50:
1223:
310:
1548:
similar, or different; some resemble the Wa, some tattoo their bodies. While Wa-like toponyms are more frequent in the Pyŏnhan grouping, one such toponym is identified with
Chinhan. This is exactly the kind of complexity we might expect to be associated with the situation described by Ahn, where a population associated with Mumun wet rice growing culture lives alongside more recently arrived members of the Korean-style bronze dagger culture.
1181:
1547:
In fact, the texts indicate a more complex (and plausible) interrelationship between language, ethnicity, and protopolitical grouping. The
Chinhan population lives intermixed with Pyŏnhan; the Chinese reporters struggle to describe the resultant demographic complexity. Their languages may be
1479:
However, there is no distinct evidence that indicates an ethnic separation of
Byeonhan and Jinhan as the two shared essentially the same culture, with varying religious customs, and apparently were not separated by a clear boundary according to the contemporary Chinese chronicle
1525:
however notes on differences in their language and customs as “languages and customs have differences” (言語風俗有異), after stating that their enclosed settlements and clothing are the same.
2249:
2244:
1373:
Archaeological evidence indicates an increase in military activity and weapons production among the
Byeonhan in the 3rd century, especially an increase in iron arrowheads and
177:
152:
2197:
1956:
49:
1347:
words. "Byeon (변)" in native Korean meant "Shiny/Shimmering" while "Han (한)" meant "big", giving the meaning of
Byeonhan, the "Big Nation of Shimmer".
1532:
states that “Chinhan men and women are close to Wa (男女近倭),” the ethnonym for the contemporary inhabitants of the
Japanese archipelago, and like the
2157:
915:
2234:
1392:
Various cultural aspects supposedly unique to
Byeonhan overlap with Jinhan, but are not universal in Byeonhan. One notable tradition was
1155:
1149:
1209:
1137:
1540:
however identifies this with
Byeonhan, stating that “their country is close to Wa, therefore they frequently have tattoos.”
668:
1516:(言語法俗相似) and that their populations lived "intermingled together" (弁辰與辰韓雑居), while having similar language and customs.
2116:
1847:
2224:
2180:
1987:
1939:
1649:
1628:
1363:
1121:
2106:
1896:
1864:
481:
2254:
2141:
2086:
1819:
1266:
1202:
1083:
1059:
996:
380:
255:
2264:
2229:
1475:, analysis of the components of glass beads there suggests that the raw material production area is Thailand.
1448:
There are also two hypotheses about the
Byeonhan constituting a separate ethnicity distinct from the Jinhan:
1016:
1109:
1047:
1041:
1408:
alongside the dead body as it was believed that the feathers helped the afterlife souls fly into the sky.
1809:
1377:(Barnes 2000). This may be associated with the decline of Byeonhan and the rise of the more centralized
1350:
As part of the Samhan, Jinhan meant "Big Nation of the East" and Mahan meant "Big Nation of the South".
1792:
Barnes, G.L. (2000). "Archeological armor in Korea and Japan: Styles, technology and social setting".
1557:
Byeonhan may have simply been a political description for decentralized polities south and west of the
1170:
1114:
940:
2239:
1508:
1195:
1142:
1128:
1054:
1036:
1006:
905:
289:
1569:
571:
17:
1386:
1359:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1026:
584:
1463:
Any ethnic who traveled through ancient southern trade routes seen through the distribution of
1453:
1078:
972:
961:
349:
2003:
1520:
1472:
269:
1457:
1367:
731:
369:
2030:"Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan"
8:
328:
1460:, described in early Chinese records as present on the southern coasts of the peninsula.
2151:
2059:
1513:
1423:
1332:
1021:
545:
454:
157:
1959:[A study on the Culture of Wijil Pottery of the western ByeonHan (弁韓) Areas].
2176:
2173:최근 의 고고학 자료 로 본 한국 고고학, 고대사 의 신 연구(Recent research on archaeology and ancient deities
2137:
2112:
2082:
2051:
1983:
1935:
1843:
1815:
1328:
1315:) was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the beginning of the
1031:
950:
531:
319:
2063:
309:
2041:
1573:
1378:
1320:
624:
563:
338:
298:
170:
114:
73:
1840:
Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and
Political History, Volume I: To 1800
1366:. Byeonhan, like the other Samhan confederacies, appears to be descended from the
2259:
2007:
1311:
1280:
1246:
1071:
1011:
785:
699:
245:
241:
223:
219:
1411:
Byeonhan as a political grouping was also sometimes referred to by a calque of
1066:
1001:
2046:
2029:
1222:
2218:
2055:
1730:
1679:
1558:
1396:, which was done by both men and women. Another tradition was the burying of
1226:
Skeletal remains from the Byeonhan confederacy period that was discovered in
880:
505:
489:
419:
63:
1766:
1615:
1185:
797:
773:
761:
740:
677:
443:
2200:[Foreign trade of Byeonhan in the Samhan period (4C B.C-3C A.D)].
1501:
1482:
1401:
1235:
1231:
512:
431:
195:
2081:(Korean Studies series 25 ed.). Seoul: Jipmundang. pp. 24–27.
1910:
1878:
1592:
1533:
1344:
1316:
494:
358:
1445:) being used by its inhabitants, identical to that of its neighbours.
1381:, which most Byeonhan states joined. Gaya was subsequently annexed by
260:
1977:
1753:
1724:
1708:
859:
593:
553:
405:
1779:
1698:
1692:
1662:
1645:
1602:
1464:
1397:
1374:
809:
750:
91:
1903:
A Historical Study on the Culture in Chinese Characters in Korea
1871:
A Historical Study on the Culture in Chinese Characters in Korea
1572:
to the northwest, the Japanese archipelago, and the rest of the
54:
The Korean peninsula in the 1st century, Byeonhan shaded in red.
1740:
1714:
1675:
1561:
valley that were not formal members of the Jinhan confederacy.
1496:
1435:
1393:
1324:
1227:
870:
835:
688:
603:
525:
464:
211:
2136:. Seoul, Korea: Ewha Womans University Press. pp. 17–18.
1641:
1468:
1405:
1382:
1256:
846:
711:
636:
613:
558:
520:
499:
233:
1543:
The linguist John Whitman summarizes the situation as such:
1180:
1565:
1512:
states that the culture of Byeonhan was similar to that of
649:
1564:
Byeonhan was internationally known for its production of
274:
2250:
States and territories disestablished in the 4th century
2132:
Kyong-hee, Won Yu han ; translated by Lee (2006).
2245:
States and territories established in the 1st century
1980:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
1467:
culture. According to recent studies that excavated
1301:
1270:
1343:"Byeonhan (弁韓)" is believed to be a combination of
1807:
1576:. It was also a center of stoneware manufacture.
2216:
1934:. Seoul, South Korea: 교원 All Story. p. 32.
2105:Lee, Injae; Miller, Owen; Park, Inhoon (2014).
1967:. Jinju, South Korea: vi - 97 – via Riss.
2111:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–19.
1978:Patricia Buckley Ebrey, Anne Walthall (2013).
1838:Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Anne (2013-01-01).
1808:Huiyi, Yi; Songsu, Park; Naehyon, Yun (2005).
2104:
1837:
1568:, which was also its main export good to the
1203:
2156:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1773:
1760:
1747:
1734:
1718:
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1622:
1609:
1596:
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1416:
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239:
217:
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1210:
1196:
48:
2131:
2045:
2100:
2098:
1221:
2027:
1894:
1862:
1801:
1489:
14:
2217:
1833:
1831:
1588:, Byeonhan consisted of 12 statelets:
2095:
1925:
1923:
1909:(Thesis) (in Chinese). Archived from
1877:(Thesis) (in Chinese). Archived from
1552:
1310:
1279:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
410:
1828:
1796:(3–4), 61–96. (Electronic Version).
1579:
1319:to the 4th century in the southern
24:
2235:Former countries in Korean history
2076:
1929:
1920:
1794:Journal of East Asian Archeology 2
25:
2276:
2195:
2014:
1982:. Cengage Learning. p. 101.
1954:
1842:. Cengage Learning. p. 101.
1814:. Seoul: Jimundang. p. 136.
27:1st to 4th century Koreanic state
2175:. Seoul: Juryusung. p. 41.
2134:Money traditional Korean society
1433:) as Byeonjin with the ethnonym
1238:. Burial traditions can be seen.
1179:
308:
175:
150:
2189:
2164:
2125:
2070:
2028:Whitman, John (December 2011).
1362:period is sometimes called the
1996:
1971:
1948:
1888:
1856:
1327:(or "Three Hans"), along with
1296:
1290:
1261:
1251:
240:
218:
13:
1:
2004:"about Sinduck Kofun article"
1786:
1500:("Eastern Barbarian") in the
1338:
669:Northern and Southern period
7:
1364:Proto–Three Kingdoms period
1302:
1271:
732:Later Three Kingdoms period
482:Proto–Three Kingdoms period
275:
261:
10:
2281:
1353:
1323:. Byeonhan was one of the
2208:: 27–63 – via RISS.
2171:Mong-nyong, Choi (2006).
2047:10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0
1774:
1761:
1748:
1735:
1719:
1703:
1687:
1670:
1657:
1636:
1623:
1610:
1597:
1586:Records of Three Kingdoms
1536:tattoo their bodies. The
1441:
1429:
1417:
268:
254:
232:
210:
205:
191:
129:
125:
113:• Transition to the
111:
101:
97:
87:
79:
69:
59:
47:
42:
32:
2225:Ancient peoples of Korea
1897:
1865:
572:Four Commanderies of Han
1506:section of the Chinese
1387:Three Kingdoms of Korea
1358:This early part of the
2108:Korean History in Maps
2077:Yi, Kwang-kyu (2003).
1550:
1239:
1147:World Heritage Sites (
1138:Science and technology
916:Provisional Government
2255:Former confederations
2079:Korean studies series
1930:박, 은봉; 김, 용란 (2004).
1545:
1473:South Jeolla Province
1308:Korean pronunciation:
1277:Korean pronunciation:
1225:
639:(Tributary of Baekje)
585:Three Kingdoms period
103:• Establishment
60:Common languages
2265:Tribal confederacies
2230:Early Korean history
1811:New history of Korea
1490:Culture and language
1458:Japanese archipelago
951:North-South division
941:Military governments
714:(Tributary of Silla)
262:Byeonhan or Byeonjin
256:Revised Romanization
206:Byeonhan confederacy
34:Byeonhan confederacy
1957:"弁韓 西部地域 瓦質土器文化 硏究"
1370:of southern Korea.
1312:[pjʌn.dʑin]
906:Japanese occupation
1553:Politics and trade
1519:The fifth century
1281:[pjʌn.ɦan]
1240:
849:(Vassal of Goryeo)
459:4th–2nd century BC
333:700,000 BC-8000 BC
320:Prehistoric period
276:Pyŏnhan or Pyŏnjin
158:Jin (Korean state)
2010:. 10 August 2021.
1584:According to the
1570:Lelang Commandery
1528:Furthermore, the
1284:), also known as
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1219:
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889:
888:
819:
818:
722:
721:
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658:
472:
471:
389:
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282:
281:
270:McCune–Reischauer
201:
200:
187:
186:
183:
182:
163:
162:
16:(Redirected from
2272:
2240:Gaya confederacy
2210:
2209:
2193:
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2186:
2168:
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2011:
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1969:
1968:
1952:
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1945:
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1613:
1612:
1600:
1599:
1580:Member statelets
1574:Korean peninsula
1444:
1443:
1432:
1431:
1420:
1419:
1379:Gaya Confederacy
1321:Korean peninsula
1314:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1264:
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1253:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1186:Korea portal
1184:
1183:
1158:
1152:
1131:
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1117:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1074:
1062:
1050:
1044:
937:
936:
902:
901:
832:
831:
753:(Later Goguryeo)
737:
736:
674:
673:
625:Gaya confederacy
590:
589:
548:
541:
534:
515:
508:
446:
434:
422:
412:
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324:
312:
302:
284:
283:
278:
264:
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248:
227:
226:
203:
202:
179:
178:
171:Gaya confederacy
167:
166:
154:
153:
147:
146:
131:
130:
115:Gaya confederacy
52:
30:
29:
21:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2169:
2165:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2075:
2071:
2026:
2015:
2008:The Dong-a Ilbo
2002:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1976:
1972:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1928:
1921:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1806:
1802:
1789:
1778:), present-day
1765:), present-day
1752:), present-day
1739:), present-day
1723:), present-day
1707:), present-day
1691:), present-day
1674:), present-day
1661:), present-day
1640:), present-day
1627:), present-day
1614:), present-day
1601:), present-day
1582:
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1492:
1356:
1341:
1307:
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1216:
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1154:
1148:
1129:
1122:
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1101:
1095:
1089:
1070:
1058:
1046:
1040:
991:
983:
982:
934:
926:
925:
899:
898:Colonial period
891:
890:
829:
828:Dynastic period
821:
820:
786:Dongdan Kingdom
734:
724:
723:
700:Little Goguryeo
680:(Unified Silla)
671:
661:
660:
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511:
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381:Liaoning dagger
343:8000 BC–1500 BC
322:
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228:
176:
151:
118:
104:
55:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2212:
2211:
2196:이, 양수 (2011).
2188:
2181:
2163:
2142:
2124:
2118:978-1107098466
2117:
2094:
2087:
2069:
2040:(3): 149–158.
2013:
1995:
1988:
1970:
1955:이, 소영 (2019).
1947:
1940:
1919:
1916:on 2011-07-22.
1898:在韓國使用的漢字語文化上的程
1887:
1884:on 2011-07-22.
1866:在韓國使用的漢字語文化上的程
1855:
1849:978-1133606512
1848:
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1606:
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1360:Three Kingdoms
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1027:Historiography
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363:1500 BC–300 BC
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1989:9781285528670
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1958:
1951:
1943:
1941:89-21-42395-8
1937:
1933:
1926:
1924:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1895:Lu Guo-Ping.
1891:
1880:
1872:
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1863:Lu Guo-Ping.
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762:Unified Silla
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19:
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2127:
2107:
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2033:
1998:
1979:
1973:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1931:
1911:the original
1902:
1890:
1879:the original
1870:
1858:
1839:
1810:
1803:
1793:
1621:Gojamidong (
1585:
1583:
1563:
1556:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1529:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1507:
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1422:
1412:
1410:
1391:
1372:
1357:
1349:
1342:
1285:
1242:
1241:
1169:
1123:Christianity
997:Architecture
977:1948–present
966:1948–present
955:1945–present
858:
845:
808:
798:Later Balhae
796:
784:
774:Later Sabeol
772:
741:Later Baekje
710:
698:
678:United Silla
648:
635:
623:
618:57 BC–935 AD
608:18 BC–660 AD
598:37 BC–668 AD
538:
379:
329:Palaeolithic
140:Succeeded by
139:
134:
43:194 BC–42 CE
1704:미오야마국/彌烏邪馬國
1624:고자미동국/古資彌凍國
1598:미리미동국/彌離彌凍國
1538:Hou Han shu
1522:Hou Han Shu
1483:San Guo Zhi
1269::
1259::
1249::
1236:archaeology
1232:South Korea
1088:Politics (
1060:Family tree
299:History of
196:South Korea
135:Preceded by
83:Confederacy
2219:Categories
2198:"弁韓의 對外交易"
2143:8973006746
2088:8988095499
1821:8988095855
1787:References
1593:Mirimidong
1509:Sanguo Zhi
1345:Old Korean
1317:Common Era
1084:Newspapers
359:Bronze Age
80:Government
2152:cite book
2056:1939-8433
1749:주조마국/走漕馬國
1637:고순시국/古淳是國
1634:Gosunsi (
1454:Wa people
1394:tattooing
1375:cuirasses
1368:Jin state
1339:Etymology
1072:Era names
1022:Geography
1017:Education
945:1945–1948
920:1919–1948
910:1910–1945
885:1897–1910
875:1392–1897
865:1029–1030
339:Neolithic
74:Shamanism
70:Religion
2064:18459463
1772:Dongno (
1754:Gimcheon
1746:Jujoma (
1725:Gimcheon
1709:Changwon
1668:Nangno (
1608:Jeopdo (
1398:feathers
1303:Byeonjin
1286:Byeonjin
1272:Byeonhan
1243:Byeonhan
1234:through
1171:Timeline
1116:Buddhism
1110:Religion
1055:Monarchs
1048:Goguryeo
1037:Military
1032:Language
1012:Currency
990:By topic
853:938–1105
840:918–1392
594:Goguryeo
554:Goguryeo
406:Gojoseon
290:a series
288:Part of
18:Byeonhan
1961:사학과 고고학
1780:Dongnae
1775:독로국/瀆盧國
1762:안야국/安邪國
1736:구야국/狗邪國
1720:감로국/甘路國
1699:Mioyama
1693:Sacheon
1688:군미국/軍彌國
1685:Gunmi (
1671:낙노국/樂奴國
1663:Seongju
1658:반로국/半路國
1655:Ballo (
1650:Goseong
1646:Sacheon
1629:Goseong
1611:접도국/接塗國
1603:Miryang
1530:Wei shu
1503:Wei Shu
1465:dolmens
1456:of the
1402:pottery
1354:History
1007:Cuisine
860:Heungyo
815:938–986
810:Jeongan
803:927–935
791:926–936
779:919–927
767:892–935
756:901–918
751:Taebong
745:892–936
718:662–925
705:699–820
693:698–926
683:668–892
655:512–930
643:498–660
564:Nakrang
506:Eastern
413:–108 BC
411:2333 BC
350:Jeulmun
92:Ancient
37:변한 (弁韓)
2260:Samhan
2202:부산고고학회
2179:
2140:
2115:
2085:
2062:
2054:
1986:
1938:
1905:]
1873:]
1846:
1818:
1759:Anya (
1741:Gimhae
1680:Namhae
1676:Hadong
1514:Jinhan
1497:Dongyi
1469:Kofuns
1421:) and
1406:graves
1333:Jinhan
1325:Samhan
1300:;
1294:;
1265:;
1255:;
1247:Korean
1228:Gimhae
1091:Joseon
871:Joseon
836:Goryeo
689:Balhae
630:42–562
604:Baekje
526:Samhan
495:Dongye
465:Yemaek
421:Dangun
292:on the
212:Hangul
107:194 BC
2060:S2CID
1932:한국사 1
1914:(PDF)
1907:(PDF)
1901:[
1882:(PDF)
1875:(PDF)
1869:[
1767:Haman
1715:Gamno
1642:Jinju
1616:Haman
1413:Byeon
1383:Silla
1329:Mahan
1257:Hanja
1156:South
1150:North
1143:Women
1130:Islam
1103:South
1097:North
1079:Naval
1067:Names
973:South
962:North
847:Tamna
712:Tamna
637:Tamna
614:Silla
559:Tamna
539:Byeon
521:Okjeo
513:Galsa
500:Buyeo
490:Takri
445:Wiman
370:Mumun
301:Korea
234:Hanja
121:42 CE
2177:ISBN
2158:link
2138:ISBN
2113:ISBN
2083:ISBN
2052:ISSN
2034:Rice
1984:ISBN
1936:ISBN
1844:ISBN
1816:ISBN
1731:Guya
1566:iron
1494:The
1452:The
1400:and
1331:and
1042:List
650:Usan
433:Gija
2042:doi
1678:or
1648:or
1471:in
1436:Han
1424:Jin
1404:in
1288:, (
1002:Art
546:Jin
455:Jin
244:or
222:or
64:Han
2221::
2204:.
2154:}}
2150:{{
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2050:.
2036:.
2032:.
2016:^
2006:.
1963:.
1922:^
1830:^
1644:,
1534:Wa
1486:.
1389:.
1335:.
1306:,
1297:弁辰
1291:변진
1275:,
1267:RR
1262:弁韓
1252:변한
1230:,
1153:·
1100:·
1094:·
1045:·
971:*
960:*
532:Ma
442:*
430:*
418:*
378:*
368:*
348:*
246:弁辰
242:弁韓
224:변진
220:변한
117:.
2206:8
2185:.
2160:)
2146:.
2121:.
2091:.
2066:.
2044::
2038:4
1992:.
1965:8
1944:.
1852:.
1824:.
1782:.
1769:.
1756:.
1743:.
1733:(
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1717:(
1711:.
1701:(
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1682:.
1665:.
1652:.
1631:.
1618:.
1605:.
1595:(
1442:韓
1439:(
1430:辰
1427:(
1418:弁
1415:(
1245:(
1211:e
1204:t
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1159:)
1106:)
1075:)
1069:(
1063:)
1057:(
1051:)
1039:(
20:)
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