31:
998:
933:
515:
123:
627:
116:
1327:
483:
474:, occur around Sabancaya as well and include the Huambo-Cabanaconde, the Huanca, the Ichupampa, the Pampa Sepina, Sepina, Solarpampa and Trigal faults; the volcanoes Ampato and Sabancaya are aligned on the Sepina fault, which may thus be responsible for their existence. These fault systems are still active and experience occasional earthquakes and deformation, and their activity appears to be in part triggered by underground magma movements at Sabancaya.
838:
578:
the magma supply system of
Sabancaya may not be centered directly below the volcano. Indeed, a phase of ground uplift at Hualca Hualca volcano and earthquake swarms in 1990 and later seismic activity under Hualca Hualca indicate that the magma chamber of Sabancaya is actually under the neighbouring volcano, a not uncommon phenomenon at volcanoes.
4259:
Puma, Roger
Machacca; Calienes, José Alberto Del Carpio; Porras, Marco Antonio Rivera; Huarache, Hernando Jhonny Tavera; Franco, Luisa Diomira Macedo; Calle, Jorge Andrés Concha; Zerpa, Ivonne Alejandra Lazarte; Quico, Riky Gustavo Centeno; Sacsi, Nino Celestino Puma; Aguilar, José Luis Torres; Alva,
577:
Earthquake activity has allowed the identification of a candidate magma reservoir beneath Pampa Sepina northeast of
Sabancaya about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) away from the summit. Between 1992 and 1996 this area inflated at a depth of 11–13 km (6.8–8.1 mi) below sea level, indicating that
569:
between 25,000 and 17,000 years before present, when ice covered an area of 347 square kilometres (134 sq mi) on the three volcanoes; these moraines have diverted some lava flows. Younger moraines are found at higher altitudes, 4,400–4,650 metres (14,440–15,260 ft) above sea level, and
556:
which in 1988 extended to distances of 2.5–3 kilometres (1.6–1.9 mi) from the summit. In 1997, a surface area of 3.4 square kilometres (1.3 sq mi) was reported. The maximum thickness was 50 metres (160 ft) in the summit area, decreasing to 20 metres (66 ft) on steeper slopes.
1205:
is highest on the edifice itself and the valleys draining Ampato-Sabancaya to the east, south and west. A moderate hazard is found on Ampato-Sabancaya and downstream valleys, and a low hazard around the foot of Ampato-Sabancaya. Only a few houses are located within "multiple threats" hazard zones as
898:
on the latter volcano. These explosive eruptions became less common over time (from paroxysms every 20–30 minutes to only 5–6 eruptions per day) and the proportional amount of fresh volcanic material increased at first; since 1997 discontinuous eruptions generate steam columns no higher than 300–500
544:
emanate from the volcano, and cover a surface area of about 68 square kilometres (26 sq mi), with individual lava flows extending up to 8 km (5.0 mi) east and west from between its two neighbours. The lava flows at larger distances are older than the ones close to the vent. These
1298:
Several paved roads pass along the foot of Ampato and Hualca Hualca, including the department-level road PE-34E and the AR-579. The principal economic activities in the area are agriculture, animal husbandry, mining and tourism. The Colca valley is one of the principal tourism destinations of Peru,
958:
began to grow in 2017 within the crater, with unsteady explosive activity and occasional seismic swarms, and was progressively destroyed in 2020. In 2020, a second lava dome formed in
November but it was destroyed between December and February of that year. These lava domes were named after numbers
713:
which gave rise to the dacites. Partial crystallization and flow events within the magma chamber caused the formation of the andesite enclaves. The total magma production rate of
Sabancaya without accounting for repose periods is about 0.6–1.7 cubic kilometres per year (0.14–0.41 cu mi/a)
2464:
Bromley, Gordon R. M.; Thouret, Jean-Claude; Schimmelpfennig, Irene; Mariño, Jersy; Valdivia, David; Rademaker, Kurt; del Pilar
Vivanco Lopez, Socorro; Team, ASTER; Aumaître, Georges; Bourlès, Didier; Keddadouche, Karim (7 November 2019). "In situ cosmogenic 3He and 36Cl and radiocarbon dating of
801:
volcano was the active volcano before volcanism shifted to
Sabancaya, after a period where both volcanoes erupted. Holocene activity at Sabancaya has been subdivided into two or three stages, Sabancaya I, Sabancaya II and Sabancaya III in the three-stage model and a principal cone-basal lava flow
355:
leads to volcanic activity in the Andes. This volcanic activity presently occurs in three segments, the
Northern Volcanic Zone, the Central Volcanic Zone and the Southern Volcanic Zone. There is an additional volcanic belt south of the Southern Volcanic Zone, the Austral Volcanic Zone, associated
889:
After the large 1990 eruption, the style of activity at
Sabancaya changed towards a frequent occurrence of explosive eruptions with however low output, which threw ballistic blocks to distances of about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) from the summit crater; this pattern of activity is referred to as
506:
in the north and the Siguas Valley in the southwest. Ampato and the more heavily eroded Hualca Hualca are the dominant volcanoes of this group, with
Sabancaya forming a northeastward extension of the former 4–5 kilometres (2.5–3.1 mi) away from Ampato's summit. There is evidence of age
857:
activity heralded the onset of a new eruptive period, and satellite images observed the occurrence of black spots where the ice had melted or boiled away. During this time, the death of animals was observed in the area. This period reached a climax in May 1990, when an eruption with a
1095:
fallout, which can impact the health of people, animals and plants more than 50 kilometres (31 mi) away; and lava flows, which however are not much of a threat to humans owing to their slow speed. Aside from the direct threat of eruptions, Sabancaya also contributes to
3763:
Coppola, D.; Valade, S.; Masias, P.; Laiolo, M.; Massimetti, F.; Campus, A.; Aguilar, R.; Anccasi, R.; Apaza, F.; Ccallata, B.; Cigolini, C.; Cruz, L. F.; Finizola, A.; Gonzales, K.; Macedo, O.; Miranda, R.; Ortega, M.; Paxi, R.; Taipe, E.; Valdivia, D. (February 2022).
818:. There is evidence that early and middle-Holocene Sabancaya mostly erupted lava, while the late-Holocene volcano was more explosive in its activity. Thirteen tephra-producing eruptions took place between 4,150 ±40 and 730 ±35 years ago. It is possible that the
4188:
Moussallam, Yves; Tamburello, Giancarlo; Peters, Nial; Apaza, Fredy; Schipper, C. Ian; Curtis, Aaron; Aiuppa, Alessandro; Masias, Pablo; Boichu, Marie; Bauduin, Sophie; Barnie, Talfan; Bani, Philipson; Giudice, Gaetano; Moussallam, Manuel (1 September 2017).
1234:
is during December-March, with the rest of the year dry. Annual precipitation east of the volcano is about 480–926 millimetres (18.9–36.5 in); on average, about 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) ice and snow accumulate on Sabancaya during the wet season.
914:
increased after fifteen years of rest, leading to local infrastructure being damaged; an eruption occurred in August 2014 and blue and yellow gases were emitted between 2013 and 2015. This pulse of activity was accompanied by an increased release of
4121:
MacQueen, Patricia; Delgado, Francisco; Reath, Kevin; Pritchard, Matthew E.; Bagnardi, Marco; Milillo, Pietro; Lundgren, Paul; Macedo, Orlando; Aguilar, Victor; Ortega, Mayra; Anccasi, Rosa; Zerpa, Ivonne Alejandra Lazarte; Miranda, Rafael (2020).
4230:
Ortega, M.; Cruz, L.; Apaza, F.; Anccasi, R.; Paxi, R.; Taipe, E.; Chavez, V. (2023). "Actividad volcánica asociada a procesos de formaciĂłn y destrucciĂłn de domos de lava en el volcán Sabancaya, 2019 – 2022". In MasĂas, P.; Ortega, M. (eds.).
940:
A further increase of fumarolic activity was observed in 2016, when new fumaroles appeared and sulfur flux increased to 6,000 tonnes per day (0.069 t/s) sulfur dioxide. Ash eruptions have occurred since 6 November 2016, with an
4065:
Kern, Christoph; Masias, Pablo; Apaza, Fredy; Reath, Kevin A.; Platt, Ulrich (1 May 2017). "Remote measurement of high preeruptive water vapor emissions at Sabancaya volcano by passive differential optical absorption spectroscopy".
613:, the supply of volcanic material was high and dominated the region, forming a volcanic "foot"; the present volcanoes are constructed on this volcanic "foot" formed by the Tacaza and Barroso sequences. This "foot" is made out of an
1209:
Together with Ubinas, Coropuna and Misti, Sabancaya is classified by as a "very high risk" volcano; in the case of Sabancaya because of its threat to the Majes-Siguas irrigation project. Scenarios of future eruptions range from
3822:
Del Carpio Calienes, José Alberto; Rivera, Marco; Puma Sacsi, Nino; Cruz Igme, John Edward; Torres Aguilar, José Luis; Vargas Alva, Katherine Andrea; Lazarte, Ivonne; Machacca, Roger; Concha Calle, Jorge Andrés (October 2019).
617:
plateau that drops down south. The "foot" beneath Ampato, Hualca Hualca and Sabancaya has been dated 2.2 ±0.15 million years ago, while a lava flow beneath the first and the last of these is about 0.8 ±0.04 million years old.
285:. Historical reports indicate eruptions during the 18th century. The volcano returned to activity in 1986, culminating in a large eruption in 1990. Since then it has been continuously active with the emission of ash and gas.
929:, which was being emitted at a rate of 1,000 tonnes per day (0.012 t/s) in 2014. Ash was emitted by the volcano multiple times through 2014 and 2015, and there has been steady shallow seismic activity since 2013.
4331:
Rivera, Marco; Samaniego, Pablo; Nauret, François; Mariño, Jersy; Liorzou, Céline (November 2023). "Petrological and geochemical constraints on the magmatic evolution at the Ampato-Sabancaya compound volcano (Peru)".
3863:
Fries, Allan; Dominguez, Lucia; Jarvis, Paul A.; Pistolesi, Marco; Manrique, Nelida; Aguilar, Rigoberto; Valdivia, David; Rossi, Eduardo; Pollastri, Stefano; Horwell, Claire J.; Bonadonna, Costanza (September 2023).
696:
formed at temperatures of 920–990 °C (1,688–1,814 °F) with uncertainties of 30–50 °C (54–90 °F); the highest temperatures are associated with the 1992 eruption products. Fluids from the downgoing
853:. After the 18th century, the volcano went dormant for about two hundred years during which only fumarolic activity was recorded. Beginning in 1981, signs of increased activity were noted. In late 1986 an increased
949:
clouds that can rise to elevations of 3.5 km (2.2 mi). A persistent gas plume lies above the volcano and repeated emissions of ash have happened, resulting in several alerts for the local population.
1075:
The presence of an ice cap is an additional source of danger, as its melting during a volcanic eruption could form hazardous lahars, although the small volume of the ice cap limits their damage potential. The
455:. Notable among them are Ampato and Coropuna for exceeding a height of 6,000 metres (20,000 ft), Huaynaputina and El Misti for their large eruptions and Ubinas and Sabancaya for their recent activity.
1718:
Chorowicz, J.; Deffontaines, B.; Huaman-Rodrigo, D.; Guillande, R.; Leguern, F.; Thouret, J.C. (1 October 1992). "SPOT satellite monitoring of the eruption of Nevado Sabancaya volcano (Southern Peru)".
2609:
Socha, Dagmara M.; Sykutera, Marzena; Reinhard, Johan; Chávez Perea, Ruddy (June 2022). "Ritual drug use during Inca human sacrifices on Ampato mountain (Peru): Results of a toxicological analysis".
3909:
Gerbe, Marie-Christine; Thouret, Jean-Claude (1 August 2004). "Role of magma mixing in the petrogenesis of tephra erupted during the 1990–98 explosive activity of Nevado Sabancaya, southern Peru".
586:
The tectonic conditions in the region have not been constant over time; at various times the plates approached each other at higher speed, and this led to a compressional tectonic regimen. In the
4322:
Rivera, Marco; Del Carpio Calienes, José Alberto; Tavera, Hernando; Cruz Igme, John Edward; Vargas Alva, Katherine Andrea; Torres Aguilar, José Luis; Concha Calle, Jorge Andrés (February 2021).
530:
are recognizable in the summit area. They have a total volume of 20–25 cubic kilometres (4.8–6.0 cu mi). The upper slopes of the volcano are steep, and become gentler at its foot. A
1222:. Scenarios of mudflow emission range from mudflows in the valleys draining Ampato and Sabancaya over to flows that extend 25 kilometres (16 mi) from the volcano into surrounding towns.
364:
of the Andes, which extends through southern Peru. Many volcanoes in the Central Volcanic Zone are poorly known, owing to their remote locations and adverse conditions such as high altitude.
1131:
545:
flows are blocky, have lobe structures and reach thicknesses of 60–170 metres (200–560 ft); the total thickness of this pile of lava flows is about 300–400 metres (980–1,310 ft).
1130:
being created two years later and beginning its work at Sabancaya. The monitoring network around the volcano was expanded after its 2013 eruption. The Southern Volcano Observatory and the
3095:
Bennis, K.L.; Andrews, B. (eds.). Global Volcanism Program, 2022. Report on Sabancaya (Peru) (Report). Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network. Vol. 47. Smithsonian Institution.
874:
magma into the magma chamber. This eruption displaced between 4,000 and 1,500 people in the region. Ash fall from the eruption melted ice on the neighbouring Ampato volcano, exposing
752:. The amount of water emitted by Sabancaya is noticeably large for a volcano (about 250,000 tonnes per day or 2.9 tonnes per second); the source of this water might be an evaporating
1206:
of 2017, but several bridges, canals, roads and the towns of Taya, Lluta and Huanca are within the mudflow hazard zone, and the volcanic ash hazard zone includes numerous villages.
709:, which eventually melts to produce a primitive magma. In various magma chambers, magma genesis involved processes of magma mixing which formed at least part of the andesites and
653:
suite similar to other volcanoes in southern Peru; the andesites occasionally appear as fine-grained enclaves. The rocks are not very vesicular and contain a moderate amount of
4020:
Juvigné, Etienne; Thouret, Jean-Claude; Loutsch, Isabelle; Lamadon, Sébastien; Frechen, Manfred; Fontugne, Michel; Rivera, Marco; Dávila, Jasmine; Mariño, Jersy (1 June 2008).
2520:
THOURET, Jean-Claude; DAVILA, Jasmine; JUVIGNÉ, Etienne; LEE, Alex; LEGELEY-PADOVANI, Annick; LOUTSCH, Isabelle; MAJAVESI, Medeia; JERSY, Marino; MOSCOL, Marcela (July 2003).
1124:
806:
on various lava flows of the basal lava flow field stage, indicating that effusive activity started shortly after the beginning of the Holocene and built the basal edifice.
367:
Sabancaya is part of a series of volcanoes that line the southwestern coast of Peru at a distance of roughly 100 kilometres (62 mi) from the shore. Of these volcanoes,
1754:
Alcalá, J.; Zamorano, J. J.; Palacios, D. (1 April 2012). "Geomorphologic map and derived geomorphological evolution model of the Ampato volcanic complex (Southern Peru)".
862:
of 2–3 occurred. This eruption threw ash to distances of 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) from the summit and was accompanied by strong earthquake activity and the formation of
4365:
Samaniego, Pablo; Rivera, Marco; Mariño, Jersy; Guillou, Hervé; Liorzou, Céline; Zerathe, Swann; Delgado, Rosmery; Valderrama, Patricio; Scao, Vincent (1 September 2016).
526:
at the top of the volcano lies either on the northern or between these two domes, with traces of an additional crater just northeast. Despite the presence of an ice cap,
1009:
with about 35,000 people living in them. Sabancaya is particularly dangerous for the Colca river valley, 18 kilometres (11 mi) north of the volcano; with the towns
601:
rocks of the "Arequipa Massif", which are up to 1.9 billion years old. They are overlaid by various sediments and volcanic formations (Yura Group and Tiabaya unit) of
1808:
Legeley-Padovani, A.; Mering, C.; Guillande, R.; Huaman, D. (1 October 1997). "Mapping of lava flows through SPOT images an example of the Sabancaya volcano (Peru)".
490:
Sabancaya is 5,960 metres (19,554 ft) high and rises 1,500 metres (4,920 ft) above the surrounding terrain. It forms a group of volcanoes with the northern
903:. Satellite imagery has evidenced the occurrence of temperature anomalies on Sabancaya on the scale of 13 K (23 °F), probably owing to fumarolic activity.
866:
that reached heights of 7 km (4.3 mi). The eruption and further activity, through 1990, enlarged the summit crater and caused the formation of new rows of
4313:
Puma Sacsi, Nino; Del Carpio Calienes, José Alberto; Rivera, Marco; Vargas Alva, Katherine Andrea; Machacca, Roger; Lazarte Zerpa, lvonne Alejandra (April 2021).
3710:
Contreras, Rigoberto Aguilar; Maquerhua, Edu Taipe; Vera, Yanet Antayhua; Gonzales, Mayra Ortega; Choquehuayta, Fredy Apaza; Mamani, Luis Cruz (1 November 2021).
424:
522:
Sabancaya consists of two separate centres that are formed by neighbouring domes, Sabancaya I North and Sabancaya II South. The 350 metres (1,150 ft) wide
1146:
1054:
1123:
Sabancaya and Ubinas were the first Peruvian volcanoes to be studied scientifically. Volcano monitoring in Peru commenced after the 1986 eruption, with the
1215:
1178:
4398:
Silva, SL de; Francis, P. W. (1 March 1990). "Potentially active volcanoes of Peru-Observations using Landsat Thematic Mapper and Space Shuttle imagery".
3843:
Del Carpio Calienes, José Alberto; Rivera, Marco; Centeno, Riky; Torres, José; Lazarte, Ivonne; Vargas, Katherine; Concha Calle, Jorge Andrés (May 2023).
2111:
Pritchard, Matthew E.; Simons, Mark (11 July 2002). "A satellite geodetic survey of large-scale deformation of volcanic centres in the central Andes".
894:" and was accompanied by a decrease of the magma supply. Ash fall from these eruptions induced melting of the glaciers on Ampato, in 1995 exposing the
1045:
and others lie in the valley. About 30,000 people live within 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the volcano. The flanks of Sabancaya themselves include
590:
however, tensional faulting facilitated the occurrence of voluminous volcanism. This faulting is still underway and produces earthquakes in the area.
2347:
The influence of vulcanism, sea salt, DMS and dust on marine stratocumulus cloud chemistry in southern Peru based on ion and sulfate isotope analysis
1034:
945:
3 km (1.9 mi) high five days later. Since then, the volcano has been continuously active with numerous explosions every day, which produce
4462:"L'Activite actuelle du Nevado Sabancaya (sud Perou); reconnaissance geologique et satellitaire, evaluation et cartographie des menaces volcaniques"
4191:"Volcanic gas emissions and degassing dynamics at Ubinas and Sabancaya volcanoes; implications for the volatile budget of the central volcanic zone"
2844:
Jay, J. A.; Welch, M.; Pritchard, M. E.; Mares, P. J.; Mnich, M. E.; Melkonian, A. K.; Aguilera, F.; Naranjo, J. A.; Sunagua, M. (1 January 2013).
802:
fields in the two-stage model. Dating efforts have yielded ages of 12,340 ±550, 6,650 ±320, 6,300 ±310, 5,440 ±40, 5,200 ±100 and 4,100 ±100 years
238:
of the Andes, one of the three distinct volcanic belts of the Andes. The Central Volcanic Zone includes a number of volcanoes, some of which like
4262:"Monitoring of active volcanoes in Peru by the Instituto GeofĂsico del PerĂş: Early warning systems, communication, and information dissemination"
4260:
Katherine Andrea Vargas; Igme, John Edward Cruz; Quispe, Lizbeth Velarde; Nina, Javier Vilca; Garay, Alan Reinhold Malpartida (1 November 2021).
3283:"Near-real-time volcanic cloud monitoring: insights into global explosive volcanic eruptive activity through analysis of Volcanic Ash Advisories"
1042:
781:
in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes and among the top fifteen volcanic emitters on Earth. Sulfur dioxide is transported by winds on to the
1111:
in the Colca valley, which can damage plants and cause respiratory distress in animals and humans. Ash clouds from Sabancaya frequently impede
2521:
1081:
1030:
1026:
1014:
1136:
1006:
557:
Between 1986 and 2016 the mountain lost over three quarters of its ice cap, and the remaining ice field broke up into several ice bodies.
2385:
Rivera, Marco; Samaniego, Pablo; Vela, Jessica; Le Pennec, Jean-Luc; Guillou, Hervé; Paquette, Jean-Louis; Liorzou, Céline (March 2020).
1038:
1022:
4022:"Retombées volcaniques dans des tourbières et lacs autour du massif des Nevados Ampato et Sabancaya (Pérou méridional, Andes Centrales)"
1218:(no evidence of effusive eruptions during the past few centuries) and vulcanian-subplinian eruptions to the low-probability scenario of
4571:
2387:"The eruptive chronology of the Yucamane-Calientes compound volcano: A potentially active edifice of the Central Andes (southern Peru)"
3966:
Jay, Jennifer A.; Delgado, Francisco J.; Torres, José Luis; Pritchard, Matthew E.; Macedo, Orlando; Aguilar, Victor (28 April 2015).
3766:"Shallow magma convection evidenced by excess degassing and thermal radiation during the dome-forming Sabancaya eruption (2012–2020)"
3712:"Hazard assessment studies and multiparametric volcano monitoring developed by the Instituto GeolĂłgico, Minero y MetalĂşrgico in Peru"
395:
have been active during historical time, erupting forty-five times during the past six centuries. Further volcanoes in the area with
2007:"Area changes of glaciers on active volcanoes in Latin America between 1986 and 2015 observed from multi-temporal satellite imagery"
3811:"EvaluaciĂłn geofĂsica del comportamiento dinámico actual del volcán Sabancaya, periodo 1 de diciembre de 2019-2 de febrero de 2020"
1010:
1059:
4536:(Report) (in Spanish). Instituto GeolĂłgico Minero y MetalĂşrgico. DirecciĂłn de GeologĂa Ambiental y Riesgo GeolĂłgico. p. 19.
3866:"The post-2016 long-lasting Vulcanian activity of Sabancaya volcano (Peru) and associated aeolian remobilisation of volcanic ash"
4124:"Volcano-Tectonic Interactions at Sabancaya Volcano, Peru: Eruptions, Magmatic Inflation, Moderate Earthquakes, and Fault Creep"
3948:
Evaluación del riesgo volcánico en el sur del Perú: situación de la vigilancia actual y requerimientos de monitoreo en el futuro
2344:
Michalski, Greg; Larrea Valdivia, Adriana; Reyes, Juan; Olson, Elizabeth Joy; Welp, Lisa R.; Van Winkle, Faith (December 2022).
5260:
4173:
EvaluaciĂłn por caĂda de ceniza en el anexo de Nahuira (distrito Chachas). RegiĂłn Arequipa, provincia Castilla, distrito Chachas
5240:
2846:"Volcanic hotspots of the central and southern Andes as seen from space by ASTER and MODVOLC between the years 2000 and 2010"
1115:
over the region; the volcano is one of the most frequent causes of volcanic ash-related air traffic advisories in the world.
587:
1068:, at least 60,000 to 70,000 people would be threatened. Rock fall would affect the area close to the summit domes, as would
3643:"Constraints on the nature and evolution of the volcanic fields of the Andahua Group, Central Volcanic Zone, southern Peru"
710:
72:
870:. Chemical analysis, of the volcanic rocks, suggests that this phase of volcanic activity was started by the injection of
718:
under Hualca Hualca, 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) horizontal distance from Sabancaya, at 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) depth.
4447:(Report). A - Informes técnicos INGEMMET (in Spanish). Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico - INGEMMET. p. 25.
4246:(Report). A - Informes técnicos INGEMMET (in Spanish). Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico - INGEMMET. p. 29.
4175:(Report). A - Informes técnicos INGEMMET (in Spanish). Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico - INGEMMET. p. 23.
2789:"Inca human sacrifices from the Ampato and Pichu Pichu volcanoes, Peru: new results from a bio-anthropological analysis"
561:
at elevations of 4,450–4,250 metres (14,600–13,940 ft) above sea level testify to the occurrence of more extensive
3432:
5235:
814:, 420–150 BC, 100 BC – 150 AD and between 1200 and 1400 AD, could have originated either on Sabancaya or
1238:
The landscape around Sabancaya, Ampato and Hualca Hualca is largely unvegetated. The vegetation includes bushes,
989:
formed. Ash emissions and seismic activity associated with the eruption begun in 2016 was still ongoing in 2023.
4534:
Muestreo de cenizas en los alrededores del volcán Sabancaya. Región Arequipa, provincia Caylloma, distrito Lluta
4564:
2724:
Annen, Catherine; Wagner, Jean-Jacques (1 November 2003). "The Impact of Volcanic Eruptions During the 1990s".
3241:
5255:
5250:
3825:
EvaluaciĂłn geofĂsica del comportamiento dinámico actual del volcán Sabancaya, periodo enero-octubre de 2019
499:
65:
3281:
Engwell, S.; Mastin, L.; Tupper, A.; Kibler, J.; Acethorp, P.; Lord, G.; Filgueira, R. (21 January 2021).
30:
4244:
Propuesta tĂ©cnica para la implementaciĂłn de miradores geoturĂsticos del volcán Sabancaya, regiĂłn Arequipa
204:
115:
4443:
Soncco Calsina, Yhon Hidelver; Manrique Llerena, NĂ©lida; Lazarte Zerpa, Ivonne Alejandra (August 2018).
2737:
5027:
4596:
932:
859:
4242:
Rivera Porras, Marco Antonio; Aguilar Contreras, Rigoberto; Manrique Llerena, NĂ©lida (December 2017).
4190:
2386:
997:
5245:
4914:
4557:
4315:
EvaluaciĂłn geofĂsica del comportamiento dinámico del volcán Sabancaya (diciembre, 2020 – marzo, 2021)
2005:
Reinthaler, Johannes; Paul, Frank; Granados, Hugo Delgado; Rivera, Andrés; Huggel, Christian (2019).
1340:
1274:
developed in river valleys around Sabancaya. The volcano has covered its immediate surroundings with
1084:
drainages would be threatened by such mudflows in case of an eruption; the former is the site of the
900:
4460:
Thouret, J. C.; Guillande, R.; Huaman, D.; Gourgaud, A.; Salas, G.; Chorowicz, J. (1 January 1994).
4261:
4123:
2934:
1378:
1311:
includes Sabancaya. Volcanic activity is visible from the Chivay-Arequipa road at Patapampa, other
810:
eruptions are less common and have a low volume. Layers dated 8,500 years before present, 2500-2100
5097:
2529:
1299:
with about 190,000 visitors per year. It and Sabancaya have been evaluated for their potential as
3967:
2939:
2345:
1383:
1169:
collectors. These data are published both in real-time online and in volcano activity bulletins.
574:. Most of Sabancaya post-dates the last ice age and is thus relatively unaffected by glaciation.
462:
which delimit the volcanic arc and strike along its length intersect additional faults formed by
5117:
3711:
315:. The name is attested from 1595, implying that volcanic activity was observed since that date.
4779:
4533:
4444:
4232:
4172:
3474:
3472:
2945:
1189:
and "multiple threats", respectively. According to the "multiple threats" map, the danger from
368:
175:
55:
4243:
3030:
3028:
2897:
2895:
2067:
2065:
4769:
4729:
4445:
Evaluación de peligros volcánicos de la concesión minera Hualca Hualca I, Caylloma – Arequipa
3687:
3675:
3595:
3532:
3496:
1429:
1427:
507:
progression from the oldest, Hualca Hualca, over Ampato, to the youngest volcano, Sabancaya.
444:
420:
361:
235:
197:
5092:
5037:
3484:
3469:
3457:
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project, the most important in southern Peru. Other dangers from eruptions at Sabancaya are
5102:
5072:
4969:
4844:
4706:
4580:
4502:
4491:"Evolved lavas on Mars? Observations from southwest Arsia Mons and Sabancaya volcano, Peru"
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4378:
4337:
4202:
4135:
4075:
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3294:
3149:
3025:
2977:
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2800:
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2355:
2120:
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2018:
1913:
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348:
5132:
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3947:
3844:
3824:
3624:
3622:
3607:
3413:
1424:
8:
5057:
4661:
4324:
Análisis y evaluaciĂłn de escenarios crĂticos por descenso de lahares en volcanes peruanos
3583:
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2989:
2744:
1923:
1154:
566:
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2402:
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2124:
2022:
1902:
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1732:
849:
chronicles mention probable eruptions in 1752 and 1784, which might have left layers of
630:
Aerial photo of Solimana (foreground), Coropuna (upper right) and Sabancaya (upper left)
570:
may have formed between 13,000 and 10,000 years ago, shortly after the beginning of the
5190:
5022:
4749:
4431:
4353:
4301:
4159:
4109:
3934:
3751:
3619:
3330:
2881:
2826:
2634:
2569:
2490:
2465:
volcanic deposits refine the Pleistocene and Holocene eruption chronology of SW Peru".
2422:
2152:
1211:
891:
594:
412:
298:
282:
2650:
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have been active in historical time. Sabancaya forms a volcanic complex together with
5180:
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4218:
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4151:
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3968:"Deformation and seismicity near Sabancaya volcano, southern Peru, from 2002 to 2015"
3938:
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3322:
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2144:
2136:
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1833:
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1001:
The Colca canyon; Sabancaya is the white dot just above the right bottom of the image
549:
deposits are also found, but they might originate from Ampato rather than Sabancaya.
459:
452:
352:
4366:
2583:
2564:
1005:
Sabancaya rises above the valleys of the Colca river and of some tributaries of the
756:
system in the volcano. Together with Ubinas Sabancaya is among the main emitters of
5195:
5185:
5107:
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1312:
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807:
789:
clouds. Much of the gas is derived from magma that does not ascend to the surface.
706:
546:
534:
3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) east of the summit has been the source of lava flows.
4367:"The eruptive chronology of the Ampato–Sabancaya volcanic complex (Southern Peru)"
2845:
2522:"Late Pleistocene and Holocene Tephrostratigraphy and Chronology in Southern Peru"
5012:
4984:
4849:
4671:
4611:
4349:
3810:
2630:
942:
863:
823:
467:
357:
5077:
331:
valley is located north of the Sabancaya-Hualca Hualca-Ampato volcano complex.
4904:
4829:
4237:(in Spanish). Lima: Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico. pp. 139–144.
3790:
3765:
3307:
3282:
3106:
3104:
3102:
2929:
2813:
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1588:
1586:
1584:
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1373:
917:
803:
727:
698:
682:
531:
508:
436:
156:
4312:
4241:
3922:
3845:
Estado del conocimiento sobre la actividad de los volcanes activos de Arequipa
3693:
3681:
3601:
3538:
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3490:
3478:
3463:
3155:
3046:
3034:
2983:
2901:
2672:
2486:
2325:
2071:
2052:
2050:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1433:
1414:
1412:
1410:
626:
5229:
5147:
5127:
4759:
4541:
4524:
4477:
4452:
4427:
4297:
4288:
4222:
4180:
4155:
4105:
4096:
4057:
4038:
4021:
4012:
4004:
3958:
3930:
3900:
3855:
3835:
3800:
3747:
3738:
3668:
3389:
3326:
3267:
2877:
2822:
2592:
2418:
2140:
2040:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1837:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1202:
1108:
911:
895:
879:
827:
826:
in response to eruptions of Sabancaya to calm down the mountain spirits; the
786:
782:
715:
650:
523:
491:
247:
219:
192:
180:
87:
74:
5152:
4631:
4278:
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3728:
3613:
3173:
3161:
3099:
2750:
1878:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1829:
1717:
1575:
1536:
1534:
5200:
5162:
4939:
4879:
4804:
4481:
4442:
3642:
3589:
3577:
3520:
3508:
3419:
3341:
2967:
2965:
2544:
2501:
2289:
2148:
2092:
2047:
1935:
1929:
1917:
1680:
1649:
1407:
1345:
1332:
1275:
1182:
1166:
1085:
946:
753:
722:
702:
503:
471:
380:
239:
188:
4234:
Libro de Resúmenes IX Foro Internacional de Peligros Volcánicos – IX FIPVO
3442:
3258:
3209:
2950:
1861:
1786:
1637:
1598:
1502:
1456:
1064:; all of these could be threatened in an eruption. In the case of a major
5157:
5007:
4874:
4869:
4859:
4799:
4606:
4515:
4490:
4147:
4087:
4026:
Quaternaire. Revue de l'Association Française Pour l'Étude du Quaternaire
3995:
3377:
3130:
3052:
3013:
2907:
2351:
2241:
2229:
1844:
1668:
1627:
1625:
1610:
1531:
1150:
1077:
819:
811:
674:
635:
598:
344:
328:
4321:
3628:
3242:"Evaluacion quimico-toxicologica de SO 2 en el aire del Valle del Colca"
3221:
3197:
2995:
2962:
2684:
2445:
2433:
2175:
2163:
2132:
2031:
2006:
1326:
5067:
4899:
4894:
4854:
4824:
4734:
4701:
4696:
4656:
4419:
3353:
3317:
2787:
Socha, Dagmara M.; Reinhard, Johan; Perea, Ruddy Chávez (14 May 2021).
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2366:
1490:
1300:
1231:
1112:
1088:
1072:; these would be a further hazard to the valleys draining the volcano.
1050:
670:
666:
654:
614:
562:
514:
432:
408:
400:
340:
274:
4171:
Manrique Llerena, NĂ©lida; Vela Valdez, Jessica Carolina (April 2018).
3842:
3641:
Gałaś, Andrzej; Németh, Károly; Lewińska, Paulina (14 November 2022).
3550:
3407:
3371:
3001:
2768:
2654:
2301:
1622:
5017:
5002:
4979:
4944:
4924:
4909:
4744:
3076:
3064:
1807:
1190:
1162:
1158:
955:
907:
867:
854:
837:
658:
646:
541:
527:
404:
35:
Aerial view of Sabancaya, the summit in the left background is Ampato
4626:
3659:
2869:
2696:
2313:
845:
Sabancaya is the most active or second most active volcano in Peru.
5205:
5142:
5052:
4889:
4819:
4814:
4784:
4754:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4666:
4549:
3437:
2463:
1267:
954:
have been produced in some occasions, without reports of damage. A
899:
metres (980–1,640 ft) and ejected material is almost entirely
678:
638:
606:
602:
571:
538:
511:
and the Huambo volcanic field is on the western side of Sabancaya.
428:
416:
396:
392:
388:
372:
324:
278:
255:
231:
5082:
4959:
3809:
Del Carpio Calienes, José Alberto; Rivera, Marco (February 2020).
2565:"INVESTIGACIONES ARQUEOLĂ“GICAS de ALTA MONTAĂ‘A en el Sur del PerĂş"
2343:
482:
309:, likely a reference to the eruptive activity. Another version is
5047:
4964:
4949:
4934:
4839:
4809:
4641:
4636:
3561:
3559:
2608:
1315:
are at Mucurca northwest and Coporaque northeast of the volcano.
1308:
1279:
1271:
1244:
1194:
1186:
883:
831:
686:
662:
610:
558:
553:
384:
263:
5122:
5062:
4929:
4864:
4834:
4794:
4774:
4739:
4711:
4187:
3185:
2756:
2678:
2331:
1304:
1283:
1263:
1092:
1018:
983:
existed during the winter of 2021-2022. In March and May 2023,
850:
815:
798:
642:
495:
440:
376:
259:
251:
243:
46:
4459:
3709:
3556:
3395:
3179:
3167:
3110:
2219:
2217:
2192:
2190:
2082:
2080:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1884:
1592:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1418:
657:. Minerals encountered in both phenocrysts and groundmass are
4789:
4676:
4120:
3862:
2956:
2660:
2098:
1872:
1774:
1686:
1643:
1604:
1480:
1478:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1287:
1259:
1250:
1239:
951:
871:
846:
693:
645:, with andesite about twice as common as dacite. They form a
267:
223:
163:
4364:
4019:
3945:
3694:
Rivera Porras, Aguilar Contreras & Manrique Llerena 2017
3682:
Rivera Porras, Aguilar Contreras & Manrique Llerena 2017
3602:
Rivera Porras, Aguilar Contreras & Manrique Llerena 2017
3539:
Rivera Porras, Aguilar Contreras & Manrique Llerena 2017
3526:
3514:
3503:
Rivera Porras, Aguilar Contreras & Manrique Llerena 2017
3491:
Rivera Porras, Aguilar Contreras & Manrique Llerena 2017
3479:
Rivera Porras, Aguilar Contreras & Manrique Llerena 2017
3464:
Rivera Porras, Aguilar Contreras & Manrique Llerena 2017
3347:
2902:
Rivera Porras, Aguilar Contreras & Manrique Llerena 2017
2550:
2507:
2384:
2295:
2072:
Rivera Porras, Aguilar Contreras & Manrique Llerena 2017
2056:
2004:
1946:
1855:
1792:
1662:
1540:
1508:
1469:
1434:
Rivera Porras, Aguilar Contreras & Manrique Llerena 2017
5217:
Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south
4330:
4170:
3215:
2690:
2451:
2439:
2277:
2265:
2253:
2247:
2235:
2214:
2202:
2187:
2181:
2169:
2077:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1890:
1692:
1563:
1546:
1514:
1496:
1255:
1046:
875:
830:
on Ampato may have been such a sacrifice, or one against a
227:
149:
4258:
3383:
2971:
1475:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1390:
323:
Sabancaya lies about 70 km (43 mi) northwest of
242:
have had large eruptions and others such as Sabancaya and
4489:
Warner, Nicholas H.; Gregg, Tracy K.P. (1 October 2003).
3965:
3808:
3762:
3590:
Soncco Calsina, Manrique Llerena & Lazarte Zerpa 2018
3578:
Soncco Calsina, Manrique Llerena & Lazarte Zerpa 2018
3420:
Soncco Calsina, Manrique Llerena & Lazarte Zerpa 2018
3359:
3280:
3227:
3203:
3058:
3007:
2913:
2774:
2372:
2307:
1930:
Soncco Calsina, Manrique Llerena & Lazarte Zerpa 2018
1918:
Soncco Calsina, Manrique Llerena & Lazarte Zerpa 2018
1674:
1631:
1616:
1142:
977:
formed in 2021 and was destroyed in the same year, while
518:
Sabancaya from space. The lava flows are clearly visible.
1952:
2519:
1803:
1801:
1439:
4229:
3082:
3070:
3019:
2843:
1753:
552:
Sabancaya, like its two neighbours, is covered by an
281:, while activity in the later Holocene has been more
4064:
2711:
2319:
1798:
1322:
3640:
2378:
2104:
3274:
2786:
1747:
443:. All these volcanoes are considered part of the
5227:
4531:
3953:(Report). Informes TĂ©cnicos (228) (in Spanish).
3850:(Report). Informes TĂ©cnicos (228) (in Spanish).
3830:(Report). Informes TĂ©cnicos (228) (in Spanish).
3565:
2850:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
2666:
1780:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1141:monitor Sabancaya with gas measuring equipment,
451:150–200 kilometres (93–124 mi) east of the
230:, about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northwest of
2717:
2110:
218:is an active 5,976-metre-high (19,606 ft)
4371:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
4195:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
3870:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2391:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1998:
318:
4565:
3240:Lizano, JesĂşs G; Heredia, Candy D. C (1999).
3239:
2562:
1704:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
310:
4397:
4128:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
4068:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
3908:
3425:
3191:
2837:
2762:
2604:
2602:
2337:
2283:
2271:
2259:
2223:
2208:
2196:
2086:
1992:
1896:
1698:
1569:
1557:
1525:
1484:
1401:
1172:
4488:
4466:Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France
3233:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
2793:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
2723:
2513:
2457:
1961:
1450:
4572:
4558:
3634:
2611:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
2556:
1181:, which show where there are hazards from
458:These volcanoes are found in places where
4514:
4287:
4277:
4095:
4047:
4037:
3994:
3899:
3889:
3799:
3789:
3737:
3727:
3658:
3316:
3306:
3257:
3094:
2812:
2780:
2599:
2582:
2563:Chávez Chávez, José Antonio (July 2001).
2030:
1756:EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts
1225:
634:Fresh volcanites of Sabancaya consist of
4532:Valdivia Humerez, David (October 2019).
4495:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
3116:
996:
931:
836:
625:
513:
486:Sabancaya, with Ampato in the background
481:
3433:"Mapa de peligros del volcán Sabancaya"
3216:Manrique Llerena & Vela Valdez 2018
3088:
2924:
2922:
2691:Manrique Llerena & Vela Valdez 2018
2440:Manrique Llerena & Vela Valdez 2018
1810:International Journal of Remote Sensing
1293:
5228:
273:Sabancaya has generated numerous long
4553:
3946:Instituto GeofĂsico del PerĂş (2018).
3360:Del Carpio Calienes & Rivera 2020
3228:Del Carpio Calienes & Rivera 2020
3204:Del Carpio Calienes & Rivera 2020
3008:Del Carpio Calienes & Rivera 2020
2738:10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2003)4:4(169)
1632:Del Carpio Calienes & Rivera 2020
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
16:Active stratovolcano in Southern Peru
4579:
4032:(2). Jean-François Pastre: 157–173.
2919:
1161:units. The SVO also uses data from
1132:Peruvian Volcanological Observatory
1053:that delivers electricity from the
792:
13:
1357:
936:Sabancaya erupting, September 2017
882:, and on Hualca Hualca, producing
14:
5272:
3527:Instituto GeofĂsico del PerĂş 2018
3515:Instituto GeofĂsico del PerĂş 2018
3348:Instituto GeofĂsico del PerĂş 2018
1856:Instituto GeofĂsico del PerĂş 2018
1793:Instituto GeofĂsico del PerĂş 2018
1541:Instituto GeofĂsico del PerĂş 2018
122:
4391:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.04.038
4215:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.06.027
3891:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2023.107876
2411:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106787
1325:
121:
114:
29:
3815:Repositorio Institucional - IGP
3614:Del Carpio Calienes et al. 2019
3551:Del Carpio Calienes et al. 2023
3408:Del Carpio Calienes et al. 2023
3372:Del Carpio Calienes et al. 2023
2751:Del Carpio Calienes et al. 2019
2655:Del Carpio Calienes et al. 2023
2584:10.4067/S0717-73562001000200014
910:activity and the occurrence of
234:. It is considered part of the
841:The 1994 eruption of Sabancaya
621:
360:. Sabancaya is located in the
288:
1:
5261:Five-thousanders of the Andes
1721:Remote Sensing of Environment
1351:
1177:INGEMMET has published three
1118:
448:
254:to the south and has erupted
5241:Mountains of Arequipa Region
4350:10.1016/j.lithos.2023.107364
3975:Geophysical Research Letters
3441:(in Spanish). Archived from
2631:10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103415
1741:10.1016/0034-4257(92)90066-S
1307:Colca y Volcanes de Andagua
1125:Southern Volcano Observatory
597:of the volcano is formed by
277:especially during the early
209:30 October – 5 November 2023
7:
1318:
785:, where it affects the low
609:age. Especially during the
356:with the subduction of the
334:
319:Geography and geomorphology
262:. It is covered by a small
60:~500 m (1,640 ft)
10:
5277:
3791:10.1007/s00445-022-01523-1
3702:
3308:10.1007/s00445-020-01419-y
2814:10.1007/s12520-021-01332-1
992:
971:for the second. The domes
860:volcanic explosivity index
711:fractional crystallization
581:
5214:
5171:
4993:
4720:
4587:
3923:10.1007/s00445-004-0340-3
2487:10.1007/s00445-019-1325-6
2350:. AGU Fall Meeting 2022.
1341:List of volcanoes in Peru
1173:Hazard maps and scenarios
906:In March and April 2013,
721:Sabancaya is a source of
266:which leads to a risk of
203:
186:
174:
169:
155:
144:
108:
103:
64:
54:
45:
40:
28:
23:
4039:10.4000/quaternaire.3362
3192:Silva & Francis 1990
2935:Global Volcanism Program
2763:Gerbe & Thouret 2004
2284:Gerbe & Thouret 2004
2272:Gerbe & Thouret 2004
2260:Gerbe & Thouret 2004
2224:Gerbe & Thouret 2004
2209:Gerbe & Thouret 2004
2197:Gerbe & Thouret 2004
2087:Gerbe & Thouret 2004
1993:Gerbe & Thouret 2004
1897:Silva & Francis 1990
1699:Silva & Francis 1990
1570:Silva & Francis 1990
1558:Gerbe & Thouret 2004
1526:Gerbe & Thouret 2004
1485:Silva & Francis 1990
1402:Gerbe & Thouret 2004
1379:Global Volcanism Program
878:artefacts including the
502:, which tower above the
477:
5236:Stratovolcanoes of Peru
4400:Bulletin of Volcanology
4279:10.30909/vol.04.S1.4971
3911:Bulletin of Volcanology
3770:Bulletin of Volcanology
3729:10.30909/vol.04.S1.7392
3287:Bulletin of Volcanology
3246:Ciencia e InvestigaciĂłn
2940:Smithsonian Institution
2467:Bulletin of Volcanology
1962:Warner & Gregg 2003
1830:10.1080/014311697217008
1451:Warner & Gregg 2003
1384:Smithsonian Institution
1278:. Animal life includes
4994:Southern Volcanic Zone
4780:Andagua volcanic field
4588:Northern Volcanic Zone
3156:Puma Sacsi et al. 2021
3047:Puma Sacsi et al. 2021
3035:Puma Sacsi et al. 2021
2984:Puma Sacsi et al. 2021
2726:Natural Hazards Review
2679:Moussallam et al. 2017
2332:Moussallam et al. 2017
1230:In southern Peru, the
1226:Climate and vegetation
1002:
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
937:
842:
631:
519:
487:
447:of the Andes, and lie
369:Andagua volcanic field
311:
5172:Austral Volcanic Zone
5098:Puyehue-CordĂłn Caulle
4770:Huambo volcanic field
4721:Central Volcanic Zone
3566:Valdivia Humerez 2019
3396:Contreras et al. 2021
3259:10.15381/ci.v2i1.4403
2667:Valdivia Humerez 2019
2551:Samaniego et al. 2016
2296:Samaniego et al. 2016
2057:Samaniego et al. 2016
2011:Journal of Glaciology
1947:Samaniego et al. 2016
1781:Valdivia Humerez 2019
1663:Samaniego et al. 2016
1509:Samaniego et al. 2016
1000:
935:
840:
629:
517:
500:Cordillera Occidental
485:
445:Central Volcanic Zone
421:Huambo volcanic field
362:Central Volcanic Zone
236:Central Volcanic Zone
198:Central Volcanic Zone
5256:Subduction volcanoes
5251:Andean Volcanic Belt
4707:Licto volcanic field
4516:10.1029/2002JE001969
4148:10.1029/2019JB019281
4134:(5): e2019JB019281.
4088:10.1002/2017JB014020
3996:10.1002/2015GL063589
3647:Geological Quarterly
2957:MacQueen et al. 2020
2099:MacQueen et al. 2020
1687:MacQueen et al. 2020
1605:MacQueen et al. 2020
1294:Access and human use
1155:surveillance cameras
1147:infrasound detectors
349:South American Plate
4507:2003JGRE..108.5112W
4412:1990BVol...52..286D
4383:2016JVGR..323..110S
4342:2023Litho.45807364R
4336:. 458–459: 107364.
4207:2017JVGR..343..181M
4140:2020JGRB..12519281M
4080:2017JGRB..122.3540K
4074:(5): 2017JB014020.
3987:2015GeoRL..42.2780J
3981:(8): 2015GL063589.
3882:2023JVGR..44107876F
3782:2022BVol...84...16C
3299:2021BVol...83....9E
3180:Thouret et al. 1994
3168:Thouret et al. 1994
3111:Thouret et al. 1994
3059:Coppola et al. 2022
3022:, pp. 140–141.
2862:2013GSLSP.380..161J
2805:2021ArAnS..13...94S
2775:Coppola et al. 2022
2623:2022JArSR..43j3415S
2508:Juvigné et al. 2008
2479:2019BVol...81...64B
2403:2020JVGR..39306787R
2373:Coppola et al. 2022
2360:2022AGUFM.A15H1336M
2308:Coppola et al. 2022
2133:10.1038/nature00872
2125:2002Natur.418..167P
2032:10.1017/jog.2019.30
2023:2019JGlac..65..542R
1885:Thouret et al. 1994
1822:1997IJRS...18.3111L
1768:2012EGUGA..14.3672A
1733:1992RSEnv..42...43C
1593:Thouret et al. 1994
1470:Juvigné et al. 2008
1419:Thouret et al. 1994
1212:vulcanian eruptions
1179:volcano hazard maps
1055:Mantaro Power Plant
892:Vulcanian eruptions
714:and is stored in a
84: /
5093:Carrán-Los Venados
5038:Nevados de Chillán
5023:Descabezado Grande
4420:10.1007/BF00304100
3629:Rivera et al. 2021
3194:, p. 292,293.
3131:"Volcán Sabancaya"
3083:Ortega et al. 2023
3071:Ortega et al. 2023
3020:Ortega et al. 2023
2996:Rivera et al. 2021
2765:, p. 541,543.
2452:Rivera et al. 2023
2248:Rivera et al. 2023
2236:Rivera et al. 2023
2182:Rivera et al. 2023
2170:Rivera et al. 2023
1497:Rivera et al. 2023
1216:effusive eruptions
1003:
965:for the first and
938:
843:
701:chemically alter (
632:
588:Western Cordillera
520:
488:
460:strike-slip faults
270:during eruptions.
41:Highest point
5223:
5222:
5033:Nevado de LongavĂ
4975:Cueros de Purulla
4955:CordĂłn del Azufre
4617:Nevado del Tolima
4542:20.500.12544/2489
4453:20.500.12544/1762
4289:20.500.12816/5024
4181:20.500.12544/1423
4097:20.500.12544/1170
4005:20.500.12816/2892
3959:20.500.12816/4171
3901:20.500.12544/4754
3856:20.500.12816/5427
3836:20.500.12816/4713
3801:20.500.12544/3842
3739:20.500.12544/3510
3553:, pp. 19–20.
2998:, pp. 35–36.
2017:(252): 548, 550.
1873:Fries et al. 2023
1644:Fries et al. 2023
1220:Plinian eruptions
1199:pyroclastic flows
1070:pyroclastic flows
537:A set of over 42
494:and the southern
453:Peru-Chile Trench
353:Peru-Chile Trench
250:to the north and
213:
212:
88:15.787°S 71.857°W
5268:
5246:Active volcanoes
5218:
5088:Mocho-Choshuenco
4622:Nevado del Huila
4581:Andean volcanoes
4574:
4567:
4560:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4528:
4518:
4485:
4456:
4439:
4394:
4361:
4327:
4318:
4309:
4291:
4281:
4255:
4252:20.500.12544/996
4238:
4226:
4184:
4167:
4117:
4099:
4061:
4051:
4049:20.500.12544/669
4041:
4016:
3998:
3972:
3962:
3952:
3942:
3905:
3903:
3893:
3859:
3849:
3839:
3829:
3818:
3805:
3803:
3793:
3759:
3741:
3731:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3662:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3384:Puma et al. 2021
3381:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3320:
3310:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3127:
3114:
3108:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3061:, pp. 9–13.
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2972:Puma et al. 2021
2969:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2943:
2926:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2816:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2721:
2715:
2712:Kern et al. 2017
2709:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2643:
2642:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2586:
2570:Chungará (Arica)
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2528:. Archived from
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2320:Kern et al. 2017
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2119:(6894): 167–71.
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2075:
2069:
2060:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2034:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1965:
1959:
1950:
1944:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1859:
1853:
1842:
1841:
1805:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1715:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1544:
1538:
1529:
1523:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1473:
1467:
1454:
1448:
1437:
1431:
1422:
1416:
1405:
1399:
1388:
1387:
1370:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1140:
1129:
1128: []
1107:
1106:
1105:
1066:Plinian eruption
1063:
988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
928:
926:
925:
864:eruption columns
824:human sacrifices
793:Eruptive history
780:
778:
777:
767:
766:
765:
751:
749:
748:
738:
736:
735:
705:) the overlying
547:Pyroclastic flow
466:tectonics. Such
450:
314:
307:spitting volcano
159:
125:
124:
118:
99:
98:
96:
95:
94:
93:-15.787; -71.857
89:
85:
82:
81:
80:
77:
33:
21:
20:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5216:
5210:
5173:
5167:
4995:
4989:
4985:Ojos del Salado
4915:Aguas Calientes
4722:
4716:
4612:Nevado del Ruiz
4589:
4583:
4578:
4548:
3970:
3950:
3847:
3827:
3705:
3700:
3692:
3688:
3680:
3676:
3660:10.7306/gq.1657
3639:
3635:
3627:
3620:
3612:
3608:
3600:
3596:
3588:
3584:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3537:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3513:
3509:
3501:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3477:
3470:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3446:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3418:
3414:
3406:
3402:
3394:
3390:
3382:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3346:
3342:
3279:
3275:
3238:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3190:
3186:
3178:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3129:
3128:
3117:
3109:
3100:
3093:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3045:
3041:
3033:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2970:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2928:
2927:
2920:
2916:, p. 2787.
2914:Jay et al. 2015
2912:
2908:
2900:
2893:
2870:10.1144/SP380.1
2842:
2838:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2722:
2718:
2714:, p. 3544.
2710:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2653:
2646:
2607:
2600:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2532:on 5 March 2016
2518:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2383:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2342:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2322:, p. 3557.
2318:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2078:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2048:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1968:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1862:
1854:
1845:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1752:
1748:
1716:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1677:, p. 2786.
1675:Jay et al. 2015
1673:
1669:
1661:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1623:
1619:, p. 2780.
1617:Jay et al. 2015
1615:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1547:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1457:
1449:
1440:
1432:
1425:
1417:
1408:
1400:
1391:
1372:
1371:
1358:
1354:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1296:
1228:
1175:
1134:
1127:
1121:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1057:
995:
943:eruption column
924:
921:
920:
919:
916:
795:
776:
773:
772:
771:
769:
764:
761:
760:
759:
757:
747:
744:
743:
742:
740:
734:
731:
730:
729:
726:
689:is also found.
624:
584:
480:
358:Antarctic Plate
337:
321:
291:
157:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
133:
132:
131:
130:
126:
92:
90:
86:
83:
78:
75:
73:
71:
70:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5274:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5177:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4905:Purico complex
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4726:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4593:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4577:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4554:
4547:
4546:
4529:
4486:
4457:
4440:
4406:(4): 286–301.
4395:
4362:
4328:
4319:
4310:
4256:
4239:
4227:
4185:
4168:
4118:
4062:
4017:
3963:
3943:
3917:(6): 541–561.
3906:
3860:
3840:
3819:
3806:
3760:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3686:
3674:
3633:
3618:
3606:
3594:
3582:
3570:
3555:
3543:
3531:
3519:
3507:
3495:
3483:
3468:
3456:
3445:on 2 July 2017
3424:
3412:
3400:
3388:
3376:
3364:
3352:
3340:
3273:
3248:(in Spanish).
3232:
3220:
3208:
3196:
3184:
3172:
3160:
3148:
3115:
3098:
3087:
3085:, p. 143.
3075:
3073:, p. 142.
3063:
3051:
3039:
3024:
3012:
3000:
2988:
2976:
2961:
2949:
2946:Weekly Reports
2918:
2906:
2891:
2836:
2779:
2767:
2755:
2743:
2716:
2695:
2683:
2681:, p. 182.
2671:
2659:
2644:
2598:
2577:(2): 283–288.
2573:(in Spanish).
2555:
2553:, p. 127.
2543:
2526:gsa.confex.com
2512:
2510:, p. 170.
2500:
2456:
2444:
2432:
2377:
2365:
2336:
2334:, p. 185.
2324:
2312:
2300:
2298:, p. 126.
2288:
2286:, p. 557.
2276:
2274:, p. 552.
2264:
2262:, p. 553.
2252:
2240:
2228:
2226:, p. 545.
2213:
2211:, p. 548.
2201:
2199:, p. 549.
2186:
2174:
2162:
2103:
2091:
2089:, p. 558.
2076:
2061:
2059:, p. 113.
2046:
1997:
1995:, p. 544.
1966:
1951:
1949:, p. 119.
1934:
1922:
1901:
1899:, p. 292.
1889:
1877:
1860:
1843:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1746:
1703:
1701:, p. 288.
1691:
1679:
1667:
1665:, p. 112.
1648:
1636:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1574:
1572:, p. 299.
1562:
1560:, p. 543.
1545:
1530:
1528:, p. 542.
1513:
1511:, p. 110.
1501:
1489:
1487:, p. 287.
1474:
1472:, p. 160.
1455:
1438:
1423:
1406:
1404:, p. 541.
1389:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1320:
1317:
1295:
1292:
1227:
1224:
1203:volcanic bombs
1174:
1171:
1120:
1117:
1102:
994:
991:
922:
912:seismic swarms
804:before present
794:
791:
774:
762:
745:
732:
723:volcanic gases
683:titanium oxide
623:
620:
583:
580:
532:parasitic vent
509:Laguna Mucurca
479:
476:
336:
333:
320:
317:
303:tongue of fire
290:
287:
211:
210:
207:
201:
200:
195:
184:
183:
178:
172:
171:
167:
166:
161:
153:
152:
146:
142:
141:
134:
128:
127:
120:
119:
113:
112:
111:
110:
109:
106:
105:
101:
100:
68:
62:
61:
58:
52:
51:
49:
43:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5273:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5213:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5170:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5128:Michinmahuida
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4970:San Francisco
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4880:Aucanquilcha‎
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4760:Hualca Hualca
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:(6° N – 3° S)
4586:
4582:
4575:
4570:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4501:(E10): 5112.
4500:
4496:
4492:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4468:(in French).
4467:
4463:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4316:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4272:(S1): 49–71.
4271:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4235:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4028:(in French).
4027:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3969:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3820:
3817:(in Spanish).
3816:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3722:(S1): 73–92.
3721:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3707:
3696:, p. 21.
3695:
3690:
3684:, p. 18.
3683:
3678:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3631:, p. 35.
3630:
3625:
3623:
3615:
3610:
3604:, p. 15.
3603:
3598:
3591:
3586:
3579:
3574:
3567:
3562:
3560:
3552:
3547:
3541:, p. 13.
3540:
3535:
3529:, p. 28.
3528:
3523:
3517:, p. 27.
3516:
3511:
3505:, p. 12.
3504:
3499:
3492:
3487:
3480:
3475:
3473:
3465:
3460:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3422:, p. 12.
3421:
3416:
3410:, p. 23.
3409:
3404:
3398:, p. 77.
3397:
3392:
3386:, p. 52.
3385:
3380:
3374:, p. 15.
3373:
3368:
3361:
3356:
3350:, p. 19.
3349:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3230:, p. 22.
3229:
3224:
3218:, p. 21.
3217:
3212:
3206:, p. 21.
3205:
3200:
3193:
3188:
3182:, p. 60.
3181:
3176:
3170:, p. 54.
3169:
3164:
3157:
3152:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3113:, p. 55.
3112:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3091:
3084:
3079:
3072:
3067:
3060:
3055:
3049:, p. 17.
3048:
3043:
3036:
3031:
3029:
3021:
3016:
3009:
3004:
2997:
2992:
2985:
2980:
2974:, p. 50.
2973:
2968:
2966:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2915:
2910:
2903:
2898:
2896:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2771:
2764:
2759:
2752:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2692:
2687:
2680:
2675:
2668:
2663:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2603:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2547:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2453:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2375:, p. 16.
2374:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2321:
2316:
2309:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2285:
2280:
2273:
2268:
2261:
2256:
2250:, p. 18.
2249:
2244:
2238:, p. 14.
2237:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2183:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2101:, p. 16.
2100:
2095:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1932:, p. 11.
1931:
1926:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1898:
1893:
1887:, p. 50.
1886:
1881:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1802:
1795:, p. 17.
1794:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1700:
1695:
1689:, p. 21.
1688:
1683:
1676:
1671:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1595:, p. 49.
1594:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1421:, p. 51.
1420:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:targets, the
1302:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1109:air pollution
1094:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:Sihuasi River
1079:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
999:
990:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
953:
948:
944:
934:
930:
927:
913:
909:
904:
902:
897:
896:Mummy Juanita
893:
887:
885:
881:
880:Mummy Juanita
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
852:
848:
839:
835:
833:
829:
828:Mummy Juanita
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
790:
788:
787:stratocumulus
784:
783:Pacific Ocean
755:
737:
724:
719:
717:
716:magma chamber
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:calc-alkaline
648:
644:
640:
637:
628:
619:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
579:
575:
573:
568:
564:
560:
555:
550:
548:
543:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
524:summit crater
516:
512:
510:
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:Hualca Hualca
484:
475:
473:
472:normal faults
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
403:activity are
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
371:, Sabancaya,
370:
365:
363:
359:
354:
350:
346:
342:
332:
330:
326:
316:
313:
308:
304:
300:
296:
286:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:Hualca Hualca
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
220:stratovolcano
217:
208:
206:
205:Last eruption
202:
199:
196:
194:
190:
185:
182:
181:Stratovolcano
179:
177:
176:Mountain type
173:
168:
165:
162:
160:
154:
151:
147:
143:
117:
107:
102:
97:
69:
67:
63:
59:
57:
53:
50:
48:
44:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5078:Quetrupillán
4940:Llullaillaco
4805:Huaynaputina
4764:
4498:
4494:
4482:ResearchGate
4480:– via
4472:(1): 49–63.
4469:
4465:
4403:
4399:
4374:
4370:
4333:
4269:
4265:
4233:
4198:
4194:
4131:
4127:
4071:
4067:
4029:
4025:
3978:
3974:
3914:
3910:
3873:
3869:
3814:
3773:
3769:
3719:
3715:
3689:
3677:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3616:, p. 4.
3609:
3597:
3592:, p. 4.
3585:
3580:, p. 7.
3573:
3568:, p. 9.
3546:
3534:
3522:
3510:
3498:
3493:, p. 9.
3486:
3481:, p. 8.
3466:, p. 7.
3459:
3447:. Retrieved
3443:the original
3436:
3427:
3415:
3403:
3391:
3379:
3367:
3362:, p. 6.
3355:
3343:
3293:(2): 7, 13.
3290:
3286:
3276:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3223:
3211:
3199:
3187:
3175:
3163:
3158:, p. 5.
3151:
3139:. Retrieved
3137:(in Spanish)
3134:
3090:
3078:
3066:
3054:
3042:
3037:, p. 6.
3015:
3010:, p. 8.
3003:
2991:
2986:, p. 8.
2979:
2959:, p. 3.
2952:
2933:
2909:
2904:, p. 1.
2853:
2849:
2839:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2777:, p. 2.
2770:
2758:
2753:, p. 8.
2746:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2693:, p. 7.
2686:
2674:
2669:, p. 6.
2662:
2657:, p. 4.
2614:
2610:
2574:
2568:
2558:
2546:
2534:. Retrieved
2530:the original
2525:
2515:
2503:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2454:, p. 6.
2447:
2442:, p. 6.
2435:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2368:
2362:. A15H-1336.
2346:
2339:
2327:
2315:
2310:, p. 4.
2303:
2291:
2279:
2267:
2255:
2243:
2231:
2204:
2184:, p. 9.
2177:
2172:, p. 3.
2165:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2094:
2074:, p. 4.
2014:
2010:
2000:
1964:, p. 2.
1925:
1920:, p. 5.
1892:
1880:
1875:, p. 3.
1858:, p. 4.
1816:(15): 3113.
1813:
1809:
1788:
1783:, p. 8.
1776:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1724:
1720:
1694:
1682:
1670:
1646:, p. 2.
1639:
1634:, p. 4.
1612:
1607:, p. 4.
1600:
1565:
1543:, p. 3.
1504:
1499:, p. 1.
1492:
1453:, p. 5.
1436:, p. 3.
1377:
1346:Lake Mucurca
1333:Andes portal
1297:
1276:volcanic ash
1249:
1243:
1237:
1229:
1208:
1183:volcanic ash
1176:
1167:volcanic ash
1151:seismometers
1122:
1086:Majes-Siguas
1074:
1049:and a major
1007:Siguas river
1004:
959:in Quechua:
947:volcanic ash
939:
905:
888:
844:
796:
754:hydrothermal
720:
703:metasomatism
691:
633:
592:
585:
576:
567:last ice age
551:
536:
521:
504:Colca Canyon
489:
457:
381:Huaynaputina
366:
347:beneath the
338:
322:
312:Sahuancqueya
306:
302:
294:
292:
272:
240:Huaynaputina
226:of southern
215:
214:
158:Parent range
18:
5174:(49°–55° S)
5158:Mate Grande
5008:Tupungatito
4996:(33°–46° S)
4875:Olca-Paruma
4870:Irruputuncu
4860:Tata Sabaya
4800:Pichu Pichu
4730:Quimsachata
4723:(14°–27° S)
4607:Cerro Bravo
4377:: 110–128.
4201:: 181–191.
3318:2066/230604
2930:"Sabancaya"
2352:Chicago, IL
1374:"Sabancaya"
1135: [
1078:Majes River
1058: [
1015:Cabanaconde
808:Pyroclastic
797:Initially,
685:; degraded
675:plagioclase
655:phenocrysts
636:porphyritic
622:Composition
599:Precambrian
565:during the
464:extensional
425:Quimsachata
345:Nazca Plate
289:Name origin
91: /
66:Coordinates
5230:Categories
5118:Hornopirén
5103:Casablanca
5073:Villarrica
5068:Sollipulli
5028:Cerro Azul
4900:Licancabur
4895:Sairecabur
4855:Guallatiri
4845:Parinacota
4825:Purupuruni
4735:Auquihuato
4702:Tungurahua
4697:Chimborazo
4657:Reventador
4632:Doña Juana
3876:: 107876.
2856:(1): 164.
2732:(4): 171.
2473:(11): 12.
1352:References
1313:viewpoints
1301:geotourism
1258:) genera,
1232:wet season
1191:lava flows
1163:satellites
1119:Monitoring
1113:air travel
1089:irrigation
1051:power line
822:performed
671:iron oxide
667:hornblende
615:ignimbrite
563:glaciation
542:lava flows
528:lava flows
433:Purupuruni
409:Auquihuato
401:Quaternary
341:subduction
301:and means
293:The name "
275:lava flows
79:71°51′25″W
76:15°47′13″S
56:Prominence
5138:Corcovado
5058:Lonquimay
5018:Calabozos
5003:Tupungato
4980:Incahuasi
4945:Lastarria
4925:Chiliques
4765:Sabancaya
4745:Sara Sara
4662:Pichincha
4597:Paipa-Iza
4525:2156-2202
4478:0037-9409
4436:140559785
4428:0258-8900
4358:262223510
4326:(Report).
4317:(Report).
4306:240447272
4298:2610-3540
4266:Volcanica
4223:0377-0273
4164:218797689
4156:2169-9356
4114:133669253
4106:2169-9356
4058:1142-2904
4013:1944-8007
3939:128592747
3931:0258-8900
3776:(2): 16.
3756:240477849
3748:2610-3540
3716:Volcanica
3669:1641-7291
3335:231668404
3327:1432-0819
3268:1609-9044
3252:(1): 19.
2886:129450763
2878:0305-8719
2831:234489075
2823:1866-9565
2639:247933540
2593:0717-7356
2495:207913276
2427:213760918
2419:0377-0273
2141:0028-0836
2041:0022-1430
1838:0143-1161
1727:(1): 45.
1272:bofedales
1159:telemetry
1039:Pinchollo
1023:Ichupampa
956:lava dome
908:fumarolic
868:fumaroles
855:fumarolic
659:amphibole
647:potassium
470:, mainly
405:Sara Sara
329:Rio Colca
295:Sabancaya
283:explosive
216:Sabancaya
187:Volcanic
148:Southern
129:Sabancaya
104:Geography
47:Elevation
24:Sabancaya
5206:Fueguino
5191:Aguilera
5143:Mentolat
5053:Callaqui
4890:Zapaleri
4820:Yucamane
4815:Tutupaca
4785:Chachani
4755:Coropuna
4750:Solimana
4692:Quilotoa
4687:Cotopaxi
4682:Illiniza
4667:Antisana
3653:(3): 3.
3438:INGEMMET
3135:INGEMMET
2799:(6): 5.
2149:12110886
1762:: 3672.
1319:See also
1280:camelids
1268:Wetlands
1195:mudflows
1187:mudflows
1035:Madrigal
884:mudflows
812: BC
725:such as
679:pyroxene
639:andesite
607:Cenozoic
603:Mesozoic
595:basement
572:Holocene
559:Moraines
539:Holocene
429:Chachani
417:Coropuna
413:Solimana
397:Pliocene
393:Yucamane
389:Tutupaca
373:El Misti
335:Regional
325:Arequipa
279:Holocene
256:andesite
232:Arequipa
145:Location
5181:Lautaro
5133:Chaitén
5113:Calbuco
5048:Copahue
4965:Peinado
4950:Lazufre
4935:Socompa
4840:Taapaca
4810:Ticsani
4652:Cayambe
4642:Azufral
4637:Galeras
4602:Romeral
4503:Bibcode
4408:Bibcode
4379:Bibcode
4338:Bibcode
4203:Bibcode
4136:Bibcode
4076:Bibcode
3983:Bibcode
3878:Bibcode
3778:Bibcode
3703:Sources
3295:Bibcode
2858:Bibcode
2801:Bibcode
2619:Bibcode
2536:27 June
2475:Bibcode
2399:Bibcode
2356:Bibcode
2157:4342717
2121:Bibcode
2019:Bibcode
1818:Bibcode
1764:Bibcode
1729:Bibcode
1309:geopark
1270:called
1245:Festuca
993:Hazards
847:Spanish
832:drought
687:olivine
663:biotite
611:Neogene
582:Geology
554:ice cap
498:in the
385:Ticsani
351:in the
343:of the
299:Quechua
264:ice cap
222:in the
170:Geology
5201:Burney
5196:Reclus
5186:Viedma
5163:Hudson
5123:Huequi
5108:Osorno
5063:Llaima
5043:Antuco
4930:Aracar
4920:Lascar
4910:Pacana
4885:Azufre
4865:Isluga
4835:Tacora
4830:Casiri
4795:Ubinas
4775:Ampato
4740:Firura
4712:Sangay
4647:Chiles
4627:Puracé
4523:
4476:
4434:
4426:
4356:
4334:Lithos
4304:
4296:
4221:
4162:
4154:
4112:
4104:
4056:
4011:
3937:
3929:
3754:
3746:
3667:
3449:1 July
3333:
3325:
3266:
3141:1 July
2884:
2876:
2829:
2821:
2637:
2591:
2493:
2425:
2417:
2397:: 17.
2155:
2147:
2139:
2113:Nature
2039:
1836:
1305:UNESCO
1284:cattle
1264:yareta
1157:, and
1093:tephra
1043:Yanque
1019:Chivay
1011:Achoma
986:Pichqa
952:Lahars
901:lithic
851:tephra
816:Ampato
799:Ampato
707:mantle
694:magmas
649:-rich
643:dacite
496:Ampato
468:faults
441:Tacora
437:Casiri
377:Ubinas
327:. The
268:lahars
260:dacite
252:Ampato
244:Ubinas
5083:LanĂn
5013:Maipo
4960:Galán
4850:Lauca
4790:Misti
4677:Soche
4672:Aliso
4432:S2CID
4354:S2CID
4302:S2CID
4160:S2CID
4110:S2CID
3971:(PDF)
3951:(PDF)
3935:S2CID
3848:(PDF)
3828:(PDF)
3752:S2CID
3331:S2CID
2882:S2CID
2827:S2CID
2635:S2CID
2617:: 2.
2491:S2CID
2423:S2CID
2153:S2CID
1288:sheep
1260:tolar
1251:Stipa
1240:cacti
1214:over
1139:]
1062:]
1047:roads
974:Kimsa
968:Iskay
872:mafic
478:Local
297:" is
224:Andes
164:Andes
5153:Macá
4521:ISSN
4474:ISSN
4424:ISSN
4294:ISSN
4219:ISSN
4152:ISSN
4102:ISSN
4054:ISSN
4009:ISSN
3927:ISSN
3744:ISSN
3665:ISSN
3451:2017
3323:ISSN
3264:ISSN
3143:2017
2874:ISSN
2819:ISSN
2589:ISSN
2538:2017
2415:ISSN
2145:PMID
2137:ISSN
2037:ISSN
1834:ISSN
1286:and
1262:and
1256:ichu
1248:and
1201:and
1165:and
1080:and
1031:Maca
1027:Lari
980:Tawa
876:Inca
820:Inca
768:and
739:and
699:slab
692:The
681:and
641:and
605:and
593:The
439:and
391:and
339:The
258:and
228:Peru
193:belt
150:Peru
135:Peru
5148:Cay
4538:hdl
4511:doi
4499:108
4470:165
4449:hdl
4416:doi
4387:doi
4375:323
4346:doi
4284:hdl
4274:doi
4248:hdl
4211:doi
4199:343
4177:hdl
4144:doi
4132:125
4092:hdl
4084:doi
4072:122
4044:hdl
4034:doi
4001:hdl
3991:doi
3955:hdl
3919:doi
3896:hdl
3886:doi
3874:441
3852:hdl
3832:hdl
3796:hdl
3786:doi
3734:hdl
3724:doi
3655:doi
3313:hdl
3303:doi
3254:doi
2866:doi
2854:380
2809:doi
2734:doi
2627:doi
2579:doi
2483:doi
2407:doi
2395:393
2129:doi
2117:418
2027:doi
1826:doi
1737:doi
1143:GPS
962:Huk
305:or
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