760:
1076:
26:
463:
turbine could be ignited and would run by itself. While the turbine continued to speed up, the electricity produced by the auxiliary diesel engine could now be used to shunt the locomotive at low speeds (10 km/h or 6 mph). After another four minutes, the turbine had reached its idle speed (100 rpm at the generator) at which point the locomotive was now operational.
485:
Because of the lower load and the more fuel being injected, the rotation speed increased (up to 300 rpm at the generator under full load) and at some point the turbine reached its target speed, where the load was increased again up to the desired level to reach a new equilibrium between the turbine's
449:
and the turbine itself. The air compressor needed about 4,500 kW (6,000 hp) to push the air into the combustion chamber (air pressures of 1 to 3 kgf/cm (0.098 to 0.294 MPa; 14 to 43 psi), depending on the turbine rotation speed), where the fuel was injected and burnt, leading
501:
In the event of a sudden loss of load where a rapid rise in rotation speed could not be compensated by the speed governor, a safety device would have decreased the air supply to the turbine. The reduction in air supply would lead to a rise in temperature in the combustion chamber due to the lack of
541:
line where it covered distance of around 50,000 km without incident. The locomotive went on to be used in experimental service across
Switzerland, France and Germany covering some 410,000 km until September of 1954 when the turbine was damaged due to blade overheating. The root cause of the turbine
497:
If the engineer increased the power output of the turbine too late (example after a grade change instead of before it), then the rotation speed of the turbine might not have risen fast enough, too much fuel might have burnt and the turbine might have overheated. A temperature alarm was shown to the
462:
First, an auxiliary diesel engine was started by the help of batteries. This engine was coupled to a generator which, in turn, provided electricity to start the turbine. The turbine was brought up to speed by the coupled generator (used as a motor). This process took about 4 minutes after which the
423:
of 29,000 lb (13,154 kg) was specified along with a continuous tractive effort of 11,000 lb (4,990 kg) at 45 mph (72 km/h). A maximum speed of 70 mph (113 km/h) was given. The maximum allowable weight of the locomotive for use on branch lines was set at 92
437:
The locomotive was based on existing technology wherever possible to avoid failures of components not directly associated with the gas turbine from endangering the project. Electric power transmission was chosen because it had already shown its reliability in conjunction with diesel engines and
505:
The combustion chamber was also monitored. If the temperature became too low (loss of ignition), the controller was designed to reignite the burners. If this failed the controllers would shut down the oil supply after 5 seconds.
438:
because it allowed as many axles as desired to be driven, which was an important aspect because the weight per power output was much lower compared to diesel and steam engines of the time. A possible alternative would have been a
450:
to an expansion of the gases, which, with a temperature of 500 °C (932 °F) to 600 °C (1,112 °F), hit the turbine and produced about 6,000 kW (8,000 hp). The exhaust gases flowed through the
542:
blade failure was identified as faulty wiring of sensor cables. SBB decided not to fix the turbine due to the high repair cost and the relatively poor fuel efficiency of the locomotive.
748:
514:
Peak efficiency of the gas turbine was 15-16%; note that these numbers do not include losses from the electrical power transmission. Efficiency was low compared to contemporary
419:
branch lines. The specification for the locomotive included a guaranteed continuous output of 2,200 hp (1,641 kW) measured at the generator coupling. A starting
726:
454:, where they preheated the incoming air, and were ejected via the roof. The remaining power of about 1,500 kW (2,000 hp) was used to drive the locomotive.
741:
890:
805:
1141:
734:
107:
498:
driver by a warning lamp; if he did not decrease the load, the fuel supply was cut after another rise of the temperature by 30 °C (54 °F).
1156:
1131:
518:
which typically had fuel efficiencies around 26-28%. Poor efficiency was a major reason why gas turbine locomotives were not widely adopted.
562:
1126:
1121:
1095:
756:
529:
was delivered to SBB in 1941 after which it underwent a period of testing. From May 1943 to July 1944 the locomotive was trialed on the
481:
The overload protector noticed an overload situation (rotation speed lower than the target speed) and reduced the load on the turbine
1100:
614:
714:
655:
1146:
1090:
369:
56:
1161:
1151:
412:, Switzerland. By the late 1930s, BBC were eager to apply the new gas turbine technology to railway locomotives.
361:
845:
1136:
471:
To increase the power output, the engineer turned his power controller, which had the following effects:
439:
640:
Proceedings of the ASME 1975 International Gas
Turbine Conference and Products Show. Volume 1B: General
442:, but this technology was not yet considered ready for powers above about 300 kW (400 hp).
961:
956:
409:
158:
502:
cold air which, in turn, would have led to the shutdown of the turbine due to over-temperature.
1075:
870:
865:
855:
850:
770:
404:
BBC had built the world’s first industrial gas turbine in 1936 for the Marcus Hook refinery in
373:
365:
415:
Early in 1939, SBB placed an order, with BBC, for a gas turbine locomotive for service on non
880:
347:
Rebuilt as an all electric locomotive, Ae 4/6 III 10851, starting in 1958. Scrapped in 1978.
96:
966:
860:
8:
1061:
941:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1000:
990:
951:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
885:
875:
840:
835:
830:
825:
661:
567:
310:
800:
795:
790:
785:
710:
665:
651:
1010:
995:
643:
538:
420:
264:
192:
685:"Locomotive dimenticate A m 4 / 6 La prima locomotiva a turbina a gas del mondo"
515:
451:
377:
112:
1115:
1005:
534:
405:
638:
Keller, Rolf (March 1975). "Gas
Turbine Drive for New High Speed Trains".
946:
759:
684:
416:
381:
303:
123:
530:
116:
647:
446:
181:
478:
The speed governor was adjusted to achieve a higher rotation speed
570:- Contemporary gas turbine locomotive, also built by Brown Boveri
389:
282:
130 kN (29,200 lbf) at up to 26 km/h (16 mph)
376:
in 1939. The locomotive was delivered in 1941 and was in use on
385:
489:
To decrease the load, the same processes happened in reverse.
277:
76.0 kN (17,100 lbf) at 50 km/h (31 mph);
272:
48.4 kN (10,900 lbf) at 70 km/h (43 mph);
25:
214:
4,200 litres (920 imp gal; 1,100 US gal)
486:
power output and the power needed by the traction motors.
222:
850 litres (190 imp gal; 220 US gal)
709:(4 ed.). Solar Turbines Incorporated. p. 15.
410:
world's first gas turbine power station at Neuchâtel
475:More fuel was injected into the combustion chamber
1113:
764: Standard gauge locomotives of Switzerland
553:the locomotive remained in service until 1978.
30:1942 publicity photo of Am 4/6 number 1101
445:The turbine consisted of an air compressor, a
742:
563:List of stock used by Swiss Federal Railways
157:16,340 mm (53 ft 7 in) over
1096:Swiss locomotive and railcar classification
466:
749:
735:
457:
1142:Standard gauge locomotives of Switzerland
1101:History of rail transport in Switzerland
704:
549:as an all-electric locomotive. Renamed
370:Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works (SLM)
206:92 tonnes (91 long tons; 101 short tons)
608:
606:
604:
198:59 tonnes (58 long tons; 65 short tons)
186:16 tonnes (16 long tons; 18 short tons)
1157:Railway locomotives introduced in 1941
1132:Gas turbine locomotives of Switzerland
1114:
679:
677:
675:
637:
633:
631:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
730:
612:
176:3,933 mm (12 ft 11 in)
521:
364:. The locomotive was ordered by the
1127:Brown, Boveri & Cie locomotives
1091:Category:Locomotives of Switzerland
698:
672:
628:
581:
168:2,970 mm (9 ft 9 in)
13:
1122:Swiss Federal Railways locomotives
707:Introduction to Gas Turbine Theory
705:Brun, Klaus; Kurz, Rainer (2019).
615:"The First Gas Turbine Locomotive"
492:
57:Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works
14:
1173:
1074:
758:
545:In 1958, SBB decided to rebuild
24:
432:
362:gas turbine-electric locomotive
395:
254:1,030 kW (1,380 hp);
1:
574:
509:
427:
374:Brown, Boveri & Cie (BBC)
259:1,620 kW (2,170 hp)
19:SBB-CFF-FFS Am 4/6 1101
7:
1035:Experimental and prototypes
935:Experimental and prototypes
556:
243:110 km/h (68 mph)
10:
1178:
1083:
1072:
1054:
1034:
986:
979:
934:
821:
814:
778:
769:
613:Meyer, Adolf (May 1942).
343:
335:
327:
319:
309:
299:
294:
290:
263:
247:
239:
234:
230:
218:
210:
202:
190:
180:
172:
164:
153:
122:
105:
94:
85:
80:
76:
62:
52:
44:
39:
35:
23:
18:
467:Varying the power output
1162:Gas turbine locomotives
622:The Brown Boveri Review
458:Starting the locomotive
368:(SBB-CFF-FFS) from the
1152:(1A)Bo(A1) locomotives
440:hydraulic transmission
366:Swiss Federal Railways
360:was the world's first
1137:Scrapped locomotives
101:1-D-1, later 1A-B-A1
48:Gas turbine-electric
235:Performance figures
1147:1′Do1′ locomotives
568:British Rail 18000
447:combustion chamber
400:Prior to building
1109:
1108:
1070:
1069:
1050:
1049:
975:
974:
716:978-0-578-48386-3
657:978-0-7918-7977-1
522:Operating History
355:
354:
351:
350:
286:
285:
226:
225:
72:
71:
1169:
1078:
984:
983:
819:
818:
776:
775:
763:
762:
751:
744:
737:
728:
727:
721:
720:
702:
696:
695:
693:
692:
681:
670:
669:
648:10.1115/75-gt-88
635:
626:
625:
624:. pp. 1–28.
619:
610:
551:Ae 4/6 III 10851
292:
291:
232:
231:
195:
148:
146:
145:
141:
138:
130:
78:
77:
65:
37:
36:
28:
16:
15:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1079:
1066:
1046:
1030:
971:
930:
810:
765:
757:
755:
725:
724:
717:
703:
699:
690:
688:
683:
682:
673:
658:
636:
629:
617:
611:
582:
577:
559:
524:
512:
495:
493:Safety Features
469:
460:
435:
430:
421:tractive effort
398:
278:
273:
265:Tractive effort
255:
193:Adhesive weight
191:
143:
139:
136:
134:
133:4 ft
132:
128:
87:
63:
40:Type and origin
31:
12:
11:
5:
1175:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1055:Electro-diesel
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
987:
981:
977:
976:
973:
972:
970:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
938:
936:
932:
931:
929:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
822:
816:
812:
811:
809:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
782:
780:
773:
767:
766:
754:
753:
746:
739:
731:
723:
722:
715:
697:
671:
656:
627:
579:
578:
576:
573:
572:
571:
565:
558:
555:
523:
520:
516:diesel engines
511:
508:
494:
491:
483:
482:
479:
476:
468:
465:
459:
456:
452:heat exchanger
434:
431:
429:
426:
397:
394:
353:
352:
349:
348:
345:
341:
340:
337:
333:
332:
329:
325:
324:
321:
317:
316:
313:
307:
306:
301:
297:
296:
288:
287:
284:
283:
267:
261:
260:
249:
245:
244:
241:
237:
236:
228:
227:
224:
223:
220:
219:Lubricant cap.
216:
215:
212:
208:
207:
204:
200:
199:
196:
188:
187:
184:
178:
177:
174:
170:
169:
166:
162:
161:
155:
151:
150:
126:
120:
119:
110:
103:
102:
99:
92:
91:
88:
86:Configuration:
83:
82:
81:Specifications
74:
73:
70:
69:
66:
64:Total produced
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
41:
33:
32:
29:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1174:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
985:
982:
978:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
939:
937:
933:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
820:
817:
813:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
781:
777:
774:
772:
768:
761:
752:
747:
745:
740:
738:
733:
732:
729:
718:
712:
708:
701:
686:
680:
678:
676:
667:
663:
659:
653:
649:
645:
642:. p. 1.
641:
634:
632:
623:
616:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
580:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
554:
552:
548:
543:
540:
536:
532:
528:
519:
517:
507:
503:
499:
490:
487:
480:
477:
474:
473:
472:
464:
455:
453:
448:
443:
441:
425:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
312:
308:
305:
302:
298:
293:
289:
281:
276:
271:
268:
266:
262:
258:
253:
250:
246:
242:
240:Maximum speed
238:
233:
229:
221:
217:
213:
211:Fuel capacity
209:
205:
201:
197:
194:
189:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:
156:
152:
129:1,435 mm
127:
125:
121:
118:
114:
111:
109:
106: •
104:
100:
98:
95: •
93:
89:
84:
79:
75:
67:
61:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
34:
27:
22:
17:
1041:
962:Be 4/6 12302
957:Be 4/6 12301
706:
700:
689:. Retrieved
687:(in Italian)
639:
621:
550:
546:
544:
526:
525:
513:
504:
500:
496:
488:
484:
470:
461:
444:
436:
433:Construction
414:
406:Pennsylvania
401:
399:
392:until 1954.
357:
356:
279:
274:
269:
256:
251:
248:Power output
1042:Am 4/6 1101
771:SBB-CFF-FFS
547:Am 4/6 1101
527:Am 4/6 1101
417:electrified
402:Am 4/6 1101
396:Development
382:Switzerland
358:Am 4/6 1101
344:Disposition
304:SBB-CFF-FFS
270:Continuous:
203:Loco weight
1116:Categories
871:Ce 6/8 III
856:Be 6/8 III
691:2022-11-16
575:References
531:Winterthur
510:Efficiency
428:Technology
117:(1A)Bo(A1)
45:Power type
881:Ee 3/3 IV
866:Ce 6/8 II
851:Be 6/8 II
666:110826476
539:Säckingen
378:railroads
328:Delivered
300:Operators
275:One hour:
252:At wheel:
182:Axle load
1087:See also
1011:Am 842.1
967:Ce 6/8 I
891:Re 4/4 I
861:Ce 6/8 I
815:Electric
557:See also
408:and the
280:Maximum:
257:Turbine:
147: in
115:, later
90:
1062:Eem 923
942:Ae 8/14
390:Germany
336:Retired
320:Numbers
159:buffers
142:⁄
53:Builder
1026:Em 3/3
1021:Bm 4/4
1016:Am 843
1006:Am 842
1001:Am 841
996:Am 840
991:Am 6/6
980:Diesel
952:Be 3/5
947:Be 2/5
926:Re 620
921:Re 484
916:Re 482
911:Re 481
906:Re 460
901:Re 450
896:Re 420
886:Ee 922
876:De 6/6
846:Be 4/6
841:Ae 6/6
836:Ae 4/8
831:Ae 4/7
826:Ae 4/6
806:Eb 3/5
713:
664:
654:
424:tons.
386:France
315:Am 4/6
295:Career
173:Height
154:Length
113:1′Do1′
801:E 3/3
796:C 5/6
791:B 3/4
786:A 3/5
779:Steam
662:S2CID
618:(PDF)
535:Stein
311:Class
165:Width
124:Gauge
711:ISBN
652:ISBN
388:and
372:and
339:1958
331:1941
323:1101
644:doi
380:in
108:UIC
97:AAR
1118::
674:^
660:.
650:.
630:^
620:.
583:^
384:,
750:e
743:t
736:v
719:.
694:.
668:.
646::
537:-
533:-
149:)
144:2
140:1
137:+
135:8
131:(
68:1
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
