694:
225:
56:
98:
126:
604:(hence the popular name for the November 1930 election: "the Brest election"). A number of less-known political activists across the country were also arrested; they were released after the election. The Brest trial ended in January 1932, with ten of the accused sentenced to up to three years' imprisonment; appeals in 1933 confirmed the sentences. The government gave those sentenced a choice of emigrating abroad; five took that choice, while the other five decided to serve the prison term.
462:
715:"In accordance with the will of Mr. President of the Republic Ignacy Mościcki, I order the following: General Śmigły-Rydz, appointed by Mr. Marshal Józef Piłsudski as the First Defender of the Fatherland and the first co-cooperator of the President of the Republic in governing the state, is to be regarded and respected as the first person in Poland after Mr. President of the Republic. All state functionaries headed by the Prime Minister are to show him signs of honor and obedience."
112:
239:
154:
168:
253:
211:
182:
197:
70:
267:
140:
84:
710:
cabinet on 15 May 1936, consisting of representatives of the
President and the General Inspector of the Armed Forces. Another consequence of the agreement was a declaration by the Prime Minister in agreement with the President on July 16, 1936, declaring Śmigły-Rydz “the first person in Poland after
536:
The personality cult of Józef Piłsudski stemmed from his general popularity among the nation rather than from top-down propaganda; this is notable, considering Piłsudski's disdain for democracy. Sanation's ideology never went beyond populist calls to clean up the country's politics and economy; it
503:
A distinguishing feature of the regime was that, unlike the situation in most of non-democratic Europe, it never transformed itself into a full-blown dictatorship. Freedom of press, speech, and political parties was never legally abolished, and opponents were usually dealt with via "unidentified
701:
Walery Slawek's supporters lost ground after his resignation from the post of prime minister at the end of 1935, after the dissolution of the BBWR as well as the appointment of the Marian
Zyndram-Kościałkowski cabinet on October 13, 1935, which ousted the orthodox Piłsudskiites, so-called
441:, which he saw as promoting their own interests rather than supporting the state and the people. For this reason, the Sanation movement never led to the creation of a political party. Instead, in 1928 Sanation members created a
786:
direction. These tendencies were attempted to be restrained by the Castle Group and the “Naprawa” group, centered around the president. Weak among the Piłsudskiites, the
Sanation left practically break with the camp.
637:
termed it); and a search for a more suitable ideology which Piłsudski's supporters might accept. The intersection of personal competition and ideological differences led to discord and splintering.
620:, adopted a few weeks earlier, had been tailored for Marshal Piłsudski. In the absence of a successor with equal authority, a reinterpretation of the new Constitution was in order. In the words of
469:
Although Piłsudski never claimed personal power, he exercised extensive influence over Polish politics after
Sanation took power in 1926. For the next decade, he dominated Polish affairs as
537:
did not occupy itself with society, as was the case with contemporary fascist regimes. From 1929, the semi-official newspaper of
Sanation, and thus of the Polish government, was
555:
The
Sanation government invalidated the May 1930 election results by disbanding the parliament in August. New elections were scheduled for November 1930. Using anti-government
1110:
1. w Polsce międzywojennej — obóz Józefa Piłsudskiego, który pod hasłem uzdrowienia stosunków politycznych i życia publicznego dokonał przewrotu wojskowego w maju 1926 r....
751:
on Śmigły's order and working under his auspices increased his influence, as a result of which it was he who decided the ideological direction of
Sanation in 1937-1939.
342:. The movement functioned integrally until his death in 1935. Following his death, Sanation split into several competing factions, including "the Castle" (President
419:
in Polish politics. Sanation was a coalition of rightists, leftists, and centrists whose main focus was the elimination of corruption and the reduction of inflation.
1173:"—has much currency in its respective language. The terms' unfamiliarity doubtless accounts for misconceptions about the meaning of the Polish political term.
1325:
W poszukiwaniu nowego ładu: tendencje antyliberalne, autorytarne i profaszystowskie w polskiej myśli politycznej i społecznej lat 30. XX w.: piłsudczycy i inni
1300:
W poszukiwaniu nowego ładu: tendencje antyliberalne, autorytarne i profaszystowskie w polskiej myśli politycznej i społecznej lat 30. XX w.: piłsudczycy i inni
1275:
W poszukiwaniu nowego ładu: tendencje antyliberalne, autorytarne i profaszystowskie w polskiej myśli politycznej i społecznej lat 30. XX w.: piłsudczycy i inni
732:
Another result of the Mościcki-Śmigły agreement was the promotion of the general to
Marshal of Poland. On November 10, 1936, President Moscicki appointed him
627:
Piłsudski's death triggered
Sanation's splintering, driven by two processes: competition for power and influence among Piłsudski's heirs (the wars among the
566:
874:
450:
324:
1499:
1376:
Janusz Faryś, Polska bez Piłsudskiego : z dziejów myśli piłsudczykowskiej (1935-1939) , Mazowieckie Studia
Humanistyczne, 2002, 8, 2, p. 289
754:
Piłsudski's death triggered a power struggle, typical in such circumstances. There were also growing differences in political thought among the
480:
In the course of pursuing "sanation", Piłsudski mixed democratic and authoritarian elements. Poland's internal stability was enhanced, while
525:(Center-Left) coalition calling for the overthrow of the government; Sanation reacted by arresting more than 20 prominent opposition-leader
477:'s government and all subsequent governments were first unofficially approved by Piłsudski before they could be confirmed by the President.
570:
1277:. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach (Wydanie I ed.). Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. pp. 38–39.
706:, from power. The other two emerging groups in December 1935 reached an agreement and shared power, resulting in the formation of the
1519:
1327:. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach (Wydanie I ed.). Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. p. 47.
1302:. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Śląskiego w Katowicach (Wydanie I ed.). Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. p. 55.
697:
Image from the "Wiarus" newspaper depicting Marshal Piłsudski, President Mościcki and Marshal Śmigly-Rydz as the fathers of Poland.
1514:
1018:, founded in 2001, one of Poland's major political parties today often considered a modern successor to the Sanation movement
1332:
1307:
1282:
775:
682:
1504:
826:, many continued influential. During the war, Sanationists created several resistance organizations, including in 1942 the
1243:
1226:
1212:
892:
767:
1449:
1363:
741:
656:), which sought to continue the erstwhile Piłsudskiite idea in conformity with the wording of the April Constitution;
707:
578:
516:
508:
1089:
1489:
1394:
1005:
693:
1468:
1494:
539:
726:
948:
382:
187:
1509:
823:
770:
and the Constitution as the sole regulator of state life. A new authority was created in the person of
1021:
759:
703:
645:
1484:
1423:
Seidner, Stanley S. (1975). "The Camp of National Unity: An Experiment in Domestic Consolidation".
1116:, who worked a military coup in May 1926 under the banner of healing politics and public life...)
1026:
928:
130:
973:
827:
771:
686:
394:
386:
229:
17:
978:
415:"), the Sanation movement mainly comprised former military officers who were disgusted with the
1461:
1065:(Dictionary of Foreign Expressions), New York, Polish Book Importing Co., 1918 (8 years before
1000:
885:
748:
668:
556:
434:
31:
988:
922:
366:
362:
271:
116:
1189:". Other English-language authors, baffled by the Polish term and unfamiliar with its Latin
943:
497:
485:
958:
201:
1113:
1066:
963:
917:
470:
416:
378:
309:
102:
60:
243:
8:
1456:
1140:
481:
1411:
1357:
968:
858:
796:
621:
617:
430:
358:
301:
215:
172:
953:
664:
343:
74:
1464:
1445:
1425:
1415:
1328:
1303:
1278:
1260:
1070:
737:
593:
423:
390:
313:
1182:
1084:'s Dictionary of Foreign Expressions), Warsaw, Wydawnictwo S. Arcta, 1947, p. 313.
1081:
938:
320:
224:
158:
1403:
854:
533:
won over 46 percent of the vote and a large majority in both houses of parliament.
474:
350:
1256:
1154:
1101:
983:
763:
733:
653:
411:
354:
335:
257:
1015:
899:
783:
465:
In front, left to right: Józef Piłsudski, Walery Sławek, Edward Śmigły-Rydz, 1930
438:
433:
but was never formalized. Piłsudski, though he had been the former leader of the
305:
296:
284:
97:
1227:
Sketches from a Secret War: A Polish Artist's Mission to Liberate Soviet Ukraine
774:, by the way, mainly by some former Colonels. The new group centered around the
755:
613:
559:
as a pretext, 20 opposition-party members, including most of the leaders of the
125:
1407:
816:
601:
589:
869:
The following is a list of Sanation's political parties and their successors:
334:
The Sanation movement took its name from Piłsudski's aspirations for a moral "
1478:
1437:
1174:
574:
55:
912:
461:
374:
88:
1389:
850:
634:
339:
111:
1118:
2. rzad: uzdrowienie, np. stosunków w jakiejś instytucji, w jakimś kraju.
492:
parties (on the ostensible formal grounds that they had failed to legally
1031:
1010:
838:
and in 1944 merged along with the Council of Independence Organizations (
779:
597:
238:
577:, on the mere order of Piłsudski and the Minister of Internal Security,
69:
1257:
Domestic problems and foreign policies of interwar east European states
1186:
1442:
The Polish Way: A Thousand-Year History of the Poles and Their Culture
1179:
The Polish Way: A Thousand-Year History of the Poles and Their Culture
488:'s economic reforms. At the same time, the Sanation regime prosecuted
153:
1190:
835:
561:
521:
489:
252:
210:
181:
167:
1213:
Spring Will Be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom
933:
629:
453:"), a pro-government grouping that denied being a political party.
370:
196:
144:
1352:. Warszawa: Instytut Wydawniczy Związków Zawodowych. p. 130.
1194:
1158:
804:
800:
353:, rested on a circle of Piłsudski's close associates, including
808:
266:
1166:
812:
406:
1120:(2. rare: healing, e.g., of an institution, of a country.)"
925:
588:
The opposition leaders (including the former prime minister
30:
For retrospective recognition of marriage in canon law, see
582:
496:
as political parties) and sought to limit the influence of
139:
822:
Though France insisted on excluding Sanationists from the
725:
The document violated the state order established by the
640:
Eventually, Sanation devolved into three major factions:
624:, "We must replace the Great Man with an organization."
323:. In 1928 its political activists would go on to form a
83:
515:
supporters came up far short of a majority. Before the
511:
to be relatively free, but was dealt a setback when its
1392:(July 1977). "The Political Right in Poland, 1918-39".
1350:
Edward Rydz-Śmigły: działalność wojskowa i polityczna
1092:, 1971, p. 665, defines the expression as follows: "
875:
Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government
451:
Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government
325:
Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government
393:in governance, and contended against the system of
1207:
1205:
1203:
1088:(PWN Dictionary of Foreign Expressions), Warsaw,
573:leaders) were arrested in September 1930 without
1476:
1247:By Richard & Benjamin Crampton, pp. 102–103.
1244:Atlas of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century
842:) into the Union of Independence Organizations (
607:
1200:
689:as a stand-in for the late Marshal Piłsudski.
581:, and accused of plotting an anti-government
1238:
1236:
844:Zjednoczenie Organizacji Niepodległościowych
504:perpetrators" rather than court sentences.
1322:
1297:
1272:
834:), which in 1943 became subordinate to the
1233:
720:Prime Minister General Sławoj Składkowski
616:came in 1935 with Piłsudski's death. The
1347:
861:and executed or forced many into exile.
692:
473:of a generally popular centrist regime.
460:
319:, and came to power in the wake of that
1422:
1130:
1128:
1126:
840:Konwent Organizacji Niepodległościowych
14:
1500:Politics of the Second Polish Republic
1477:
1388:
766:lost, and with him the concepts of a
683:General Inspector of the Armed Forces
550:
295:
1444:, New York, Hippocrene Books, 1994,
1216:By Andrzej Paczkowski, page 28.
1123:
1112:(1. in interwar Poland, the camp of
864:
807:, whence they were able to go on to
519:some opposition parties united in a
443:Bezpartyjny Blok Współpracy z Rządem
893:Confederation of Independent Poland
500:parties by splitting their forces.
24:
906:
815:and, after the fall of France, to
571:Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie"
25:
1531:
1053:" is defined identically as "ł:
799:, many Sanationists evacuated to
679:Generalny Inspektor Sił Zbrojnych
671:— hence that faction's name); and
389:. It preached the primacy of the
27:Defunct Polish political movement
1520:Democratic backsliding in Poland
1230:By Timothy Snyder, page 73.
612:A crucial turning point for the
265:
251:
237:
223:
209:
195:
180:
166:
152:
138:
124:
110:
96:
82:
68:
54:
1395:Journal of Contemporary History
1370:
1341:
1316:
1078:M. Arcta słownik wyrazów obcych
1006:European interwar dictatorships
790:
422:Sanation appeared prior to the
1323:Tomasiewicz, Jarosław (2021).
1298:Tomasiewicz, Jarosław (2021).
1291:
1273:Tomasiewicz, Jarosław (2021).
1266:
1250:
1219:
1147:
1043:
13:
1:
1515:Political movements in Poland
1382:
1362:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1165:"—both derived from the same
1090:Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe
708:Felicjan Slawoj-Składkowski's
608:Splintering and power-sharing
567:Polish People's Party "Piast"
437:, had grown to disapprove of
400:
1197:, have left it untranslated.
853:, Poland's Soviet-installed
749:Camp of National Unity (OZN)
7:
1505:Political history of Poland
994:
740:and decorated him with the
579:Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski
529:participants. Subsequently
10:
1536:
1408:10.1177/002200947701200301
1348:Mirowicz, Ryszard (1988).
1086:Słownik wyrazów obcych PWN
824:Polish Government in Exile
747:Also, the creation of the
663:, formed around President
456:
349:Sanation, which advocated
338:" (healing) of the Polish
29:
264:
250:
236:
222:
208:
194:
179:
165:
151:
137:
123:
109:
95:
81:
67:
53:
46:
1037:
1027:Polish Underground State
857:branded Sanationists as
828:Polish Fighting Movement
742:Order of the White Eagle
304:that was created in the
618:April 1935 Constitution
395:parliamentary democracy
1490:Military dictatorships
1063:Słownik wyrazów obcych
1001:Bereza Kartuska prison
886:Camp of National Unity
723:
698:
596:) were imprisoned and
466:
435:Polish Socialist Party
288:
32:Validation of marriage
1462:Google Books, p. 601–
1153:Neither the English "
832:Obóz Polski Walczącej
736:and at the same time
734:General of the branch
713:
696:
667:, who resided in the
565:alliance (Socialist,
507:Sanation allowed the
486:Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski
464:
409:word for "healing" ("
1022:Piłsudski's colonels
859:enemies of the state
782:, sometimes clearly
417:perceived corruption
346:and his partisans).
297:[saˈnat͡sja]
186:Bogusław Miedziński
1457:Encyklopedia Polski
1141:Encyklopedia Polski
989:Kazimierz Świtalski
949:Bogusław Miedziński
929:Wacław Jędrzejewicz
923:Janusz Jędrzejewicz
811:or French-mandated
633:– "the heirs" – as
482:economic stagnation
383:Bogusław Miedziński
367:Janusz Jędrzejewicz
363:Kazimierz Świtalski
272:Kazimierz Świtalski
131:Wacław Jędrzejewicz
117:Janusz Jędrzejewicz
43:
1076:), p. 701; and in
974:Edward Śmigły-Rydz
969:Aleksander Prystor
959:Bronisław Pieracki
944:Ignacy Matuszewski
797:invasion of Poland
727:April Constitution
699:
687:Edward Śmigły-Rydz
652:, gathered around
622:Ignacy Matuszewski
551:Legislative agenda
467:
387:Edward Śmigły-Rydz
359:Aleksander Prystor
351:authoritarian rule
302:political movement
230:Edward Śmigły-Rydz
216:Aleksander Prystor
202:Bronisław Pieracki
173:Ignacy Matuszewski
39:
1510:May Coup (Poland)
1426:The Polish Review
1334:978-83-226-4040-1
1309:978-83-226-4040-1
1284:978-83-226-4040-1
1261:Anna M. Cienciala
1098:= uzdrowienie>
1094:sanacja <łac.
1049:The Polish word "
979:Adam Skwarczyński
865:Political parties
776:General Inspector
738:Marshal of Poland
681:}, formed around
594:Wojciech Korfanty
439:political parties
429:and lasted until
391:national interest
278:
277:
244:Adam Skwarczyński
16:(Redirected from
1527:
1485:Guided democracy
1434:
1419:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1295:
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1270:
1264:
1254:
1248:
1240:
1231:
1223:
1217:
1209:
1198:
1151:
1145:
1132:
1121:
1061:: healing") in
1047:
855:communist regime
795:During the 1939
784:pro-totalitarian
768:socialized state
721:
711:Mr. President.”
475:Kazimierz Bartel
405:Named after the
299:
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184:
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100:
86:
72:
58:
44:
38:
21:
1535:
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1529:
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1526:
1525:
1524:
1495:Józef Piłsudski
1475:
1474:
1433:(2–3): 231–236.
1385:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1355:
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1285:
1271:
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1234:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1201:
1177:, for example (
1152:
1148:
1133:
1124:
1114:Józef Piłsudski
1067:Józef Piłsudski
1048:
1044:
1040:
1016:Law and Justice
997:
964:Józef Piłsudski
954:Ignacy Mościcki
918:Tadeusz Hołówko
909:
907:Notable members
900:Law and Justice
867:
793:
760:Colonels' group
722:
719:
665:Ignacy Mościcki
610:
553:
459:
403:
379:Tadeusz Hołówko
344:Ignacy Mościcki
310:Józef Piłsudski
306:interwar period
300:) was a Polish
292:
274:
260:
246:
232:
218:
204:
190:
175:
161:
147:
133:
119:
105:
103:Tadeusz Hołówko
91:
77:
75:Ignacy Mościcki
63:
61:Józef Piłsudski
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1533:
1523:
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1512:
1507:
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1497:
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1402:(3): 395–412.
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951:
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939:Leon Kozłowski
936:
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905:
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903:
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866:
863:
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717:
691:
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672:
659:"the Castle" (
657:
609:
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602:Brest Fortress
590:Wincenty Witos
557:demonstrations
552:
549:
545:Polish Gazette
458:
455:
402:
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276:
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159:Leon Kozłowski
157:
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50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1459:
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1450:0-7818-0200-8
1447:
1443:
1439:
1438:Adam Zamoyski
1436:
1432:
1428:
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1417:
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1390:Holzer, Jerzy
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1229:
1228:
1222:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:mistranslates
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514:
510:
509:1928 election
505:
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483:
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1073:Coup d'État
1055:uzdrowienie
1032:Prometheism
1011:Intermarium
884:1937–1939:
873:1928–1935:
772:Śmigły-Rydz
426:Coup d'État
316:Coup d'État
308:, prior to
1479:Categories
1469:8386328606
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1157:" nor the
913:Józef Beck
891:1979–2003
650:Pułkownicy
498:opposition
401:Background
375:Józef Beck
293:pronounced
89:Józef Beck
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1191:etymology
1144:, p. 601.
1071:May 1926
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471:strongman
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