566:
1437:
103:
1579:
Villages were usually constructed deep in high mountain valleys, where they were relatively secure from attack. Mountain fortresses were also often constructed as places of refuge during war. The minor states which made up the federations are usually considered to have covered about as much land as a
462:
sent a message to the king of Baekje referring to the Three
Kingdoms of Korea as Samhan. Epitaphs of the Tang dynasty, including those belonging to Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla refugees and migrants, called the Three Kingdoms of Korea "Samhan", especially Goguryeo. For example, the epitaph of Go Hyeon
1589:
Based on historical and archeological records, river and sea routes appear to have been the primary means of long-distance transportation and trade (Yi, 2001, p. 246). It is thus not surprising that Jinhan and
Byeonhan, with their coastal and river locations, became particularly prominent in
1493:
continued to be used in the name of the Jinhan confederacy and in the name "Byeonjin," an alternate term for
Byeonhan. In addition, for some time the leader of Mahan continued to call himself the King of Jin, asserting nominal overlordship over all of the Samhan confederations.
1703:
and the languages replaced/supplanted. Evidence also suggests that
Peninsular Japonic and Koreanic languages co-existed in the southern Korean Peninsula for an extended period of time and influenced each other. As has been suggested for the later Korean kingdom of
317:, one of the two representative history books of Korea, mentions that people of Jin Han are migrants from Gojoseon, which suggests that early Han tribes who came to Southern Korean peninsula are originally Gojoseon people; this coincides with the state of
438:
In China, the Three
Kingdoms of Korea were collectively called Samhan since the beginning of the 7th century. The use of the name Samhan to indicate the Three Kingdoms of Korea was widespread in the
1731:
The introduction of iron technology also facilitated growth in agriculture, as iron tools made the clearing and cultivation of land much easier. It appears that at this time the modern-day
1500:
was the largest and earliest developed of the three confederacies. It consisted of 54 minor statelets, one of which conquered or absorbed the others and became the center of the
2610:
2498:
2339:... there are strong indications that the neighbouring Baekje state (in the southwest) was predominantly Japonic-speaking until it was linguistically Koreanized.
1796:
at this time, most commonly involving the exchange of ornamental
Japanese bronzeware for Korean iron. These trade relations shifted in the 3rd century, when the
1478:
The Samhan are generally considered loose confederations of walled-town states. Each appears to have had a ruling elite, whose power was a mix of politics and
415:
period, the concepts of Samhan as the ancient confederacies and the Three
Kingdoms of Korea were merged. In a letter to an imperial tutor of the Tang dynasty,
1774:
reports that the Lelang commandery handed out official seals freely to local commoners, no longer symbolizing political authority (Yi, 2001, p. 245).
427:
declared that he had unified the Three Han (Samhan), referring to the Three
Kingdoms of Korea. Samhan continued to be a common name for Korea during the
1552:
The exact locations occupied by the different Samhan confederations are disputed. It is also quite likely that their boundaries changed over time.
1171:
507:
1759:, appear to have maintained separate diplomatic relations with each individual state rather than with the heads of the confederacies as such.
137:, the Samhan confederacies eventually merged and developed into the Baekje, Gaya, and Silla kingdoms. The name "Samhan" also refers to the
1762:
In the beginning, the relationship was a political trading system in which "tribute" was exchanged for titles or prestige gifts. Official
2654:
1411:
1405:
1465:
1393:
1708:, it is possible that the Samhan states were bilingual prior to the complete replacement of Peninsular Japonic by Koreanic languages.
1902:
336:
Beginning in the 7th century, the name "Samhan" became synonymous with the Three
Kingdoms of Korea. The "Han" in the names of the
432:
2659:
2562:
2487:
2622:
2510:
1828:
924:
356:, are named in reference to the Three Kingdoms of Korea, not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula.
280:
language had a usage of this word for king or ruler as found in the words 마립간 (麻立干; Maripgan) and 거서간 / 거슬한 (居西干 / 居瑟邯;
1751:, the external relations of Samhan were largely limited to the Chinese commanderies located in the former territory of
2649:
2540:
1859:
2058:
1377:
1952:
1626:. Further Han(韓) migration followed the fall of Gojoseon and establishment of the Chinese commanderies in 108 BC.
1581:
737:
130:
321:
in southern Korea also disappearing from written records. By the 4th century, Mahan was fully absorbed into the
2664:
2136:
1458:
1339:
1315:
1252:
636:
73:
2644:
2370:"The emergence of 'Transeurasian' language families in Northeast Asia as viewed from archaeological evidence"
1771:
1572:
1504:
Kingdom. Mahan is usually considered to have been located in the southwest of the Korean peninsula, covering
1272:
245:
in present-day Korean, although speakers of some dialects, especially in North Korea, may still use the form
2588:
Vovin, Alexander (2013), "From
Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean",
2350:
Vovin, Alexander (2013). "From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean".
1365:
1303:
1297:
2023:
1766:
identified each tribal leader's authority to trade with the commandery. However, after the fall of the
1426:
1370:
1196:
1781:
coins and beads are found throughout the Korean peninsula. These were exchanged for local iron or raw
1522:
consisted of 12 statelets, one of which conquered or absorbed the others and became the center of the
423:
period, Samhan became a common name to refer to all of Korea. In his Ten Mandates to his descendants,
2093:[An inquiry into the name of Three Kingdom(三國) inscribed on the epitaph of T'ang(唐) period].
1451:
1398:
1384:
1310:
1292:
1262:
1161:
545:
511:
446:
by the Tang dynasty, as evidenced by a Tang document that called Goguryeo generals "Mahan leaders" (
827:
1987:
2475:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1282:
840:
475:), a Tang dynasty general of Goguryeo origin who died in 690, calls him a "Liaodong Samhan man" (
459:
365:
138:
1526:
Kingdom. It is usually considered to have been located to the east of the Nakdong River valley.
416:
1334:
1228:
1217:
605:
154:
2160:, Bloomington, Indiana: Department of Linguistics, The LINGUIST List, Indiana University, 2014
1849:
87:
2088:
2550:
1721:
1657:
1619:
1529:
1509:
987:
794:
625:
527:
118:
2333:
Janhunen, Juha (2010). "RECONSTRUCTING THE LANGUAGE MAP OF PREHISTORICAL NORTHEAST ASIA".
1728:
valley, which manufactured and exported iron armor and weapons throughout Northeast Asia.
411:
with an inscription: "The Three Han were unified and the domain was expanded." During the
8:
2535:. Translated by E.W. Wagner; E.J. Schulz (based on 1979 rev. ed.). Seoul: Ilchogak.
1483:
584:
299:
281:
2404:
2369:
1777:
The Chinese commanderies also supplied luxury goods and consumed local products. Later
2417:
1913:
1720:
into the southern Korean peninsula. This was taken up with particular intensity by the
1700:
1692:
1661:
1638:
1623:
1611:
1519:
1490:
1277:
801:
710:
531:
318:
122:
1936:
2558:
2536:
2483:
2421:
2409:
2391:
2132:
2102:
1855:
1785:. After the 2nd century CE, as Chinese influence waned, iron ingots came into use as
1756:
1688:
1653:
1615:
1607:
1513:
1497:
1287:
1206:
787:
575:
535:
443:
222:
126:
1646:
565:
2597:
2399:
2381:
1813:
1696:
1576:
places Mahan in the southwest, Jinhan in the southeast, and Byeonhan between them.
1533:
880:
819:
594:
554:
330:
1681:
2639:
2572:
2030:
1983:
1732:
1673:
1634:
1603:
1599:
1505:
1482:. Although each state appears to have had its own ruler, there is no evidence of
1327:
1267:
1041:
955:
495:
488:
424:
2575:(2005), "Koguryŏ and Paekche: different languages or dialects of Old Korean?",
1818:
1322:
1257:
241:-era (Late Middle Korean) word for "grandfather; elderly man" (most often 할아버지
2611:"International trade system in East Asia from the first to the fourth century"
2633:
2395:
2106:
1823:
1797:
1763:
1725:
1665:
1641:, referring to the non-Buyeo Koreanic languages, once spoken in the southern
1630:
1541:
1540:. It is usually considered to have been located in the south and west of the
1136:
761:
745:
675:
499:
412:
337:
2413:
1441:
1053:
1029:
1017:
996:
933:
699:
439:
419:
equated Byeonhan to Baekje, Jinhan to Silla, and Mahan to Goguryeo. By the
286:
2601:
1558:
indicates that Mahan was located in the northern region later occupied by
1778:
1554:
768:
687:
407:
refugees. In 1982, a memorial stone dating back to 686 was discovered in
379:
373:
345:
314:
194:
2386:
1614:
in southern Korea around 194 - 180 BC. He and his followers established
133:, or Samhan, period. Located in the central and southern regions of the
2555:
The role of contact in the origins of the Japanese and Korean languages
1966:
1669:
750:
614:
310:
78:
63:
60:
1479:
305:
The Samhan are thought to have formed around the time of the fall of
2129:
State Formation in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives
1786:
1752:
1748:
1559:
1115:
849:
809:
661:
491:
equates Byeonhan to Silla, Jinhan to Buyeo, and Mahan to Goguryeo.
408:
404:
306:
284:). Alexander Vovin suggests this word is related to the Mongolian
161:
is a Korean word meaning "great (one), grand, large, much, many".
2518:
Kōno, Rokurō (1987), "The bilingualism of the Paekche language",
2178:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 366–370.
1767:
1065:
1006:
295:
230:
214:
20:
1959:
A Historical Study on the Culture in Chinese Characters in Korea
1804:
gained monopolistic control over Japanese trade with Byeonhan.
1801:
1705:
1677:
1567:
1501:
1126:
1091:
944:
859:
720:
428:
420:
400:
322:
238:
36:
1848:
Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Jinhoon, Park; Hyun-Hae, Yi (2014).
189:, but is believed by foreign linguists to be unrelated to the
129:
confederacies that emerged in the first century BC during the
2174:
Kim, Nam-Kil (2003). "Korean". In Frawley, William J. (ed.).
1793:
1642:
1563:
1537:
1523:
1102:
967:
892:
869:
814:
776:
755:
384:
326:
277:
134:
52:
2301:
2299:
1566:, and Byeonhan in the southwestern region later occupied by
1436:
506:, in reference to the Three Kingdoms of Korea. In 1919, the
1782:
1736:
1717:
905:
1847:
1680:
may have been bilingual, with the ruling class speaking a
2440:
2296:
2192:
Kim, Nam-Kil (2009). "Korean". In Comrie, Bernard (ed.).
1792:
Trade relations also existed with the emergent states of
102:
92:
2271:
2269:
2155:
1532:
consisted of 12 statelets, which later gave rise to the
2428:
2316:
2314:
1618:
which was one of the Samhan ("Three Hans"), along with
2480:
Koguryo, the Language of Japan's Continental Relatives
2157:
Multitree: A digital library of language relationships
2286:
2284:
2266:
514:
declared the name of Korea as the Republic of Korea,
387:
implemented a national policy, "Samhan Unification" (
2520:
Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko
2499:"Characteristics of Mahan in ancient Korean society"
2311:
2196:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 765–779.
518:, also in reference to the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
2452:
1606:from the northern Korea, having lost the throne to
197:and the Chinese kingdoms and dynasties also called
2281:
2065:. National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage
1699:, but its speakers were eventually assimilated by
1668:is unclear. It is generally accepted as including
2631:
2205:
2203:
1789:for the trade based around Jinhan and Byeonhan.
229:— the original place name in native Korean for
2257:
1716:The Samhan saw the systematic introduction of
1676:. A number of researchers have suggested that
2200:
1695:) were spoken in large parts of the southern
1598:One of the most prominent leader of the Han (
1459:
264:Many historians have suggested that the word
2245:Studies on the phonological system of Korean
1904:[이기환의 흔적의 역사]국호논쟁의 전말…대한민국이냐 고려공화국이냐
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
482:
476:
470:
464:
453:
447:
394:
388:
209:is still found in many Korean words such as
184:
178:
172:
166:
148:
58:
42:
2258:Horvath, Barbara M.; Vaughan, Paul (1991).
2242:
2223:
2221:
1684:and the commoners speaking a Han language.
165:was transliterated into Chinese characters
2187:
2185:
2169:
2167:
2150:
2148:
2053:
2051:
2049:
1988:"Once again on the etymology of the title
1854:. Cambridge University Press. p. 18.
1466:
1452:
294:meaning ruler, and the ultimate origin is
2403:
2385:
2209:
2176:International Encyclopedia of Linguistics
1875:
1637:: 삼한어; 三韓語) were a branch of the ancient
1562:, Jinhan in the region later occupied by
2557:, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press,
2474:
2434:
2367:
2332:
2305:
2227:
2218:
2210:Lee, Ki-Moon; Ramsey, S. Robert (2011).
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1652:The Samhan languages were spoken in the
431:period and was widely referenced in the
101:
2577:Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies
2182:
2164:
2145:
2046:
1950:
2632:
2126:
2082:
2080:
1590:international trade during this time.
2587:
2571:
2549:
2458:
2446:
2320:
2095:The Journal of Korean Ancient History
2006:
1982:
1965:(Thesis) (in Chinese). Archived from
1755:. The longest standing of these, the
2517:
2275:
2131:. Psychology Press. pp. 29–33.
2086:
1829:Three Confederate States of Gojoseon
1645:, which were closely related to the
666:
333:, which was later annexed by Silla.
2530:
2496:
2290:
2191:
2173:
2077:
2021:
1900:
13:
2655:Former countries in Korean history
2608:
1976:
1687:Linguistic evidence suggests that
1489:The name of the poorly understood
498:changed the name of Joseon to the
442:. Goguryeo was alternately called
14:
2676:
2212:A History of the Korean Language
1674:the language(s) spoken in Baekje
1435:
564:
117:, is the collective name of the
2361:
2344:
2326:
2260:Community languages: a handbook
2251:
2236:
1996:Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia
1570:. However, the earlier Chinese
364:"Samhan" became a name for the
329:kingdom, and Byeonhan into the
2120:
1944:
1929:
1841:
483:
477:
471:
465:
454:
448:
395:
389:
368:beginning in the 7th century.
268:might have been pronounced as
59:
43:
1:
2660:Former countries in East Asia
2468:
2228:Crannell, Kenneth C. (2011).
2214:. Cambridge University Press.
1711:
1672:, and may also have included
1573:Records of the Three Kingdoms
521:
309:in northern Korea in 108 BC.
131:Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea
19:For the Gaelic festival, see
2621:(4): 239–268. Archived from
2335:Studia Orientalia 108 (2010)
1742:
1735:area emerged as a center of
1593:
1547:
925:Northern and Southern period
433:Annals of the Joseon Dynasty
359:
221:— archaic native Korean for
213:— archaic native Korean for
7:
2374:Evolutionary Human Sciences
2194:The World's Major Languages
1807:
988:Later Three Kingdoms period
738:Proto–Three Kingdoms period
93:
79:
10:
2681:
1536:, subsequently annexed by
525:
18:
2509:(6): 4–10. Archived from
2127:Barnes, Gina Lee (2001).
2090:唐 墓誌의 고대 한반도 삼국 명칭에 대한 검토
2087:Kwon, Deok-young (2014).
1701:Koreanic-speaking peoples
325:kingdom, Jinhan into the
185:
179:
173:
167:
149:
86:
72:
51:
35:
28:
2650:Ancient peoples of Korea
2476:Beckwith, Christopher I.
2368:Miyamoto, Kazuo (2022).
2089:
2024:
1953:
1908:
1903:
1834:
1739:production (Kim, 1974).
1602:: 한; 韓) Immigration was
828:Four Commanderies of Han
16:Period of Korean history
2262:. Multilingual Matters.
1938:Naver Korean dictionary
1610:, fled to the state of
460:Emperor Gaozong of Tang
366:Three Kingdoms of Korea
139:Three Kingdoms of Korea
2533:A New History of Korea
2497:Kim, Jung-Bae (1974).
2230:Voice and Articulation
2025:[이덕일 사랑] 대~한민국
2022:이덕일 (14 August 2008).
1901:이기환 (30 August 2017).
1851:Korean History in Maps
1403:World Heritage Sites (
1394:Science and technology
1172:Provisional Government
508:provisional government
282:Geoseogan / Geoseulhan
107:
2665:Former confederations
2609:Yi, Hyun-hae (2001).
2602:10.1075/kl.15.2.03vov
2531:Lee, Ki-baik (1984).
1484:systematic succession
895:(Tributary of Baekje)
841:Three Kingdoms period
105:
2645:Early Korean history
2449:, pp. 222, 237.
2243:Kim Wan-jin (1981),
2232:. Wadsworth Company.
1770:in the 3rd century,
1604:King Jun of Gojoseon
1207:North-South division
1197:Military governments
970:(Tributary of Silla)
528:Byeonhan confederacy
510:in exile during the
157:meaning "three" and
74:Revised Romanization
2387:10.1017/ehs.2021.49
1162:Japanese occupation
512:Japanese occupation
2590:Korean Linguistics
2551:Unger, J. Marshall
2352:Korean Linguistics
1914:Kyunghyang Shinmun
1747:Until the rise of
1693:Peninsular Japonic
1639:Koreanic languages
1512:, and portions of
1105:(Vassal of Goryeo)
715:4th–2nd century BC
589:700,000 BC-8000 BC
576:Prehistoric period
532:Jinhan confederacy
458:) in 645. In 651,
257:means shining and
108:
2564:978-0-8248-3279-7
2489:978-90-04-13949-7
2308:, pp. 20–21.
2278:, pp. 84–85.
1917:] (in Korean)
1757:Lelang commandery
1689:Japonic languages
1476:
1475:
1237:
1236:
1180:
1179:
1145:
1144:
1075:
1074:
978:
977:
915:
914:
728:
727:
645:
644:
536:Mahan confederacy
371:According to the
346:Republic of Korea
100:
99:
88:McCune–Reischauer
2672:
2626:
2605:
2584:
2573:Vovin, Alexander
2568:
2546:
2527:
2514:
2493:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2407:
2389:
2365:
2359:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2309:
2303:
2294:
2288:
2279:
2273:
2264:
2263:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2216:
2215:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2055:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2019:
2004:
2003:
1984:Vovin, Alexander
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1964:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1898:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1845:
1814:History of Korea
1697:Korean Peninsula
1664:. The extent of
1643:Korean Peninsula
1631:Samhan languages
1534:Gaya confederacy
1468:
1461:
1454:
1442:Korea portal
1440:
1439:
1414:
1408:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1330:
1318:
1306:
1300:
1193:
1192:
1158:
1157:
1088:
1087:
1009:(Later Goguryeo)
993:
992:
930:
929:
881:Gaya confederacy
846:
845:
804:
797:
790:
771:
764:
702:
690:
678:
668:
658:
657:
581:
580:
568:
558:
540:
539:
486:
485:
480:
479:
474:
473:
468:
467:
457:
456:
451:
450:
399:), to integrate
398:
397:
392:
391:
331:Gaya confederacy
188:
187:
182:
181:
176:
175:
170:
169:
155:Sino-Korean word
152:
151:
135:Korean Peninsula
96:
82:
67:
66:
46:
45:
26:
25:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2630:
2629:
2565:
2543:
2490:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2457:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2435:Janhunen (2010)
2433:
2429:
2366:
2362:
2349:
2345:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2312:
2306:Beckwith (2004)
2304:
2297:
2289:
2282:
2274:
2267:
2256:
2252:
2241:
2237:
2226:
2219:
2208:
2201:
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2183:
2172:
2165:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2091:
2085:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2063:한국금석문 종합영상정보시스템
2057:
2056:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2031:The Chosun Ilbo
2026:
2020:
2007:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1876:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1810:
1745:
1714:
1647:Buyeo languages
1596:
1586:, or township.
1550:
1472:
1434:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1404:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1326:
1314:
1302:
1296:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1190:
1182:
1181:
1155:
1154:Colonial period
1147:
1146:
1085:
1084:Dynastic period
1077:
1076:
1042:Dongdan Kingdom
990:
980:
979:
956:Little Goguryeo
936:(Unified Silla)
927:
917:
916:
843:
833:
832:
824:
800:
793:
786:
767:
760:
740:
730:
729:
700:
688:
676:
655:
647:
646:
637:Liaoning dagger
599:8000 BC–1500 BC
578:
556:
549:
538:
526:Main articles:
524:
489:History of Liao
362:
348:(South Korea),
290:and Manchurian
68:
47:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2678:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2628:
2627:
2625:on 2005-05-30.
2606:
2596:(2): 222–240,
2585:
2569:
2563:
2547:
2541:
2528:
2515:
2513:on 2005-05-30.
2494:
2488:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2451:
2439:
2437:, p. 294.
2427:
2360:
2343:
2325:
2323:, p. 119.
2310:
2295:
2293:, p. 766.
2280:
2265:
2250:
2235:
2217:
2199:
2181:
2163:
2144:
2137:
2119:
2076:
2059:"고현묘지명(高玄墓誌銘)"
2045:
2005:
1975:
1972:on 2011-07-22.
1954:在韓國使用的漢字語文化上的程
1943:
1928:
1874:
1860:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1819:Names of Korea
1816:
1809:
1806:
1800:federation of
1768:Kingdom of Wei
1744:
1741:
1724:states of the
1713:
1710:
1595:
1592:
1549:
1546:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1363:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1290:
1285:
1283:Historiography
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1003:
1002:
999:
991:
986:
985:
982:
981:
976:
975:
972:
963:
962:
959:
951:
950:
947:
941:
940:
937:
928:
923:
922:
919:
918:
913:
912:
909:
901:
900:
897:
888:
887:
884:
876:
875:
872:
866:
865:
862:
856:
855:
852:
844:
839:
838:
835:
834:
831:
830:
823:
822:
817:
812:
807:
806:
805:
798:
791:
779:
774:
773:
772:
765:
753:
748:
742:
741:
736:
735:
732:
731:
726:
725:
723:
717:
716:
713:
707:
706:
704:
695:
694:
692:
683:
682:
680:
671:
670:
664:
656:
654:Ancient period
653:
652:
649:
648:
643:
642:
640:
631:
630:
628:
621:
620:
619:1500 BC–300 BC
617:
611:
610:
608:
601:
600:
597:
591:
590:
587:
579:
574:
573:
570:
569:
561:
560:
551:
550:
543:
523:
520:
417:Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn
361:
358:
219:Hangaram (한가람)
205:(韓). The word
98:
97:
90:
84:
83:
76:
70:
69:
57:
55:
49:
48:
41:
39:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2677:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2615:Korea Journal
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2583:(2): 107–140.
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2542:89-337-0204-0
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2503:Korea Journal
2500:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2461:, p. 87.
2460:
2455:
2448:
2443:
2436:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2358:(2): 222–240.
2357:
2353:
2347:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2292:
2287:
2285:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2261:
2254:
2246:
2239:
2231:
2224:
2222:
2213:
2206:
2204:
2195:
2188:
2186:
2177:
2170:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2097:(in Korean).
2096:
2092:
2083:
2081:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1951:Lu Guo-Ping.
1947:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1916:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1863:
1861:9781107098466
1857:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1824:Han languages
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1726:Nakdong River
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1682:Puyŏ language
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1666:Han languages
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1545:
1543:
1542:Nakdong River
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1413:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1189:Modern period
1186:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1137:Korean Empire
1135:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1020:(Later Silla)
1019:
1018:Unified Silla
1016:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
989:
984:
983:
973:
971:
969:
965:
964:
960:
958:
957:
953:
952:
948:
946:
943:
942:
938:
935:
932:
931:
926:
921:
920:
910:
908:
907:
903:
902:
898:
896:
894:
890:
889:
885:
883:
882:
878:
877:
873:
871:
868:
867:
863:
861:
858:
857:
853:
851:
848:
847:
842:
837:
836:
829:
826:
825:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
803:
799:
796:
792:
789:
785:
784:
783:
780:
778:
775:
770:
766:
763:
759:
758:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
739:
734:
733:
724:
722:
719:
718:
714:
712:
709:
708:
705:
703:
697:
696:
693:
691:
685:
684:
681:
679:
673:
672:
665:
663:
660:
659:
651:
650:
641:
639:
638:
633:
632:
629:
627:
623:
622:
618:
616:
613:
612:
609:
607:
603:
602:
598:
596:
593:
592:
588:
586:
583:
582:
577:
572:
571:
567:
563:
562:
559:
553:
552:
547:
542:
541:
537:
533:
529:
519:
517:
516:Daehan Minguk
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:Korean Empire
497:
492:
490:
461:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
386:
382:
381:
376:
375:
369:
367:
357:
355:
351:
350:Daehan Minguk
347:
343:
339:
338:Korean Empire
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
253:means south,
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:Hangawi (한가위)
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
164:
160:
156:
146:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
104:
95:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
75:
71:
65:
62:
56:
54:
50:
40:
38:
34:
31:
27:
22:
2623:the original
2618:
2614:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2576:
2554:
2532:
2523:
2519:
2511:the original
2506:
2502:
2479:
2459:Unger (2009)
2454:
2447:Vovin (2013)
2442:
2430:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2321:Vovin (2005)
2259:
2253:
2244:
2238:
2229:
2211:
2193:
2175:
2156:
2128:
2122:
2110:. Retrieved
2098:
2094:
2069:10 September
2067:. Retrieved
2062:
2036:. Retrieved
2029:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1978:
1967:the original
1958:
1946:
1937:
1931:
1919:. Retrieved
1912:
1865:. Retrieved
1850:
1843:
1791:
1776:
1761:
1746:
1730:
1715:
1686:
1651:
1628:
1597:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1553:
1551:
1528:
1518:
1496:
1488:
1477:
1425:
1379:Christianity
1253:Architecture
1233:1948–present
1222:1948–present
1211:1945–present
1114:
1101:
1064:
1054:Later Balhae
1052:
1040:
1030:Later Sabeol
1028:
997:Later Baekje
966:
954:
934:United Silla
904:
891:
879:
874:57 BC–935 AD
864:18 BC–660 AD
854:37 BC–668 AD
781:
635:
585:Palaeolithic
515:
504:Daehan Jeguk
503:
493:
440:Tang dynasty
437:
378:
372:
370:
363:
353:
349:
342:Daehan Jeguk
341:
335:
304:
291:
285:
273:
269:
265:
263:
261:means east.
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
234:
226:
218:
210:
206:
202:
198:
190:
162:
158:
144:
143:
114:
110:
109:
29:
2276:Kōno (1987)
2101:: 105–137.
2034:(in Korean)
1779:Han dynasty
1772:San guo zhi
1580:modern-day
1555:Samguk Sagi
1510:Chungcheong
1344:Politics (
1316:Family tree
555:History of
413:Later Silla
380:Samguk Yusa
374:Samguk Sagi
315:Samguk Sagi
227:Hanbat (한밭)
195:Han Chinese
30:Korean name
2634:Categories
2469:References
2291:Kim (2009)
2247:, Ilchogak
2138:0700713239
2002:: 177–187.
1712:Technology
1340:Newspapers
615:Bronze Age
522:Three Hans
344:, and the
311:Kim Bu-sik
237:(하나비) — a
233:(大田, 대전),
225:(漢江, 한강),
217:(秋夕, 추석),
2482:, Brill,
2422:246999130
2396:2513-843X
2107:1226-6213
1743:Relations
1594:Languages
1548:Geography
1491:Jin state
1480:shamanism
1328:Era names
1278:Geography
1273:Education
1201:1945–1948
1176:1919–1948
1166:1910–1945
1141:1897–1910
1131:1392–1897
1121:1029–1030
595:Neolithic
494:In 1897,
425:Wang Geon
360:Etymology
300:Yeniseian
243:harabeoji
115:Three Han
2553:(2009),
2526:: 75–86.
2478:(2004),
2414:37588923
2405:10426040
1986:(2007).
1867:16 April
1808:See also
1787:currency
1753:Gojoseon
1749:Goguryeo
1722:Byeonhan
1658:Byeonhan
1620:Byeonhan
1560:Goguryeo
1544:valley.
1530:Byeonhan
1514:Gyeonggi
1427:Timeline
1372:Buddhism
1366:Religion
1311:Monarchs
1304:Goguryeo
1293:Military
1288:Language
1268:Currency
1246:By topic
1109:938–1105
1096:918–1392
850:Goguryeo
810:Goguryeo
662:Gojoseon
546:a series
544:Part of
409:Cheongju
405:Goguryeo
307:Gojoseon
201:(漢) and
119:Byeonhan
1798:Yamatai
1263:Cuisine
1116:Heungyo
1071:938–986
1066:Jeongan
1059:927–935
1047:926–936
1035:919–927
1023:892–935
1012:901–918
1007:Taebong
1001:892–936
974:662–925
961:699–820
949:698–926
939:668–892
911:512–930
899:498–660
820:Nakrang
762:Eastern
669:–108 BC
667:2333 BC
606:Jeulmun
487:). The
296:Xiongnu
231:Daejeon
223:Hangang
215:Chuseok
153:) is a
21:Samhain
2640:Samhan
2561:
2539:
2486:
2420:
2412:
2402:
2394:
2380:: e3.
2135:
2112:2 July
2105:
2038:2 July
1961:]
1921:2 July
1858:
1802:Kyūshū
1733:Jeolla
1706:Baekje
1678:Baekje
1670:Sillan
1662:Jinhan
1635:Korean
1624:Jinhan
1600:Korean
1568:Baekje
1520:Jinhan
1506:Jeolla
1502:Baekje
1347:Joseon
1127:Joseon
1092:Goryeo
945:Balhae
886:42–562
860:Baekje
782:Samhan
751:Dongye
721:Yemaek
677:Dangun
548:on the
534:, and
496:Gojong
484:遼東 三韓人
481:;
478:요동 삼한인
469:;
452:;
429:Joseon
421:Goryeo
401:Baekje
393:;
354:Hanguk
323:Baekje
276:. The
247:hanabi
239:Joseon
235:hanabi
125:, and
123:Jinhan
111:Samhan
106:Samhan
94:Samhan
80:Samhan
37:Hangul
2418:S2CID
1990:qaγan
1970:(PDF)
1963:(PDF)
1957:[
1911:[
1835:Notes
1794:Japan
1764:seals
1691:(see
1654:Mahan
1616:Mahan
1608:Wiman
1583:myeon
1564:Silla
1538:Silla
1524:Silla
1498:Mahan
1412:South
1406:North
1399:Women
1386:Islam
1359:South
1353:North
1335:Naval
1323:Names
1229:South
1218:North
1103:Tamna
968:Tamna
893:Tamna
870:Silla
815:Tamna
795:Byeon
777:Okjeo
769:Galsa
756:Buyeo
746:Takri
701:Wiman
626:Mumun
557:Korea
444:Mahan
385:Silla
327:Silla
278:Silla
255:Byeon
183:, or
127:Mahan
113:, or
53:Hanja
2559:ISBN
2537:ISBN
2484:ISBN
2410:PMID
2392:ISSN
2133:ISBN
2114:2018
2103:ISSN
2071:2018
2040:2018
1923:2018
1909:경향신문
1869:2019
1856:ISBN
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