,000–300,000 regulars
1383:Circassian Cavalry Units
1290:Separate Caucasian corps
681:Principality of Abkhazia
471:Circassian Confederation
10689:Wars involving Chechnya
10120:Khivan campaign of 1873
9971:Russo-Polish War (1792)
9455:The Circassian Genocide
9445:The Eurasian Politician
9440:The Circassian Genocide
9388:The Circassian Genocide
9381:The massacre in history
9363:Neumann, Karl Friedrich
9315:Karpat, Kemal H. 1985.
9188:The Massacre in History
9076:The Eurasian Politician
7544:Oxford University Press
7507:Oxford University Press
7440:Oxford University Press
7409:, p47-49. Quote on p48:
7205:The Circassian Genocide
7162:Potto, Vasiliy (1993).
6741:B.D., Gazikov. (2002).
6604:The Circassian Genocide
6590:The Circassian Genocide
6537:The Circassian Genocide
6375:The Circassian Genocide
6256:Oxford University Press
6222:The Circassian Genocide
6177:Oxford University Press
6100:Oxford University Press
5969:The Circassian Genocide
5906:The Circassian Genocide
5785:Hozhay, Dalhan (1998).
5499:Encyclopaedia Georgiana
5390:Русско-черкесская война
5139:in the capital city of
4754:Naval and shore battles
4482:Circassian warrior, by
4294:Ivan Petrovich Delpotso
4171:During the uprising of
3878:Atajuq Misost Bematiqwa
3683:16th century". Several
3253:Eurasian Economic Union
3102:Parade of sovereignties
2566:Principality of Polotsk
1519:volunteers (after 1857)
1303:Russian artillery units
673:adventurers (1818–1856)
453:Principality of Svaneti
232:Some of this article's
10704:Alexander II of Russia
10659:19th-century conflicts
10654:18th-century conflicts
10593:Western Libya campaign
10268:East Karelian uprising
9789:Wagner Group rebellion
9724:Uprising of Bolotnikov
9498:Adanır, Fikret. 2007.
9414:. 1836. United Kingdom
9312:, 15 July 2005, 8(23).
9167:. New York: Palgrave.
8668:12 August 2020 at the
8553:. pages 203, 215– 217.
8551:Britain and the Crimea
7530:King, Charles (2008).
7493:King, Charles (2008).
7426:King, Charles (2008).
7301:Berger, Adolf (1868).
7281:2 January 2008 at the
7257:6. AKAK, v. 5, p. 872.
7063:, Ankara, 1995, s. 90.
6246:King, Charles (2008).
6163:King, Charles (2008).
6086:King, Charles (2008).
5240:Expulsion and genocide
5221:
5214:
5212:, 1280 (April 7, 1864)
5124:
5092:
5018:
4997:
4882:
4853:
4846:
4812:
4784:
4707:Armenians of Circassia
4699:
4687:
4651:
4610:
4574:
4487:
4394:
4356:
4297:
4273:
4241:was taken as hostage.
4222:
4130:Georgian Military Road
3986:
3680:historical revisionism
3617:, was the invasion of
3606:
2843:Provisional Government
2784:Grand Duchy of Finland
2662:Principality of Moscow
2359:Circassian nationalism
2239:Circassian slave trade
2128:Languages and dialects
1741:Battle of Dargo (1845)
1535:20,000–60,000 regulars
1327:Russian infantry units
1227:Aslan-Bey Sharvashidze
1037:Muhammad-Amin Asiyalav
995:Shuwpagwe Qalawebateqo
700:Commanders and leaders
156:"Russo-Circassian War"
10588:Intervention in Syria
10523:Tajikistani Civil War
10231:Lithuanian–Soviet War
10172:Battle of Robat Karim
9621:Post-Soviet conflicts
9489:Abzakh, Edris. 1996.
9336:. Oxford Univ. Press.
9254:on 27 September 2007.
9139:Ahmed, Akbar (2013).
9007:on 23 February 2024.
8687:20 April 2013 at the
8239:Khoon, Yahya (2010).
8127:Eurasia Daily Monitor
7588:Berge, Adolf (1858).
5886:on 23 February 2024.
5719:Natho, Kadir (2005).
5681:Askerov, Ali (2015).
5654:Circassia Heart Wound
5629:Berge, Adolf (1858).
5495:Principality of Guria
5219:
5174:
5152:Circassian Parliament
5137:Circassian Parliament
5122:
5090:
5016:
4995:
4871:
4851:
4835:
4810:
4782:
4736:James Stanislaus Bell
4691:
4683:
4649:
4606:
4596:retreated behind the
4564:
4531:Circassian Revolution
4481:
4392:
4346:
4287:
4271:
4220:
3984:
3938:Circassian Revolution
3863:Imperial Russian Army
3754:On 13 May 1711, Tsar
3654:Circassians in Turkey
3604:
3484:Not fully controlled.
3318:Republic of Tatarstan
3211:Constitutional crisis
2249:Circassian Revolution
2099:Religion in Circassia
1699:Assault on Germenchuk
1603:1,615,000+ (Estimate)
1540:Casualties and losses
1315:Russian cavalry units
1277:Russian Imperial Army
1251:James Stanislaus Bell
924:Aleksandr Baryatinsky
492:(until November 1859)
440:Principality of Guria
10571:Annexation of Crimea
10275:Central Asian Revolt
10184:Ukrainian–Soviet War
10056:Russo-Circassian War
9739:Pugachev's Rebellion
9682:Russo-Ukrainian Wars
9626:Russian Armed Forces
9596:Early modern warfare
9322:Levene, Mark. 2005.
9085:9 April 2014 at the
8892:Jones, Adam (2017).
8806:Taylor & Francis
7351:. 51. (1992): 10–15.
7086:. İstanbul Matbaası.
6405:Jones, Adam (2017).
6319:on 23 February 2024.
6285:. Reference in King.
5650:Çerkesya Gönül Yaram
5408:, 800,000–1,500,000
5345:Mission of the Vixen
5278:from their homeland
5063:Paris Treaty of 1856
5057:Paris Treaty of 1856
5031:Ottoman Grand Vizier
4730:Mission of the Vixen
4543:Treaty of Adrianople
4537:Treaty of Adrianople
4376:The fall of Kabardia
4221:Circassian guerillas
4089:Following this, the
3857:During the reign of
3625:, starting in 1763 (
3613:, also known as the
3611:Russo-Circassian War
3257:Annexation of Crimea
2865:Constituent Assembly
2742:Second Patriotic War
2384:Circassian mythology
2244:Russo-Circassian War
1663:Russo-Circassian War
1577:Civilian casualties:
1564:Military casualties:
295:Russo-Circassian War
141:improve this article
10714:Circassian genocide
10631:Sphere of influence
10561:Russo-Ukrainian War
10418:First Indochina War
10391:Soviet–Japanese War
10327:Xinjiang War (1937)
10196:Kazakhstan Campaign
9981:Kościuszko Uprising
9881:Second Northern War
9759:Coup attempt (1991)
9652:Soviet-Finnish wars
9417:Butkov, P.G. 1869.
9412:The Annual Register
9299:Goble, Paul. 2005.
9161:Gvosdev, Nikolas K.
9106:Circassian History.
8635:Circassian Genocide
7047:Caucasus in History
6972:Hatk, Isam (2009).
5648:Polvinkina (2007).
5493:"გურიის სამთავრო" (
5481:, pp. 111–112.
5454:"Kafkas Rus Savaşı"
5441:Citations and notes
5414:Circassian genocide
5406:Circassian genocide
5335:Circassian genocide
5292:Circassian genocide
5252:Circassian genocide
5246:Circassian genocide
5168:On April 9, 1864, "
5051:Circassian genocide
4858:siege of Lazarevsky
4734:British adventurer
4641:Circassian genocide
4455:in a saber attack.
4317:Circassian genocide
4173:Adil-Giray Atajukin
4040:Russian-Turkish War
4029:Battle of the Sunja
3956:Battle of Beshtamak
3929:As a result of the
3658:Circassian diaspora
3642:Circassian genocide
3437:Zaporizhzhia Oblast
3269:Invasion of Ukraine
3058:Great Patriotic War
3030:Cultural revolution
2971:Transcaucasian SFSR
2839:February Revolution
2726:Emancipation reform
2624:Council of Uvetichi
2474: •
2470: •
2261:Circassian genocide
2116:Circassian paganism
1855:Circassian diaspora
1844:Circassian genocide
1723:Siege of Lazarevsky
1687:Battle of Dadi-yurt
1610:Circassian Genocide
948:Michael Nikolaevich
366:Circassian genocide
306:Russian imperialism
10621:Russian Revolution
10556:Russo-Georgian War
10538:Second Chechen War
10518:Georgian Civil War
10157:Russo-Japanese War
9909:Great Northern War
9807:Russo-Crimean Wars
9779:Second Chechen War
9677:Russo-Turkish wars
9672:Russo-Swedish wars
9662:Russo-Persian Wars
9647:Russo-Crimean Wars
9504:Hatk, Isam. 1992.
9492:Circassian History
9452:Richmond, Walter.
9258:Tsutsiev, Arthur,
8633:Richmond, Walter.
8565:"Giranduko Berzeg"
8113:Circassian History
7546:. pp. 93–94.
7509:. pp. 74–75.
7019:İ. İ. Dmitriyenko.
6957:Jaimoukha, Amjad.
6694:. pp. 123–124
6692:Circassian History
6637:Shenfield 1999:150
6588:Richmond, Walter.
6049:"Tarihte Kafkasya"
5427:Nikolai Yevdokimov
5222:
5125:
5103:In February 1857,
5093:
5019:
4998:
4854:
4821:Qerzech Shirikhuqo
4813:
4789:Kizbech Tughuzhuqo
4785:
4726:Caucasus in 1842.
4714:'s establishment.
4652:
4579:Kizbech Tughuzhuqo
4502:Political analyst
4488:
4395:
4357:
4274:
4223:
3987:
3973:. The presence of
3819:, and the failing
3607:
3353:Republic of Crimea
3304:Russian Federation
3247:Presidential terms
3139:Karelo-Finnish SSR
3092:Chernobyl disaster
2832:Russian Revolution
2730:Russo-Japanese War
2718:1812 Patriotic War
2632:Battle of Kulikovo
2620:Council of Liubech
2379:Circassian cuisine
2292:Republic of Adygea
1735:Battle of Ichkeria
1693:Battle of Khunzakh
1438:Foreign volunteers
1394:Irregular military
1169:Qerzech Shirikhuqo
1131:Kizbech Tughuzhuqo
1079:(1820–1864) (
1059:(1807–1860) (
884:(1830–1848) (
849:Nikolay Yevdokimov
797:(1799–1827) (
368:and mass expulsion
328:28 July [
85:You can assist by
10639:
10638:
10528:First Chechen War
10483:Soviet–Afghan War
10468:Angolan Civil War
10243:Polish–Soviet War
10201:Finnish Civil War
10179:Russian Civil War
10078:November Uprising
10016:Anglo-Russian War
9956:Bar Confederation
9769:First Chechen War
9749:Russian Civil War
9744:Decembrist revolt
9734:Bulavin Rebellion
9729:Razin's Rebellion
9712:
9711:
9667:Russo-Polish Wars
9635:Lists by opponent
9305:Radio Free Europe
9247:978-0-415-77615-8
9217:Even more sources
9197:978-1-57181-935-2
9174:978-0-312-22990-0
9152:978-0-8157-2379-0
8903:978-1-138-78043-9
8836:. 2 November 2009
8815:978-1-317-53386-3
8597:Tsar Alexander II
8510:. Civi Yazilari.
8052:Shtybin, Vitaliy.
7951:enc.rusdeutsch.ru
7859:enc.rusdeutsch.ru
7709:. pp. 92–93.
7611:Karpat, Kemal H.
7553:978-0-19-517775-6
7540:New York City, NY
7516:978-0-19-517775-6
7503:New York City, NY
7449:978-0-19-517775-6
7436:New York City, NY
7329:Richmond, page 56
7219:978-0-8135-6069-4
6980:on 16 August 2022
6832:Baddeley, preface
6613:978-0-8135-6068-7
6551:978-0-8135-6069-4
6416:978-1-138-78043-9
6388:978-0-8135-6068-7
6347:978-975-00909-0-5
6265:978-0-19-517775-6
6254:. New York City:
6232:978-0-8135-6069-4
6186:978-0-19-517775-6
6173:New York City, NY
6109:978-0-19-517775-6
6096:New York City, NY
6022:978-975-00909-0-5
5983:978-0-8135-6069-4
5920:978-0-8135-6069-4
5774:Rus Çerkez Savaşı
5378:
5083:Circassian Majlis
4938:Muhammad Amin era
4890:guerrilla warfare
4783:Kizbech Tuguzhuqo
4627:In 1833, Colonel
4450:Jembulat Boletoqo
4135:Jembulat Bolotoqo
4047:Battle of Jilehoy
3985:Circassian patrol
3729:Ivan the Terrible
3693:Rostislav Fadeyev
3599:
3598:
3565:Russia portal
3493:
3492:
3187:Belavezha Accords
3169:
3168:
3080:Era of Stagnation
3046:Industrialization
3012:
3011:
2889:Soviet-Polish War
2825:
2824:
2806:Russian Manchuria
2752:Tsardom of Russia
2738:October Manifesto
2722:Decembrist Revolt
2714:Petrovian reforms
2682:
2681:
2642:Novgorod Republic
2606:
2605:
2522:
2521:
2426:
2425:
2369:Circassian beauty
2322:Battle of Kanzhal
2254:Circassian Majlis
1953:Circassian tribes
1942:
1934:
1926:
1807:
1772:
1771:
1717:Siege of Akhoulgo
1711:Battle of Argvani
1624:
1623:
1152:(1814–1836)
1150:Jembulat Boletoqo
1133:(1810–1840)
1040:(1848–1859)
693:Caucasian Imamate
384:
383:
288:
287:
280:
270:
269:
262:
217:
216:
209:
191:
115:
114:
107:
59:
10721:
10513:Transnistria War
10458:War of Attrition
10364:Continuation War
10313:
10105:January Uprising
9946:Seven Years' War
9846:Time of Troubles
9812:Russo-Kazan Wars
9657:Russo-Kazan Wars
9589:
9588:
9557:
9550:
9543:
9534:
9533:
9523:Circassian World
9296:
9255:
9250:. Archived from
9212:
9201:
9178:
9156:
9127:
9121:
9115:
9102:
9096:
9072:
9066:
9059:
9053:
9052:
9031:
9025:
9019:
9013:
9012:
9003:. Archived from
8992:
8986:
8985:
8967:
8961:
8955:
8949:
8943:
8937:
8936:
8930:
8922:
8889:
8883:
8882:
8880:
8878:
8864:
8858:
8852:
8846:
8845:
8843:
8841:
8826:
8820:
8819:
8795:
8789:
8788:
8786:
8784:
8769:
8763:
8758:
8752:
8751:
8743:
8737:
8734:
8725:
8724:
8716:
8707:
8706:
8698:
8692:
8678:
8672:
8656:
8650:
8644:
8638:
8631:
8622:
8619:
8613:
8607:
8601:
8586:
8577:
8576:
8560:
8554:
8547:
8538:
8537:. Pages 111– 112
8531:
8522:
8521:
8503:
8497:
8494:
8488:
8487:
8485:
8483:
8469:
8463:
8460:
8454:
8451:
8445:
8442:
8436:
8433:
8427:
8423:
8417:
8414:
8408:
8405:
8399:
8396:
8390:
8387:
8381:
8378:
8372:
8369:
8363:
8360:
8354:
8351:
8345:
8342:
8336:
8333:
8327:
8324:
8318:
8315:
8309:
8306:
8300:
8297:
8291:
8288:
8282:
8281:
8279:
8277:
8263:
8254:
8251:
8245:
8244:
8236:
8227:
8224:
8215:
8213:
8209:
8201:
8195:
8192:
8186:
8183:
8177:
8174:
8168:
8162:
8156:
8153:
8147:
8141:
8135:
8134:
8122:
8116:
8111:Natho, Kadir I.
8109:
8103:
8100:
8094:
8091:
8085:
8082:
8076:
8073:
8067:
8062:
8056:
8050:
8044:
8043:
8041:
8039:
8024:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8013:
7997:
7991:
7985:
7976:
7968:
7962:
7961:
7959:
7957:
7943:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7932:
7916:
7910:
7907:
7901:
7900:
7898:
7896:
7877:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7866:
7851:
7845:
7844:
7842:
7840:
7826:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7815:
7799:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7783:
7767:
7758:
7755:
7749:
7748:
7746:
7744:
7729:
7723:
7717:
7711:
7710:
7702:
7696:
7695:
7687:
7681:
7678:
7672:
7669:
7663:
7660:
7654:
7651:
7645:
7642:
7636:
7631:
7625:
7622:
7616:
7609:
7600:
7599:
7585:
7579:
7576:
7570:
7564:
7558:
7557:
7537:
7527:
7521:
7520:
7500:
7490:
7484:
7477:Ghost of Freedom
7473:
7467:
7464:Ghost of Freedom
7460:
7454:
7453:
7433:
7423:
7414:
7407:Ghost of Freedom
7403:
7397:
7391:
7376:
7373:
7367:
7361:
7352:
7345:
7339:
7336:
7330:
7327:
7321:
7318:
7312:
7311:
7309:
7298:
7292:
7273:
7267:
7264:
7258:
7255:
7249:
7248:
7246:
7244:
7230:
7224:
7223:
7199:
7193:
7190:Ghost of Freedom
7186:
7180:
7177:Ghost of Freedom
7173:
7167:
7160:
7154:
7147:
7141:
7135:
7129:
7128:
7116:
7110:
7109:
7097:
7088:
7087:
7084:Tarihte Kafkasya
7082:Berkok, İsmail.
7079:
7064:
7061:Çerkes Soykırımı
7057:
7051:
7050:
7043:Tarihte Kafkasya
7041:Berkok, İsmail.
7038:
7032:
7028:Namitok, Aytek.
7026:
7020:
7017:
7011:
7008:
7002:
6996:
6990:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6976:. Archived from
6969:
6963:
6962:
6954:
6933:
6928:
6922:
6916:
6905:
6902:
6896:
6890:
6884:
6878:
6869:
6863:
6857:
6851:
6845:
6839:
6833:
6830:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6819:
6810:. Archived from
6803:
6794:
6791:
6785:
6784:
6776:
6770:
6767:
6761:
6760:
6754:
6746:
6738:
6732:
6731:
6723:
6717:
6710:
6704:
6701:
6695:
6690:Natho, Kadir I.
6688:
6682:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6662:
6653:
6647:
6638:
6635:
6629:
6624:
6618:
6617:
6599:
6593:
6586:
6575:
6574:
6562:
6556:
6555:
6531:
6522:
6521:
6511:
6505:
6504:
6498:
6490:
6488:
6486:
6471:
6465:
6462:
6451:
6449:
6443:
6434:
6402:
6396:
6395:
6370:
6361:
6358:
6352:
6351:
6332:
6321:
6320:
6315:. Archived from
6304:
6298:
6292:
6286:
6279:
6270:
6269:
6253:
6243:
6237:
6236:
6216:
6210:
6204:
6191:
6190:
6170:
6160:
6154:
6153:
6135:
6126:
6123:
6114:
6113:
6093:
6083:
6074:
6071:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6060:
6047:Berkok, Ismail.
6044:
6027:
6026:
6003:
5988:
5987:
5963:
5946:
5940:
5925:
5924:
5900:
5891:
5890:
5882:. Archived from
5871:
5862:
5851:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5823:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5782:
5776:
5770:
5764:
5761:
5755:
5752:
5746:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5723:. Archived from
5716:
5687:
5686:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5665:
5657:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5626:
5617:
5616:
5604:
5593:
5592:
5585:
5574:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5552:
5543:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5524:
5516:
5513:Tarihte Kafkasya
5508:
5502:
5492:
5488:
5482:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5450:
5434:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5383:
5377:romanized:
5376:
5374:
5366:
5305:Ottoman archives
5268:forced migration
5264:ethnic cleansing
5203:Sir Henry Bulwer
5145:Gerandiqo Berzeg
5123:Gerandiqo Berzeg
5097:Gerandiqo Berzeg
5079:Battle of Qbaada
4880:
4844:
4696:
4572:
4435:Holy War (Jihad)
4295:
4278:Aleksey Yermolov
4259:Post-1817 period
4166:Pavel Tsitsianov
4096:Saint Petersburg
3842:Aleksey Yermolov
3825:Eastern Question
3790:Ingush societies
3656:), creating the
3591:
3584:
3577:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3549:
3487:
3486:
3473:
3472:
3449:
3428:
3407:
3386:
3365:
3345:
3335:Chechen Republic
3328:
3311:
3300:
3299:
3197:USSR dissolution
3113:
3112:
3042:Collectivization
2960:Byelorussian SSR
2917:Russian Republic
2913:
2912:
2748:
2747:
2710:Treaty of Nystad
2638:
2637:
2552:
2551:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2456:
2446:
2428:
2427:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2374:Circassian music
2343:
2327:Battle of Qbaada
2269:
2160:
2129:
2091:
1954:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1856:
1835:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1784:
1777:
1776:
1763:Battle of Qbaada
1757:Battle of Ghunib
1672:
1670:
1664:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1627:
1626:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1515:
1514:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1463:
1462:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1349:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1325:
1324:
1313:
1312:
1301:
1300:
1288:
1287:
1275:
1274:
1249:
1248:
1237:
1236:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1208:Ale Khirtsizhiqo
1206:
1205:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1119:Psheqo Akhedjaqo
1117:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1076:Gerandiqo Berzeg
1073:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1045:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1006:
1005:
1004:
992:
991:
990:
981:Misost Bematiqwa
978:
977:
976:
964:
963:
962:
946:
945:
934:
933:
922:
921:
910:
909:
898:
897:
888:
880:
879:
872:
859:
858:
847:
846:
835:
834:
825:Aleksey Yermolov
823:
822:
811:
810:
801:
793:
792:
783:Pavel Tsitsianov
781:
780:
767:
766:
753:
752:
739:
738:
725:
724:
711:
710:
709:
691:
690:
689:
679:
664:
663:
647:
646:
645:
614:
613:
612:
601:
600:
599:
588:
587:
586:
575:
574:
573:
538:
537:
536:
517:(until May 1859)
513:
512:
511:
488:
487:
486:
469:
468:
467:
451:
450:
449:
438:
427:
426:
425:
414:
401:
400:
322:
321:
316:
292:
291:
283:
276:
265:
258:
254:
251:
245:
227:
219:
212:
205:
201:
198:
192:
190:
149:
125:
117:
110:
103:
99:
96:
90:
70:
69:
62:
51:
29:
28:
21:
10729:
10728:
10724:
10723:
10722:
10720:
10719:
10718:
10644:
10643:
10640:
10635:
10607:
10548:
10542:
10533:War of Dagestan
10307:
10280:August Uprising
10149:
10143:
10132:Boxer Rebellion
10100:Amur Annexation
9901:
9895:
9799:
9793:
9774:War of Dagestan
9754:August Uprising
9708:
9630:
9580:
9561:
9486:
9424:Jaimoukha, A.,
9285:
9269:
9267:Further reading
9248:
9219:
9198:
9175:
9153:
9135:
9130:
9122:
9118:
9104:Abzakh, Edris.
9103:
9099:
9089:, retrieved on
9087:Wayback Machine
9073:
9069:
9060:
9056:
9049:
9032:
9028:
9020:
9016:
8993:
8989:
8982:
8968:
8964:
8956:
8952:
8944:
8940:
8924:
8923:
8904:
8890:
8886:
8876:
8874:
8866:
8865:
8861:
8853:
8849:
8839:
8837:
8828:
8827:
8823:
8816:
8808:. p. 109.
8796:
8792:
8782:
8780:
8771:
8770:
8766:
8759:
8755:
8744:
8740:
8735:
8728:
8717:
8710:
8699:
8695:
8689:Wayback Machine
8679:
8675:
8670:Wayback Machine
8657:
8653:
8645:
8641:
8632:
8625:
8620:
8616:
8608:
8604:
8588:King, Charles.
8587:
8580:
8563:Erer, Muammer.
8561:
8557:
8548:
8541:
8532:
8525:
8518:
8504:
8500:
8495:
8491:
8481:
8479:
8471:
8470:
8466:
8461:
8457:
8452:
8448:
8443:
8439:
8434:
8430:
8424:
8420:
8415:
8411:
8406:
8402:
8397:
8393:
8388:
8384:
8379:
8375:
8370:
8366:
8361:
8357:
8352:
8348:
8343:
8339:
8334:
8330:
8325:
8321:
8316:
8312:
8307:
8303:
8298:
8294:
8289:
8285:
8275:
8273:
8265:
8264:
8257:
8252:
8248:
8237:
8230:
8225:
8218:
8211:
8207:
8202:
8198:
8193:
8189:
8184:
8180:
8175:
8171:
8163:
8159:
8154:
8150:
8142:
8138:
8123:
8119:
8110:
8106:
8101:
8097:
8092:
8088:
8083:
8079:
8074:
8070:
8063:
8059:
8051:
8047:
8037:
8035:
8026:
8025:
8021:
8011:
8009:
7998:
7994:
7986:
7979:
7969:
7965:
7955:
7953:
7945:
7944:
7940:
7930:
7928:
7917:
7913:
7908:
7904:
7894:
7892:
7879:
7878:
7874:
7864:
7862:
7853:
7852:
7848:
7838:
7836:
7828:
7827:
7823:
7813:
7811:
7808:Jıneps Gazetesi
7800:
7791:
7781:
7779:
7768:
7761:
7756:
7752:
7742:
7740:
7731:
7730:
7726:
7718:
7714:
7705:King, Charles.
7703:
7699:
7688:
7684:
7679:
7675:
7670:
7666:
7661:
7657:
7652:
7648:
7643:
7639:
7632:
7628:
7623:
7619:
7610:
7603:
7586:
7582:
7577:
7573:
7566:Henze, Paul B.
7565:
7561:
7554:
7528:
7524:
7517:
7491:
7487:
7474:
7470:
7461:
7457:
7450:
7424:
7417:
7404:
7400:
7392:
7379:
7374:
7370:
7362:
7355:
7349:Al Waha – Oasis
7346:
7342:
7337:
7333:
7328:
7324:
7319:
7315:
7307:
7299:
7295:
7283:Wayback Machine
7274:
7270:
7265:
7261:
7256:
7252:
7242:
7240:
7232:
7231:
7227:
7220:
7200:
7196:
7187:
7183:
7174:
7170:
7161:
7157:
7148:
7144:
7136:
7132:
7117:
7113:
7098:
7091:
7080:
7067:
7058:
7054:
7039:
7035:
7027:
7023:
7018:
7014:
7009:
7005:
6999:Мальбахов Б. К.
6997:
6993:
6983:
6981:
6970:
6966:
6955:
6936:
6929:
6925:
6919:Мальбахов Б. К.
6917:
6908:
6903:
6899:
6893:Мальбахов Б. К.
6891:
6887:
6881:Мальбахов Б. К.
6879:
6872:
6866:Мальбахов Б. К.
6864:
6860:
6854:Мальбахов Б. К.
6852:
6848:
6842:Мальбахов Б. К.
6840:
6836:
6831:
6827:
6817:
6815:
6804:
6797:
6792:
6788:
6777:
6773:
6768:
6764:
6748:
6747:
6739:
6735:
6726:N.D., Kodzoev.
6724:
6720:
6711:
6707:
6702:
6698:
6689:
6685:
6675:
6673:
6664:
6663:
6656:
6648:
6641:
6636:
6632:
6625:
6621:
6614:
6600:
6596:
6587:
6578:
6563:
6559:
6552:
6532:
6525:
6512:
6508:
6492:
6491:
6484:
6482:
6472:
6468:
6463:
6454:
6437:
6436:
6417:
6403:
6399:
6389:
6381:. p. 132.
6371:
6364:
6359:
6355:
6348:
6334:
6333:
6324:
6305:
6301:
6293:
6289:
6280:
6273:
6266:
6244:
6240:
6233:
6217:
6213:
6205:
6194:
6187:
6161:
6157:
6150:
6136:
6129:
6124:
6117:
6110:
6084:
6077:
6072:
6068:
6058:
6056:
6045:
6030:
6023:
6005:
6004:
5991:
5984:
5964:
5949:
5941:
5928:
5921:
5901:
5894:
5872:
5865:
5852:
5845:
5835:
5833:
5825:
5824:
5811:
5805:
5801:
5783:
5779:
5771:
5767:
5763:Mackie 1856:292
5762:
5758:
5753:
5749:
5745:Mackie 1856:291
5744:
5740:
5730:
5728:
5717:
5690:
5679:
5675:
5659:
5658:
5646:
5642:
5627:
5620:
5605:
5596:
5587:
5586:
5577:
5572:
5568:
5553:
5546:
5538:
5534:
5518:
5517:
5509:
5505:
5490:
5489:
5485:
5477:
5473:
5463:
5461:
5452:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5438:
5437:
5399:
5395:
5381:Urys-adyge zaue
5373:Урыс-адыгэ зауэ
5367:
5363:
5358:
5326:
5248:
5242:
5113:Dmitry Milyutin
5109:Teofil Lapinski
5085:
5077:Main articles:
5075:
5059:
5037:pasha as well.
5023:Seferbiy Zaneqo
5017:Seferbiy Zaneqo
4940:
4921:
4915:Seferbiy Zaneqo
4911:
4909:First two naibs
4881:
4878:
4845:
4842:
4756:
4732:
4694:
4625:
4619:
4573:
4571:Seferbiy Zaneqo
4570:
4539:
4522:more villages.
4497:Russia-Iran war
4484:Alfred Kowalski
4452:
4446:
4387:
4296:
4293:
4266:
4261:
4239:Seferbiy Zaneqo
4049:and raided the
4003:Ferah Ali Pasha
3940:began in 1770.
3855:
3853:Pre-1817 period
3850:
3837:
3809:
3777:
3717:
3697:Russian history
3595:
3559:
3557:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3528:
3516:
3503:
3495:
3494:
3475:
3474:
3461:
3447:
3426:
3405:
3384:
3363:
3343:
3326:
3309:
3298:
3293:2022 annexation
3277:Mass emigration
3265:2020 amendments
3248:
3206:
3192:
3179:
3178:
3170:
3111:
3097:
3075:
3022:
3021:
3013:
2911:
2894:
2857:Kornilov affair
2835:
2834:
2826:
2795:Congress Poland
2773:Russian America
2746:
2734:1905 Revolution
2701:
2692:
2691:
2683:
2652:Vladimir-Suzdal
2636:
2628:Mongol conquest
2616:
2615:
2607:
2550:
2545:Russkaya Pravda
2540:Baptism of Rus'
2532:
2531:
2523:
2488:pre-9th century
2466:
2464:
2444:
2437:
2422:
2393:
2364:Circassian flag
2345:
2341:
2334:
2331:
2317:
2312:
2287:
2282:
2229:
2224:
2205:
2200:
2181:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2146:East Circassian
2140:West Circassian
2131:
2127:
2120:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2022:
2016:
1966:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1858:
1854:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1782:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1751:Nazran uprising
1705:Battle of Gimry
1673:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1602:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1558:
1556:
1545:
1522:
1509:
1498:
1496:
1485:
1483:
1472:
1470:
1457:
1446:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1358:
1356:
1344:
1333:
1331:
1319:
1307:
1295:
1282:
1269:
1254:
1243:
1242:
1239:Teofil Lapinski
1231:
1230:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1056:Seferbiy Zanuqo
1049:
1047:
1046:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1002:
1000:
999:
988:
986:
985:
974:
972:
971:
960:
958:
951:
940:
939:
936:Dmitry Milyutin
928:
927:
916:
915:
904:
903:
892:
891:
874:
873:
853:
852:
841:
840:
829:
828:
817:
816:
813:Georgi Emmanuel
805:
804:
787:
786:
775:
774:
761:
760:
747:
746:
733:
732:
719:
718:
707:
705:
687:
685:
684:
674:
669:
658:
657:
652:
643:
641:
640:
631:
610:
608:
597:
595:
584:
582:
571:
569:
534:
532:
509:
507:
484:
482:
474:
473:
465:
463:
447:
445:
423:
421:
395:
376:
362:
359:Russian victory
348:
284:
273:
272:
271:
266:
255:
249:
246:
243:
228:
213:
202:
196:
193:
150:
148:
138:
126:
111:
100:
94:
91:
84:
71:
67:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10727:
10717:
10716:
10711:
10706:
10701:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10676:
10671:
10666:
10661:
10656:
10637:
10636:
10634:
10633:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10616:Russian Winter
10612:
10609:
10608:
10606:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10590:
10585:
10584:
10583:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10558:
10552:
10550:
10544:
10543:
10541:
10540:
10535:
10530:
10525:
10520:
10515:
10510:
10505:
10500:
10495:
10490:
10485:
10480:
10475:
10470:
10465:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10445:
10443:Vlora incident
10440:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10420:
10415:
10410:
10405:
10400:
10395:
10394:
10393:
10388:
10383:
10382:
10381:
10371:
10366:
10361:
10356:
10355:
10354:
10344:
10339:
10329:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10271:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10235:
10234:
10233:
10228:
10223:
10213:
10208:
10206:Sochi conflict
10203:
10198:
10193:
10192:
10191:
10176:
10175:
10174:
10164:
10159:
10153:
10151:
10145:
10144:
10142:
10141:
10140:
10139:
10129:
10124:
10123:
10122:
10117:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10096:
10095:
10085:
10080:
10075:
10070:
10065:
10064:
10063:
10058:
10048:
10043:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9932:
9927:
9921:
9916:
9911:
9905:
9903:
9897:
9896:
9894:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9839:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9819:
9814:
9809:
9803:
9801:
9795:
9794:
9792:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9720:
9718:
9714:
9713:
9710:
9709:
9707:
9706:
9701:
9700:
9699:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9638:
9636:
9632:
9631:
9629:
9628:
9623:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9592:
9586:
9582:
9581:
9560:
9559:
9552:
9545:
9537:
9531:
9530:
9519:
9512:
9502:
9496:
9485:
9484:External links
9482:
9481:
9480:
9472:Shapi Kaziev.
9470:
9450:
9436:
9429:
9422:
9415:
9409:
9401:
9391:
9384:
9373:
9360:
9353:
9337:
9327:
9320:
9313:
9297:
9283:
9268:
9265:
9264:
9263:
9256:
9246:
9231:
9218:
9215:
9214:
9213:
9211:(3–4). Moscow.
9202:
9196:
9179:
9173:
9157:
9151:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9128:
9116:
9097:
9067:
9054:
9047:
9026:
9024:, p. 357.
9014:
8987:
8980:
8962:
8958:Shenfield 1999
8950:
8938:
8902:
8884:
8859:
8847:
8821:
8814:
8790:
8777:www.hdp.org.tr
8764:
8753:
8738:
8726:
8708:
8693:
8673:
8651:
8649:, p. 151.
8647:Shenfield 1999
8639:
8623:
8614:
8602:
8578:
8555:
8539:
8535:Peace of Paris
8523:
8516:
8498:
8489:
8464:
8455:
8446:
8437:
8428:
8418:
8409:
8400:
8391:
8382:
8373:
8364:
8355:
8346:
8337:
8328:
8319:
8310:
8301:
8292:
8283:
8255:
8246:
8228:
8216:
8196:
8187:
8178:
8169:
8164:Ф. А. Щербина
8157:
8148:
8136:
8117:
8104:
8102:Baddeley p.313
8095:
8086:
8077:
8068:
8057:
8045:
8032:cherkessia.net
8019:
7992:
7977:
7963:
7938:
7911:
7909:Ibid., p. 420.
7902:
7872:
7846:
7821:
7789:
7759:
7750:
7724:
7712:
7697:
7682:
7673:
7664:
7655:
7646:
7637:
7626:
7617:
7601:
7580:
7578:Baddeley p.135
7571:
7559:
7552:
7522:
7515:
7485:
7468:
7455:
7448:
7442:. p. 74.
7415:
7398:
7393:F.A. Cherbin,
7377:
7368:
7353:
7340:
7331:
7322:
7313:
7293:
7268:
7266:Ibid., p. 873.
7259:
7250:
7225:
7218:
7194:
7181:
7168:
7155:
7142:
7130:
7111:
7089:
7065:
7052:
7033:
7021:
7012:
7003:
6991:
6964:
6934:
6923:
6906:
6897:
6885:
6870:
6858:
6846:
6834:
6825:
6814:on 12 May 2022
6806:Natho, Kadir.
6795:
6786:
6771:
6762:
6733:
6718:
6705:
6696:
6683:
6670:cherkessia.net
6654:
6639:
6630:
6619:
6612:
6594:
6576:
6571:Caucasus Forum
6557:
6550:
6523:
6506:
6466:
6464:Shenfield 1999
6452:
6415:
6397:
6387:
6362:
6353:
6346:
6322:
6299:
6287:
6281:L.V.Burykina.
6271:
6264:
6238:
6231:
6211:
6209:, p. 150.
6207:Shenfield 1999
6192:
6185:
6155:
6149:978-1543447644
6148:
6127:
6115:
6108:
6075:
6066:
6028:
6021:
5989:
5982:
5947:
5945:, p. 161.
5926:
5919:
5913:. back cover.
5892:
5863:
5843:
5809:
5799:
5777:
5765:
5756:
5747:
5738:
5727:on 12 May 2022
5688:
5673:
5640:
5618:
5594:
5575:
5566:
5559:(in Turkish).
5544:
5532:
5503:
5483:
5471:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5402:Ottoman Empire
5393:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5350:David Urquhart
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5325:
5322:
5299:Ottoman Empire
5284:North Caucasus
5258:'s systematic
5256:Russian Empire
5244:Main article:
5241:
5238:
5074:
5073:End of the war
5071:
5058:
5055:
4939:
4936:
4910:
4907:
4876:
4843:Hawduqo Mansur
4840:
4772:By this time,
4755:
4752:
4731:
4728:
4621:Main article:
4618:
4615:
4568:
4538:
4535:
4448:Main article:
4445:
4442:
4386:
4383:
4325:Kuban Cossacks
4291:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4202:, Chegemians,
4091:siege of Anapa
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3836:
3833:
3821:Ottoman Empire
3808:
3805:
3776:
3773:
3735:, daughter of
3716:
3715:Before the war
3713:
3646:Ottoman Empire
3631:Russian Empire
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3554:
3553:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3452:
3451:
3440:
3431:
3430:
3419:
3416:Kherson Oblast
3410:
3409:
3398:
3389:
3388:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3356:
3347:
3346:
3337:
3330:
3329:
3320:
3313:
3312:
3306:
3297:
3296:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3110:
3109:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3007:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2873:Bolshevik Coup
2829:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2817:Uryankhay Krai
2812:
2811:
2808:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2762:Russian Empire
2758:
2757:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2689:Tsarist Russia
2686:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2635:
2634:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:Rus' Khaganate
2490:
2489:
2486:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2449:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2220:Inal the Great
2217:
2212:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2186:Maykop culture
2182:
2177:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2095:
2094:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1653:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1614:Ottoman Empire
1605:
1604:
1553:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1507:
1494:
1481:
1468:
1455:
1441:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1329:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1265:
1264:
1263:Units involved
1260:
1259:
1095:Mansur Ushurma
1023:Hawduqo Mansur
956:
702:
701:
697:
696:
666:Ottoman Empire
639:
638:
637:
636:
625:
619:
606:
593:
580:
567:
561:
555:
549:
543:
530:
524:
518:
505:
499:
493:
462:
461:
460:
458:
457:
456:
443:
432:
419:
416:Kalmyk Khanate
404:Russian Empire
391:
390:
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
372:
371:
370:
369:
361:
360:
356:
354:
350:
349:
344:
342:
338:
337:
326:
318:
317:
309:
308:
297:
296:
290:
289:
286:
285:
268:
267:
234:listed sources
231:
229:
222:
215:
214:
129:
127:
120:
113:
112:
74:
72:
65:
60:
34:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10726:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10684:Caucasian War
10682:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10652:
10651:
10649:
10642:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10613:
10610:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10582:
10581:2022 invasion
10579:
10577:
10576:War in Donbas
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10563:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10553:
10551:
10545:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10529:
10526:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10516:
10514:
10511:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10481:
10479:
10476:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10449:
10446:
10444:
10441:
10439:
10436:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
10419:
10416:
10414:
10413:Ili Rebellion
10411:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10399:
10396:
10392:
10389:
10387:
10384:
10380:
10377:
10376:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10353:
10350:
10349:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10334:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10311:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10222:
10219:
10218:
10217:
10214:
10212:
10209:
10207:
10204:
10202:
10199:
10197:
10194:
10190:
10187:
10186:
10185:
10182:
10181:
10180:
10177:
10173:
10170:
10169:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10155:
10154:
10152:
10146:
10138:
10135:
10134:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10112:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10094:
10091:
10090:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10081:
10079:
10076:
10074:
10071:
10069:
10066:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10053:
10052:
10051:Caucasian War
10049:
10047:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9906:
9904:
9898:
9892:
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9843:
9840:
9838:
9835:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9813:
9810:
9808:
9805:
9804:
9802:
9796:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9721:
9719:
9715:
9705:
9702:
9698:
9695:
9694:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9660:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9639:
9637:
9633:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9593:
9590:
9587:
9583:
9578:
9574:
9570:
9566:
9558:
9553:
9551:
9546:
9544:
9539:
9538:
9535:
9528:
9524:
9520:
9517:
9513:
9510:
9509:Al-Waha-Oasis
9507:
9503:
9501:
9497:
9495:
9493:
9488:
9487:
9479:
9475:
9474:Kaziev, Shapi
9471:
9469:
9468:9780813560694
9465:
9461:
9457:
9456:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9441:
9437:
9434:
9430:
9427:
9423:
9420:
9416:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9406:
9402:
9400:, 2006-10-16.
9399:
9395:
9392:
9390:, 2004-12-14.
9389:
9385:
9382:
9378:
9374:
9372:
9368:
9364:
9361:
9358:
9354:
9352:
9351:1-4255-2996-8
9348:
9345:
9343:
9338:
9335:
9331:
9330:King, Charles
9328:
9325:
9321:
9318:
9314:
9311:
9310:
9309:Radio Liberty
9306:
9302:
9298:
9294:
9290:
9286:
9284:0-7007-0634-8
9280:
9276:
9271:
9270:
9261:
9257:
9253:
9249:
9243:
9240:. Routledge.
9239:
9238:
9232:
9229:
9225:
9221:
9220:
9210:
9209:
9203:
9199:
9193:
9189:
9185:
9180:
9176:
9170:
9166:
9162:
9158:
9154:
9148:
9144:
9143:
9137:
9136:
9125:
9120:
9114:
9111:
9107:
9101:
9095:
9092:
9088:
9084:
9081:
9077:
9071:
9064:
9058:
9050:
9048:1-84511-057-9
9044:
9040:
9036:
9030:
9023:
9018:
9011:
9006:
9002:
8998:
8991:
8983:
8981:0-299-09160-0
8977:
8973:
8966:
8959:
8954:
8947:
8942:
8934:
8928:
8921:
8920:("cleansing")
8919:
8913:
8909:
8905:
8899:
8895:
8888:
8873:
8869:
8863:
8856:
8851:
8835:
8831:
8825:
8817:
8811:
8807:
8803:
8802:
8794:
8778:
8774:
8768:
8762:
8757:
8749:
8742:
8733:
8731:
8722:
8715:
8713:
8704:
8697:
8690:
8686:
8683:
8677:
8671:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8655:
8648:
8643:
8636:
8630:
8628:
8618:
8611:
8610:Richmond 2008
8606:
8600:
8598:
8591:
8585:
8583:
8574:
8570:
8566:
8559:
8552:
8546:
8544:
8536:
8530:
8528:
8519:
8517:9786055708337
8513:
8509:
8502:
8493:
8478:
8474:
8468:
8459:
8450:
8441:
8432:
8422:
8413:
8407:Chirg, p.158.
8404:
8395:
8386:
8377:
8368:
8359:
8350:
8341:
8332:
8323:
8314:
8305:
8296:
8287:
8272:
8268:
8262:
8260:
8250:
8242:
8235:
8233:
8223:
8221:
8205:
8200:
8191:
8182:
8173:
8167:
8161:
8152:
8146:
8140:
8132:
8128:
8121:
8114:
8108:
8099:
8090:
8081:
8072:
8066:
8061:
8055:
8049:
8033:
8029:
8023:
8007:
8003:
7996:
7990:
7984:
7982:
7974:
7973:
7972:Щербина Ф. А.
7967:
7952:
7948:
7942:
7926:
7922:
7915:
7906:
7890:
7886:
7882:
7876:
7860:
7856:
7850:
7835:
7831:
7825:
7809:
7805:
7798:
7796:
7794:
7777:
7773:
7766:
7764:
7754:
7738:
7734:
7728:
7722:
7716:
7708:
7701:
7693:
7686:
7677:
7668:
7659:
7650:
7644:Ibid., p. 59.
7641:
7635:
7630:
7621:
7614:
7608:
7606:
7597:
7593:
7592:
7584:
7575:
7569:
7563:
7555:
7549:
7545:
7541:
7536:
7535:
7526:
7518:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7499:
7498:
7489:
7483:
7478:
7472:
7465:
7459:
7451:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7432:
7431:
7422:
7420:
7413:
7408:
7402:
7396:
7390:
7388:
7386:
7384:
7382:
7372:
7366:
7360:
7358:
7350:
7344:
7335:
7326:
7320:Baddeley p.73
7317:
7306:
7305:
7297:
7291:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7277:
7272:
7263:
7254:
7239:
7235:
7229:
7221:
7215:
7211:
7207:
7206:
7198:
7191:
7185:
7178:
7172:
7165:
7159:
7152:
7146:
7140:
7134:
7127:. p. 49.
7126:
7122:
7115:
7107:
7103:
7096:
7094:
7085:
7078:
7076:
7074:
7072:
7070:
7062:
7056:
7048:
7044:
7037:
7031:
7025:
7016:
7007:
7000:
6995:
6979:
6975:
6968:
6961:. p. 19.
6960:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6947:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6939:
6932:
6927:
6920:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6901:
6894:
6889:
6882:
6877:
6875:
6867:
6862:
6855:
6850:
6843:
6838:
6829:
6813:
6809:
6802:
6800:
6790:
6782:
6775:
6766:
6758:
6752:
6744:
6737:
6729:
6722:
6715:
6709:
6700:
6693:
6687:
6671:
6667:
6661:
6659:
6652:
6649:Khasht, Ali.
6646:
6644:
6634:
6628:
6623:
6615:
6609:
6605:
6598:
6591:
6585:
6583:
6581:
6572:
6568:
6561:
6553:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6538:
6530:
6528:
6519:
6518:
6510:
6502:
6496:
6481:
6477:
6470:
6461:
6459:
6457:
6450:
6447:
6441:
6433:
6432:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6408:
6401:
6394:
6390:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6369:
6367:
6357:
6349:
6343:
6339:
6338:
6331:
6329:
6327:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6303:
6297:, p. 79.
6296:
6295:Richmond 2008
6291:
6284:
6278:
6276:
6267:
6261:
6257:
6252:
6251:
6242:
6234:
6228:
6224:
6223:
6215:
6208:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6188:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6169:
6168:
6159:
6151:
6145:
6141:
6134:
6132:
6122:
6120:
6111:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6092:
6091:
6082:
6080:
6070:
6054:
6050:
6043:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6024:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6009:
6002:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5985:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5970:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5944:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5931:
5922:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5907:
5899:
5897:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5870:
5868:
5860:
5859:9780813560694
5856:
5850:
5848:
5832:
5828:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5814:
5802:
5800:5-85973-012-8
5796:
5793:]. SEDA.
5792:
5788:
5781:
5775:
5769:
5760:
5751:
5742:
5726:
5722:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5684:
5677:
5669:
5663:
5655:
5651:
5644:
5636:
5632:
5625:
5623:
5614:
5610:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5590:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5570:
5562:
5558:
5551:
5549:
5541:
5540:Richmond 2008
5536:
5528:
5522:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5496:
5491:(in Georgian)
5487:
5480:
5475:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5445:
5432:
5428:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5397:
5387:
5382:
5370:
5365:
5361:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5330:Caucasian War
5328:
5327:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5309:
5306:
5302:
5300:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5247:
5237:
5235:
5229:
5227:
5218:
5213:
5211:
5206:
5204:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5173:
5171:
5166:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5153:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5133:
5129:
5121:
5117:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5101:
5098:
5089:
5084:
5080:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5003:
4996:Muhammad Amin
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4980:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4925:
4920:
4916:
4906:
4904:
4899:
4898:Aytech Qanoqo
4894:
4891:
4886:
4879:Ismail Berzeg
4875:
4870:
4867:
4866:Ismail Berzeg
4862:
4859:
4850:
4839:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4824:
4822:
4816:
4809:
4805:
4803:
4798:
4795:
4790:
4781:
4777:
4775:
4774:Aytech Qanoqo
4770:
4767:
4764:
4759:
4751:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4657:Aytech Qanoqo
4648:
4644:
4642:
4637:
4634:
4633:Batalpashinsk
4630:
4624:
4614:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4582:
4580:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4549:
4544:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4527:Aytech Qanoqo
4523:
4520:
4515:
4513:
4512:Ismail Berzeg
4508:
4505:
4500:
4498:
4492:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4474:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4391:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4354:
4350:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4328:
4326:
4320:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4270:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4219:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4142:
4138:
4136:
4133:young prince
4131:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4117:Fyodor Bursak
4113:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4099:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4085:
4084:Ivan Gudovich
4080:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4017:Sheikh Mansur
4013:
4010:
4006:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3964:
3959:
3957:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3934:
3932:
3927:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3911:
3908:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3845:
3843:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3791:
3786:
3783:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3705:Russification
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3674:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3603:
3592:
3587:
3585:
3580:
3578:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3499:
3498:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3261:War in Donbas
3258:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3243:Five-Days War
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3215:Privatization
3212:
3208:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:Modern Russia
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2981:Russian State
2979:
2978:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2950:
2949:Ukrainian SSR
2946:
2945:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2899:War Communism
2896:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2848:Dvoyevlastiye
2844:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2586:Rostov-Suzdal
2584:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2556:Novgorod Land
2554:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1892:United States
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1839:
1834:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1658:Caucasian War
1651:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1565:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1495:
1492:
1482:
1479:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1422:
1417:
1406:
1395:
1384:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1252:
1247:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1217:
1215:
1210:(1830s)
1209:
1197:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1181:Aytech Qanoqo
1170:
1159:
1157:
1151:
1140:
1138:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1102:
1097:(1791) (
1096:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1025:
1024:
1011:
1010:
1009:Ismail Berzeg
997:
996:
983:
982:
969:
968:
957:
955:
949:
944:
937:
932:
925:
920:
913:
912:David Dadiani
908:
901:
896:
889:
883:
878:
871:
866:
862:
861:Aytech Qanoqo
857:
850:
845:
838:
833:
826:
821:
814:
809:
802:
796:
795:Fyodor Bursak
791:
784:
779:
772:
771:
765:
758:
757:
751:
744:
743:
737:
730:
729:
723:
716:
715:
704:
703:
698:
694:
682:
678:
672:
667:
662:
655:
651:(until 1822)
650:
635:
630:(until 1780s)
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
607:
604:
594:
591:
581:
578:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
554:(until 1830s)
553:
550:
548:(until 1780s)
547:
544:
541:
531:
528:
525:
523:(until 1780s)
522:
519:
516:
506:
503:
500:
498:(until 1780s)
497:
494:
491:
481:
480:
479:
476:
475:
472:
459:
454:
444:
441:
437:
433:
430:
420:
417:
413:
409:
408:
407:
406:
405:
399:
393:
392:
387:
379:
374:
373:
367:
364:
363:
358:
357:
355:
352:
351:
347:
343:
340:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:
323:
319:
315:
310:
307:
303:
302:Caucasian War
298:
293:
282:
279:
264:
261:
253:
241:
240:
235:
230:
226:
221:
220:
211:
208:
200:
197:December 2021
189:
186:
182:
179:
175:
172:
168:
165:
161:
158: –
157:
153:
152:Find sources:
146:
142:
136:
135:
130:This article
128:
124:
119:
118:
109:
106:
98:
88:
82:
80:
75:This article
73:
64:
63:
58:
56:
49:
48:
43:
42:
37:
32:
23:
22:
19:
10641:
10332:World War II
10055:
9856:Smolensk War
9822:Livonian War
9508:
9491:
9453:
9444:
9439:
9432:
9425:
9418:
9411:
9404:
9393:
9380:
9376:
9366:
9356:
9341:
9333:
9323:
9316:
9303:
9274:
9259:
9252:the original
9236:
9223:
9206:
9187:
9164:
9141:
9119:
9100:
9075:
9070:
9062:
9057:
9038:
9035:Levene, Mark
9029:
9017:
9008:
9005:the original
9000:
8990:
8971:
8965:
8953:
8941:
8918:ochishchenie
8917:
8915:
8893:
8887:
8877:26 September
8875:. Retrieved
8871:
8862:
8850:
8840:26 September
8838:. Retrieved
8833:
8824:
8800:
8793:
8783:26 September
8781:. Retrieved
8779:(in Turkish)
8776:
8767:
8760:
8756:
8747:
8741:
8720:
8702:
8696:
8676:
8660:
8654:
8642:
8634:
8621:Mackie p.275
8617:
8605:
8593:
8589:
8568:
8558:
8550:
8534:
8507:
8501:
8492:
8480:. Retrieved
8476:
8467:
8458:
8449:
8440:
8431:
8421:
8412:
8403:
8394:
8385:
8376:
8367:
8358:
8349:
8340:
8331:
8322:
8313:
8304:
8295:
8286:
8274:. Retrieved
8270:
8249:
8240:
8203:
8199:
8190:
8181:
8172:
8160:
8151:
8144:
8139:
8130:
8126:
8120:
8112:
8107:
8098:
8093:Mackie p.207
8089:
8080:
8071:
8064:
8060:
8053:
8048:
8036:. Retrieved
8031:
8022:
8010:. Retrieved
8008:(in Turkish)
8005:
7995:
7988:
7970:
7966:
7954:. Retrieved
7950:
7941:
7929:. Retrieved
7927:(in Turkish)
7924:
7914:
7905:
7893:. Retrieved
7884:
7875:
7863:. Retrieved
7861:(in Russian)
7858:
7849:
7837:. Retrieved
7834:m.bianet.org
7833:
7824:
7814:26 September
7812:. Retrieved
7810:(in Turkish)
7807:
7780:. Retrieved
7778:(in Turkish)
7775:
7753:
7741:. Retrieved
7736:
7727:
7720:
7715:
7706:
7700:
7691:
7685:
7676:
7667:
7658:
7649:
7640:
7633:
7629:
7620:
7612:
7595:
7590:
7583:
7574:
7567:
7562:
7533:
7525:
7496:
7488:
7480:
7476:
7471:
7463:
7458:
7429:
7410:
7406:
7401:
7394:
7371:
7364:
7348:
7343:
7334:
7325:
7316:
7303:
7296:
7271:
7262:
7253:
7241:. Retrieved
7237:
7228:
7204:
7197:
7189:
7184:
7176:
7171:
7163:
7158:
7150:
7145:
7138:
7137:P. Boutkov,
7133:
7125:Curzon Press
7120:
7114:
7101:
7083:
7060:
7055:
7046:
7042:
7036:
7029:
7024:
7015:
7006:
6998:
6994:
6984:19 September
6982:. Retrieved
6978:the original
6967:
6958:
6930:
6926:
6918:
6900:
6892:
6888:
6880:
6865:
6861:
6853:
6849:
6841:
6837:
6828:
6818:11 September
6816:. Retrieved
6812:the original
6789:
6780:
6774:
6765:
6742:
6736:
6727:
6721:
6713:
6708:
6699:
6691:
6686:
6674:. Retrieved
6669:
6650:
6633:
6626:
6622:
6603:
6597:
6589:
6570:
6560:
6536:
6516:
6509:
6485:26 September
6483:. Retrieved
6479:
6469:
6435:
6430:
6428:
6406:
6400:
6392:
6374:
6360:King 2008:96
6356:
6336:
6317:the original
6312:
6302:
6290:
6282:
6249:
6241:
6221:
6214:
6166:
6158:
6139:
6089:
6069:
6059:26 September
6057:. Retrieved
6055:(in Turkish)
6052:
6012:
6007:
5968:
5905:
5887:
5884:the original
5879:
5834:. Retrieved
5830:
5806:(in Russian)
5790:
5786:
5780:
5773:
5768:
5759:
5750:
5741:
5729:. Retrieved
5725:the original
5682:
5676:
5653:
5649:
5643:
5634:
5630:
5612:
5608:
5569:
5560:
5556:
5535:
5512:
5506:
5498:
5494:
5486:
5479:Gvosdev 2000
5474:
5462:. Retrieved
5460:(in Turkish)
5457:
5448:
5431:Grigory Zass
5396:
5364:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5249:
5230:
5226:mass suicide
5223:
5207:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5175:
5167:
5163:
5159:Alexander II
5149:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5102:
5094:
5066:
5060:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5020:
4999:
4987:
4983:
4976:
4953:
4941:
4932:
4928:
4922:
4895:
4887:
4883:
4872:
4863:
4855:
4836:
4832:
4825:
4817:
4814:
4799:
4786:
4771:
4768:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4748:
4744:Novorossiysk
4739:
4733:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4704:
4700:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4653:
4650:Grigory Zass
4638:
4629:Grigory Zass
4626:
4623:Grigory Zass
4611:
4607:
4602:
4583:
4575:
4565:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4540:
4524:
4516:
4509:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4439:
4431:
4427:Kuban plains
4396:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4358:
4331:The role of
4330:
4329:
4321:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4288:
4283:
4275:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4197:
4177:Chegem River
4170:
4143:
4139:
4123:
4120:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4100:
4088:
4081:
4077:Adyghe Xabze
4074:
4070:
4067:
4044:
4033:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3967:
3960:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3926:Kabardians.
3923:Devlet Giray
3919:
3912:
3903:
3899:
3890:Catherine II
3887:
3875:
3871:
3859:Catherine II
3856:
3848:The conflict
3838:
3829:
3810:
3794:
3787:
3778:
3753:
3745:
3725:Temryuk Idar
3718:
3699:.” In 1861,
3689:Adolf Berzhe
3677:
3670:
3666:Caucasus War
3639:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3483:
3477:
3469:
3463:
3458:full list...
3456:
3442:
3435:
3421:
3414:
3400:
3393:
3379:
3372:
3358:
3351:
3289:Mobilization
3281:Debt default
3223:Chechen wars
3174:since 1991:
3151:full list...
3149:
3128:Russian SFSR
3117:Soviet Union
3034:Korenization
3004:full list...
3002:
2938:Russian SFSR
2847:
2706:Zemsky Sobor
2674:full list...
2672:
2598:full list...
2596:
2543:
2529:Ancient Rus'
2354:Adyghe Xabze
2314:
2309:(until 1945)
2285:Contemporary
2284:
2259:
2258:
2243:
2226:
2202:
2178:
2111:Christianity
2019:
2017:
1963:
1961:
1941:(historical)
1933:(historical)
1925:(historical)
1897:Saudi Arabia
1842:
1841:
1821:Adyghe Xabze
1792:
1661:
1599:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1563:
1555:
1437:
1436:
1420:
1372:Before 1860:
1371:
1370:
1268:
1256:
1213:
1183:(1828–1844)
1155:
1136:
1074:
1054:
1035:
1021:
1007:
993:
979:
967:Qasey Atajuq
965:
953:
900:Pavel Grabbe
882:Grigory Zass
863:(1828–1844)
770:Alexander II
768:
754:
740:
726:
714:Catherine II
712:
653:
633:
624:(until 1849)
618:(until 1864)
605:(until 1861)
592:(until 1864)
579:(until 1860)
566:(until 1823)
560:(until 1864)
542:(until 1861)
529:(until 1870)
504:(until 1864)
477:
402:
394:
389:Belligerents
300:Part of the
274:
256:
247:
236:
203:
194:
184:
177:
170:
163:
151:
139:Please help
134:verification
131:
101:
92:
79:copy editing
77:may require
76:
52:
45:
39:
38:Please help
35:
18:
10438:Vietnam War
10308: [
10167:World War I
10088:Crimean War
10021:Finnish War
9937:(1740–1748)
9926:(1733–1738)
9851:Ingrian War
9567:(including
8592:. Page 94.
8482:25 February
8276:25 February
8115:. Page 357.
7776:Gazeteduvar
6793:Mackie p.11
6712:Hatk, Isam
6480:Star.com.tr
6142:. Xlibris.
5515:. Istanbul.
5458:Cerkesyaorg
5410:Circassians
5276:Circassians
5260:mass murder
5047:death march
5007:Imam Shamil
5002:Crimean War
4944:Imam Shamil
4924:Imam Shamil
4802:white peace
4586:Circassians
4193:Alexander I
4103:Kuban River
4036:Vladikavkaz
3915:Kalmyk Khan
3769:Kuban River
3629:) with the
3183:August Coup
3106:War of Laws
3088:Perestroika
3066:Warsaw Pact
3054:Great Purge
3017:1923–1991:
2881:White Guard
2861:Directorate
2830:1917–1923:
2687:1480–1917:
2613:Feudal Rus'
2611:1240–1480:
2484:Rus' people
2476:Early Slavs
2443:History of
2315:Key battles
2148:(Kabardian)
1826:Circassians
1795:Circassians
1608:During the
1587:After 1818:
1421:After 1860:
1418:(1848–1859)
1292:(1817–1857)
1253:(1836–1839)
1241:(1857–1859)
1229:(1808–1810)
1171:(1816–1864)
1121:(1797–1838)
1026:(1839–1846)
1012:(1823–1846)
998:(1807–1827)
984:(1763–1788)
970:(1763–1773)
950:(1862–1864)
938:(1861–1864)
926:(1856–1862)
914:(1841–1845)
902:(1831–1842)
851:(1820–1864)
839:(1819–1843)
827:(1817–1827)
815:(1815–1831)
785:(1787–1806)
773:(1855–1864)
759:(1825–1855)
745:(1801–1825)
742:Alexander I
731:(1796–1801)
717:(1763–1796)
695:(1848–1859)
683:(1778–1864)
455:(1810–1859)
442:(1810–1829)
431:(1803–1864)
418:(1769–1771)
375:Territorial
237:may not be
95:August 2023
10648:Categories
10473:Ogaden War
10423:Korean War
10342:Winter War
10211:Heimosodat
9798:Tsardom of
9022:Ahmed 2013
8946:Ahmed 2013
8912:2016025350
8549:Conacher.
8533:Baumgart.
8426:pp.108–109
8204:Карлгоф Н.
8006:ÇERKES-FED
7956:13 January
7925:ÇERKES-FED
7865:13 January
7839:13 January
7782:13 January
7743:13 January
6425:2016025350
6125:Henze 1992
6053:NadirKitap
5943:Ahmed 2013
5314:Ukrainians
5000:After the
4964:Yegeruqway
4948:Circassian
4913:See also:
4504:Khan-Giray
4200:Kabardians
3782:Ingushetia
3249:amendments
3161:Tannu Tuva
3084:Afghan War
3019:Soviet Era
2527:879–1240:
2468:Prehistory
2073:Yegeruqway
2038:Cherchenay
1590:1,200,000+
1581:1763–1818:
1506:volunteers
1493:volunteers
1480:volunteers
1467:volunteers
1454:volunteers
1257:and others
954:and others
756:Nicholas I
634:and others
622:Yegeruqway
167:newspapers
87:editing it
41:improve it
10093:Åland War
10061:Murid War
9900:18th–19th
9527:this page
8927:cite book
8637:. Page 72
8569:Kafkasevi
8477:Jamestown
8271:Jamestown
8038:5 January
8012:13 August
7931:13 August
7895:5 January
7885:Jamestown
7737:Son Haber
7276:Circassia
7243:5 January
7238:Jamestown
6751:cite book
6745:. Nazran.
6730:. Nazran.
6676:5 January
6592:. Page 63
6440:cite book
5836:5 January
5831:Jamestown
5662:cite book
5521:cite book
5318:Georgians
5288:Black Sea
5280:Circassia
5272:expulsion
5027:Circassia
4896:In 1844,
4787:In 1837,
4675:regions.
4673:Kabardian
4548:Karl Marx
4525:In 1828,
4510:In 1827,
4423:Natukhajs
4403:Besleneys
4361:karachays
4349:Karachays
4333:karachays
4212:Ossetians
4208:Karachays
4185:Ossetians
4181:Karachays
4158:Ossetians
4154:Karachays
4015:In 1784,
4001:In 1782,
3761:Black Sea
3721:Georgians
3619:Circassia
3542:1982–1991
3538:1964–1982
3534:1953–1964
3530:1927–1953
3526:1917–1927
3522:1894–1917
3518:1855–1894
3514:1796–1855
3510:1721–1796
3285:Sanctions
3235:Oligarchy
3165:1921–1944
3143:1940–1956
3132:1922–1991
3121:1922–1991
3038:Stalinism
2996:1921–1923
2985:1918–1920
2975:1922–1922
2964:1920–1922
2953:1919–1922
2942:1917–1922
2932:1917–1918
2921:1917–1918
2907:Emigrants
2893:Priamurye
2877:Civil War
2853:July Days
2821:1914–1921
2810:1900–1905
2799:1867–1915
2788:1809–1917
2777:1799–1867
2766:1721–1917
2756:1547–1721
2666:1263–1547
2656:1157–1331
2646:1136–1478
2590:1093–1157
2515:Garðaríki
2472:Antiquity
2234:Circassia
2191:Maeotians
1997:Kabardian
1987:Chemirgoy
1964:Surviving
1816:Circassia
1584:315,000+
1452:Abkhazian
1416:Murtaziqs
346:Circassia
250:June 2024
47:talk page
10626:Cold War
10488:Gulf War
9844:and the
9717:Internal
9573:Imperial
9462:, 2013.
9365:. 1840.
9332:. 2008.
9293:3428695M
9163:(2000).
9110:March 11
9091:March 11
9083:Archived
8834:unpo.org
8685:Archived
8666:Archived
8573:Archived
7889:Archived
7466:, p93-94
7279:Archived
7106:ABC-CLIO
6495:cite web
5731:10 April
5563:: 61–62.
5324:See also
5254:was the
5234:Hakuchey
4979:Murtaziq
4972:Shapsugs
4968:Chemguys
4877:—
4841:—
4763:Nartsiss
4665:Besleney
4594:Russians
4569:—
4473:Abadzekh
4419:Hatuqway
4415:Shapsugs
4407:Abzakhss
4369:Kabardia
4292:—
4162:Chechens
4063:Hatuqway
4055:Besleney
4025:holy war
3975:Cossacks
3907:serasker
3748:Murad IV
3733:Goshenay
3709:Caucasus
3662:Caucasus
3506:860–1721
3502:Timeline
3239:Putinism
3193:Protocol
3191:Alma-Ata
3096:Karabakh
3076:transfer
3062:Cold War
2885:Red Army
2869:election
2702:Troubles
2580:988–1402
2570:987–1397
2560:882–1136
2505:Arthania
2434:a series
2432:Part of
2203:Medieval
2142:(Adyghe)
2090:Religion
2068:Mamkhegh
2048:Hakuchey
2002:Natukhaj
1992:Hatuqway
1977:Besleney
1922:Bulgaria
1804:Адыгэхэр
1783:a series
1780:Part of
1552:Disputed
1527:Strength
1364:Karachay
1103:) (
671:European
654:Aided by
577:Natukhaj
564:Mamkhegh
540:Hatuqway
527:Hakuchey
502:Besleney
341:Location
239:reliable
10566:Outline
10549:century
10150:century
9902:century
9585:Related
9569:Tsarist
9133:Sources
8143:D., S.
7287:April 4
5422:Cossack
5386:Russian
5067:de jure
5061:In the
4960:Makhosh
4956:Abdzakh
4903:janazah
4712:Armavir
4669:Shapsug
4661:Abdzakh
4519:Turkish
4486:, 1895.
4365:Balkars
4353:balkars
4337:Balkars
4204:Balkars
4189:Balkars
4150:Balkars
4146:Abazins
4059:Chemguy
3894:Mezdeug
3882:Kizlyar
3813:England
3801:Russian
3756:Peter I
3741:Temryuk
3737:Temryuk
3548:present
3448:present
3427:present
3406:present
3385:present
3364:present
3344:present
3327:present
3310:present
3273:Prelude
3070:Comecon
2700:Time of
2463:Periods
2342:Culture
2179:Ancient
2159:History
2063:Makhosh
2058:Khegayk
2033:Chebsin
2007:Shapsug
1982:Bzhedug
1972:Abzakhs
1938:Romania
1887:Germany
1478:Chechen
1341:raiders
1339:Cossack
1214:†
1156:†
1137:†
603:Chemguy
590:Shapsug
558:Makhosh
552:Khegayk
521:Chebsin
515:Bzhedug
490:Abdzakh
377:changes
181:scholar
9876:Deluge
9800:Russia
9579:times)
9577:Soviet
9565:Russia
9466:
9396:2006.
9349:
9291:
9281:
9262:, 2014
9244:
9208:Rodina
9194:
9171:
9149:
9065:, 1840
9045:
8978:
8910:
8900:
8812:
8514:
8034:. 2013
7615:, 1985
7550:
7513:
7475:King,
7462:King,
7446:
7405:King,
7216:
7188:King,
7175:King,
6672:. 2013
6610:
6548:
6423:
6413:
6385:
6344:
6262:
6229:
6183:
6146:
6106:
6019:
5980:
5917:
5857:
5797:
5772:A, M.
5464:16 May
5418:Persia
5369:Adyghe
5270:, and
5210:Sheval
5105:Polish
4966:, and
4794:Tuapse
4695:
4671:, and
4655:agent
4590:Russia
4421:, and
4411:Ubykhs
4179:, the
3867:Mozdok
3861:, the
3817:France
3797:Ingush
3673:polity
3652:; see
3650:Turkey
3623:Russia
3207:abroad
3074:Crimea
2445:Russia
2436:on the
2227:Modern
2215:Zichia
2078:Zhaney
2053:Khatuq
2028:Ademey
1930:Kosovo
1877:Israel
1872:Jordan
1867:Turkey
1786:on the
1765:(1864)
1759:(1859)
1753:(1858)
1737:(1842)
1731:(1840)
1725:(1840)
1719:(1839)
1713:(1839)
1707:(1832)
1701:(1832)
1695:(1830)
1689:(1819)
1618:Persia
1600:Total:
1517:Polish
1504:Dargin
1465:Ingush
1405:Abreks
1352:Balkar
1193:
1187:
867:
728:Paul I
628:Zhaney
546:Khatuq
496:Ademey
353:Result
183:
176:
169:
162:
154:
10312:]
9442:. In
9394:Ibid.
8133:(38).
7594:[
7308:(PDF)
7045:[
6011:[
5789:[
5652:[
5633:[
5611:[
5356:Notes
5141:Ş̂açə
4861:men.
4828:Anapa
4598:Kuban
4235:Anapa
4051:Abaza
4019:, an
3765:Kuban
3546:1991–
3482:
3468:
3308:1991–
3050:GULAG
2895:Govt.
2536:Rurik
2196:Zygii
2106:Islam
2043:Guaye
2012:Ubykh
1917:Egypt
1902:Libya
1882:Syria
616:Ubykh
188:JSTOR
174:books
10547:21st
10148:20th
9575:and
9464:ISBN
9347:ISBN
9279:ISBN
9242:ISBN
9228:here
9192:ISBN
9169:ISBN
9147:ISBN
9113:2007
9094:2007
9043:ISBN
8976:ISBN
8933:link
8908:LCCN
8898:ISBN
8879:2020
8842:2020
8810:ISBN
8785:2020
8512:ISBN
8484:2022
8278:2022
8212:Тип.
8040:2021
8014:2021
7958:2021
7933:2021
7897:2021
7867:2021
7841:2021
7816:2020
7784:2021
7745:2021
7548:ISBN
7511:ISBN
7444:ISBN
7290:2007
7245:2021
7214:ISBN
7192:, 47
7179:, 43
6986:2021
6820:2021
6757:link
6716:1992
6678:2021
6608:ISBN
6546:ISBN
6501:link
6487:2020
6446:link
6421:LCCN
6411:ISBN
6383:ISBN
6342:ISBN
6260:ISBN
6227:ISBN
6181:ISBN
6144:ISBN
6104:ISBN
6061:2020
6017:ISBN
5978:ISBN
5915:ISBN
5855:ISBN
5838:2021
5795:ISBN
5733:2021
5668:link
5527:link
5466:2021
5429:and
5400:The
5316:and
5250:The
5156:Tsar
5150:The
5081:and
4917:and
4856:The
4740:Ajax
4588:and
4541:The
4363:and
4359:The
4351:and
4335:and
4210:and
4187:and
4160:and
4061:and
4021:imam
3971:Azov
3936:The
3815:and
3609:The
3444:2022
3423:2022
3402:2022
3381:2022
3360:2014
3340:2000
3323:1994
3233:) •
3219:CSTO
3209:" •
3205:Near
2903:USSR
2871:) •
2171:Show
1912:Iran
1907:Iraq
1491:Avar
334:O.S.
330:O.S.
325:Date
304:and
160:news
8208:Тф.
5274:of
3635:O.S
3627:O.S
3621:by
3231:2nd
3227:1st
3203:• "
3201:CIS
3098:War
3026:NEP
1185:(D)
1106:DOW
1100:POW
1082:WIA
1062:DOW
887:WIA
865:(D)
800:DOW
143:by
10650::
10310:ru
9571:,
9476:.
9458:,
9307:/
9289:OL
9287:.
8999:.
8929:}}
8925:{{
8914:.
8906:.
8870:.
8832:.
8804:.
8775:.
8729:^
8711:^
8626:^
8581:^
8571:.
8567:.
8542:^
8526:^
8475:.
8269:.
8258:^
8231:^
8219:^
8210::
8129:.
8030:.
8004:.
7980:^
7949:.
7923:.
7887:.
7883:.
7832:.
7792:^
7774:.
7762:^
7735:.
7604:^
7542::
7538:.
7505::
7501:.
7438::
7434:.
7418:^
7380:^
7356:^
7236:.
7212:.
7208:.
7123:.
7104:.
7092:^
7068:^
6937:^
6909:^
6873:^
6798:^
6753:}}
6749:{{
6668:.
6657:^
6642:^
6579:^
6569:.
6544:.
6540:.
6526:^
6497:}}
6493:{{
6478:.
6455:^
6442:}}
6438:{{
6427:.
6419:.
6391:.
6377:.
6365:^
6325:^
6311:.
6274:^
6258:.
6195:^
6179:.
6175::
6171:.
6130:^
6118:^
6102:.
6098::
6094:.
6078:^
6031:^
5992:^
5976:.
5972:.
5950:^
5929:^
5909:.
5895:^
5878:.
5866:^
5846:^
5829:.
5812:^
5691:^
5664:}}
5660:{{
5621:^
5597:^
5578:^
5561:11
5547:^
5523:}}
5519:{{
5456:.
5388::
5384:;
5375:,
5371::
5320:.
5266:,
5262:,
5179:.
5053:.
4962:,
4958:,
4667:,
4663:,
4417:,
4413:,
4409:,
4405:,
4206:,
4183:,
4152:,
4148:,
4057:,
4053:,
4031:.
3827:.
3711:.
3668:.
3544:•
3536:•
3532:•
3524:•
3520:•
3512:•
3508:•
3479:^B
3465:^A
3291:•
3287:•
3283:•
3279:•
3275:•
3267:•
3263:•
3259:•
3255:•
3251:•
3245:•
3241:•
3237:•
3229:•
3221:•
3217:•
3213:•
3199:•
3195:•
3189:•
3185:•
3100:•
3094:•
3090:•
3086:•
3082:•
3078:•
3072:•
3068:•
3064:•
3060:•
3056:•
3052:•
3048:•
3044:•
3040:•
3036:•
3032:•
3028:•
2905:•
2901:•
2897:•
2891:•
2887:•
2883:•
2879:•
2875:•
2863:•
2859:•
2855:•
2851:•
2845:•
2841:•
2740:•
2736:•
2732:•
2728:•
2724:•
2720:•
2716:•
2712:•
2708:•
2704:•
2698:•
2630:•
2626:•
2622:•
2542:•
2538:•
656::
50:.
9556:e
9549:t
9542:v
9494:.
9449:.
9421:.
9344:.
9295:.
9200:.
9177:.
9155:.
9051:.
8984:.
8935:)
8881:.
8844:.
8818:.
8787:.
8750:.
8723:.
8705:.
8663:.
8520:.
8486:.
8280:.
8243:.
8131:7
8042:.
8016:.
7960:.
7935:.
7899:.
7869:.
7843:.
7818:.
7786:.
7747:.
7556:.
7519:.
7452:.
7247:.
7222:.
7108:.
6988:.
6822:.
6783:.
6759:)
6680:.
6616:.
6573:.
6554:.
6520:.
6503:)
6489:.
6448:)
6350:.
6268:.
6235:.
6189:.
6152:.
6112:.
6063:.
6025:.
5986:.
5923:.
5861:.
5840:.
5803:.
5735:.
5670:)
5591:.
5542:.
5529:)
5468:.
4156:,
3590:e
3583:t
3576:v
3446:–
3425:–
3404:–
3383:–
3362:–
3342:–
3325:–
3295:)
3271:(
3225:(
3108:)
3104:(
2867:(
2417:e
2410:t
2403:v
1649:e
1642:t
1635:v
1255:…
1109:)
1085:)
1065:)
952:…
890:)
803:)
632:…
281:)
275:(
263:)
257:(
252:)
248:(
242:.
210:)
204:(
199:)
195:(
185:·
178:·
171:·
164:·
137:.
108:)
102:(
97:)
93:(
89:.
83:.
57:)
53:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.