Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration

713:, continued to sell Treasury gold on the open market. In late August 1869, President Grant consulted with businessman, A. T. Stewart, Grant's initial Cabinet nominee for Secretary of Treasury, concerning the Treasury's selling gold. Stewart advised Grant that the Treasury should not sell gold, in order that the Government would not be involved in the gold market. Grant accepted Stewart's advice and wrote to Boutwell that selling extra Treasury gold would upset agriculture sales. Boutwell had, on September 1, originally ordered $ 9,000,000 in gold to be sold from the Treasury in order to buy up U.S. Bonds with greenbacks. However, after receiving a letter from Grant, Boutwell canceled the order. Previously, Secretary Boutwell had been selling regularly at $ 1,000,000 of gold each week. On September 6, 1869, Gould bought the 592:, Grant had neither the training nor temperament to fully comprehend the complexities of rapid economic growth, industrialization, and western expansionism. During his presidency, Grant enjoyed associating with men of wealth and influence, but he was also personally generous to the poor. Grant often treated men of superior intelligence and ability as threats rather than assets. Instead of responding with trust and warmth to men of talent, education, and culture, he turned to his military friends from the Civil War, to his rich friends, and to politicians new as himself. According to Grant's son, Ulysses Jr., his father was "incapable of supposing his friends to be dishonest." According to Grant's Attorney General 1387: 776: 455: 1168:

involved in the Whiskey Ring, leading to speculation that he was trying to protect Babcock. Although this reversal had the appearance of not letting the guilty getaway, the prosecutor's trial cases were made more difficult to prove in court. The order caused strife between Sec. Bristow and Grant, since Bristow needed distillers to testify with immunity in order to pursue the ringleaders. Prosecutor Henderson, himself, while going after members of the ring in court accused Grant of interfering with Secretary Bristow's investigation. accusation angered Grant, who fired Henderson as special prosecutor. Grant then replaced Henderson with

726:

One Grant biographer described the comical nature of the events as an "Edwardian farce." Grant, however, did have his wife Julia respond in a letter giving advance warning to Grant's sister and recommending that her husband Abel Corbin needed to get out of the gold speculation market. When Gould visited Corbin's house, he read the letter from Mrs. Grant containing the warning from Grant, after which he began to sell gold, while also buying small amounts of gold in order to keep people from getting suspicious. Gould never told Fisk, who kept buying gold in earnest, that Grant was catching onto their predatory scheme.

1058: 2077: 1164:, to go after the ring. Henderson, while in the Senate, had been the administration's worst critic, and Grant appointed him to maintain integrity in the Whiskey Ring investigation. Henderson convened a grand jury, which found that Babcock was one of the ringleaders. Grant received a letter to this effect, on which he wrote, "Let no guilty man escape." It was discovered that Babcock sent coded letters to McDonald on how to run the ring in St. Louis. During the investigation, McDonald claimed he gave Babcock $ 25,000 from the divided profits and even personally sent him a $ 1,000 bill in a cigar box. 1089:

grounds that advance notice would cause the ringleaders to cover their tracks and become suspicious. Rescinding Secretary Bristow's order would later give rise to a rumor that Grant was interfering with the investigation. Although moving the supervisors most certainly would have disrupted the ring, Bristow conceded that he would need documentary evidence on the ring's inner workings to prosecute the perpetrators. Bristow, undaunted, kept investigating and found the ring's secrets by sending Myron Colony and other spies to gather whiskey shipping and manufacturing information.

1189:. There were rumors that Grant himself was involved with the ring and was diverting its profits to his 1872 re-election campaign. Grant needed to clear his own name as well as Babcock's. Earlier, Grant had refused to believe Babcock was guilty even when Bristow and Wilson personally presented him with damaging evidence, such as two telegrams signed "Sylph"; Babcock suggested that the signature was that of a woman giving the president "a great deal of trouble", hoping that Wilson would back off for fear of igniting a presidential sex scandal, but Wilson was not bluffed. 43: 1478:. In 1870, responding to extensive lobbying by Belknap, Congress had authorized the Secretary of War, to award private trading post contracts to military forts throughout the nation. Native Americans would come into the forts and trade for food, weapons, and clothing. Additionally, U.S. soldiers stationed at the forts purchased costly supplies. Both Indians and soldiers generated huge profits at the trading posts. The profit money from Fort Sill was shared by Belknap and his wives, in order for the Belknap's to live an extravagant Washington D.C. lifestyle. 717:, which was used as a buying house for gold, and Gould and Fisk then began buying gold in earnest. As the price of gold began to rise, Grant became suspicious of possible manipulation and wrote a letter to Secretary Boutwell on September 12, stating "The fact is, a desperate struggle is now taking place...I write this letter to advise you of what I think you may expect, to put you on your guard." However, President Grant's personal associations with Gould and Fisk gave them the clout that they needed to continue their financial scam on Wall Street. 1145: 449: 1460: 2119:, broke away from the standard Republican Party. The Liberal Republicans demanded principled reform and amnesty to white former Confederates. Schurz was against "Negro supremacy" in the South and wanted to restore the white rule in the state governments. The movement was a "cautious blend of progressive and reactionary impulses". To defeat Grant, the Liberal Republicans nominated Horace Greely for the presidency. However, Grant, who remained popular, easily won reelection. Grant believed he was vindicated. 1402:, had many uncharacteristic lapses when it came to remembering incidents involving Babcock. The deposition strategy worked and the Whiskey Ring prosecution never went after Grant again. During Babcock's trial in St. Louis the deposition was read to the jury. Babcock was acquitted at trial. After the trial, Grant distanced himself from Babcock. After the acquittal, Babcock initially returned to his position as Grant's private secretary outside the President's office. At public outcry and the objection of 1489:, Caleb P. Marsh. An illicit contract arrangement was set up by Belknap, between Carrie Belknap, Caleb P. Marsh, and incumbent contract holder John S. Evans, in which Carrie Belknap and Marsh would receive $ 3,000 every quarter, splitting the proceeds, while Evans would be able to retain his post at Fort Sill. Carrie Belknap died within the year, but Belknap and his second wife continued to accept payments, though they were smaller due to a dip in Fort Sill's profits, after the 1554: 2177:. His confidants knew this and in many situations took advantage of Grant's presidential authority. Having the ability to pardon, accept resignations, and even vouch for an associate in a deposition, created an environment difficult, though not impossible, for reformers in and outside of the Grant Administration. Grant himself, far from being politically naive, had played a shrewd hand at times in the protection of cabinet and appointees. Examples include not allowing 503:, suffered many scandals, leading to a continuous reshuffling of officials. Grant, ever trusting of his chosen associates, had strong bonds of loyalty to those he considered friends. Grant was influenced by political forces of both reform and corruption. The standards in many of his appointments were low, and charges of corruption were widespread. At times, however, Grant appointed various cabinet members who helped clean up the executive corruption. Starting with the 889: 4844: 918:

would not have any money to operate for the following fiscal year, which would have necessitated a special session of Congress. However, Grant missed an opportunity to make a statement by threatening a veto. Public outcry prompted Congress to rescind the congressional raise, however the presidential salary increase remained, the president's salary having been unchanged since George Washington's presidency more than 80 years before.

645: 838: 169: 933: 1656:

ring and with those who wanted to get back at Columbus Alexander, an avid reformer and critic of the Grant Administration. In 1876 Grant dismissed Babcock from the White House under public pressure due to Babcock's unpopularity. Babcock continued in government work and became Chief Light House Inspector. In 1883, Babcock drowned at sea at the age of 48 while supervising the building of

2103:, and future 1876 presidential candidate, played a major part in breaking the Tweed Ring. Members of the Tweed Ring, including Tweed, were put on trial and sent to prison. Tweed escaped in 1875 and fled to Cuba and Spain. Tweed was arrested in Spain and extradited back to the United States, on November 23, 1876, where he served out his sentence in prison until his death in 1878. 730:

million in gold. Boutwell and Grant finally met on Thursday, September 23, and agreed to release gold from the treasury if the gold price kept rising. Grant wanted $ 5,000,000 in gold to be released while Boutwell wanted $ 3,000,000 released. Then, on (Black) Friday, September 23, 1869, when the price of gold had soared to $ 160 an ounce, Boutwell released $ 4 million in gold

1517:, rushed to the White House and met with Grant before his meeting with Representative Bass. Belknap appeared visibly upset or ill, mumbling something about protecting his wives' honor and beseeching Grant to accept his resignation "at once." Grant, in a hurry to get to a photography studio for a formal portrait, agreed and accepted Belknap's resignation without reservation. 697:, joined the conspiracy later. Their plan was to convince President Grant not to sell Treasury gold, ostensibly to increase the sales of the country's agriculture products overseas, which would increase the shipping business of Fisk and Gould's Erie Railroad. Actually, they hoped to temporarily corner the gold market and make a killing. Gould and Corbin were able to get 611:. Babcock, twice indicted, gained indirect control of whole departments of the government, planted suspicions of reformers in Grant's mind, plotted their downfall, and sought to replace them with men like himself. President Grant allowed Babcock to be a stumbling block for reformers who might have saved Grant's presidential legacy. Grant's secretary of state, 706:, a ship owned by Gould and Fisk, the two speculators urged Grant not to sell any gold from the Treasury and attempted to convince him that a high price of gold would help farmers and the Erie Railroad. President Grant, however, was stoic and did not agree to their suggestion to stop releasing Treasury Gold into the market. 1196:, the President did not testify in open court but instead gave a deposition in front of a congressional legal representative at the White House. Grant was the first and, to date, the only president ever to testify for a defendant. The historic testimony came on Saturday, February 12, 1876. Chief Justice 1431:

himself in the Ring and knows all about " Grant's popularity, however, decreased significantly in the country as a result of his testimony and after Babcock was acquitted in the trial. Grant's political enemies used this deposition as a launchpad to public office. The New York Tribune stated that the

659: 1590:

and offered itself as an influence broker for other companies doing business with the Navy, thus turning away any competitive bidding for naval contracts. Robeson was also found to have $ 300,000 in excess to his yearly salary of $ 8000. The House Investigation committee had searched the disorganized

1084:

Administration. Distillers of whiskey bribed Treasury Department agents who in turn aided the distillers in evading taxes to the tune of up to $ 2 million per year. The agents would neglect to collect the required excise tax of 70 cents per gallon and then split the illegal gains with the distillers.

860:

documents. These remote routes were hundreds of miles long and went to the most rural parts of the United States by horse and buggy. Previously inaccessible areas on the Pacific coast received weekly, semi-weekly, and daily mail because of these routes. However, corruption ensued, with contractors

822:

insinuated in a speech that no reforms had been undertaken and that the old abuses at the custom-house continued. The New York Times claimed that Schurz's speech was "carefully prepared" and "more or less disfigured and discolored by error." The second thorough congressional investigation concluded

753:

containing money reported to be $ 25,000. The company ledger was brought in as evidence and initially appeared to corroborate this. The story agreed upon by the company executive and the Republicans on the committee was that the package was really just $ 250.00. Nonetheless, it was highly unusual for

729:

Secretary Boutwell was already keeping track of the situation and knew that the profits made in the manipulated rising gold market could ruin the nation's economy for several years. By September 21 the price of gold had jumped from $ 137 to $ 141, and Gould and Fisk jointly owned $ 50 million to $ 60

681:, with blatant disregard to the nation's economic welfare. The scandal involved Treasury Department policy and personnel, but most of the financial damage directly affected the national economy and New York's financial houses. The intricate financial scheme was primarily conceived and administered by 1643:

was involved in another scandal. Corrupt building contractors in Washington, D.C., were on trial for graft when bogus Secret Service agents working for the contractors placed damaging evidence into the safe of the district attorney who was prosecuting the ring. On the night of April 23, 1874, hired

1625:

of the navy although he may conceal his tracks for a while in the obscure atmosphere which surrounds him, will eventually be brought to bay...." Robeson later testified in front of a House Naval Committee on January 16, 1879, about giving contracts to private companies. Robeson was asked about the

1426:

counters that evidence against Babcock was "circumstantial" and the St. Louis jury acquitted Babcock "in the absence of adequate proof." More recently, (2017) historian Charles Calhoun and author of "The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant" concludes correspondence between Babcock and his lawyers "leaves

1167:

After Babcock's indictment, Grant requested that Babcock go through a military trial rather than a public trial, but the grand jury denied his request. In a reversal of his "let no guilty man escape," order to Sec. Bristow, Grant unexpectedly issued an order not to give any more immunity to persons

1088:

On January 26, 1875, Bristow ordered Internal Revenue officers in various sites to different locations, effective February 15, 1875, on a suggestion from Grant. This would keep the fraudulent officers off guard and allow investigators to uncover their misdeeds. Grant later rescinded the order on the

1019:

to reform another Delano debacle. President Grant ordered Chandler to fire everyone, saying, "Have those men dismissed by 3 o'clock this afternoon or shut down the bureau." Chandler did exactly as Grant had ordered. Chandler also banned bogus agents, known as "Indian Attorneys," who had been paid $

955:

in 1873. Richardson's tenure as Treasury Secretary was very brief, as another scandal erupted. The government had been known to hire private citizens and groups to collect taxes for the Internal Revenue Service. This moiety contract system, although legal, led to extortion abuse in the loosely run

741:

The gold panic devastated the United States economy for months. Stock prices plunged and the price of food crops such as wheat and corn dropped severely, devastating farmers who did not recover for years afterward. Gould had earlier claimed to Grant that raising the price of gold would actually help

2185:

cases, which made Grant a protector of political patronage. In fairness, Grant did appoint cabinet reformers and special prosecutors who were able to clean up the Treasury, Interior, War, and Justice departments. Grant, himself, personally participated in reforming the Department of Indian Affairs,

1444:

When Secretary Benjamin Bristow struck suddenly at the Whiskey Ring in May 1875, many people were arrested and the distilleries involved in the scandal were shut down. Bristow's investigation resulted in 350 federal indictments. There were 110 convictions, and three million dollars in tax revenues

1176:

was read from President Grant stating that he had no knowledge that Babcock was involved in the ring. The jury listened to the president's words and quickly acquitted Babcock of any charges. Broadhead went on to close out all the other cases in the Whiskey Ring. McDonald and Joyce were convicted

2047:

where he made money by stealing fees. Frederick Dent, another brother-in-law was the White House usher and made money giving out insider information. In all, it is estimated that 40 relatives somehow financially prospered indirectly while Grant was President. Six 19th Century Presidents, including

1655:

in court. Babcock was named as part of the conspiracy, but later acquitted in the trial against the burglars; evidence suggests that the jury had been tampered with. Evidence, which we cannot produce, also suggests that Babcock was involved with the swindles by the corrupt Washington contractors'

917:

and other newspapers exposed the $ 5,000 bonus clause to the nation. The law was repealed in January 1874 and the bonuses were returned to the treasury. This pay raise proposal was submitted as an amendment to the government's general appropriations bill. Had Grant vetoed the bill, the government

725:

with Porter at the mansion of Grant's kinsman in Washington, Pennsylvania. He finally realized what was going on and was determined to stop the gold manipulation scheme. When pressed for a reply to Corbin's letter, Grant responded curtly that everything was "all right" and that there was no reply.

2132:

taken by an assassin's bullet, the nation for a while floundered in the seas of financial and political indulgence. The high-water mark of the flood of corruption that swept the nation took place in 1874 after Benjamin Bristow was put in charge to reform the Treasury. In 1873, Grant's friend and

962:

was contracted by Sec. Richardson to collect certain taxes and excises that had been illegally withheld from the government; having received an exorbitant moiety of 50% on all tax collections. Treasury officials pressured Internal Revenue agents not to collect delinquent accounts so Sanborn could

864:

One contractor, F.P. Sawyer, made $ 500,000 a year on routes in the Southwest. To obtain these highly prized postal contracts, contractors, postal clerks, and various intermediary brokers set up an intricate ring of bribery and straw bidding in the Postal Contract Office. Straw bidding reached a

562:

scandal broke out in 1875, Grant, in a reforming mood, wrote: "Let no guilty man escape". However, when it was found out that Orville Babcock was indicted, Grant unprecedentedly testified against the government on behalf of the defendant. During his second term, Grant appointed reformers such as

2157:

enveloped the whole nation in a chaotic frenzy for achieving financial gain and success. The caricature and cliché of the Grant Presidency is eight years of political plundering and that little was accomplished. Grant, however, was committed to completing the unification of a bitterly divided

2038:

while President. Although the practice of the U.S. president's appointing family members to executive or White House office was not legally restricted until 1967, there was a potential for profiteering and widespread abuse. Grant's cousin Silas A. Hudson was appointed minister to Guatemala. His

1644:

thieves opened the safe, using an explosive to make it appear that the safe had been broken into. One of the thieves then took the fake evidence to the house of Columbus Alexander, a citizen who was active in prosecuting the ring. The corrupt agents "arrested" the "thieves" who then committed

1601:

headed in 1872, Robeson had been suspected of awarding a $ 93,000 bonus to a building contractor in a "somewhat dangerous stretch of official authority" known as the Secor claims. A competent authority claimed that the contractor had already been paid in full and there was no need for further

1430:

Many of Grant's friends who knew him claimed that the President was "a truthful man" and it was "impossible for him to lie." Yet Treasury Clerk A. E. Willson told future Supreme Court Justice John Harlan, "What hurt Bristow most of all and disheartened him is the final conviction that Grant is

2193:

Grant's scandals ultimately undermined his presidential achievements. These include his support for and protection of African Americans, stabilizing the nation after the turbulent American Civil War, professionalizing the Civil Service, and advocating the humane treatment of Native Americans.

2152:

Inevitably, Grant's low standards in cabinet appointments, and his readiness to cover for associates or friends involved in condemnable behavior, defied the popular notion of a government free of corruption and favoritism. Stemming the flood of corruption that swept the nation during Grant's

1524:

noted that Grant was never put on his guard when Secretary Belknap came to the White House in a disturbed manner or even asked why Belknap wanted to resign in the first place. Bunting argues that Grant should have pressed Belknap into an explanation for the abrupt resignation request. Grant's

1305:

have persistently tried to fix the origins of that ring in the necessity for funds to carry on political campaigns. Did you ever have intimation from General Babcock, or anyone else in any manner, directly or indirectly, that any funds for political purposes were being raised by any improper

1512:

On March 2, 1876, Grant was informed by Benjamin Bristow at breakfast of the House investigation against Secretary Belknap. After hearing about Belknap's predicament, Grant arranged a meeting with Representative Bass about the investigation. However, Belknap, escorted by Interior Secretary

963:

accumulate more. Although the collections were legal, Sanborn reaped $ 213,000 in commissions on $ 420,000 taken in taxes. A House investigation committee in 1874 revealed that Sanborn had split $ 156,000 of this with unnamed associates as "expenses." Although Richardson and Senator

1287:: "I did not remember about these dispatches at all until since the conspiracy trials have commenced. I have heard General Babcock's explanation of most or all of them since that. Many of the dispatches may have been shown to me at the time, and explained, but I do not remember it." 1630:

and did authorize the construction of five new Navy ships, his financial integrity remained in question and was suspect during the Grant administration. To be fair, Congress gave Robeson limited funding to build ships and as Secretary was constantly finding ways to cut budgets.

809:

and Grant's friend George K. Leet, owner of a private warehouse, allegedly shared in these profits. Secretary Boutwell advocated a reform to keep imports on company dock areas rather than being stored at designated warehouses in New York. Grant's third collector appointment,

1421:

himself in the deposition. According to McFeely, the "evidence was irrefutable" against Babcock, and Grant knew this. McFeely also points out that John McDonald also stated that Grant knew that the Whiskey Ring existed and perjured himself to save Babcock. Grant historian

546:

reflected the cabinet's disappointment over not being consulted: "But Mr. President, has it been settled, then, that we want to Annex Santo Domingo?" Another instance of Grant's military-style command arose over the McGarrahan Claims, a legal dispute over mining patents in

1582:& Co., a grain contractor, in exchange for giving the company profitable contracts from the Navy. An 1876 Naval Affairs committee investigation found Robeson to have received such gifts as a team of horses, Washington real estate, and a $ 320,000 vacation cottage in 2127:

The nation and the constitution survived the rising tide of financial and political corruption during President Grant's two terms in office from 1869 to 1877. With slavery no longer the clear moral issue for the American people, and absent the dynamic leadership of

967:

were suspected to have taken a share of the profit money, there was no paper trail to prove such transactions, and Sanborn refused to reveal with whom he split the profits. While the House committee was investigating, Grant quietly appointed Richardson to the

701:

appointed as the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury in New York City. Gould had given him a $ 10,000 bribe to in exchange for inside information about the Treasury Department's gold sales. On June 5, 1869, while Grant was traveling from New York to Boston on

575:

who cleaned their respective departments of corruption. Grant finally dismissed Babcock, who was linked to several corruption charges and scandals, from the White House in 1876. It was with the encouragement of the reformers that Grant established the first

1048:

had found that Williams had dropped the case after his wife had received a $ 30,000 payoff. When informed of this, Grant forced Williams's resignation. Williams had also indiscreetly used Justice Department funds to pay for carriage and household expenses.

940:

In 1874, Grant's cabinet reached its lowest ebb in terms of public trust and qualified appointments. After the presidential election of 1872, Grant reappointed all of his Cabinet with a single exception. Charges of corruption were rife, particularly from

1674:

The breach of a treaty between the Lakotas and the United States, signed in 1868, the year before Grant took office, was engineered by Grant and his cabinet, in February 1876, in order to accommodate miners seeking gold in the Black Hills. Known as the

742:

farmers. Also Fisk refused to pay off many of his investors who had bought gold on paper. The volume of stocks being sold on Wall Street decreased by 20%. Fisk and Gould, who could afford to hire the best lawyers, were never held accountable for their

1044:) with slackness. There were rumors that Williams was taking bribes in exchange for declining to prosecute pending trial cases. In 1875, Williams was supposed to prosecute the merchant house Pratt & Boyd for fraudulent customhouse entries. The 1591:

books of Cattell, but found no evidence of payments to Robeson. Without enough evidence for impeachment, the House ended the investigation by admonishing Robeson for gross misconduct and claimed that he had set up a system of corruption known as

615:, who was often at odds with Babcock, made efforts to save Grant's reputation by advocating that reformers be appointed to or kept in public office. Grant also unwisely accepted gifts from wealthy donors that cast doubts on his reputability. 746:, as favorable judges declined to prosecute. Gould remained a powerful force on Wall Street for the next 20 years. Fisk, who practiced a licentious lifestyle, was killed by a jealous rival on January 6, 1872. Butterfield later resigned. 7635: 758:

to receive cash in the mail. Corbin had bought gold at 133 margin and sold at 137, leaving Julia a profit of $ 27,000. Neither Mrs. Grant nor Mrs. Corbin testified in front of the investigation committee. In 1876 Secretary of State

4104: 6524: 1537:, escaping with less than the two-thirds majority vote needed for conviction. Even though the Senate voted that it could put private citizens on trial, many senators were reluctant to convict Belknap since he was no longer 5003: 2091:, in New York, ran an aggressive political machine, bribing votes, fixing judges, stole millions in contracts, while controlling New York politics. Opponents of the ring, including Grant's future Attorney General, 1435:

scandal "had been met at the entrance of the White House and turned back." However, the national unpopularity of Grant's testimony on behalf of his friend Babcock ruined any chances for a third term nomination.

1092:

On May 13, 1875, with Grant's endorsement, Bristow struck hard at the ring, seized the distilleries, and made hundreds of arrests. The Whiskey Ring was broken. Bristow, with the cooperation of Attorney General

720:

Sometime around September 19, 1869, Corbin, at the urging of Gould, sent a letter to Grant desperately urging him not to release gold from the Treasury. Grant received the letter from a messenger while playing

8050: 910:

from $ 5,000 to $ 7,500. Although pay increases were constitutional, the act was passed in secret with a clause that gave the congressmen $ 5,000 in bonus payouts for the previous two years of their terms.

1509:

later testified to the Clymer Committee on March 29 and April 4 that Sec. Belknap had received kickback money from the profiteering scheme of post traders through the resale of food meant for Indians.

2153:

presidency and the Reconstruction period would have required the strength of a moral giant in the White House. Grant was no moral giant. In fairness, the booming economy that proceeded after the

1679:(literally, "hills that are black"), this area was essential to the survival of the Lakota living in the Unceded Territory (versus those living on the Great Sioux Reservation), as a game reserve. 1501:. During the testimony, Marsh testified that Belknap and both his wives had accepted money in exchange for the lucrative trading post at Fort Sill. The scandal was particularly upsetting, in this 1004:

contracts to his son John Delano and Ulysses S. Grant's own brother, Orvil Grant. Neither John Delano nor Orvil Grant performed any work, nor were they qualified to hold such surveying positions.

1215:: "Have you ever seen anything in the conduct of General Babcock, or has he ever said anything to you, which indicated to your mind that he was in any way interested in or concerned with the 1015:. Chandler had discovered that during Delano's tenure, money had been paid to fictitious clerks while other clerks had been paid without performing any services. Chandler next turned to the 6869: 596:, Grant's "trusting heart was the weakness of his character." Williams also said Grant was slow to make friends, however, once friendships were made "they took hold with hooks of steel." 5118: 2005:- 1876) (Resigned; Convicted by House; acquitted by Senate; indictments against Belknap in Washington D.C. court were dropped by the judge at the request of Grant and Attorney General 1716: 906:

On March 3, 1873, President Grant signed a law that increased the president's salary from $ 25,000 a year to $ 50,000 a year. The law raised salaries of members of both houses of the

2149:. Between 1870 and 1900, the United States population nearly doubled in size, gainful employment increased by 132 percent, and nonfarm labor constituted 60 percent of the workforce. 1892: 7781: 7348: 7272: 7160: 7099: 7048: 1798: 6784: 6770: 1854: 1817: 1493:. By 1876 Belknap had received $ 20,000 from the illicit arrangement. On February 29, 1876, Marsh testified in front of a House investigation committee headed by Representatives 4673: 3177: 558:

Grant's reactions to the scandals ranged from prosecuting the perpetrators to protecting or pardoning those who were accused and convicted of the crimes. For example, when the

1406:, Babcock was dismissed as private secretary and focused on another position that he had been given by Grant in 1871: superintending engineer of public buildings and grounds. 588:

Grant was reputedly honest about money matters. However, he trusted and protected his close associates, in denial of their guilt, despite evidence against them. According to

5013: 4335: 2111:

In March 1871, dissatisfied Republicans questioned whether Grant was worthy of a second nomination. Calling themselves Liberal Republicans, party leaders, including Senator

5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 4678: 4340: 383: 876:. An 1876 Democratic investigation was able to temporarily shut down the ring, but it reconstituted itself and continued until a federal trial in 1882, under President 534:

The unprecedented way that Grant ran his cabinet, in a military-style rather than civilian, contributed to the scandals. For example, in 1869, Grant's private secretary

1873: 4129: 789:

collected more revenue from imports than any other port in the United States. By 1872, two congressional investigations and one by the Treasury Office under Secretary

1172:. Broadhead, though a capable attorney, had little time to get acquainted with the facts of Babcock's case and those of other Whiskey Ring members. At the trial, a 749:

In an 1870 Congressional investigation into the gold panic, Democrats on the House investigation committee questioned why Julia Grant had received a package from the

542:. Grant never even consulted with cabinet members on the treaty annexation; in effect, the annexation proposal was already decided. A perplexed Secretary of Interior 7990: 7747: 7391: 4149: 4144: 4134: 4124: 2039:

brother-in-law Reverend M.J. Cramer was appointed as consul at Leipzig. Mrs Grants brother-in-law James F. Casey was given the position of Collector of Customs in

677:, also known as the Gold Panic, that took place in September 1869, when two aggressive private financiers attempted to corner the gold market in the New York City 1085:

The ringleaders had to coordinate distillers, rectifiers, gaugers, storekeepers, revenue agents, and Treasury clerks by recruitment, impressment, and extortion.

7115: 1966:, Private Secretary who worked daily with Grant in the Oval Office, wielded unprecedented influence and at times was able to thwart the efforts of reformers. – ( 1626:

use of old material to build ironclads and whether he had the authority to dispose of the Puritan, an outdated ironclad. Although Robeson served ably during the

523:, although legally unrestricted at the time, was prevalent, with over 40 family members benefiting from government appointments and employment. In 1872, Senator 1020:

8.00 a day plus expenses for, ostensibly, providing tribes with representation in the nation's capital. Many of these agents were unqualified and swindled the

880:, finally shut down the Star Route ring. The conspirators, however, who were indicted and prosecuted, escaped conviction in both their first and second trials. 7950: 7852: 7386: 6935: 6905: 6665: 5018: 801:. Both Grinnell and Murphy allowed private merchants to store goods not claimed on the docks in private warehouses for exorbitant fees. Grant's secretaries 7064: 363: 872:, who was exonerated by an 1872 congressional investigation that was later revealed to have been tainted by a $ 40,000 bribe from western postal contractor 4114: 3880: 3007: 388: 2019:- 1876) (Grant defended Robeson in State of the Union address. Grant believed Robeson had kept U.S. Navy as modern as possible during his lengthy tenure.) 8055: 1251:: "Did General Babcock on or about April 23, 1875, show you a dispatch in these words: "St. Louis, April 23, 1875. Gen. O.E. Babcock, Executive Mansion, 2087:

The Democratic Party in New York, during Grant's presidency, was not free of corruption charges or scandal. During the 1860s and 1870s Democratic Party

814:, implemented Boutwell's reform. On May 25, 1870, Boutwell had implemented reforms that reduced public cartage and government costs, stopped officer 7728: 7723: 6566: 3832: 3497: 479: 7661: 6357: 3539: 1011:

as Secretary of the Interior. Chandler immediately went to work reforming the Interior Department by dismissing all the unimportant clerks in the

496: 7755: 5177: 5155: 4998: 2337: 6910: 4260: 1349: 1077: 373: 24: 3317: 1000:, who allowed profiteering to thrive in the department, was forced to resign from office on October 15, 1875. Delano had also given lucrative 7597: 6920: 6884: 6675: 6349: 4993: 4171: 1571:

discovered that $ 15 million of that sum was unaccounted for. The committee suspected that Robeson, who was responsible for naval spending,

3728: 580:, although other Republicans did not support him and the effort withered. Grant's scandals have overshadowed his presidential achievements. 7965: 4881: 738:

be closed on the same day. The gold market crashed and Gould, Corbin, and Fisk were foiled, while many investors were financially ruined.

8045: 4015: 3456: 281: 6420: 6410: 6260: 6126: 6111: 5972: 5838: 5828: 5689: 5642: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 4064: 3977: 3904: 1104:, launched proceedings to bring many members of the ring to trial. Bristow had obtained information that the Whiskey Ring operated in 321: 7442: 6430: 6390: 6297: 6225: 6158: 6136: 6091: 6014: 5982: 5942: 5870: 5848: 5808: 5736: 5714: 5674: 5622: 5595: 5585: 5570: 5533: 5503: 5493: 4988: 4643: 4570: 4465: 3518: 1985:– 1875) (Indicted and convicted; served prison time; claimed Grant was involved in the Whiskey Ring but did not supply any evidence.) 237: 206: 4811: 3588: 607:, was a subtle and unscrupulous enemy of reformers, having served as Grant's personal secretary for seven years while living in the 7909: 6415: 6322: 6121: 6116: 6044: 5967: 5900: 5895: 5699: 5513: 5330: 5311: 5296: 5277: 5253: 4668: 4558: 4543: 4290: 4280: 1526: 508: 421: 406: 3577: 1398:, another Grant appointment, overruled Cook's objections, declaring the questions admissible in court. Grant, who was known for a 8040: 6930: 6598: 6282: 6210: 6173: 6148: 6066: 5999: 5932: 5885: 5860: 5783: 5731: 5664: 5607: 5545: 5483: 5268: 5263: 4710: 4485: 4087: 3996: 3857: 1471:. A Democratic House investigation committee revealed that Belknap had taken money in exchange for an appointment to a lucrative 1098: 351: 259: 3388: 7624: 6670: 6277: 6245: 6034: 5994: 5833: 5726: 5632: 5478: 4285: 4082: 1567:'s Department of the Navy $ 56 million for construction programs. In 1876, a congressional committee headed by Representative 1530: 577: 346: 6545: 6385: 6327: 6312: 6193: 6168: 6086: 6049: 6029: 5915: 5880: 5803: 5766: 5751: 5652: 5627: 5617: 5560: 5528: 5518: 5498: 4663: 4588: 3619: 3598: 3528: 3507: 3445: 3353: 3307: 3276: 3252: 3208: 1575:

some of the missing money and laundered it in real estate transactions. This allegation remained unproven by the committee.

1472: 1021: 964: 472: 242: 1467:

Grant had no time to recover after the Whiskey Ring graft trials ended, for another scandal erupted involving War Secretary

7510: 7016: 6516: 6405: 6400: 6370: 6344: 6302: 6292: 6240: 6235: 6215: 6188: 6106: 6101: 6076: 6019: 6009: 5957: 5952: 5937: 5905: 5823: 5818: 5793: 5741: 5684: 5669: 5580: 5575: 5565: 5550: 5488: 5355: 5350: 4448: 4307: 4199: 2187: 2096: 857: 539: 1917:

The most infamous of Grant's cabinet or other presidential appointees who were involved in scandals or criminal activity:

515:

in 1871, attempted to defeat Grant for a second term in office, but the effort failed. Taking over the House in 1875, the

7872: 7074: 7003: 6998: 6925: 6425: 6375: 6365: 6339: 6265: 6205: 6131: 6081: 6071: 6061: 5977: 5927: 5910: 5843: 5798: 5788: 5778: 5761: 5709: 5647: 5612: 5590: 5555: 5523: 5473: 5340: 5335: 5306: 5301: 5287: 5282: 5258: 5224: 5062: 4553: 4538: 4426: 4418: 4275: 3650: 3637: 3467: 3343: 1037: 793:

looked into allegations of a corruption ring set up at the New York Custom House under two Grant collector appointments,

436: 426: 411: 218: 7914: 7673: 6775: 6380: 6255: 6250: 6220: 5962: 5694: 5345: 4109: 4601: 3709: 7155: 6862: 6842: 6395: 6307: 6230: 6183: 6163: 6096: 6024: 5947: 5875: 5813: 5746: 5704: 5679: 4648: 4631: 4194: 3549: 3486: 3434: 3411: 3231: 3187: 1722: 786: 3425:

The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J.P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy

2048:

Grant, appointed family members to executive or White House office. The other five 19th Century Presidents include:

6709: 6704: 6613: 6317: 6287: 6178: 6153: 6039: 6004: 5890: 5865: 5756: 5637: 5508: 4874: 4578: 4507: 4055: 3469:

History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Final Restoration of Home Rule at the South in 1877

3164: 2203: 866: 516: 512: 465: 341: 264: 148: 3689: 3057: 7711: 7642: 7584: 7494: 7421: 7211: 7043: 6982: 6889: 6724: 6649: 6623: 6532: 4695: 4683: 4159: 4154: 4139: 1533:

for his actions, to escape conviction since he was no longer a government official. Belknap was acquitted by the

1386: 1125: 989: 969: 849: 229: 3888: 8060: 6765: 4431: 4074: 3999: 3970: 3792: 3377: 3198: 2174: 336: 223: 62: 20: 3840: 3752: 3364: 1771:

Organized a White House cabal to plan a war against the Lakotas to allow mining of gold found in Black Hills.

1586:, from Alexander Cattell & Company. The same company also paid off a $ 10,000 note that Robeson owed to 7831: 7530: 7396: 7021: 6915: 6719: 5316: 5087: 4781: 4245: 1978:– 1876) (Acquitted in Saint Louis Whiskey Ring trials by jury due to Grant's defense testimony in his favor.) 1766: 1334:: "I never did. I have seen since these trials intimations of that sort in the newspapers, but never before." 2544:

Grossman (2002), Political Corruption in America: an encyclopedia of scandals, power, and greed, pp. 308–309

861:

paid exorbitant fees for fictitious routes and for providing low-quality postal service to the rural areas.

7489: 7457: 7343: 7206: 7094: 6977: 6847: 6816: 6809: 6755: 6644: 6510: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 1740:

Corrupt system of postal contractors, clerks, and brokers to obtain lucrative Star Route postal contracts.

1016: 500: 1844:

Corrupt government officials and whiskey makers steal millions of dollars in a national tax evasion scam.

1481:

Belknap's wife Carrie, with Belknap's authority and approval, managed to secure a private trading post at

951:

had been elected to the U.S. Senate in the 1872 election and was replaced by Assistant Treasury Secretary

8017: 7975: 7365: 7140: 6832: 6687: 6682: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4867: 4512: 4179: 316: 7376: 7176: 7135: 7079: 6697: 5219: 5150: 4384: 4235: 1045: 7181: 3944: 3609: 3242: 7878: 7768: 7688: 7648: 7318: 7026: 6874: 6618: 6588: 5008: 4847: 4653: 4596: 4355: 4295: 4215: 3963: 1788:

John Sanborn charged exorbitant commissions to collect taxes and split the profits among associates.

1657: 798: 519:

had more success in investigating, rooting out, and exposing corruption in the Grant Administration.

252: 3008:"Fact check: Have presidents before Donald Trump appointed family members to White House positions?" 2330: 1610:, Grant's longtime friend growing up in Georgetown, Ohio, helped Robeson keep his cabinet position. 775: 7484: 7371: 7150: 6750: 6745: 6561: 6556: 4497: 4399: 1603: 1568: 1348:: "Then let me ask you if the prosecuting officers have not been entirely correct in repelling all 952: 767:, another private secretary to the President, had also been involved in gold speculations in 1869. 448: 1057: 7980: 7799: 7577: 7561: 7452: 7293: 7130: 7069: 6760: 6539: 4719: 4367: 4350: 4020: 3736: 3651:"The Safe Burglary Case: Columbus Alexander and Major Richards of the Washington police examined" 1669: 1583: 823:

that abuses either did not exist, had been corrected, or were in the process of being corrected.

743: 3912: 3772: 1177:

in the graft trials and sent to prison. On January 26, 1877, President Grant pardoned McDonald.

7955: 7844: 7678: 7463: 7120: 5082: 4688: 4372: 4302: 1204:, presided over the deposition. The following are excerpts from President Grant's deposition. 907: 694: 664: 2186:

by firing all the corrupt clerks. No reforming cabinet member, however, was installed in the

2076: 7929: 7865: 7474: 7328: 7288: 7243: 6593: 5212: 4743: 4502: 4270: 4220: 3334: 2138: 1943: 1933: 1826: 1598: 1033: 892: 750: 593: 1606:

without public bidding. The latter charge proved to be unfounded. The close friendship with

848:

In the early 1870s, lucrative postal route contracts were given to local contractors on the

6790: 6692: 6505: 5182: 5108: 5057: 4793: 4775: 4769: 4751: 4619: 4611: 4606: 4225: 4035: 3932: 3813:"The Last High White House Official Indicted While in Office: U.S. Grant's Orville Babcock" 2099:, ran the Tweed Ring out of office in the November 1871 elections. Democratic Party leader 690: 294: 105: 1651:

The conspiracy came apart when two of the thieves turned state evidence and Alexander was

42: 8: 7807: 7734: 7668: 7629: 7546: 7469: 7257: 7084: 7031: 6965: 6879: 6857: 6837: 6639: 6572: 4983: 4931: 4833: 4805: 4658: 4624: 4230: 4050: 4045: 3919: 1706:

Speculators tied to Grant corner the gold market and ruin the economy for several years.

1701: 1454: 1399: 1395: 1073: 973: 735: 714: 674: 629: 507:

gold speculation ring, corruption would be discovered in seven federal departments. The

504: 309: 304: 3328: 3179:

Nothing Like it in the World: The Men Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad, 1863–1869

1128:, were eventually indicted in the Whiskey Ring trials. Grant's other private secretary 1120:

and two of Grant's appointees, Supervisor of Internal Revenue General John McDonald and

947:, a reliable journal that was going many of Grant's cabinet members. Treasury Secretary 555:. Both Cox and Hoar, who were reformers, eventually resigned from the cabinet in 1870. 7741: 7569: 7553: 7515: 7406: 7323: 7308: 7298: 7237: 7191: 6971: 6960: 6551: 5360: 4890: 4727: 4475: 4323: 4240: 4119: 4030: 3295: 2318: 2159: 2154: 2092: 1998: 1963: 1923: 1901:

indicted over framing a private citizen for uncovering corrupt Washington contractors.

1860: 1735: 1640: 1618: 1614: 1521: 1514: 1468: 1414: 1201: 1121: 1094: 1061: 1008: 948: 912: 896: 832: 806: 790: 764: 710: 698: 693:, who would use his personal relationship to influence the President. Gould's partner, 604: 572: 568: 535: 358: 289: 274: 3638:"The Safe Burglary Case: Preparing for the trial – Witnesses for the defense summoned" 7934: 7788: 7447: 7037: 6803: 6608: 5321: 5103: 4480: 4040: 3924: 3669: 3615: 3594: 3545: 3524: 3503: 3482: 3430: 3423: 3407: 3373: 3349: 3303: 3272: 3248: 3227: 3204: 3183: 2645: 2167: 2012: 1579: 1564: 1423: 1197: 1161: 1149: 976:. On June 22, 1874, President Grant, in an effort of reform, signed a bill into law ( 877: 811: 794: 299: 734:

into the market and bought $ 4,000,000 in bonds. Boutwell had also ordered that the

7891: 7838: 7718: 7705: 7695: 7655: 7437: 7381: 7338: 7333: 7249: 7125: 6796: 6603: 5192: 5170: 5160: 4926: 4757: 4700: 4470: 4404: 4377: 4362: 4025: 3986: 3400: 2252:

Cengage Advantage Books: Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People

2178: 2100: 2088: 1882:

allegedly receives bribes from Cattell & Company for lucrative Navy contracts.

1779: 1648:

by signing a document falsely stating Alexander was involved in the safe burglary.

1627: 1538: 1506: 1252: 1173: 1007:

On October 19, 1875, Grant made another reforming cabinet choice when he appointed

996:, was in serious disrepair, due to corruption and incompetence. Interior Secretary 977: 959: 927: 589: 564: 552: 492: 211: 183: 122: 3220: 1144: 7995: 7885: 7808:

The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution

7700: 7590: 7525: 7416: 7262: 7232: 7196: 6714: 5165: 4916: 4637: 4519: 4490: 4250: 3288: 3266: 2163: 2129: 1953: 1898: 1804: 1750: 1459: 1169: 1081: 997: 731: 247: 133: 2262: 2260: 856:. These were known as "Star Routes" because an asterisk was placed on official 7859: 7683: 7008: 5197: 5187: 4921: 4826: 4184: 3920: 3568: 3299: 2363: 2173:

An analysis of the scandals reveals the many powers at Grant's disposal as the

2065: 2057: 2031: 1879: 1498: 1410: 1255:

Tell Mack to see Parker of Colorado; & telegram to Commissioner. Crush out

1101: 1001: 873: 841: 524: 3345:

Political corruption in America: an encyclopedia of scandals, power, and greed

8034: 7960: 7924: 7825: 7520: 7303: 7267: 7227: 5202: 5052: 4799: 4389: 3858:"President Ulysses S. Grant: Known for Scandals, Overlooked for Achievements" 3564: 2257: 2049: 2006: 1988: 1502: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1403: 1390:

Sec. Bristow showed Grant evidence that Babcock was part of the Whiskey Ring.

1193: 1129: 1117: 1012: 869: 853: 802: 760: 637:

Jay Gould and James Fisk cornered the New York Gold market in September 1869.

612: 8000: 7970: 7762: 7401: 7313: 7089: 6852: 6729: 5207: 5145: 5130: 5125: 4787: 2182: 2116: 2053: 1839: 1607: 1572: 1553: 1475: 1432: 1380:: "I was not aware that they had ever attempted to repel any insinuations." 1302: 1216: 1153: 1133: 1069: 559: 543: 3200:

Touched by fire: the life, death, and mythic afterlife of George Armstrong

1829:

allegedly received a bribe not to prosecute the Pratt & Boyd company.

1755:

Congressmen receive a retroactive $ 5,000 bonus for previous term served.

1068:

The worst and most famous scandal to hit the Grant administration was the

7793: 7201: 5040: 5035: 5030: 4763: 4328: 3262: 2112: 2040: 1602:

reward. Robeson was also charged with awarding contracts to shipbuilder

1542: 1534: 1186: 993: 819: 682: 608: 3520:

The doom of Reconstruction: the liberal Republicans in the Civil War era

3076: 888: 7919: 7775: 4394: 2403:

Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration. Volume: 2

2146: 2134: 2061: 1652: 1525:

acceptance of the resignation indirectly allowed Belknap, after he was

943: 815: 755: 603:

and brought their intrigues openly to his attention. One of these men,

599:

Many of Grant's associates were able to capture his confidence through

548: 8051:

Political scandals in the United States by presidential administration

2181:

to move the Tax Revenue Supervisors and relinquishing immunity in the

1863:

allegedly takes extortion money from trading contractor at Fort Sill.

1080:. Whiskey distillers had been evading taxes in the Midwest since the 7186: 5140: 4859: 4345: 3458:

Zachariah Chandler: an outline sketch of his life and public services

2044: 1587: 1482: 1256: 1220: 1113: 686: 650: 137: 3812: 7985: 5135: 5113: 4097: 3955: 3729:"Party Divisions of the House of Representatives (1879 to Present)" 3141:

Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration Vol. 2

3100: 2035: 1418: 1109: 1105: 932: 658: 600: 538:, rather than a State Department official, was sent to negotiate a 528: 520: 378: 3855: 2266: 818:, and decreased port smuggling, but on July 2, 1872, U.S. Senator 3561:

The United States Its Beginnings, Progress and Modern Development

2923: 2921: 2919: 2142: 1645: 1578:

The main charge against Robeson was taking financial favors from

837: 722: 644: 6771:

Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866

2629: 2627: 551:, when Grant overrode the official opinion of Attorney General 168: 2916: 1807:

allegedly took bribes in exchange for fraudulent land grants.

1352:

that you ever had tolerated any such means for raising funds."

902:

who exposed federal corruption during the Grant administration

5014:

United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction

3244:

The gilded age: perspectives on the origins of modern America

2624: 2145:, called this American era of speculation and corruption the 3218:

Bunting III, Josiah (2001). A. M. Schlesinger Junior (ed.).

2540: 2538: 1152:

was so vigorous in his prosecution that even members of the

2799: 2759: 2757: 1427:

little doubt of Babcock's complicity in the Whiskey Ring."

7782:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

3088: 2823:

Charles Calhoun, "The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant", 521

2245: 1160:

Grant then appointed a special prosecutor, former senator

7991:

Technological and industrial history of the United States

3135: 3133: 2814:

Charles Calhoun, "The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant, 520

2535: 2233: 1981:

John McDonald, Internal Revenue Supervisor, St. Louis – (

2754: 2557:

R., F.D. (October 17, 1881). "Star Routes in the Past".

2879: 2877: 2747: 2745: 2617: 2615: 2613: 1940:- 1874)(Resigned and appointed Federal Judge by Grant.) 1185:

The Whiskey Ring scandal even came to the steps of the

7951:

African American founding fathers of the United States

7853:

The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan

5019:

United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction

3130: 1545:

in a Victorian impulse to protect the women involved.

1024:

tribes into believing they had a voice in Washington.

673:

The first scandal to tar the Grant administration was

3576:

Stevens, Walter Barlow; Bixby, William Kenny (1916).

3372:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2565: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2344: 2115:(Missouri), and Grant's former Secretary of Interior 6525:

The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women

3773:"Orville Babcock's Indictment and the CIA Leak Case" 3502:. Vol. 27. Southern Illinois University Press. 3038: 3026: 2874: 2742: 2610: 583: 2122: 6776:Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866 3479:Encyclopedia of White-collar & Corporate Crime 3422: 3399: 3287: 3219: 2780: 2778: 2713: 2453: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 1439: 527:, labeled corruption in the Grant administration " 511:, a political reform faction that bolted from the 6567:District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act 3830: 3322:. Vol. 8. New York: J.B. Lyon Company. 1918. 2671: 2669: 2650: 2648: 2304: 2302: 1912: 8032: 3481:. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. 3366:Vice Presidents of the United States, 1789- 1993 2792: 2790: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2592: 1541:. It has been suggested that Grant accepted the 1463:William W. Belknap, Secretary of War (1869–1876) 1417:, stated that Grant knew Babcock was guilty and 1139: 7145: 3923:(President of the Grant Monument Association). 3559:Spenser, Jesse Ames (1913). Edwin Wiley (ed.). 3362: 2775: 2493: 2429: 2427: 2413: 2411: 2281: 1180: 1136:according to Solicitor General Bluford Wilson. 623: 35:Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration 6911:Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson 3363:Hatfield, Mark O.; Ritchie, Donald A. (2001). 2907: 2733: 2666: 2657: 2511: 2382: 2380: 2299: 2071: 25:Reforms of the Ulysses S. Grant administration 6885:First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson 4875: 3971: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2962: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2891: 2889: 2856: 2831: 2829: 2787: 2699: 2552: 2550: 2308: 980:) that abolished the moiety contract system. 770: 473: 3753:"Party Division in the Senate, 1789–Present" 3707: 3648: 3635: 3608:Twain, Mark; Warner, Charles Dudley (1874). 3575: 3226:. Times Books, Henry Holt and Company, LCC. 2953: 2583: 2440: 2424: 2408: 2106: 1301:: "Perhaps you are aware, General, that the 7411: 3607: 3443: 3217: 2692: 2690: 2377: 1634: 1394:On February 17, 1876, U.S. Circuit Justice 956:Treasury Department under Sec. Richardson. 8056:Presidential scandals in the United States 4882: 4868: 3978: 3964: 3810: 3710:"Excerpted from Presidential Temperaments" 3496:Simon, John Y.; Grant, Ulysses S. (2005). 3495: 3146: 3050: 2995: 2986: 2944: 2930: 2886: 2826: 2766: 2678: 2601: 2574: 2547: 2502: 972:and replaced him with the avowed reformer 480: 466: 41: 16:Scandals during Ulysses Grant's presidency 7443:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876 3878: 3447:The story of the Sun: New York, 1833–1918 1799:Secretary Delano's Department of Interior 983: 844:was accused of bribing Congress $ 40,000. 7966:History of the United States (1865–1917) 4291:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act 4281:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 3476: 3386: 3341: 2687: 2386: 2336:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2075: 1682: 1552: 1505:, since it involved women. Lieut. Col. 1458: 1385: 1143: 1056: 1027: 931: 887: 836: 774: 3687: 3558: 3454: 3397: 3330:Ulysses S. Grant His life and character 3326: 3285: 3261: 3240: 3196: 3175: 3106: 3094: 3058:""Boss" Tweed delivered to authorities" 2987:Cozzens, Peter. "Grant's Uncivil War". 2350: 1663: 1072:of 1875, exposed by Treasury Secretary 8033: 7625:Bibliography of the Reconstruction era 6671:Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln 4889: 3793:"Grant, Babcock, and the Whiskey Ring" 3465: 3420: 2272: 2166:, and give full citizenship rights to 1874:Secretary Robeson's Department of Navy 689:and President Grant's brother-in-law, 75:March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877 7910:Women's suffrage in the United States 6599:Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction 4863: 3959: 3790: 3770: 3586: 3537: 3082: 3044: 3032: 2971: 2239: 1926:, Assistant Secretary of Treasury – ( 1855:Secretary Belknap's Department of War 7017:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo 6705:Confederates surrender at Appomattox 6517:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 4449:Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant 4200:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo 3985: 3925:"The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant" 3516: 3390:A History of the President's Cabinet 2633:McFeely-Woodward (1974) pp. 147–148. 2389:Occasional Addresses Gen. U.S. Grant 1557:George M. Robeson, Secretary of Navy 1273:: "Objection." Made for the record. 1192:On the advice of Secretary of State 540:treaty annexation with Santo Domingo 7873:United Daughters of the Confederacy 7004:American Woman Suffrage Association 6999:National Woman Suffrage Association 6926:Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson 5225:Women during the Reconstruction era 3937:UVA Miller Center of Public Affairs 3688:Kennedy, Robert C. Kennedy (2001). 3649:Staff writer (September 23, 1876). 3085:, pp. 484, 490, 548, 585, 597. 1930:- 1869)(Forced to resign by Grant.) 1448: 1366:: "Objection." Made for the record. 1320:: "Objection." Made for the record. 1038:United States Department of Justice 921: 331:18th President of the United States 13: 8046:Grant administration controversies 7915:Labor history of the United States 6951:South Carolina readmitted to Union 6948:North Carolina readmitted to Union 6931:Impeachment managers investigation 6870:Constitutional conventions of 1867 6546:National Women's Rights Convention 3856:Daugherty, Greg (April 24, 2020). 3636:Staff writer (September 8, 1876). 3472:. New York: The MacMillan Company. 3182:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 2710:Shenkman 2005 History News Network 2556: 1156:feared his voice during the trial. 1126:private secretary to the President 826: 14: 8072: 7156:United States expedition to Korea 6863:Reconstruction military districts 4632:Grant Cottage State Historic Site 4356:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 3872: 3590:John Roach, maritime entrepreneur 3587:Swann, Leonard Alexander (1980). 3241:Calhoun, Charles William (2007). 1725:under two of Grant's appointees. 1597:In a previous investigation that 584:Grant's temperament and character 6710:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 5004:African-American representatives 4843: 4842: 4016:Grant and the American Civil War 3831:Woodward, C. Vann (April 1957). 3771:Pesca, Mike (November 2, 2005). 3708:Kiersey, David; Choiniere, Ray. 3571:: American Educational Alliance. 3165:Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant 2221:Hinsdale (1911), pp.207, 212–213 2204:Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant 2123:Legacy and historical reputation 1818:U.S. Attorney General Williams' 657: 643: 453: 447: 167: 7712:Black Reconstruction in America 7585:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 7495:1876 State of the Union Address 7479: 7422:1875 State of the Union Address 7349:1874 State of the Union Address 7273:1873 State of the Union Address 7212:1872 State of the Union Address 7161:1871 State of the Union Address 7100:1870 State of the Union Address 7049:1869 State of the Union Address 7044:First transcontinental railroad 6983:1868 State of the Union Address 6890:1867 State of the Union Address 6725:1865 State of the Union Address 6650:1864 State of the Union Address 6624:1863 State of the Union Address 6533:Woman in the Nineteenth Century 3582:. Franklin Club of Saint Louis. 3455:Pierson, Arthur Tappan (1880). 3444:O'Brien, Frank Michael (1918). 3158: 3121: 3112: 2980: 2898: 2865: 2847: 2838: 2817: 2808: 2636: 2520: 2480: 2467: 2395: 2356: 1721:Alleged corruption ring at the 1440:Bristow's investigation results 1052: 990:U.S. Department of the Interior 709:Grant's Secretary of Treasury, 134:General Grant National Memorial 8041:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 6785:Petition for Universal Freedom 6766:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 4000:President of the United States 3881:"Top 10 Presidential Scandals" 3499:The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant 3477:Salinger, Lawrence M. (2005). 3387:Hinsdale, Mary Louise (1911). 2224: 2215: 2175:President of the United States 2080:Democratic Party "Boss" Tweed 1913:Scandal cabinet and appointees 1445:were recovered from the ring. 883: 63:President of the United States 21:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 1: 7832:A Visit from the Old Mistress 7531:Great Railroad Strike of 1877 7397:Specie Payment Resumption Act 7022:Board of Indian Commissioners 6954:Louisiana readmitted to Union 6916:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 6780:Tennessee readmitted to Union 6614:Women's Loyal National League 5317:Straight-Out Democratic Party 5088:Confederate States of America 4246:Specie Payment Resumption Act 3733:U.S. House of Representatives 3629: 3406:. W.W. Norton & Company. 2904:Donovan (2008), pp. 106, 107. 2805:McFeely (2002), Grant, p. 409 2527:"The New York Custom House". 2209: 2030:Grant was accused by Senator 1767:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) 1548: 1200:, a Grant appointment to the 1140:Special prosecutors appointed 48: 7458:Battle of the Little Bighorn 6942:Arkansas readmitted to Union 6848:Knights of the White Camelia 6810:Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866 6756:New Orleans Massacre of 1866 6730:Founding of the Ku Klux Klan 6688:Special Field Orders No. 15 6511:Slavery in the United States 4120:State of the Union addresses 3949:White House Official Website 3905:"Learn About the Gilded Age" 3523:. Fordham University Press. 3461:. Detroit: Post and Tribune. 3429:. New York: H. Holt and Co. 3398:McFeely, William S. (1981). 3247:. Rowman & Littlefield. 3176:Ambrose, Stephen E. (2001). 3109:, pp. 739–741, 751–752. 2968:Safe Burglary Case 9/23/1876 2913:Bunting III 2004, pp.135–136 2862:Harper's Weekly Archive 1876 2763:Bunting III 2001, pp.136–138 2621:Spencer (1913), pp. 452–453. 2475:Ulysses S. Grant: Politician 2267:"Daugherty (April 24, 2020)" 1563:Congress allotted Secretary 1181:President Grant's deposition 1064:, Private Secretary to Grant 1017:Department of Indian Affairs 852:and southern regions of the 624:Black Friday Gold Panic 1869 7: 7976:Race (human categorization) 7366:United States v. Cruikshank 6957:Alabama readmitted to Union 6945:Florida readmitted to Union 4689:1922 Grant Memorial coinage 3538:Smith, Jean Edward (2001). 3466:Rhodes, James Ford (1912). 3421:Morris, Charles R. (2005). 3271:. New York: Penguin Press. 2959:Safe Burglary Case 9/8/1876 2197: 2072:Democratic Party Tweed Ring 2025: 1956:, Secretary of Interior – ( 1936:, Secretary of Treasury – ( 1613:On March 18, 1876, Admiral 1485:for a personal friend from 895:: Reforming journalist for 618: 10: 8077: 7177:General Mining Act of 1872 7146:New York custom house ring 7136:Meridian race riot of 1871 7080:Naturalization Act of 1870 4385:Naturalization Act of 1870 4276:U.S. Department of Justice 4236:General Mining Act of 1872 3319:The Encyclopedia Americana 3162: 2796:Grossman 2003, pp. 182–183 2499:Bunting III 2001, pp.96–98 2251: 1717:New York custom house ring 1667: 1452: 1116:. Missouri Revenue Agent 1046:Senate Judiciary Committee 925: 830: 771:New York custom house ring 627: 389:Federal judge appointments 18: 8013: 7943: 7902: 7818: 7769:Been in the Storm So Long 7689:William Archibald Dunning 7649:The American Commonwealth 7617: 7610: 7539: 7503: 7430: 7357: 7319:Election Massacre of 1874 7281: 7220: 7169: 7108: 7057: 7027:Public Credit Act of 1869 6991: 6966:Fourth Reconstruction Act 6898: 6875:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 6825: 6738: 6658: 6632: 6619:New York City draft riots 6589:Emancipation Proclamation 6581: 6498: 6491: 6441: 5463: 5417: 5371: 5264:National Union Convention 5244: 5237: 5096: 5073: 5009:Reconstruction Amendments 4999:African-American senators 4904: 4897: 4821: 4742: 4709: 4587: 4569: 4528: 4458: 4440: 4417: 4316: 4296:Yellowstone National Park 4259: 4216:Public Credit Act of 1869 4208: 4170: 4073: 4008: 3993: 3885:AmericanHistory.about.com 3662: 3393:. Ann Arbor, MI: G. Wahr. 2739:McFeely 1981, pp. 405–406 2654:Salinger 2005, pp.374–375 2598:Hinsdale 1911, pp.212–213 2230:Hinsdale 1911, pp.211–212 2107:Liberal Republican revolt 1695: 1692: 1689: 1132:was also involved in the 154: 144: 129: 112: 88: 83: 79: 68: 60: 56: 40: 33: 7485:Safe burglary conspiracy 7372:Civil Rights Act of 1875 7151:Civil service commission 6751:Memphis massacre of 1866 6746:Civil Rights Act of 1866 6562:Confiscation Act of 1862 6557:Confiscation Act of 1861 5312:Liberal Republican Party 4994:Conservative Republicans 4498:Ulysses S. Grant Cottage 4400:Civil Rights Act of 1875 4308:Electoral Commission Act 4286:Civil Service Commission 3690:"'Why We Laugh' Pro Tem" 3517:Slap, Andrew L. (2006). 3327:Garland, Hamlin (1898). 3197:Barnett, Louise (2006). 3169: 2883:Barnett 2006, pp.256–257 2751:Stevens 1916, pp.109–130 2675:Pierson 1880, pp.343–345 2663:McFeely 1981, pp.430–431 2517:McFeely 1981, pp.328–329 1976:Safe Burglary Conspiracy 1893:Safe Burglary Conspiracy 1635:Safe burglary conspiracy 1569:Washington C. Whitthorne 1531:House of Representatives 578:Civil Service Commission 176:This article is part of 7981:Reconstruction Treaties 7800:A Nation Under Our Feet 7748:From Slavery to Freedom 7578:Williams v. Mississippi 7562:United States v. Harris 7453:Great Sioux War of 1876 7392:Yazoo City Riot of 1875 7294:Battle of Liberty Place 7182:Crédit Mobilier scandal 7131:Alcorn State University 7070:Enforcement Act of 1870 6936:Articles of impeachment 6843:Indian Peace Commission 6761:Swing Around the Circle 6698:Freedmen's Bureau bills 6540:Seneca Falls Convention 5269:Radical Democracy Party 5220:Freedman's Savings Bank 4368:Enforcement Act of 1870 3791:Rives, Timothy (2000). 3342:Grossman, Mark (2003). 3286:Donovan, James (2008). 2895:Smith 2001, pp. 593–596 2871:Donovan (2008), p. 104. 2844:Smith 2001, pp. 590,593 2015:, Secretary of Navy – ( 1991:, Private Secretary – ( 1670:Great Sioux War of 1876 1584:Long Branch, New Jersey 763:revealed to Grant that 7956:Forty acres and a mule 7679:Walter Lynwood Fleming 7464:United States v. Reese 7121:Second Enforcement Act 5351:Prohibition Convention 5083:Southern United States 4659:Ohio Statehouse statue 4373:Second Enforcement Act 4336:Native American policy 4065:Commanding generalship 3544:. Simon and Schuster. 3152:Bunting III 2004, p.ii 2941:Swann 1980, pp.125–135 2464:Smith 2001, pp.481–490 2364:"Ulysses S. Grant, Jr" 2137:, along with coauthor 2084: 2034:in 1872 of practicing 2001:, Secretary of War – ( 1946:, Attorney General – ( 1736:Star Route postal ring 1560: 1464: 1391: 1157: 1065: 984:Department of Interior 937: 908:United States Congress 903: 845: 782: 398:Presidential campaigns 322:Commanding generalship 8061:19th-century scandals 7930:Civil rights movement 7866:The Birth of a Nation 7475:Centennial Exposition 7329:Black Hills Gold Rush 7244:Slaughter-House Cases 7116:Ku Klux Klan hearings 6594:General Order No. 143 5213:James Mitchell Ashley 4834:Rutherford B. Hayes → 4271:Judiciary Act of 1869 4221:Copyright Act of 1870 4115:Judicial appointments 3939:. September 26, 2016. 3335:Doubleday (publisher) 2405:, pages 719, 720, 727 2170:and their posterity. 2139:Charles Dudley Warner 2079: 2017:Naval Department Ring 1934:William A. Richardson 1723:New York Custom House 1683:Scandal summary table 1668:Further information: 1556: 1462: 1389: 1147: 1060: 1028:Department of Justice 953:William A. Richardson 935: 891: 840: 787:New York Custom House 778: 751:Adams Express Company 628:Further information: 207:Early life and career 19:Further information: 7511:Electoral Commission 7387:Clifton Riot of 1875 7141:Treaty of Washington 6833:Tenure of Office Act 6791:National Labor Union 6506:American Indian Wars 5356:Electoral Commission 5346:Greenback Convention 5109:Free people of color 5049:Federal bureaucracy 4989:Moderate Republicans 4794:Ulysses S. Grant III 4776:Ulysses S. Grant Jr. 4770:Frederick Dent Grant 4752:Hannah Simpson Grant 4602:Presidential library 4427:Bid for a third term 4226:Currency Act of 1870 4180:Treaty of Washington 3951:. December 30, 2014. 3817:History News Network 3579:Grant in Saint Louis 3127:Calhoun 2007, pp.1–2 2950:McFeely 1981, p. 432 2927:Simon 2005, pp.62–63 2853:Garland 1898, p. 440 2772:McFeely 1981, p. 409 2097:Committee of Seventy 1664:Lakota treaty breach 1658:Mosquito Inlet Light 1413:winning biographer, 691:Abel Rathbone Corbin 317:General Order No. 11 106:Point Pleasant, Ohio 7860:D. W. Griffith 7845:The Leopard's Spots 7735:The American Crisis 7669:Columbia University 7636:The Prostrate State 7630:James Shepherd Pike 7547:Posse Comitatus Act 7470:Trader post scandal 7258:Coinage Act of 1873 7032:Black Friday (1869) 6880:Peonage Act of 1867 6858:Reconstruction Acts 6838:Command of Army Act 6573:Militia Act of 1862 4984:Radical Republicans 4932:Rutherford B. Hayes 4806:Ulysses S. Grant IV 4782:Jesse Root Grant II 4711:Cultural depictions 4674:U.S. Postage stamps 4664:Philadelphia statue 4644:U.S. Capitol statue 4231:Funding Act of 1870 4088:Second inauguration 4046:Richmond–Petersburg 3891:on January 31, 2009 3739:on October 25, 2011 3097:, pp. 739–740. 3064:. November 19, 2019 2835:McFeely 2002, p.415 2784:Rhodes 1912, p. 187 2684:McFeely 1981, p.391 2607:McFeely 1981, p.397 2589:Chernow 2017, p.754 2571:O'Brien 1918, p.307 2508:McFeely 1981, p.414 2473:Hesseltine (1935), 2309:Grant (1885–1886). 2242:(1974), pp. 133–134 1803:Interior Secretary 1639:In September 1876, 1455:Trader post scandal 1400:photographic memory 1074:Benjamin H. Bristow 974:Benjamin H. Bristow 736:Tenth National Bank 715:Tenth National Bank 630:Black Friday (1869) 509:Liberal Republicans 505:Black Friday (1869) 364:Fifteenth Amendment 93:Hiram Ulysses Grant 7879:Gone with the Wind 7742:John Hope Franklin 7598:Disenfranchisement 7570:Plessy v. Ferguson 7554:Civil Rights Cases 7516:Compromise of 1877 7407:Wheeler Compromise 7324:Vicksburg massacre 7309:Timber Culture Act 7299:Coushatta massacre 7238:Timber Culture Act 7192:Star Route scandal 7075:Justice Department 6972:Georgia v. Stanton 6961:Opelousas massacre 6552:American Civil War 5361:Compromise of 1877 5063:Justice Department 5027:Federal judiciary 4906:Federal government 4891:Reconstruction era 4723:(2002 documentary) 4669:San Francisco bust 4620:General Grant tree 4241:Timber Culture Act 4083:First inauguration 3945:"Ulysses S. Grant" 3933:"Ulysses S. Grant" 3843:on January 6, 2009 3655:The New York Times 3642:The New York Times 3450:. New York: Doran. 3402:Grant: A Biography 3302:: Back Bay Books. 3014:. January 17, 2017 2696:Smith 2001, p. 584 2488:Grant: A Biography 2188:Department of Navy 2093:Edwards Pierrepont 2085: 1999:William W. Belknap 1964:Orville E. Babcock 1944:George H. Williams 1924:Daniel Butterfield 1897:Private Secretary 1878:Secretary of Navy 1827:George H. Williams 1641:Orville E. Babcock 1619:William T. Sherman 1617:wrote a letter to 1561: 1522:Josiah Bunting III 1515:Zachariah Chandler 1469:William W. Belknap 1465: 1415:William S. McFeely 1392: 1202:U.S. Supreme Court 1158: 1122:Orville E. Babcock 1099:Treasury Solicitor 1095:Edwards Pierrepont 1066: 1062:Orville E. Babcock 1034:George H. Williams 1009:Zachariah Chandler 949:George S. Boutwell 938: 904: 867:Postmaster General 846: 833:Star route scandal 807:Orville E. Babcock 791:George S. Boutwell 783: 765:Orville E. Babcock 711:George S. Boutwell 699:Daniel Butterfield 605:Orville E. Babcock 594:George H. Williams 573:Zachariah Chandler 569:Edwards Pierrepont 536:Orville E. Babcock 275:American Civil War 8026: 8025: 8009: 8008: 7935:American frontier 7789:Kenneth M. Stampp 7606: 7605: 7448:Ellenton massacre 7289:Brooks–Baxter War 7038:Ex parte McCardle 6804:Ex parte Milligan 6693:Freedmen's Bureau 6609:National Bank Act 6487: 6486: 5322:Victoria Woodhull 5233: 5232: 5104:African Americans 5075:State governments 5058:Freedmen's Bureau 4857: 4856: 4738: 4737: 4731:(2020 miniseries) 4696:Grant High School 4413: 4412: 4195:Korean Expedition 3837:American Heritage 3621:978-1-142-68887-5 3600:978-0-405-13078-6 3530:978-0-8232-2709-9 3509:978-0-8093-2631-0 3355:978-1-57607-060-4 3309:978-0-316-15578-6 3278:978-1-59420-487-6 3254:978-0-7425-5038-4 3210:978-0-8032-6266-9 2642:Smith 2001, p.578 2580:Smith 2001, p.553 2531:. August 5, 1872. 2446:Ackerman (2011), 2433:Ackerman (2011), 2417:Ackerman (2011), 2387:Williams (1895). 2240:#McFeely-Woodward 2168:African Americans 2013:George M. Robeson 2003:Trading Post Ring 1960:– 1875)(Resigned) 1950:- 1875)(Resigned) 1938:Sanborn Contracts 1910: 1909: 1825:Attorney General 1580:Alexander Cattell 1565:George M. Robeson 1424:Jean Edward Smith 1198:Morrison R. Waite 1162:John B. Henderson 1150:John B. Henderson 1036:administered the 1032:Attorney General 878:Chester A. Arthur 812:Chester A. Arthur 795:Moses H. Grinnell 490: 489: 282:Civil War service 193: 192: 158: 157: 47:President Grant, 8068: 7892:Race and Reunion 7839:Thomas Dixon Jr. 7729:William R. Brock 7719:C. Vann Woodward 7706:W. E. B. Du Bois 7696:Charles A. Beard 7656:Claude G. Bowers 7615: 7614: 7438:Hamburg massacre 7417:Pratt & Boyd 7382:Mississippi Plan 7339:Anti-Moiety Acts 7334:Sanborn incident 7126:Ku Klux Klan Act 6797:Ex parte Garland 6604:Ten percent plan 6496: 6495: 5242: 5241: 5193:Thaddeus Stevens 5178:Republican Party 5171:Samuel J. Tilden 5161:Bourbon Democrat 5156:Democratic Party 4927:Ulysses S. Grant 4902: 4901: 4884: 4877: 4870: 4861: 4860: 4846: 4845: 4827:← Andrew Johnson 4812:Julia Dent Grant 4758:Jesse Root Grant 4720:Ulysses S. Grant 4701:U.S. Grant Hotel 4585: 4584: 4513:speeding arrests 4486:White Haven home 4405:Page Act of 1875 4378:Ku Klux Klan Act 4363:Enforcement Acts 4168: 4167: 4003: 3987:Ulysses S. Grant 3980: 3973: 3966: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3940: 3928: 3916: 3915:on May 16, 2008. 3911:. Archived from 3900: 3898: 3896: 3887:. Archived from 3868: 3866: 3864: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3839:. Archived from 3833:"The Lowest Ebb" 3827: 3825: 3823: 3811:Shenkman, Rick. 3807: 3805: 3803: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3735:. Archived from 3724: 3722: 3720: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3658: 3645: 3625: 3604: 3583: 3572: 3555: 3534: 3513: 3492: 3473: 3462: 3451: 3440: 3428: 3417: 3405: 3394: 3383: 3371: 3359: 3338: 3323: 3313: 3293: 3290:A Terrible Glory 3282: 3258: 3237: 3225: 3222:Ulysses S. Grant 3214: 3193: 3153: 3150: 3144: 3137: 3128: 3125: 3119: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3004: 2993: 2992: 2991:. November 2016. 2984: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2928: 2925: 2914: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2884: 2881: 2872: 2869: 2863: 2860: 2854: 2851: 2845: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2824: 2821: 2815: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2785: 2782: 2773: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2752: 2749: 2740: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2711: 2708: 2697: 2694: 2685: 2682: 2676: 2673: 2664: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2643: 2640: 2634: 2631: 2622: 2619: 2608: 2605: 2599: 2596: 2590: 2587: 2581: 2578: 2572: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2554: 2545: 2542: 2533: 2532: 2524: 2518: 2515: 2509: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2491: 2486:McFeely (2002), 2484: 2478: 2471: 2465: 2462: 2451: 2444: 2438: 2431: 2422: 2415: 2406: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2384: 2375: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2334: 2328: 2324: 2322: 2314: 2306: 2297: 2294: 2279: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2179:Benjamin Bristow 2158:country torn by 2101:Samuel J. Tilden 1948:Pratt & Boyd 1687: 1686: 1628:Virginius Affair 1539:Secretary of War 1520:Grant historian 1507:George A. Custer 1449:Trader Post ring 1253:Washington, D.C. 978:Anti-Moiety Acts 928:Sanborn incident 922:Sanborn incident 661: 647: 590:C. Vann Woodward 565:Benjamin Bristow 553:Ebenezer R. Hoar 517:Democratic Party 513:Republican Party 499:, including his 493:Ulysses S. Grant 482: 475: 468: 457: 456: 451: 230:Personal Memoirs 189: 188: 186: 185:Ulysses S. Grant 179: 171: 164: 163: 160: 159: 123:Wilton, New York 119: 102: 100: 84:Personal details 73: 50: 45: 31: 30: 8076: 8075: 8071: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8066: 8065: 8031: 8030: 8027: 8022: 8005: 7996:White supremacy 7939: 7898: 7886:David W. Blight 7814: 7724:Joel Williamson 7701:Howard K. Beale 7602: 7591:Giles v. Harris 7535: 7526:Desert Land Act 7499: 7426: 7353: 7277: 7263:Long Depression 7233:Colfax massacre 7216: 7197:Salary Grab Act 7165: 7104: 7085:Kirk–Holden war 7053: 6987: 6894: 6821: 6734: 6715:Shaw University 6654: 6640:Wade–Davis Bill 6628: 6577: 6483: 6437: 5459: 5413: 5367: 5247: 5229: 5166:Horatio Seymour 5092: 5076: 5069: 4917:Abraham Lincoln 4907: 4893: 4888: 4858: 4853: 4817: 4814:(granddaughter) 4734: 4705: 4649:Brooklyn relief 4638:The Peacemakers 4583: 4565: 4524: 4454: 4436: 4419:Post-presidency 4409: 4351:Great Sioux War 4312: 4303:Post Office Act 4262: 4255: 4251:Desert Land Act 4209:Economic policy 4204: 4166: 4069: 4009:Military career 4004: 3995: 3989: 3984: 3943: 3931: 3921:Scaturro, Frank 3909:Digital History 3903: 3894: 3892: 3879:Kelly, Martin. 3875: 3862: 3860: 3846: 3844: 3821: 3819: 3801: 3799: 3781: 3779: 3761: 3759: 3751: 3742: 3740: 3727: 3718: 3716: 3698: 3696: 3694:Harper's Weekly 3678: 3676: 3668: 3665: 3657:. New York, NY. 3644:. New York, NY. 3632: 3622: 3601: 3593:. Ayer Co Pub. 3563:. Vol. 9. 3552: 3531: 3510: 3489: 3437: 3414: 3380: 3369: 3356: 3316: 3310: 3279: 3255: 3234: 3211: 3203:. Bison Books. 3190: 3172: 3167: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3138: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3017: 3015: 3012:ballotpedia.org 3006: 3005: 2996: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2931: 2926: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2887: 2882: 2875: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2788: 2783: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2755: 2750: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2714: 2709: 2700: 2695: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2625: 2620: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2555: 2548: 2543: 2536: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2485: 2481: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2454: 2445: 2441: 2432: 2425: 2416: 2409: 2401:Nevins (1957), 2400: 2396: 2385: 2378: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2335: 2326: 2325: 2316: 2315: 2307: 2300: 2295: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2265: 2258: 2250: 2246: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2200: 2164:Abraham Lincoln 2141:, in a work of 2130:Abraham Lincoln 2125: 2109: 2074: 2028: 1954:Columbus Delano 1915: 1906: 1899:Orville Babcock 1887: 1868: 1861:William Belknap 1849: 1834: 1812: 1805:Columbus Delano 1793: 1760: 1745: 1730: 1711: 1685: 1672: 1666: 1637: 1615:David D. Porter 1558: 1551: 1473:Native American 1457: 1451: 1442: 1377:President Grant 1331:President Grant 1284:President Grant 1234:President Grant 1183: 1170:James Broadhead 1142: 1076:and journalist 1055: 1030: 1022:Native American 998:Columbus Delano 986: 970:Court of Claims 965:Benjamin Butler 960:John B. Sanborn 936:John B. Sanborn 930: 924: 886: 835: 829: 827:Star Route ring 781: 773: 671: 670: 669: 668: 667: 662: 654: 653: 648: 639: 638: 632: 626: 621: 586: 486: 454: 452: 445: 444: 443: 399: 395: 394: 393: 332: 328: 327: 326: 277: 271: 270: 269: 219:Post-presidency 202: 198: 184: 182: 181: 180: 177: 175: 145:Political party 136: 121: 117: 104: 98: 96: 95: 94: 74: 69: 52: 36: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8074: 8064: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8020: 8014: 8011: 8010: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7947: 7945: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7906: 7904: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7896: 7888: 7883: 7875: 7870: 7862: 7857: 7849: 7841: 7836: 7828: 7822: 7820: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7812: 7804: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7778: 7773: 7765: 7760: 7752: 7744: 7739: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7692: 7691: 7684:Dunning School 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7662:The Tragic Era 7658: 7653: 7645: 7640: 7632: 7627: 7621: 7619: 7618:Historiography 7612: 7608: 7607: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7600: 7595: 7587: 7582: 7574: 7566: 7558: 7550: 7543: 7541: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7507: 7505: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7492: 7490:1876 elections 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7434: 7432: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7351: 7346: 7344:1874 elections 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7247: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7224: 7222: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7207:1872 elections 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7112: 7110: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7102: 7097: 7095:1870 elections 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7065:15th Amendment 7061: 7059: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7006: 7001: 6995: 6993: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6978:1868 elections 6975: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6949: 6946: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6913: 6908: 6906:14th Amendment 6902: 6900: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6829: 6827: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6817:1866 elections 6813: 6812: 6807: 6800: 6793: 6788: 6781: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6742: 6740: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6701: 6700: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6668: 6666:13th Amendment 6662: 6660: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6647: 6645:1864 elections 6642: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6585: 6583: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6529: 6521: 6513: 6508: 6502: 6500: 6493: 6489: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6445: 6443: 6442:U.S. elections 6439: 6438: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6355: 6347: 6342: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6142: 6141: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5988: 5987: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5601: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5239: 5235: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5198:Lyman Trumbull 5195: 5190: 5188:Charles Sumner 5185: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5024: 5023: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4922:Andrew Johnson 4919: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4899: 4895: 4894: 4887: 4886: 4879: 4872: 4864: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4838: 4837: 4830: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4748: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4732: 4724: 4715: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4686: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4654:Chicago statue 4651: 4646: 4641: 4634: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4617: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4597:Grant Memorial 4593: 4591: 4582: 4581: 4575: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4494: 4493: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4452: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4423: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4341:"Peace Policy" 4333: 4332: 4331: 4324:Reconstruction 4320: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4267: 4265: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4191: 4190: 4176: 4174: 4172:Foreign policy 4165: 4164: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4101: 4100: 4090: 4085: 4079: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4061: 4060: 4059: 4058: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4005: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3983: 3982: 3975: 3968: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3941: 3929: 3917: 3901: 3874: 3873:External links 3871: 3870: 3869: 3853: 3828: 3808: 3788: 3768: 3749: 3725: 3705: 3685: 3674:Harpers Weekly 3664: 3661: 3660: 3659: 3646: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3626: 3620: 3614:. Nabu Press. 3611:The Gilded Age 3605: 3599: 3584: 3573: 3556: 3550: 3535: 3529: 3514: 3508: 3493: 3487: 3474: 3463: 3452: 3441: 3435: 3418: 3412: 3395: 3384: 3378: 3360: 3354: 3339: 3324: 3314: 3308: 3283: 3277: 3259: 3253: 3238: 3232: 3215: 3209: 3194: 3188: 3171: 3168: 3163:Main article: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3154: 3145: 3139:Nevins (1957) 3129: 3120: 3111: 3099: 3087: 3075: 3049: 3047:, p. 597. 3037: 3035:, p. 585. 3025: 2994: 2979: 2970: 2961: 2952: 2943: 2929: 2915: 2906: 2897: 2885: 2873: 2864: 2855: 2846: 2837: 2825: 2816: 2807: 2798: 2786: 2774: 2765: 2753: 2741: 2732: 2712: 2698: 2686: 2677: 2665: 2656: 2644: 2635: 2623: 2609: 2600: 2591: 2582: 2573: 2564: 2559:New York Times 2546: 2534: 2529:New York Times 2519: 2510: 2501: 2492: 2479: 2466: 2452: 2439: 2423: 2407: 2394: 2376: 2355: 2353:, p. 648. 2343: 2298: 2280: 2271: 2256: 2254:(2012), p. 593 2244: 2232: 2223: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2199: 2196: 2124: 2121: 2108: 2105: 2095:, part of the 2073: 2070: 2066:James Buchanan 2058:Andrew Jackson 2032:Charles Sumner 2027: 2024: 2023: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2010: 1996: 1986: 1979: 1961: 1951: 1941: 1931: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880:George Robeson 1876: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1859:War Secretary 1857: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1823: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1684: 1681: 1665: 1662: 1636: 1633: 1550: 1547: 1499:Hiester Clymer 1453:Main article: 1450: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1411:Pulitzer Prize 1396:John F. Dillon 1384: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1223:or elsewhere?" 1182: 1179: 1141: 1138: 1102:Bluford Wilson 1054: 1051: 1029: 1026: 1002:cartographical 985: 982: 926:Main article: 923: 920: 885: 882: 874:Bradley Barlow 842:Bradley Barlow 831:Main article: 828: 825: 779: 772: 769: 704:The Providence 663: 656: 655: 649: 642: 641: 640: 636: 635: 634: 633: 625: 622: 620: 617: 585: 582: 525:Charles Sumner 497:administration 488: 487: 485: 484: 477: 470: 462: 459: 458: 446: 442: 441: 440: 439: 431: 430: 429: 424: 416: 415: 414: 409: 400: 397: 396: 392: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 359:Reconstruction 356: 355: 354: 349: 339: 333: 330: 329: 325: 324: 319: 314: 313: 312: 307: 302: 297: 287: 284: 278: 273: 272: 268: 267: 262: 257: 256: 255: 250: 240: 235: 234: 233: 226: 216: 215: 214: 203: 200: 199: 195: 194: 191: 190: 178:a series about 174: 172: 156: 155: 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 131: 127: 126: 120:(aged 63) 114: 110: 109: 103:April 27, 1822 92: 90: 86: 85: 81: 80: 77: 76: 66: 65: 58: 57: 54: 53: 46: 38: 37: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8073: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8029: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8012: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7961:Habeas corpus 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7942: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7901: 7894: 7893: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7850: 7847: 7846: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7829: 7827: 7826:Winslow Homer 7824: 7823: 7821: 7817: 7810: 7809: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7771: 7770: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7758: 7757: 7756:After Slavery 7753: 7750: 7749: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7714: 7713: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7690: 7687: 7686: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7638: 7637: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7616: 7613: 7609: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7580: 7579: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7551: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7542: 7538: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7521:Nez Perce War 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7502: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7429: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7412:Delano affair 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7304:Red River War 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7280: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7268:Comstock laws 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7248: 7246: 7245: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7228:Panic of 1873 7226: 7225: 7223: 7219: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7056: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7039: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7011: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6990: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6947: 6944: 6941: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6897: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6824: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6801: 6799: 6798: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6720:New Departure 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6631: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6538: 6535: 6534: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6440: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6361: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5464:Gubernatorial 5462: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5243: 5240: 5236: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5203:Benjamin Wade 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5126:Carpetbaggers 5124: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5072: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5053:Edwin Stanton 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4880: 4878: 4873: 4871: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4850: 4849: 4840: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4820: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4800:Chapman Grant 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4613:General Grant 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4364: 4361: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4334: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4317:Social policy 4315: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4021:Fort Donelson 4019: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3992: 3988: 3981: 3976: 3974: 3969: 3967: 3962: 3961: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3876: 3859: 3854: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3675: 3671: 3670:"1876 Events" 3667: 3666: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3633: 3623: 3617: 3613: 3612: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3551:0-684-84927-5 3547: 3543: 3542: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3522: 3521: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3494: 3490: 3488:0-7619-3004-3 3484: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3453: 3449: 3448: 3442: 3438: 3436:0-8050-8134-8 3432: 3427: 3426: 3419: 3415: 3413:0-393-32394-3 3409: 3404: 3403: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3368: 3367: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3347: 3346: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3325: 3321: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3291: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3270: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3246: 3245: 3239: 3235: 3233:0-8050-6949-6 3229: 3224: 3223: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3195: 3191: 3189:0-684-84609-8 3185: 3181: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3166: 3149: 3142: 3136: 3134: 3124: 3115: 3108: 3103: 3096: 3091: 3084: 3079: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3046: 3041: 3034: 3029: 3013: 3009: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2990: 2983: 2974: 2965: 2956: 2947: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2910: 2901: 2892: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2868: 2859: 2850: 2841: 2832: 2830: 2820: 2811: 2802: 2793: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2769: 2760: 2758: 2748: 2746: 2736: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2693: 2691: 2681: 2672: 2670: 2660: 2651: 2649: 2639: 2630: 2628: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2604: 2595: 2586: 2577: 2568: 2560: 2553: 2551: 2541: 2539: 2530: 2523: 2514: 2505: 2496: 2489: 2483: 2476: 2470: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2449: 2448:The Gold Ring 2443: 2436: 2435:The Gold Ring 2430: 2428: 2420: 2419:The Gold Ring 2414: 2412: 2404: 2398: 2390: 2383: 2381: 2365: 2359: 2352: 2347: 2339: 2332: 2320: 2312: 2305: 2303: 2296:Woodward 1957 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2275: 2268: 2263: 2261: 2253: 2248: 2241: 2236: 2227: 2218: 2214: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2195: 2191: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2083: 2078: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2050:James Madison 2046: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2007:Alphonso Taft 2004: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1990: 1989:Horace Porter 1987: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1822: 1821: 1816: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1688: 1680: 1678: 1671: 1661: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1642: 1632: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1555: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1503:Victorian age 1500: 1496: 1495:Lyman K. Bass 1492: 1491:Panic of 1873 1488: 1487:New York City 1484: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1461: 1456: 1446: 1437: 1434: 1428: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1404:Hamilton Fish 1401: 1397: 1388: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1286: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1272: 1271: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1236: 1235: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1194:Hamilton Fish 1190: 1188: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1165: 1163: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1130:Horace Porter 1127: 1123: 1119: 1118:John A. Joyce 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1063: 1059: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1025: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1013:Patent Office 1010: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 988:In 1875, the 981: 979: 975: 971: 966: 961: 957: 954: 950: 946: 945: 934: 929: 919: 916: 915: 909: 901: 900: 894: 890: 881: 879: 875: 871: 870:John Creswell 868: 862: 859: 855: 854:United States 851: 850:Pacific coast 843: 839: 834: 824: 821: 817: 813: 808: 804: 803:Horace Porter 800: 799:Thomas Murphy 796: 792: 788: 785:In 1871, the 780:Thomas Murphy 777: 768: 766: 762: 761:Hamilton Fish 757: 752: 747: 745: 739: 737: 733: 727: 724: 718: 716: 712: 707: 705: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 666: 660: 652: 646: 631: 616: 614: 613:Hamilton Fish 610: 606: 602: 597: 595: 591: 581: 579: 574: 570: 566: 561: 556: 554: 550: 545: 541: 537: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 483: 478: 476: 471: 469: 464: 463: 461: 460: 450: 438: 435: 434: 432: 428: 425: 423: 420: 419: 417: 413: 410: 408: 405: 404: 402: 401: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 353: 350: 348: 345: 344: 343: 342:Inaugurations 340: 338: 335: 334: 323: 320: 318: 315: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 292: 291: 288: 285: 283: 280: 279: 276: 266: 263: 261: 258: 254: 251: 249: 246: 245: 244: 241: 239: 236: 232: 231: 227: 225: 222: 221: 220: 217: 213: 210: 209: 208: 205: 204: 197: 196: 187: 173: 170: 166: 165: 162: 161: 153: 150: 147: 143: 139: 135: 132: 130:Resting place 128: 124: 116:July 23, 1885 115: 111: 107: 91: 87: 82: 78: 72: 67: 64: 59: 55: 44: 39: 32: 29: 26: 22: 8028: 8001:Whitecapping 7971:Paramilitary 7944:Other topics 7925:Jim Crow era 7890: 7877: 7864: 7851: 7843: 7830: 7806: 7798: 7780: 7767: 7763:Leon Litwack 7754: 7746: 7733: 7710: 7674:John Burgess 7660: 7647: 7634: 7589: 7576: 7568: 7560: 7552: 7462: 7402:Whiskey Ring 7364: 7314:White League 7250: 7242: 7090:Shoffner Act 7036: 7009: 6970: 6853:Pulaski riot 6802: 6795: 6783: 6531: 6523: 6515: 6359: 6351: 5246:Presidential 5208:John Bingham 5146:White League 5131:Ku Klux Klan 4898:Participants 4841: 4832: 4825: 4788:Nellie Grant 4726: 4718: 4636: 4612: 4579:Bibliography 4520:Grant's Tomb 4508:Horsemanship 4476:Boyhood home 4447: 4390:Comstock Act 4185: 4092: 3948: 3936: 3913:the original 3908: 3893:. Retrieved 3889:the original 3884: 3861:. Retrieved 3847:February 24, 3845:. Retrieved 3841:the original 3836: 3822:February 24, 3820:. Retrieved 3816: 3800:. Retrieved 3797:archives.gov 3796: 3780:. Retrieved 3776: 3760:. Retrieved 3756: 3741:. Retrieved 3737:the original 3732: 3717:. Retrieved 3713: 3697:. Retrieved 3693: 3677:. Retrieved 3673: 3654: 3641: 3610: 3589: 3578: 3560: 3540: 3519: 3498: 3478: 3468: 3457: 3446: 3424: 3401: 3389: 3365: 3348:. ABC-Clio. 3344: 3329: 3318: 3289: 3267: 3263:Chernow, Ron 3243: 3221: 3199: 3178: 3159:Bibliography 3148: 3143:, pp 638–639 3140: 3123: 3114: 3107:Chernow 2017 3102: 3095:Chernow 2017 3090: 3078: 3066:. Retrieved 3061: 3052: 3040: 3028: 3018:November 27, 3016:. Retrieved 3011: 2988: 2982: 2973: 2964: 2955: 2946: 2909: 2900: 2867: 2858: 2849: 2840: 2819: 2810: 2801: 2768: 2735: 2680: 2659: 2638: 2603: 2594: 2585: 2576: 2567: 2558: 2528: 2522: 2513: 2504: 2495: 2490:, pp 321–325 2487: 2482: 2477:, pp 171–175 2474: 2469: 2447: 2442: 2434: 2418: 2402: 2397: 2391:. p. 8. 2388: 2367:. Retrieved 2358: 2351:Chernow 2017 2346: 2310: 2278:Kiersey 1992 2274: 2247: 2235: 2226: 2217: 2192: 2183:Whiskey Ring 2172: 2151: 2126: 2117:Jacob D. Cox 2110: 2089:"Boss" Tweed 2086: 2081: 2054:James Monroe 2029: 2016: 2002: 1993:Whiskey Ring 1992: 1983:Whiskey Ring 1982: 1975: 1972:Whiskey Ring 1971: 1968:Black Friday 1967: 1958:Bogus Agents 1957: 1947: 1937: 1928:Black Friday 1927: 1916: 1840:Whiskey Ring 1819: 1781: 1702:Black Friday 1693:Description 1676: 1673: 1650: 1638: 1622: 1612: 1608:Daniel Ammen 1599:Charles Dana 1596: 1592: 1577: 1562: 1519: 1511: 1480: 1476:trading post 1466: 1443: 1433:Whiskey Ring 1429: 1408: 1393: 1376: 1375: 1362: 1361: 1350:insinuations 1344: 1343: 1330: 1329: 1316: 1315: 1303:Whiskey Ring 1297: 1296: 1283: 1282: 1269: 1268: 1247: 1246: 1233: 1232: 1217:Whiskey Ring 1211: 1210: 1191: 1184: 1166: 1159: 1154:Whiskey Ring 1134:Whiskey Ring 1091: 1087: 1078:Myron Colony 1070:Whiskey Ring 1067: 1053:Whiskey Ring 1041: 1031: 1006: 992:, excluding 987: 958: 942: 939: 913: 905: 898: 893:Charles Dana 863: 847: 784: 748: 744:profiteering 740: 728: 719: 708: 703: 685:manipulator 678: 675:Black Friday 672: 598: 587: 560:Whiskey Ring 557: 544:Jacob D. Cox 533: 491: 384:Peace Policy 368: 265:Bibliography 228: 118:(1885-07-23) 70: 28: 7794:Steven Hahn 7643:James Bryce 7202:Amnesty Act 6683:Black Codes 5372:U.S. Senate 5119:Politicians 5041:Waite Court 5036:Chase Court 5031:Taney Court 4913:Presidents 4764:Julia Grant 4503:Galena home 4481:Schoolhouse 4329:Amnesty Act 4056:Court House 4036:Chattanooga 4002:(1869–1877) 3802:January 18, 3762:January 18, 3757:U.S. Senate 3743:January 18, 3714:keirsey.com 3333:. New York 3062:history.com 2989:Smithsonian 2327:|work= 2162:, to honor 2133:publisher, 2113:Carl Schurz 2041:New Orleans 1751:Salary grab 1623:cuttle fish 1593:Cattellism. 1559:(1869–1877) 1543:resignation 1187:White House 994:Yellowstone 884:Salary grab 865:peak under 858:Post Office 820:Carl Schurz 683:Wall Street 609:White House 295:Chattanooga 8035:Categories 7920:Gilded Age 7776:Eric Foner 7480:Cattellism 7377:Red Shirts 6492:Key events 5418:U.S. House 5151:Red Shirts 4808:(grandson) 4802:(grandson) 4796:(grandson) 4790:(daughter) 4607:Grant Park 4554:convention 4539:convention 4471:Birthplace 4466:Early life 4432:World tour 4395:Poland Act 4261:Government 4075:Presidency 4051:Appomattox 3895:January 4, 3863:August 12, 3782:January 2, 3777:Day to Day 3630:Newspapers 3379:9996439895 3118:Twain 1874 3083:Smith 2001 3045:Smith 2001 3033:Smith 2001 2977:Pesca 2005 2730:Rives 2000 2311:Chapter II 2210:References 2147:Gilded Age 2135:Mark Twain 2062:John Tyler 1765:Breach of 1653:exonerated 1621:, "...Our 1604:John Roach 1549:Cattellism 1237:: "Never." 1174:deposition 944:The Nation 816:gratuities 756:First Lady 695:James Fisk 665:James Fisk 549:California 437:convention 427:convention 412:convention 337:Presidency 310:Appomattox 305:Petersburg 260:Depictions 238:Reputation 224:World tour 212:birthplace 149:Republican 140:, New York 99:1822-04-27 7540:Aftermath 7251:Virginius 7187:Modoc War 5238:Elections 5183:Stalwarts 5141:Redeemers 4940:Congress 4684:$ 50 bill 4589:Memorials 4529:Elections 4346:Modoc War 4031:Vicksburg 3719:March 12, 3699:March 11, 3679:March 12, 2329:ignored ( 2319:cite book 2160:Civil War 2155:Civil War 2045:Louisiana 1974:– 1875) ( 1970:– 1869) ( 1784:extortion 1677:Paha Sapa 1660:station. 1588:Jay Cooke 1573:embezzled 1527:impeached 1483:Fort Sill 1306:methods?" 1259:enemies." 1257:St. Louis 1221:St. Louis 1114:Wisconsin 687:Jay Gould 679:Gold Room 651:Jay Gould 290:Vicksburg 286:Campaigns 243:Memorials 138:Manhattan 71:In office 61:18th 8018:Category 7986:Suffrage 6921:Timeline 5136:Scalawag 5114:Freedman 4848:Category 4760:(father) 4754:(mother) 4679:Currency 4559:election 4544:election 4098:Grantism 4093:Scandals 4041:Overland 3569:New York 3565:New York 3300:New York 3296:New York 3265:(2017). 3068:July 28, 2369:April 4, 2198:See also 2036:nepotism 2026:Nepotism 1780:Sanborn 1690:Scandal 1419:perjured 1409:Grant's 1148:Senator 1110:Illinois 1106:Missouri 619:Scandals 601:flattery 529:Grantism 521:Nepotism 495:and his 422:election 407:election 379:Grantism 369:Scandals 300:Overland 253:Memorial 201:Personal 7611:Aspects 7010:Alabama 6676:Address 6499:Prelude 5455:1876–77 5450:1874–75 5445:1872–73 5440:1870–71 5435:1868–69 5430:1866–67 5425:1864–65 5409:1876–77 5404:1874–75 5399:1872–73 5394:1870–71 5389:1868–69 5384:1866–67 5379:1864–65 4263:reforms 4186:Alabama 4110:Cabinet 4105:Pardons 2450:, p. 91 2421:, p. 60 2143:fiction 1995:– 1875) 1646:perjury 1529:by the 1082:Lincoln 914:The Sun 723:croquet 501:cabinet 374:Reforms 7903:Legacy 7895:(2001) 7882:(1939) 7869:(1915) 7856:(1905) 7848:(1902) 7835:(1876) 7819:Memory 7811:(2019) 7803:(2003) 7785:(1988) 7772:(1979) 7759:(1965) 7751:(1947) 7738:(1963) 7715:(1935) 7665:(1929) 7652:(1888) 7639:(1874) 7594:(1903) 7581:(1898) 7573:(1896) 7565:(1883) 7557:(1883) 7549:(1878) 7253:Affair 7012:Claims 6569:(1862) 6548:(1850) 6542:(1848) 6536:(1839) 6528:(1838) 6520:(1792) 5097:Others 4766:(wife) 4744:Family 4571:Legacy 4188:Claims 4026:Shiloh 3663:Online 3618: 3597: 3548: 3527: 3506: 3485: 3433: 3410: 3376: 3352: 3306: 3275: 3251: 3230: 3207: 3186: 2064:, and 1782:moiety 1535:Senate 1124:, the 1112:, and 732:specie 571:, and 352:second 125:, U.S. 108:, U.S. 6336:1876 6274:1875 6202:1874 6145:1873 6058:1872 5991:1871 5924:1870 5857:1869 5775:1868 5723:1867 5661:1866 5604:1865 5542:1864 5470:1863 4784:(son) 4778:(son) 4772:(son) 4728:Grant 4625:grove 4550:1872 4535:1868 4441:Books 3541:Grant 3370:(PDF) 3268:Grant 3170:Books 2437:p. 84 1774:1874 1696:Date 1345:Eaton 1298:Eaton 1248:Eaton 1212:Eaton 433:1880 418:1872 403:1868 347:first 7504:1877 7431:1876 7358:1875 7282:1874 7221:1873 7170:1872 7109:1871 7058:1870 6992:1869 6899:1868 6826:1867 6739:1866 6659:1865 6633:1864 6582:1863 6479:1876 6474:1874 6469:1872 6464:1870 6459:1868 6454:1866 6449:1864 6360:Nov. 6352:Apr. 5331:1876 5297:1872 5278:1868 5254:1864 4615:ship 4491:farm 4459:Life 4160:1876 4155:1875 4150:1874 4145:1873 4140:1872 4135:1871 4130:1870 4125:1869 3997:18th 3897:2010 3865:2024 3849:2010 3824:2010 3804:2010 3784:2010 3764:2010 3745:2010 3721:2010 3701:2010 3681:2010 3616:ISBN 3595:ISBN 3546:ISBN 3525:ISBN 3504:ISBN 3483:ISBN 3431:ISBN 3408:ISBN 3374:ISBN 3350:ISBN 3304:ISBN 3273:ISBN 3249:ISBN 3228:ISBN 3205:ISBN 3184:ISBN 3070:2020 3020:2020 2371:2011 2338:link 2331:help 2082:1870 1905:1876 1886:1876 1867:1876 1848:1876 1833:1875 1811:1875 1792:1874 1759:1872 1744:1872 1729:1872 1710:1869 1497:and 1363:Cook 1317:Cook 1270:Cook 1097:and 897:The 805:and 797:and 531:." 248:Tomb 113:Died 89:Born 51:1870 23:and 6358:CT 6350:CT 5341:RNC 5336:DNC 5307:RNC 5302:DNC 5288:RNC 5283:DNC 5259:DNC 1820:DOJ 1219:at 1042:DOJ 899:Sun 8037:: 6431:WV 6426:VT 6421:SC 6416:RI 6411:NC 6406:MO 6401:MI 6396:ME 6391:MA 6386:LA 6381:KS 6376:IN 6371:IL 6366:FL 6345:CO 6340:AL 6328:WI 6323:OH 6318:OH 6313:MN 6308:ME 6303:MD 6298:MA 6293:KY 6288:IA 6283:CT 6278:CA 6266:VT 6261:SC 6256:OR 6251:NV 6246:NJ 6241:MO 6236:MI 6231:ME 6226:MA 6221:KS 6216:DE 6211:CT 6206:AL 6194:WI 6189:VA 6184:TX 6179:OH 6174:MS 6169:MN 6164:ME 6159:MA 6154:IA 6149:CT 6137:WV 6132:VT 6127:SC 6122:RI 6117:PA 6112:NC 6107:MO 6102:MI 6097:ME 6092:MA 6087:LA 6082:IN 6077:IL 6072:FL 6067:CT 6062:AL 6050:WI 6045:RI 6040:OH 6035:NJ 6030:MN 6025:ME 6020:MD 6015:MA 6010:KY 6005:IA 6000:CT 5995:CA 5983:WV 5978:VT 5973:SC 5968:RI 5963:OR 5958:MO 5953:MI 5948:ME 5943:MA 5938:DE 5933:CT 5928:AL 5916:WI 5911:VT 5906:VA 5901:RI 5896:PA 5891:OH 5886:MS 5881:MN 5876:ME 5871:MA 5866:IA 5861:CT 5849:WV 5844:VT 5839:SC 5834:NJ 5829:NC 5824:MO 5819:MI 5814:ME 5809:MA 5804:LA 5799:IN 5794:IL 5789:FL 5784:CT 5779:AL 5767:WI 5762:VT 5757:OH 5752:MN 5747:ME 5742:MD 5737:MA 5732:CT 5727:CA 5715:WV 5710:VT 5705:TX 5700:PA 5695:OR 5690:NC 5685:MI 5680:ME 5675:MA 5670:DE 5665:CT 5653:WI 5648:VT 5643:SC 5638:OH 5633:NJ 5628:MN 5623:MA 5618:LA 5613:FL 5608:CT 5596:WV 5591:VT 5586:NH 5581:MO 5576:MI 5571:MA 5566:MD 5561:LA 5556:IN 5551:IL 5546:CT 5534:WV 5529:WI 5524:VT 5519:VA 5514:PA 5509:OH 5504:NH 5499:MN 5494:MA 5489:KY 5484:CT 5479:CA 5474:AL 4979:45 4974:44 4969:43 4964:42 4959:41 4954:40 4949:39 4944:38 3947:. 3935:. 3907:. 3883:. 3835:. 3815:. 3795:. 3775:. 3755:. 3731:. 3712:. 3692:. 3672:. 3653:. 3640:. 3567:, 3298:, 3294:. 3132:^ 3060:. 3010:. 2997:^ 2932:^ 2918:^ 2888:^ 2876:^ 2828:^ 2789:^ 2777:^ 2756:^ 2744:^ 2715:^ 2701:^ 2689:^ 2668:^ 2647:^ 2626:^ 2612:^ 2549:^ 2537:^ 2455:^ 2426:^ 2410:^ 2379:^ 2323:: 2321:}} 2317:{{ 2301:^ 2283:^ 2259:^ 2190:. 2068:. 2060:, 2056:, 2052:, 2043:, 2009:.) 1108:, 754:a 567:, 49:c. 4883:e 4876:t 4869:v 3979:e 3972:t 3965:v 3927:. 3899:. 3867:. 3851:. 3826:. 3806:. 3786:. 3766:. 3747:. 3723:. 3703:. 3683:. 3624:. 3603:. 3554:. 3533:. 3512:. 3491:. 3439:. 3416:. 3382:. 3358:. 3337:. 3312:. 3281:. 3257:. 3236:. 3213:. 3192:. 3072:. 3022:. 2561:. 2373:. 2340:) 2333:) 2313:. 2269:. 1040:( 481:e 474:t 467:v 101:) 97:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Scandals of the Ulysses S. Grant administration

Index