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332:. In 1903 a school for the blind was opened on the premises, including dormitories, classrooms and vocational workshops. The orphanage also operated its own printing press and bindery; flour mill and bakery; laundry and clothing-repair service; carpentry; pottery factory; tree and plant nursery; and brick and tile factory. Located on high ground and surrounded by a high stone wall, the orphanage's distinctive onion-dome tower, multistory buildings, and decorative facades exuded the power and influence of European Christians in Jerusalem in the mid-19th century.
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Charter during the
Armenian Genocide and its goal was to deliver humanitarian assistance to the refugees and orphans of the Near East, regardless of race or religion, although the majority of the victims and refugees were of ethnic Armenian origin. During and in the aftermath of the Armenian Genocide of 1915-1923, it is estimated that 1.5 million Armenians were systematically massacred by the Ottoman and later by modern Turkish governments.
987:, was started in Lebanon in 1948 by Elias al-Haddad and 12 Schneller students, and was established in its present location in 1952 by Hermann Schneller, a grandson of Johann Ludwig Schneller. Like the Schneller Orphanage in Jerusalem, it provides academic and vocational training for impoverished local children. Today the school is owned and operated by the
598:) in order to develop an agricultural school and land for settlement for his students and graduates. In 1906 another 890 acres (3,600 dunam) was added to the original parcel. Although the agricultural school did not materialise, the grain, fruits and vegetables produced by the farm supplemented the orphanage diet during the food shortages of World War I.
700:... the locksmith-shop was remodeled and changed location within the complex five times between the period of 1861 and 1930 (1861, 1867, 1900, 1908, 1930). The bakery changed place and was modernized six times and â in a similar way â most of the functions and uses of the rooms changed during the seventy years of the institutionâs existence.
422:, with the intention of living among and missionising to the local Arab population, and drew up plans for the construction of a home for his family. The house was constructed from 1855 to 1856. After Schneller and his family took occupancy, the house was attacked several times by Arab robbers from the village of
635:
Like other
European Christian institutions built in Jerusalem in the 1800s, the Schneller Orphanage was situated on high ground and was surrounded by a high stone wall, with an iron gate that was locked at night. The property exuded the power and influence of European Christians in Jerusalem with its
468:
with the intention of rescuing battle-orphaned children. He was rebuffed by the local community, which did not trust foreign
Protestant missionaries, but managed to bring back nine orphaned boys to Jerusalem in October 1860. He decided to open an orphanage for them in his home, and by the end of 1861
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to construct a total of eight buildings, which were constructed in stages and completed in the early 20th century. The year of completion and the name of the German city in which the donors for that building lived were engraved on each building façade. One of the buildings, called âthe Red Houseâ or
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books, and German-language newspapers. It also operated a flour mill and bakery that produced 35,000 loaves of bread a year, a laundry and clothing-repair service, a carpentry, a pottery factory that produced all the clay utensils used in the orphanage, and a tree and plant nursery. At the beginning
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houses: and the
Schneller Orphanage complex. These complexes were all built by foreigners, with funds from abroad, as semi-autonomous compounds encompassed by walls and with gates that were closed at night. Their appearance was European, and they stood out against the Middle-Eastern-style buildings
759:
In 1910, the jubilee year of the orphanage's founding, a fire destroyed the third floor and wooden roof of the main building, and damaged the second floor where the church was housed. Ludwig
Schneller, a son of the founder who was the administrator at the time, managed to collect over 200,000 marks
506:
Schneller was determined to give orphaned and abandoned Arab children a complete education, including teaching them a trade. To that end, he employed both academic and vocational teachers, primarily from
Germany. The latter led professional workshops in tailoring, shoemaking, engraving, carpentry,
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The beginning of construction outside the
Jerusalem Old City in the mid-19th century was linked to the changing relations between the Ottoman government and the European powers. After the Crimean War, various rights and privileges were extended to non-Muslims who now enjoyed greater tolerance and
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The orphanage was under the direction of the Near East Relief
Committee for over a year when the first issue of the "Jerusalem News" appeared on December 9, 1919. It was printed by the orphans of the Syrian Orphanage and in the English language. Near East Relief was established by a United States
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in the mailbox attached to the outside wall; the subsequent explosion collapsed part of the wall and injured five Arabs in the vicinity. On 12 March 1947, the Irgun penetrated the camp itself in a pre-dawn operation and detonated explosives in one of the buildings to protest the imposition of
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During World War I, the compound was used by the
Ottoman army and its allies as a barracks. From 1921 to 1927, Theodor Schneller resumed management of the orphanage, overseeing the modernization of the property with electrical and sewage installations, as well as new machinery for the various
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In 1876 the orphanage had an enrollment of 70 students aged 4 to 17. By 1898 enrollment stood at 200 students. By the time of
Schneller's death on 18 October 1896, 1500 students had passed through the orphanage's doors. The actual number of graduates totaled 425 in 1885 and 1169 at the 50th
510:
Children stayed at the orphanage for up to 10 years, graduating at the age of 18. They came from all parts of Palestine as well as Syria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Armenia, Turkey, Russia, Iran, and Germany. They were also of differing religious denominations, including Protestant,
1888:
Jessica Steinberg, "Museum about Jews planned for Jerusalem compound built by Protestant missionary. Left empty for years, landmark 19th Century Schneller orphanage-turned-army HQ, on the edge of Mea Sheâarim, set for $ 50 million restoration", Times of Israel, 2 November
1010:, in 1959 by Hermann Schneller and graduates of the Schneller Orphanage in Jerusalem. Providing academic and vocational training for 265 orphaned and impoverished boys, it is funded by the Schneller Schools Society in Stuttgart and is under the auspices of the
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more security of life and property. All of this directly influenced the expansion of Jerusalem beyond the city walls. From the mid-1850s to the early 1860s, several new buildings rose outside the walls, among them the mission house of the English consul,
673:, garden and play area. The entire building covers an area of 50,590 square feet (4,700 square meters). At three stories, the main building housed the central dining room, a kitchen, a study hall, a library, a reading room, a small museum, and a Lutheran
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The architectural style of the main building is a combination of Southern German and local Arabic. The tile roof and onion-dome tower mounted on a square base reflects the former, while wide, rounded arches for doors and windows reflect the latter. A
490:) and erected a 3.5 metres (11 ft)-high stone wall around it. Through 1867 Schneller expanded and added new infrastructure, creating a kitchen, dining room, storage cellar, bedrooms and living areas. In 1867 the orphanage began accepting girls.
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When World War II broke out, the British shut down the orphanage and deported its German teachers. The British turned the compound into a closed military camp known as the Schneller Barracks, installing about 50
610:, while his eldest son, Theodor (1856â1935), became manager of the institution. In 1927 Theodor's youngest son, Ernst, took over the management of the institution until its confiscation by the British in 1940.
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Funds for construction and expansion, together with clothing and blankets, were solicited from Protestant communities in Germany and Switzerland. Between 1861 and 1885 Schneller collected a total of 550,000
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In 2015, remains of a Jewish settlement of the late Second Temple period were discovered at the site. In 2016, archaeologists unearthed an ancient Roman bathhouse and a large wine production facility.
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workshops. His son Ernst directed the orphanage from 1927 until its confiscation by the British army in 1940. The orphanage's German funding sources were severely curtailed during the 1930s when the
367:. For the next 60 years the site served as an Israeli army base known as Camp Schneller. The army vacated the premises in 2008. As of 2011, the compound is being developed for luxury housing.
934:. The Jerusalem municipality put together a "preservation and construction plan" for the Schneller compound, calling for the eight historic buildings to be developed for public use by the
883:
In 1951 the Israeli army summoned representatives of the World Lutheran Church to remove religious artifacts from the orphanage church; church representatives removed bells, windows and a
661:). There is also a stone relief of a lamb carrying a flag with a cross on it. Following the visit of Kaiser Wilhelm to Jerusalem in 1898, the orphanage received three bells for its tower.
648:. Engraved on the façade of the main building is the verse "Jesus the Messiah, have compassion upon us!" in German and Arabic, as well as the name of the institution, Syrian Orphanage (
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Building and expansion continued up to World War I, by which time the orphanage occupied 150 acres (600 dunam) of land. The Schneller grounds reached all the way to present-day
720:(Schneller Houses) still stand across the street from the main entrance, as well as three of the original five homes built several yards to the west (near the present corner of
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community nearby. In November 2010, part of the Schneller grounds were designated as a public parking lot by the municipality to ease the parking problems in the neighboring
249:
through its graduates, who spread its philosophies of "orderliness, discipline, and German language" throughout the region. The Syrian Orphanage was born out of South German
426:, forcing them to retreat to the safety of the Old City. At the end of the decade, after the Turks had erected outposts and dispatched armed guards on horseback to patrol
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toward the establishment of a school for the blind at the orphanage. It opened in 1903 with space for 40 to 50 children, plus workshops to teach the blind
1128:"The Metamorphosis of a Pietistic Missionary and Educational Institution into a Social Services Enterprise: The case of the Syrian Orphanage (1860â1945)"
756:
By 1903 the educational facility had grown to eight buildings and included the orphanage, the school for the blind, and vocational workshops for youth.
1820:"Intellectual networks, language and knowledge under colonialism: the work of Stephan Stephan, Elias Haddad and Tawfiq Canaan in Palestine, 1909-1948"
1011:
1319:
1579:
Let My People Go: The trials and tribulations of the people of Israel, and the heroes who helped in their independence from British colonization
1887:
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of the 20th century, a large brick and tile factory was erected on the premises, which produced one million bricks and 250,000 tiles annually.
1910:
689:âthe model house,â was built entirely from materials produced on the orphanage grounds, including bricks, floor tiles and wrought-iron work.
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noticed the chest and asked for it to be opened, exposing the altar. The Lutherans negotiated for it to be moved to the Lutheran church at
1920:
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approved plans for the development of 218 luxury apartments on the property while preserving the eight historic orphanage buildings.
1838:
The Impact of Early German Missionary Enterprise in Palestine on Modernization and Environmental and Technological Change, 1820-1914
971:
The philosophy and mission of the Schneller Orphanage continued after World War II in two successor schools in the Middle East.
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Johann Ludwig Schneller also purchased land in the vicinity of the orphanage and constructed houses for workers. Two of these
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on Jerusalem. One British soldier was killed and eight injured in the blasts; martial law was lifted four days later.
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In the mid-19th century, English and German Protestant missions were operating in the Old City of Jerusalem. In 1854
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and Sarei Yisrael Streets). A plaque on each home bears the name of the German city of its donors. The cities are:
771:. The orphanage's holdings were gradually reduced to 17.5 acres with the sale of land to the new neighborhoods of
760:
in donations from Germany and rebuilt the entire structure. The upper story of the building was rebuilt in stone.
531:. Most of the teachers employed during the orphanage's first 50 years were German, with some Armenians and Arabs.
1630:
Spielman, Sarah. "Merom Yerushalayim at Schneller's: From estate to military camp ... to estate once more".
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and huts. The camp housed the largest ammunition stockpile in the Middle East, as well as grain storehouses. The
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241:. As a philanthropic institution offering academic and vocational training to hundreds of orphaned and abandoned
1858:
Jerusalem and Its Environs: Quarters, Neighborhoods, Villages, 1800-1948 (Israel Studies in Historical Geography
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arena for the soldiers. In October 2009, on a tour of the facility after the army had vacated the grounds, the
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together with his wife Magdalene BĂśhringer and six other members of the BrĂźdergemeinde of Saint Chrischona,
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1018:, established nearby in 1968, is often called the "Schneller camp" because of its proximity to this school.
414:, in order to manage the German Protestant mission. On 11 October 1855 Schneller bought from the people of
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523:, and Maronite. Notwithstanding the ethnic diversity of the student body, the language of instruction was
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extends from the onion dome. The H-shaped main building has two interior courtyards which held a water
395:
20:
1842:
Christian Witness Between Continuity and New Beginnings: Modern Historical Missions in the Middle East
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434:, which lay near the Schneller compound), Schneller and his family were able to return to their home.
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Continuous building and land acquisitions increased the size of the orphanage grounds to nearly 150
230:
887:, but left the heavy marble altar encased in a wooden chest. The church was then converted into a
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For most of its existence, the orphanage was in a continual state of expansion and modernization.
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a parcel of land outside their village, approximately 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) northwest of
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The orphanage provided both academic and vocational training to orphaned boys and girls from
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commercial district. One hundred parking spaces were made available for up to three hours.
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children, it also exerted a strong influence on the Arab population of Jerusalem and the
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stockpile in the Middle East. On March 17, 1948, the British abandoned the camp and the
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During the 60 years of occupancy by the Israeli army, the base was served by an army
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This article is about the Jerusalem orphanage and military base. For other uses, see
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In 1889 Schneller gave over the operation of the orphanage to a consortium based in
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View of the onion-dome tower and other buildings of the Schneller Orphanage from
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One of the orphanage buildings, behind a high stone wall and protective fencing
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1232:"Ancient Roman bathhouse and winery found under former army base in Jerusalem"
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1935 funeral service for Theodor Schneller in the orphanage's Lutheran church.
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and an army clinic; at one point, it also served as headquarters for the
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Besides classes and vocational workshops, the orphanage operated its own
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1186:
Chinkis, Binyamin. "A Peek Behind the Gates of the Schneller Compound".
1038:
Jerusalem and Its Environs: Quarters, Neighborhoods, Villages, 1800-1948
963:, a training area for urban combat police, and municipal waste storage.
872:. For the next 60 years, the compound served as a training base for the
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16:
German Protestant orphanage that operated in Jerusalem from 1860 to 1940
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One of the Schneller Houses, bearing the German city name of MĂźnchen (
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Close-up of epigram in German and Arabic on the main building's façade
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767:, where Schneller planted forests on land that eventually housed the
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482:). Over the next four years Schneller expanded his property to 13.6
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on two occasions. On 27 June 1939, the paramilitary group placed a
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metalworking, pottery, painting, printing, farming, and gardening.
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had enrolled 41 boys in what became known as the Syrian Orphanage (
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deported the German teachers and turned the compound into a closed
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253:, which combined Biblicism, idealism, and religious individualism.
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A City Reflected in its Times: New Jerusalem â The Beginnings
1604:"Symposium: Schneller â A living heritage in the Middle East"
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government of Germany banned citizens from sending funds abroad.
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Under the direction of the Near East Relief Committee (1919-1920)
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In 1901 a German noble bequeathed his entire fortune of 700,000
1041:. Wayne State University Press. pp. 74, table on p.82â86.
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Johann Ludwig Schneller brought in skilled Arab laborers from
1813:] (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi Publications.
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1527:"A Local Institution Thrives on Alumni, Community Gratitude"
1844:, eds. Martin Tamcke and Michael Martin. Lit Verlag, 2008.
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It was one of the first structures to be built outside the
1262:(in German). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon
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Literatures, Languages and Cultures PhD Thesis Collection
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On 17 March 1948, the British abandoned the camp and the
1733:. American Friends of the Episcopal Diocese of Jerusalem
1443:"Lutheran church altar found at ruin of J'lem army camp"
817:
90th Battalion occupied the barracks in the late 1940s.
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In 1889 Schneller acquired 1,235 acres (5,000 dunam) in
343:) by World War I. At the beginning of World War II, the
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In 2008 the army base relocated to the Ofrit base near
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As of 2012, parts of the complex are being used for a
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in one of the halls of the main building, including a
1659:"Former IDF base falls prey to neglect and vandalism"
740:, Petersberg, and Erpfingen, Schneller's birthplace.
1487:"Jerusalem: Architecture in the late Ottoman Period"
1028:
501:
1058:, in what came to be known as Abraham's Vineyard (
897:Evangelical German Lutheran Church of the Redeemer
430:(the route between Jerusalem and the port city of
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538:
1897:
820:The British camp was targeted for attack by the
602:Administration after J. W. Schneller (1889-1940)
292:, graduating students skilled in such trades as
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845:Schneller Orphanage after occupation by Palmach
903:, where it was inaugurated in November 2010.
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1609:. Evangelisch in Jerusalem. 28 November 2010
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1855:Kark, Ruth; Nordheim, Michael Oren (2001).
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1002:, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northwest of
914:, bookcase, and a balcony door set with 12
550:, the school for the blind, erected in 1903
363:used it as a base of operations during the
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1035:Kark, Ruth; Oren-Nordheim, Michal (2001).
239:expansion of Jerusalem in the 19th century
1883:Scheller School: Memoirs of Yousef Mourad
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438:Schneller's Syrian Orphanage (est. 1860)
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379:J. L. Schneller's family house (1854-60)
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1687:"About Johann Ludwig Schneller Schule"
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1192:Israel News, 2 July 2009, pp. A22âA23.
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535:anniversary of the orphanage in 1910.
1807:ע×ר ×ר×× ×Ş×§×פ×: ×ר×׊××× ××××Š× ×ר×׊×ת×
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989:National Evangelical Church of Beirut
582:where it produced its own textbooks,
1911:1860 establishments in Ottoman Syria
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1582:. iUniverse, Inc. pp. 181â183.
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1836:; Denecke, Dietrich; Goren, Haim. "
1405:New Near East (March 1920), pp. 15.
1320:"A Guide to Buildings in Jerusalem"
1125:
640:, and decorative façade, including
402:missionary, came to Jerusalem from
13:
1552:
1317:
1251:
868:used it as a home base during the
14:
1937:
1921:Installations of the British Army
1876:
1525:Shepp, Jonah (11 December 2011).
1426:Kark and Nordheim (2001), p. 133.
1414:Kark and Nordheim (2001), p. 126.
1148:Kark and Nordheim (2001), p. 132.
58:Schneller Orphanage main building
1926:Military installations of Israel
1861:. Wayne State University Press.
1709:"Johann Ludwig Schneller Schule"
1689:. Johann Ludwig Schneller Schule
1634:, 24 November 2011, pp. A16âA17.
1555:"Attack on the Syrian Orphanage"
856:stationed in the orphanage, 1948
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502:Enrollment, staff and curriculum
221:of Jerusalem â the others being
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1230:Schuster, Ruth (2 March 2016).
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1731:"Where We Work – Jordan"
1657:Hasson, Nir (19 August 2012).
1380:Ben-Arieh (1979), pp. 450â451.
1371:Ben-Arieh (1979), pp. 448â449.
1362:Ben-Arieh (1979), pp. 447â448.
1223:
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977:Johann Ludwig Schneller School
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539:The school for the blind, 1901
1:
1805:Ben-Arieh, Yehoshua (1979).
1022:
1012:Episcopal Church in Jerusalem
1441:Hasson, Nir (17 July 2010).
1289:Kark, et al. (2008), p. 162.
569:
345:British mandatory government
237:â and paved the way for the
7:
1829:. University of Eidenburgh.
1466:Kark et al. (2008), p. 166.
1396:Kark et al. (2008), p. 164.
10:
1942:
1798:
1758:. Deutsche Botschaft Amman
1753:"Theodor Schneller School"
1647:, 4 November 2010, p. A15.
1260:"Schneller, Johann Ludwig"
947:Israel Land Administration
396:de:Johann Ludwig Schneller
373:
21:Schneller (disambiguation)
18:
1916:19th century in Jerusalem
1510:Ben-Arieh (1979), p. 450.
1475:Ben-Arieh (1979), p. 449.
1353:Ben-Arieh (1979), p. 447.
1301:Ben-Arieh (1979), p. 102.
1220:Ben-Arieh (1979), p. 448.
1116:Ben-Arieh (1979), p. 451.
1107:Ben-Arieh (1979), p. 104.
901:Augusta Victoria Hospital
464:. Schneller travelled to
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1818:Sarah R. Irving (2017).
1806:
1557:. britains-smallwars.com
996:Theodor Schneller School
636:multistory buildings, a
1906:Orphanages in Jerusalem
1553:Worley, Edward Arthur.
1064:Protestant school built
920:Twelve Tribes of Israel
190:Johann Ludwig Schneller
182:Design and construction
1576:Grunor, Jerry (2005).
1491:Jewish Virtual Library
1258:Sauer, George (1995).
981:Western Beqaa District
918:windows depicting the
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769:Jerusalem Biblical Zoo
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398:(1820â1896), a German
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389:Malkhei Yisrael Street
102:Malkhei Yisrael Street
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874:Israel Defense Forces
870:1948 Arab-Israeli War
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837:Israeli military base
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796:British military camp
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698:
630:
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386:
365:1948 Arab-Israeli war
1778:"Marka Refugee Camp"
1485:Eylon, Lili (2011).
1076:Mishkenot Sha'ananim
979:in Khirbat Qanafar,
815:Royal Army Pay Corps
659:Syrisches Waisenhaus
480:Syrisches Waisenhaus
231:Mishkenot Shaâananim
159:Construction started
45:Syrisches Waisenhaus
1332:on 24 February 2012
1070:on Mount Zion; the
227:Bishop Gobat school
214:from 1860 to 1940.
197:Schneller Orphanage
135:31.7908°N 35.2127°E
131: /
89:Architectural style
76:General information
29:Schneller Orphanage
1325:The Jerusalem Post
1016:Marka refugee camp
878:Home Front Command
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199:, also called the
1126:LĂśffler, Roland.
967:Successor schools
956:girls' school, a
351:with the largest
210:that operated in
205:German Protestant
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235:Russian Compound
201:Syrian Orphanage
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140:31.7908; 35.2127
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71:Syrian Orphanage
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998:was founded in
969:
936:Orthodox Jewish
928:
862:Etzioni Brigade
839:
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722:Malkhei Yisrael
718:Batei Schneller
649:
625:
616:
604:
594:(today Kibbutz
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173:
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1877:External links
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1060:Kerem Avraham
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452:thousands of
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1785:. Retrieved
1772:
1760:. Retrieved
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1725:
1713:. Retrieved
1711:. BibleLands
1703:
1691:. Retrieved
1666:. Retrieved
1662:
1652:
1644:
1639:
1631:
1611:. Retrieved
1598:
1578:
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
1548:
1536:. Retrieved
1532:Jordan Times
1530:
1506:
1494:. Retrieved
1490:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1446:
1410:
1401:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1334:. Retrieved
1330:the original
1323:
1264:. Retrieved
1253:
1241:. Retrieved
1235:
1225:
1187:
1121:
1112:
1068:Samuel Gobat
1052:
1037:
1030:
995:
976:
970:
961:Talmud Torah
951:
945:In 2011 the
944:
932:Mount Scopus
929:
905:
882:
859:
819:
807:
781:
773:Mekor Baruch
762:
758:
755:
744:20th century
717:
715:
699:
691:
679:
663:
634:
623:Architecture
617:
605:
589:
573:
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547:
533:
509:
505:
492:
441:
393:
369:
334:
310:metalworking
255:
216:
200:
196:
195:
187:Architect(s)
92:South German
954:Bais Yaakov
926:Current use
831:martial law
826:letter bomb
811:watchtowers
638:clock tower
548:Blindenheim
412:Switzerland
404:WĂźrttemberg
247:Middle East
167:Inaugurated
138: /
113:Coordinates
1900:Categories
1834:Kark, Ruth
1496:5 December
1066:by Bishop
1056:James Finn
1023:References
889:basketball
885:pipe organ
428:Jaffa Road
424:Beit Sorek
420:Jaffa Gate
353:ammunition
298:shoemaking
233:, and the
126:35°12â˛46âłE
123:31°47â˛27âłN
1668:19 August
912:Torah ark
908:synagogue
732:, Kletz,
730:Stuttgart
694:Ruth Kark
686:Beit Jala
682:Bethlehem
651:âšSee Tfdâş
608:Stuttgart
592:Bir Salem
570:Expansion
472:âšSee Tfdâş
450:massacred
330:gardening
306:carpentry
302:engraving
294:tailoring
258:Palestine
212:Jerusalem
208:orphanage
106:Jerusalem
84:Orphanage
37:âšSee Tfdâş
1613:10 March
1561:10 March
1452:10 March
646:epigrams
564:spinning
517:Catholic
454:Maronite
444:Lebanese
442:In 1860
400:Lutheran
322:printing
318:painting
270:Ethiopia
219:Old City
203:, was a
97:Location
1799:Sources
1787:1 March
1762:1 March
1715:1 March
1693:1 March
1663:Haaretz
1645:Hamodia
1632:Hamodia
1538:1 March
1447:Haaretz
1336:1 March
1266:1 March
1243:9 March
1237:Haaretz
1189:Hamodia
1062:), the
985:Lebanon
895:of the
893:provost
866:Haganah
864:of the
738:Hamburg
671:cistern
642:reliefs
584:Braille
580:bindery
560:weaving
458:Lebanon
374:History
361:Haganah
359:of the
326:farming
314:pottery
290:Germany
274:Armenia
251:Pietism
172: (
1865:
1848:
1840:," in
1737:6 June
1586:
1074:; the
1045:
1014:. The
1008:Jordan
958:Gerrer
765:Romema
734:Munich
710:Munich
675:church
655:German
529:Arabic
525:German
521:Coptic
496:francs
476:German
466:Beirut
408:Riehen
328:, and
288:, and
282:Russia
278:Turkey
225:, the
41:German
1823:(PDF)
1809:[
1782:UNWRA
1756:(PDF)
1607:(PDF)
1131:(PDF)
1004:Amman
1000:Marka
940:Geula
822:Irgun
726:Halle
556:marks
488:dunam
484:acres
462:Syria
447:Druze
432:Jaffa
416:Lifta
341:dunam
339:(600
337:acres
266:Egypt
262:Syria
1889:2020
1863:ISBN
1846:ISBN
1789:2012
1764:2012
1739:2012
1717:2012
1695:2012
1670:2012
1615:2012
1584:ISBN
1563:2012
1540:2012
1498:2011
1454:2012
1338:2012
1268:2012
1245:2016
1043:ISBN
994:The
975:The
785:Nazi
775:and
684:and
578:and
562:and
527:and
486:(55
460:and
286:Iran
243:Arab
174:1856
170:1856
162:1855
154:none
81:Type
100:34
1902::
1825:.
1780:.
1678:^
1661:.
1623:^
1529:.
1515:^
1489:.
1445:.
1431:^
1419:^
1385:^
1346:^
1322:.
1306:^
1294:^
1276:^
1234:.
1197:^
1153:^
1139:^
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1051:.
1006:,
983:,
922:.
880:.
779:.
736:,
728:,
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657::
566:.
519:,
515:,
478::
410:,
324:,
320:,
316:,
312:,
308:,
304:,
300:,
296:,
284:,
280:,
276:,
272:,
268:,
264:,
260:,
229:,
43::
1871:.
1791:.
1766:.
1741:.
1719:.
1697:.
1672:.
1617:.
1592:.
1565:.
1542:.
1500:.
1456:.
1340:.
1270:.
1247:.
991:.
176:)
23:.
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