20:
340:
300:
172:. Rusticles are found in a tube shapes of iron oxides which are vertical to one another. Rusticles are found to grow at approximately 1 cm (0.39 in) a year and are most often found in areas of sunken hulls underwater.
147:
Rusticles can form on any submerged steel object and have been seen on other subsea structures such as mooring chains and subsea equipment. They form more rapidly in warmer climates and can form in water with little to no
304:
182:
Rusticles have been found to most often be composed of iron, calcium, chloride, magnesium, silica, sodium, and sulfate while there are other chemical compositions of rusticles but in much smaller quantities.
179:
and fungi that use the rusting metal as a source of food, causing microbial corrosion and collectively producing the mineral compounds that form the rusticle as waste products.
191:
Structurally, rusticles contain channels which allow water to flow through, and they seem to build up in a ring structure similar to the growth rings of a
381:
275:
211:. There are several morphologies of the rusticle, some of which are conical, cylindrical, and rusticle on the seafloor.
410:
405:
72:
175:
The remainder of the structure is a complex community of symbiotic or mutualistic microbes including bacteria
374:
324:
Silva-Bedoya, Lina (5 January 2021). "Deep-sea corrosion rusticles from iron-hulled shipwrecks". Wiley.
78:. They have also been found in the #3 turret, 8-inch gun turret on the stern remains in place of the
195:. They are very delicate and can easily disintegrate into fine powder on even the slightest touch.
79:
367:
301:"Microbiologically influenced corrosion of Gulf of Mexico mooring chain at 6,000 feet depths"
415:
120:
65:
249:
8:
140:
400:
149:
355:
204:
351:
169:
165:
106:
49:
in appearance that occurs deep underwater when iron-loving bacteria attack and
394:
228:
53:
19:
110:
161:
90:
46:
347:
207:, while the core is bright orange due to the presence of crystals of
203:
The outer surface of a rusticle is smooth red in appearance from the
61:
208:
128:
24:
124:
119:
were first investigated in 1996 by Roy
Cullimore, based at the
101:
42:
57:
50:
160:
The rusticle consists of up to 35% iron compounds including
192:
95:
38:
339:
250:"New species of bacteria found in Titanic 'rusticles'"
60:. They may be familiar from underwater photographs of
23:Detached rusticles below port side anchor of the
392:
276:"Titanic being dissolved by newly ID'd bacteria"
109:, who first observed them on the wreck of the
375:
268:
229:"USS Indianapolis: The Final Chapter | PBS"
382:
368:
144:was discovered in 2010 by Henrietta Mann.
18:
295:
293:
242:
393:
334:
290:
13:
127:. A previously unknown species of
16:Rust formation often on shipwrecks
14:
427:
338:
318:
221:
155:
1:
214:
354:. You can help Knowledge by
278:. CBC News. December 6, 2010
186:
7:
10:
432:
333:
198:
115:in 1986. Rusticles on the
411:Chemical process stubs
406:Electrochemistry stubs
350:-related article is a
30:
22:
121:University of Regina
177:Halomonas titanicae
141:Halomonas titanicae
138:s rusticles called
131:living inside the
105:and was coined by
73:German battleship
37:is a formation of
31:
363:
362:
256:. 6 December 2010
423:
384:
377:
370:
342:
335:
325:
322:
316:
315:
313:
312:
303:. Archived from
297:
288:
287:
285:
283:
272:
266:
265:
263:
261:
246:
240:
239:
237:
235:
225:
150:dissolved oxygen
137:
431:
430:
426:
425:
424:
422:
421:
420:
391:
390:
389:
388:
331:
329:
328:
323:
319:
310:
308:
299:
298:
291:
281:
279:
274:
273:
269:
259:
257:
248:
247:
243:
233:
231:
227:
226:
222:
217:
205:iron(III) oxide
201:
189:
170:iron hydroxides
166:iron carbonates
158:
135:
17:
12:
11:
5:
429:
419:
418:
413:
408:
403:
387:
386:
379:
372:
364:
361:
360:
343:
327:
326:
317:
289:
267:
241:
219:
218:
216:
213:
200:
197:
188:
185:
157:
154:
107:Robert Ballard
64:, such as the
41:similar to an
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
428:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
396:
385:
380:
378:
373:
371:
366:
365:
359:
357:
353:
349:
344:
341:
337:
336:
332:
321:
307:on 2016-10-06
306:
302:
296:
294:
277:
271:
255:
251:
245:
230:
224:
220:
212:
210:
206:
196:
194:
184:
180:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
153:
151:
145:
143:
142:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
97:
93:of the words
92:
88:
84:
83:
77:
76:
70:
69:
63:
59:
55:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
29:
28:
21:
356:expanding it
345:
330:
320:
309:. Retrieved
305:the original
280:. Retrieved
270:
258:. Retrieved
253:
244:
234:February 16,
232:. Retrieved
223:
202:
190:
181:
176:
174:
159:
146:
139:
132:
116:
111:
100:
94:
86:
85:. The word
82:Indianapolis
81:
74:
67:
54:wrought iron
34:
32:
26:
416:Metal stubs
162:iron oxides
156:Composition
91:portmanteau
395:Categories
311:2013-02-14
215:References
62:shipwrecks
47:stalactite
401:Corrosion
348:corrosion
282:April 21,
187:Structure
254:BBC News
209:goethite
129:bacteria
87:rusticle
75:Bismarck
71:and the
35:rusticle
260:1 March
199:Colours
133:Titanic
117:Titanic
112:Titanic
68:Titanic
51:oxidize
27:Titanic
168:, and
125:Canada
102:icicle
43:icicle
346:This
136:'
89:is a
58:steel
352:stub
284:2022
262:2012
236:2024
193:tree
99:and
96:rust
80:USS
66:RMS
56:and
39:rust
25:RMS
123:in
45:or
397::
292:^
252:.
164:,
152:.
33:A
383:e
376:t
369:v
358:.
314:.
286:.
264:.
238:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
