1103:
782:
3601:
3242:
3254:
917:
3278:
698:
47:
3266:
3294:
3310:
706:
5755:
5188:
3302:
417:
3553:
5743:
3231:. This in turn binds to three triangular borate ions. Units joined end to end form columns running the length of the crystal. Each column binds with two other columns offset one-third and two-thirds of the vertical length of a single unit to form bundles of three columns. Bundles are packed together to form the final crystal structure. Because the neighboring columns are offset, the basic structural unit is not a
3179:
3397:
3524:. California became a large producer of tourmaline in the early 1900s. The Maine deposits tend to produce crystals in raspberry pink-red as well as minty greens. The California deposits are known for bright pinks, as well as bicolors. During the early 1900s, Maine and California were the world's largest producers of gem tourmalines. The
4441:
3365:
Opaque black schorl and yellow tsilaisite are idiochromatic tourmaline species that have high magnetic susceptibilities due to high concentrations of iron and manganese respectively. Most gem-quality tourmalines are of the elbaite species. Elbaite tourmalines are allochromatic, deriving most of their
3616:
has also produced tourmaline colored by copper, similar to the
Brazilian paraiba. The Mozambique paraiba material usually is more intensely colored than the Nigerian and Mozambique Paraiba tourmaline have similar colors to the Brazilian Paraiba, but the prices are relatively cheaper, better clarity
3317:
Tourmaline has a variety of colors. Iron-rich tourmalines are usually black to bluish-black to deep brown, while magnesium-rich varieties are brown to yellow, and lithium-rich tourmalines are almost any color: blue, green, red, yellow, pink, etc. Rarely, it is colorless. Bi-colored and multicolored
3387:
to improve their color. Overly dark red stones can be lightened by careful heat treatment. The pink color in manganese-containing near-colorless to pale pink stones can be greatly increased by irradiation with gamma-rays or electron beams. Irradiation is almost impossible to detect in tourmalines,
3579:
A large bluish-green tourmaline from
Paraiba, measuring 36.44 mm × 33.75 mm × 21.85 mm (1.43 in × 1.33 in × 0.86 in) and weighing 191.87 carats (1.3536 oz; 38.374 g), is the world's largest cut tourmaline. Owned by Billionaire Business
3374:
can be used to identify or separate some types of tourmaline gems from others. For example, blue indicolite tourmaline is the only blue gemstone of any kind that will show a drag response when a neodymium magnet is applied. Any blue tourmaline that is diamagnetic can be identified as paraiba
3369:
Red and pink tourmalines have the lowest magnetic susceptibilities among the elbaites, while tourmalines with bright yellow, green and blue colors are the most magnetic elbaites. Dravite species such as green chromium dravite and brown dravite are diamagnetic. A handheld
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3388:
and does not, currently, affect the value. Heavily included tourmalines, such as rubellite and
Brazilian paraiba, are sometimes clarity-enhanced. A clarity-enhanced tourmaline (especially the paraiba variety) is worth much less than an untreated gem of equal clarity.
3404:
3207:, often forming radial daisy-like patterns. Tourmaline is distinguished by its three-sided prisms; no other common mineral has three sides. Prisms faces often have heavy vertical striations that produce a rounded triangular effect. Tourmaline is rarely perfectly
3432:. Schorl and lithium-rich tourmalines are usually found in granite and granite pegmatite. Magnesium-rich tourmalines, dravites, are generally restricted to schists and marble. Tourmaline is a durable mineral and can be found in minor amounts as grains in
3226:
A crystal of tourmaline is built up of units consisting of a six-member silica ring that binds above to a large cation, such as sodium. The ring binds below to a layer of metal ions and hydroxyls or halogens, which structurally resembles a fragment of
717:, the sodium iron (divalent) endmember of the group. It may account for 95% or more of all tourmaline in nature. The early history of the mineral schorl shows that the name "schorl" was in use prior to 1400 because a village known today as
3568:. The new type of tourmaline, which soon became known as paraiba tourmaline, came in blue and green. Brazilian paraiba tourmaline usually contains abundant inclusions. Much of the paraiba tourmaline from Brazil does not actually come from
3198:
that are usually triangular in cross-section, often with curved striated faces. The style of termination at the ends of crystals is sometimes asymmetrical, called hemimorphism. Small slender prismatic crystals are common in a fine-grained
3624:. Chrome tourmaline is a rich green color due to the presence of chromium atoms in the crystal. Of the standard elbaite colors, blue indicolite gems are typically the most valuable, followed by green verdelite and pink to red rubellite.
3401:
4255:
175:
Most commonly black, but can range from colorless to brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, pink, or hues in-between. It can also be bi-colored, or even tri-colored. Rarely, it can be found as neon green or electric
409:
Strong narrow band at 498 nm, and almost complete absorption of red down to 640 nm in blue and green stones; red and pink stones show lines at 458 and 451 nm, as well as a broad band in the green
960:(F) in tourmaline for the first time. In 1870, he proved that all varieties of tourmaline contain chemically bound water. In 1889, Scharitzer proposed the substitution of (OH) by F in red Li-tourmaline from
3318:
crystals are common, reflecting variations of fluid chemistry during crystallization. Crystals may be green at one end and pink at the other, or green on the outside and pink inside; this type is called
796:, is the sodium magnesium rich tourmaline endmember. Uvite, in comparison, is a calcium magnesium tourmaline. Dravite forms multiple series, with other tourmaline members, including schorl and elbaite.
3576:. Material from Rio Grande do Norte is often somewhat less intense in color, but many fine gems are found there. It was determined that the element copper was important in the coloration of the stone.
3536:
have used pink and green tourmaline as funeral gifts for centuries. The first documented case was in 1890 when
Charles Russel Orcutt found pink tourmaline at what later became the Stewart Mine at
6889:
4227:
7097:
4620:
Henry, Darrell J.; Novák, Milan; Hawthorne, Frank C.; Ertl, Andreas; Dutrow, Barbara L.; Uher, Pavel; Pezzotta, Federico (2011). "Nomenclature of the
Tourmaline-Supergroup Minerals".
3400:
7721:
4386:
8290:
6941:
6916:
3612:. The material was generally paler and less saturated than the Brazilian materials, although the material generally was much less included. A more recent African discovery from
7467:
3038:
8352:
7813:
7574:
7562:
7541:
8305:
8272:
7849:
7401:
6947:
1502:
7133:
4029:
4228:"A zircon-tourmaline-rutile maturity index and the interdependence of the composition of heavy mineral assemblages with the gross composition and texture of sandstones"
7642:
4138:
8254:
8065:
7594:
7458:
1322:
573:
to satisfy a demand for curiosities and gems. Tourmaline was sometimes called the "Ceylonese Magnet" because it could attract and then repel hot ashes due to its
7622:
7610:
7238:
7206:
8060:
8001:
7989:
7120:
3337:
The pink color of tourmalines from many localities is the result of prolonged natural irradiation. During their growth, these tourmaline crystals incorporated
3322:
tourmaline and is prized in jewelry. An excellent example of watermelon tourmaline jewelry is a brooch piece (1969, gold, watermelon tourmaline, diamonds) by
3277:
2722:
2542:
4360:
9186:
7977:
7965:
7877:
7828:
7222:
7144:
3086:
2410:
4666:
7660:
7420:
7165:
2318:
3253:
8370:
8230:
7953:
7634:
7529:
7286:
8911:
8124:
8112:
7389:
7357:
7268:
6936:
6924:
3241:
2366:
2142:
2054:
1458:
8901:
8136:
7902:
7298:
7251:
7157:
7149:
3984:
1550:
549:
8891:
7844:
7665:
4046:
3265:
2818:
1962:
1918:
1782:
1086:. The first crystal structure determination of a Li-rich tourmaline was published in 1972 by Donnay and Barton, performed on a pink elbaite from
8881:
3212:
2098:
3951:
9204:
9022:
8988:
8896:
8886:
4425:
2634:
2590:
2454:
9093:
8923:
4733:
2678:
1414:
4396:
9117:
6796:
1638:
1278:
9042:
8446:
4463:
871:
and
Slovenia. The chemical composition which was given by Tschermak in 1884 for this dravite approximately corresponds to the formula
6963:
4068:
Frank C. Hawthorne and Dona M. Dirlam. "Tourmaline: Tourmaline the
Indicator Mineral: From Atomic Arrangement to Viking Navigation."
1734:
1366:
855:. Tschermak gave this tourmaline the name dravite, for the Drava river area, which is the district along the Drava River (in German:
580:
Tourmalines were used by chemists in the 19th century to polarize light by shining rays onto a cut and polished surface of the gem.
9340:
9191:
8345:
3528:
of China loved pink tourmaline and bought large quantities for gemstones and carvings from the then new
Himalaya Mine, located in
3520:
Some fine gems and specimen material have been produced in the United States, with the first discoveries in 1822, in the state of
733:, black tourmaline was found. The first description of schorl with the name "schürl" and its occurrence (various tin mines in the
9196:
1257:
9289:
9263:
9243:
3990:
6845:
952:, was one of the first localities where colored and colorless Li-tourmalines were extensively chemically analysed. In 1850,
9391:
6039:
1102:
673:
3832:
Fundamentals of
Piezoelectric Sensorics: Mechanical, Dielectric, and Thermodynamical Properties of Piezoelectric Materials
3808:
5793:
5224:
4689:
4435:
3533:
4303:
4278:
4122:
3840:
3688:
953:
477:
3215:, in western Australia. The deposit was discovered in the 1970s, but is now exhausted. All hemimorphic crystals are
8468:
8387:
7747:
4726:
4350:
3680:
3357:
environment, gradual formation of Mn ions occurs, which is responsible for the deepening of the pink to red color.
1115:
6789:
4663:
4139:"Simply Brilliant – An Exceptional Collection of Fine Jewelry with Outstanding Stones and Crystals | GeoRarities"
4083:
3704:
9166:
3733:
3162:
The IMA commission on new mineral names published a list of approved symbols for each mineral species in 2021.
804:
741:(1504–1565) in 1562 under the title "Sarepta oder Bergpostill". Up to about 1600, additional names used in the
231:
8808:
3803:
3366:
color and magnetic susceptibility from schorl (which imparts iron) and tsilaisite (which imparts manganese).
269:
264:
6818:
3556:
Watermelon
Tourmaline mineral on quartz matrix (crystal approximately 2 cm (0.79 in) wide at face)
8098:
7336:
6835:
5746:
5715:
4197:
3235:: The actual unit cell of this structure includes portions of several units belonging to adjacent columns.
1087:
9330:
9386:
9361:
9238:
8783:
7945:
7517:
7509:
7476:
7083:
6979:
4719:
976:
for lithium-, sodium-, and aluminum-rich tourmaline from Elba Island, Italy, with the simplified formula
31:
3617:
and larger sizes. In recent years the pricing of these beautiful gemstones has increased significantly.
9401:
8556:
8141:
7861:
7069:
7055:
7045:
6782:
9381:
8868:
8537:
8504:
6989:
6871:
6250:
5730:
3633:
9396:
8519:
8337:
6086:
5908:
5725:
3948:
3722:. This website details specifically and clearly how the complicated chemical formula is structured.
3600:
570:
187:
132:
725:, Germany) was then named "Schorl" (or minor variants of this name), and the village had a nearby
9366:
6717:
5810:
5786:
5217:
4525:
3918:
3830:
781:
404:
117:
6091:
4545:
4243:
9376:
7889:
7494:
7436:
4355:
3753:
3560:
Almost every color of tourmaline can be found in Brazil, especially in the Brazilian states of
3437:
3326:(British, b. Italy, 1921–2007), in the collection of Kimberly Klosterman and on display at the
941:
666:
17:
4505:
3159:
Mineral species that were named before the IMA was founded in 1958 do not have an IMA number.
995:. Most likely the type material for elbaite was found at Fonte del Prete, San Piero in Campo,
8794:
8405:
8153:
6617:
5354:
4040:
3620:
Another highly valuable variety is chrome tourmaline, a rare type of dravite tourmaline from
3327:
221:
208:
4455:
3866:
9258:
8210:
8165:
7381:
7352:
7347:
6454:
6111:
4629:
4005:
3762:
3525:
816:
4680:
4411:""Paraiba Tourmaline"-type Copper-bearing Tourmaline from Brazil, Nigeria, and Mozambique"
4410:
8:
8663:
8055:
7586:
7373:
6997:
6449:
5142:
3856:
3573:
1004:
381:
254:
244:
214:
4633:
4159:
4009:
3766:
9371:
8916:
8177:
7894:
7005:
6813:
5858:
5838:
5779:
5653:
5210:
4645:
4497:Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse
4021:
3986:
3780:
2010:
996:
969:
840:
738:
198:
3375:
tourmaline colored by copper in contrast to magnetic blue tourmaline colored by iron.
3182:
Tri-chromatic elbaite crystals on quartz, Himalaya Mine, San Diego Co., California, US
9174:
8765:
8622:
8428:
8325:
8218:
8201:
8193:
8034:
8022:
7936:
7931:
7735:
7681:
7448:
7303:
7259:
7015:
6881:
6805:
6305:
5888:
5288:
5146:
4930:
4799:
4776:
4431:
4299:
4274:
4247:
4118:
3836:
3784:
3727:
3684:
3346:
1111:
916:
604:
500:
4649:
4025:
902:
Dravite varieties include the deep green chromium dravite and the vanadium dravite.
9320:
9027:
8743:
8677:
8604:
8242:
8103:
8013:
7919:
7453:
7365:
7331:
7185:
6911:
6215:
6044:
5998:
5918:
5720:
5376:
5359:
5136:
4983:
4890:
4637:
4585:
4391:
4239:
4214:
Gemstone Enhancement: Heat, Irradiation, Impregnation, Dyeing, and Other Treatments
4013:
3770:
3541:
3537:
3529:
3421:
3371:
3216:
1874:
539:
504:
489:
430:
319:
280:
273:
69:
5311:
4565:
3860:
9008:
8838:
8729:
8692:
8482:
8417:
8086:
8074:
8046:
7869:
7805:
7797:
7771:
7689:
7557:
7315:
7281:
7197:
7173:
7128:
6310:
6245:
6056:
6029:
5759:
5608:
5283:
5192:
5156:
5086:
4693:
4670:
4489:
4201:
3955:
3532:, California. It is not clear when the first tourmaline was found in California.
3220:
1110:
The tourmaline mineral group is chemically one of the most complicated groups of
844:
745:
were "Schurel", "Schörle", and "Schurl". Beginning in the 18th century, the name
742:
697:
634:
574:
190:
3283:
Structure of a tourmaline crystal viewed looking along the c axis of the crystal
588:
Commonly encountered species and varieties of tourmaline include the following:
9325:
8589:
8410:
7673:
7655:
7650:
7029:
6663:
6607:
6595:
6524:
6168:
6106:
5616:
5453:
5152:
4875:
4870:
4753:
4490:"Investigations on Olenite with Excess Boron from the Koralpe, Styria, Austria"
3798:
3384:
1232:
1213:
1167:
965:
348:−0.018 to −0.040; typically about −0.020 but in dark stones it may reach −0.040
127:
80:
5883:
4901:
4705:
4686:
4586:"Origin of Color in Cuprian Elbaite from São José de Batalha, Paraíba, Brazil"
4546:"About the Nomenclature and the Type Locality of Elbaite: A Historical Review"
3293:
3143:
Named 'liddicoatite' in 1976; renamed to fluor-liddicoatite by the IMA in 2011
929:
847:. Today this tourmaline locality (type locality for dravite) at Dobrova (near
9355:
8998:
8948:
8714:
8652:
7910:
7788:
7780:
7763:
6738:
6668:
6627:
6295:
6049:
6034:
5983:
5648:
5076:
5046:
5021:
4948:
4809:
4794:
4251:
3989:, Andreas Ertl, Barbara L. Dutrow, Pavel Uher, and Federico Pezzotta (2011).
3309:
3187:
896:
734:
705:
492:
343:
311:
181:
139:
62:
5559:
5293:
3383:
Some tourmaline gems, especially pink to red colored stones, are altered by
9315:
9253:
8823:
8637:
8574:
8391:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6705:
6658:
6488:
6434:
6220:
6101:
6061:
5953:
5694:
5680:
5676:
5663:
5563:
5514:
5259:
5026:
4991:
4953:
4699:
3561:
3350:
3323:
3194:
crystal system. It occurs as long, slender to thick prismatic and columnar
394:
5172:
3297:
Two dark-green rectangular tourmaline stones and one oval tourmaline stone
9156:
9061:
8876:
6711:
6700:
6590:
6429:
6379:
6374:
6290:
6132:
6008:
5958:
5833:
5828:
5520:
5431:
5331:
5071:
5056:
5001:
4968:
4938:
4895:
4834:
4824:
4789:
4641:
4017:
3497:
3301:
3259:
View of single unit of tourmaline structure along the axis of the crystal
2770:
2274:
2186:
812:
730:
486:
391:
353:
154:
3775:
3748:
3552:
9151:
9137:
9127:
9083:
8993:
8938:
8928:
8400:
6479:
6354:
6267:
6225:
6127:
6076:
6013:
5988:
5863:
5668:
5642:
5400:
5162:
5104:
5094:
5041:
5011:
4973:
4943:
4911:
4860:
4844:
4269:
Dana, James Dwight; Klien, Cornelis; Hurlbut, Cornelius Searle (1977).
3708:
3613:
3477:
3473:
3319:
3271:
View along a axis of three columns of tourmaline units forming a bundle
3165:
A revised nomenclature for the tourmaline group was published in 2011.
3152:
Named 'ferridravite' in 1979; renamed to povondraite by the IMA in 1990
2950:
2862:
1091:
808:
416:
146:
6235:
4675:
4072:, October 2011, v. 7, p. (5): 307–312, doi:10.2113/gselements.7.5.307.
3569:
9248:
9098:
9088:
9037:
9032:
8943:
6827:
6680:
6673:
6544:
6539:
6519:
6444:
6369:
6363:
6344:
6240:
6181:
6096:
5993:
5928:
5903:
5893:
5823:
5802:
5671:
5621:
5553:
5548:
5505:
5459:
5439:
5435:
5336:
5321:
5316:
5248:
5166:
5126:
5066:
5051:
5036:
5031:
5016:
5006:
4958:
4906:
4885:
4829:
4766:
4761:
4742:
4711:
3505:
3501:
3441:
3433:
3417:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3232:
1193:
1185:
1177:
1163:
848:
832:
824:
718:
679:
554:
528:
516:
508:
6774:
4319:
Johnson, Paul Willard (Winter 1968–69). "Common Gems of San Diego".
1256:
The 41 minerals in the group (endmember formulas) recognized by the
961:
399:
Pink stones; inert to very weak red to violet in long and short wave
46:
9112:
9047:
8953:
6748:
6722:
6648:
6575:
6514:
6504:
6499:
6459:
6399:
6389:
6349:
6331:
6320:
6315:
6230:
6186:
6071:
6066:
6003:
5943:
5933:
5898:
5873:
5848:
5843:
5690:
5658:
5637:
5583:
5571:
5525:
5500:
5490:
5448:
5410:
5233:
5130:
5099:
5061:
4996:
4963:
4880:
4865:
4784:
3712:
3621:
3581:
3493:
3461:
3354:
3208:
3191:
1830:
1248:
1241:
1209:
1201:
1197:
957:
852:
749:
was mainly used in the German-speaking area. In English, the names
532:
3247:
Oblique view of a single unit of the tourmaline crystal structure.
569:
gem tourmalines were brought to Europe in great quantities by the
9335:
8983:
8968:
8906:
6743:
6653:
6565:
6474:
6439:
6424:
6409:
6394:
6384:
6257:
6191:
6142:
6081:
5938:
5913:
5878:
5684:
5611:
5495:
5422:
5371:
5278:
5268:
5120:
4839:
4745:
3892:
3609:
3485:
3465:
3413:
3200:
3195:
2230:
1686:
1222:
1173:
1155:
1008:
937:
925:
911:
868:
618:
524:
290:
5242:
Gemmological classifications by E. Ya. Kievlenko (1980), updated
4608:(3rd ed.). New York: Sterling Publishing. pp. 126–127.
4427:
Gems and Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World
701:
A single stark green fluorite isolated on top of schorl crystals
7504:
6643:
6549:
6509:
6484:
6419:
6404:
6300:
6285:
6280:
6196:
6147:
6137:
5853:
5818:
5603:
5566:
5443:
5427:
5326:
4191:
3589:
3585:
3481:
3457:
3453:
3429:
3425:
3313:
Tourmaline mineral, approximately 10 cm (3.9 in) tall
3228:
3204:
3178:
2906:
1238:
1159:
933:
899:
content) with the endmember formula of dravite as known today.
828:
722:
647:
566:
520:
4553:
Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft
4533:
Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft
4513:
Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft
4456:"Tourmaline: The gemstone Tourmaline information and pictures"
466:
439:
7489:
6622:
6612:
6602:
6585:
6580:
6570:
6529:
6359:
6339:
6275:
6207:
5948:
5923:
5868:
5543:
5510:
5416:
5406:
5365:
4916:
3608:
In the late 1990s, copper-containing tourmaline was found in
3565:
3521:
3509:
3469:
2994:
1226:
1015:. In 1933 Winchell published an updated formula for elbaite,
1012:
949:
860:
836:
757:
were used in the 18th century. In the 19th century the names
626:
496:
193:, sometimes radiating; massive; scattered grains (in granite)
5771:
5202:
3512:, where some placer material suitable for gem use is found.
3305:
Bi-chromatic tourmaline crystal, 0.8 inches (2 cm) long
1118:(solid solution), and its general formula can be written as
7701:
6494:
6469:
6464:
6414:
6176:
5698:
5632:
5625:
5577:
5273:
4059:
Erratum: American Mineralogist (2013), Volume 98, page 524.
3636:– experimented with the electrical properties of tourmaline
3489:
3334:; they change color when viewed from different directions.
1205:
1189:
1181:
1000:
945:
622:
512:
445:
4176:
4526:"About the Type Locality and the Nomenclature of Dravite"
4444:
from the original on 2018-04-29 – via Google Books.
3829:
Erhart, Jiri; Kittinger, Erwin; Prívratská, Jana (2010).
3828:
726:
451:
4683:
International Colored Gemstone Association on Tourmaline
3949:"Classification of the minerals of the tourmaline group"
4619:
4506:"About the Etymology and the Type Localities of Schorl"
4117:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 303–304.
4702:, crystallographic and mineral information on elbaite
4583:
542:
478:
469:
460:
454:
4584:
Rossman, G. R.; Fritsch, E.; Shigley, J. E. (1991).
4566:"Role of Natural Radiation in Tourmaline Coloration"
4487:
3991:"Nomenclature of the tourmaline-supergroup minerals"
463:
448:
436:
4380:
4378:
4331:
3975:, 2021, v. 85, p. 291–320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43.
3211:. An exception was the fine dravite tourmalines of
920:
Elbaite with quartz and lepidolite on cleavelandite
442:
433:
3971:Warr, L.N. "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols."
9353:
4488:Ertl, A.; Pertlik, F.; Bernhardt, H.-J. (1997).
4375:
4268:
4081:
3452:Gem and specimen tourmaline is mined chiefly in
8401:Hemolithin (extraterrestrial protein)
4417:
4082:Hamburger, Gabrielle E.; Buerger, M.J. (1948).
4563:
4423:
4296:Exploring and Mining Gems and Gold in the West
773:were the English words used for this mineral.
6790:
5787:
5218:
4727:
3919:"Tourmaline Information – Gemstone Education"
3341:and were initially very pale. Due to natural
895:, which is in good agreement (except for the
4481:
4430:. University of Chicago Press. p. 152.
4045:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3934:
3932:
3930:
3928:
1050:, which is commonly used to date written as
831:-rich) tourmaline from village Dobrova near
603:Dravite species (from the Drave district of
4345:
4343:
4244:10.1306/74D70CE5-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D
3904:
3902:
3878:
3876:
1114:. Its composition varies widely because of
6797:
6783:
5794:
5780:
5742:
5225:
5211:
4734:
4720:
4318:
3947:Hawthorne, F.C. & Henry, D.J. (1999).
928:was one of three pegmatitic minerals from
4424:Augustyn, Allison; Grande, Lance (2009).
3925:
3865:. New York: Harper and Brothers. p.
3774:
2498:
1594:
713:The most common species of tourmaline is
9341:Environmentally friendly red light flare
4687:Farlang historical tourmaline references
4603:
4340:
4293:
3899:
3873:
3599:
3551:
3395:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3177:
1101:
915:
780:
704:
696:
583:
415:
370:Brown: definite; dark brown, light brown
4564:Reinitz, I. M.; Rossman, G. R. (1988).
1258:International Mineralogical Association
1097:
367:Green: strong; dark green, yellow-green
14:
9354:
9244:Heteroatom-promoted lateral lithiation
4741:
4395:. Canwest News Service. Archived from
4363:from the original on 26 September 2014
4273:(19th ed.). John Wiley and Sons.
4225:
3855:
3168:
6804:
6778:
5775:
5206:
4715:
4399:on 2013-04-02 – via canada.com.
4112:
3811:from the original on October 16, 2021
3697:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
4543:
4523:
4503:
4384:
3749:"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"
3746:
3173:
621:species (named after the island of
535:comes in a wide variety of colors.
420:Main tourmaline producing countries
373:Blue: strong; dark blue, light blue
24:
4613:
3652:
3604:Paraiba tourmaline from Mozambique
936:, in which the new alkali element
364:Red: definite; dark red, light red
25:
9413:
4696:US localities, antique references
4657:
3580:Enterprises, it was presented in
954:Karl Friedrich August Rammelsberg
5753:
5741:
5186:
4351:"Largest cut Paraiba Tourmaline"
4258:from the original on 2018-01-04.
4035:from the original on 2012-03-26.
3681:Gemological Institute of America
3515:
3444:for highly weathered sediments.
3276:
3264:
3252:
3240:
3186:Tourmaline is a six-member ring
429:
45:
5355:Yellow, Green, Violet Sapphires
4499:. Abt. I (134). Anzeiger: 3–10.
4466:from the original on 2017-10-16
4448:
4403:
4385:King, Mike (October 17, 2009).
4312:
4287:
4262:
4232:Journal of Sedimentary Research
4219:
4206:
4185:
4152:
4131:
4106:
4075:
4062:
4053:
3985:Darrell J. Henry, Milan Novák,
3978:
3965:
3941:
3911:
3572:, but the neighboring state of
3330:. Some forms of tourmaline are
3146:
3137:
940:(Li) was determined in 1818 by
803:was used for the first time by
4226:Hubert, John F. (1962-09-01).
3960:European Journal of Mineralogy
3885:
3849:
3822:
3791:
3740:
785:Black dravite on a grey matrix
610:Dark yellow to brownish-black—
13:
1:
9331:Magnesium–lithium alloys
5801:
5232:
4084:"The structure of tourmaline"
3640:
3447:
3378:
538:The name is derived from the
5747:List of gemstones by species
5716:List of individual gemstones
5377:Precious White and Fire Opal
4182:Reinitz & Rossman, 1988.
3645:
3360:
3039:Vanadio-oxy-chromium-dravite
361:Typically moderate to strong
249:Vitreous, sometimes resinous
7:
9392:Minerals in space group 160
9000:Lithiophilite LiMnPO
4706:Tourmaline History and Lore
4387:"Giant jewel breaks record"
3893:"What is Tourmaline? – GIA"
3627:
729:mine where, in addition to
641:Light blue to bluish-green—
543:
32:Tourmaline (disambiguation)
27:Cyclosilicate mineral group
10:
9418:
4115:Introduction to mineralogy
4113:Nesse, William D. (2000).
3732:: CS1 maint: postscript (
3391:
1503:Chromo-alumino-povondraite
909:
905:
807:(1836–1927), Professor of
776:
672:
560:
29:
9231:
9165:
9100:Spodumene LiAl(SiO
9010:Lithiophosphate Li
8930:Eucryptite LiAlSiO
8867:
8386:
6812:
6731:
6693:
6636:
6558:
6329:
6266:
6205:
6167:
6160:
6120:
6022:
5976:
5969:
5809:
5739:
5731:List of sapphires by size
5708:
5596:
5534:
5481:
5472:
5385:
5345:
5302:
5257:
5247:
5240:
5182:
5113:
5085:
4982:
4929:
4853:
4817:
4808:
4775:
4752:
4664:Tourmaline classification
4604:Schumann, Walter (2006).
4482:General and cited sources
3595:
3547:
692:
548:
403:
390:
380:
352:
342:
318:
307:
299:
289:
279:
263:
253:
243:
230:
220:
207:
197:
180:
171:
166:
153:
144:Ditrigonal pyramidal (3m)
138:
126:
116:
68:
58:
53:
44:
39:
9239:Aluminium–lithium alloys
9129:Triphylite LiFePO
9063:Pezzottaite Cs(Be
5726:List of emeralds by size
4216:, Butterworth Publishers
3288:
1267:Ideal Endmember Formula
823:(published in 1884) for
821:Lehrbuch der Mineralogie
595:Brownish-black to black—
571:Dutch East India Company
186:Parallel and elongated;
8955:Jadarite LiNaSiB
6296:Nickel silver (alpacca)
4700:Webmineral elbaite page
4676:Mindat tourmaline group
4294:Rynerson, Fred (1977).
4164:Encyclopedia Britannica
3862:A Textbook on chemistry
3835:. Springer. p. 4.
3677:GIA Gem Reference Guide
3412:Tourmaline is found in
3408:Video of tourmaline ore
1116:isomorphous replacement
845:Austro-Hungarian Empire
553:), which refers to the
9049:Petalite LiAlSi
8970:Keatite Li(AlSi
8406:Organolithium reagents
4606:Gemstones of the World
4356:Guinness World Records
4194:Magnetism in Gemstones
4160:"Tourmaline | mineral"
3973:Mineralogical Magazine
3754:Mineralogical Magazine
3605:
3592:, on 14 October 2009.
3557:
3488:. It is also mined in
3409:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3183:
1323:Alumino-oxy-rossmanite
1107:
942:Johan August Arfwedson
921:
786:
710:
702:
421:
6637:Other natural objects
5294:Natural marine pearls
4681:ICA's tourmaline page
4622:American Mineralogist
4593:American Mineralogist
4573:American Mineralogist
4088:American Mineralogist
3998:American Mineralogist
3603:
3555:
3440:, and is part of the
3407:
3328:Cincinnati Art Museum
3312:
3304:
3296:
3181:
1218:Z = Mg, Al, Fe, Cr, V
1105:
924:A lithium-tourmaline
919:
784:
709:Schorl, magnified 10×
708:
700:
584:Species and varieties
482:-mə-lin, -leen
419:
9139:Zabuyelite Li
6112:Wire wrapped jewelry
6092:Repoussé and chasing
5413:, pink, yellow-green
4642:10.2138/am.2011.3636
4337:Rossman et al. 1991.
4271:Manual of Mineralogy
4212:Kurt Nassau (1984),
4018:10.2138/am.2011.3636
3857:Draper, John William
3747:Warr, L. N. (2021).
3526:Empress Dowager Cixi
2723:Oxy-vanadium-dravite
2543:Oxy-chromium-dravite
1098:Chemical composition
944:for the first time.
853:Republic of Slovenia
851:), is a part of the
817:University of Vienna
30:For other uses, see
6654:Ebonite (vulcanite)
5760:Minerals portal
5332:Precious Black Opal
5193:Minerals portal
4634:2011AmMin..96..895H
4010:2011AmMin..96..895H
3804:Oxford Dictionaries
3776:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
3767:2021MinM...85..291W
3574:Rio Grande do Norte
3169:Physical properties
3087:Vanadio-oxy-dravite
2411:Magnesio-lucchesite
1260:
1005:Province of Livorno
632:Red or pinkish-red—
314:, uniaxial negative
9387:Manganese minerals
9362:Aluminium minerals
9259:Lithium medication
8917:Fluor-liddicoatite
8833: Vinyllithium
5999:Jewellery designer
5582:Opaque iridescent
5473:Jewelry-Industrial
5419:yellow, blue, pink
4692:2010-04-18 at the
4669:2010-07-17 at the
4200:2013-12-03 at the
3987:Frank C. Hawthorne
3962:, 11, pp. 201–215.
3954:2007-10-16 at the
3606:
3558:
3456:and many parts of
3410:
3315:
3307:
3299:
3184:
2319:Magnesio-dutrowite
2011:Fluor-liddicoatite
1255:
1108:
972:proposed the name
970:Vladimir Vernadsky
922:
787:
739:Johannes Mathesius
711:
703:
686: 'colorless')
665:variety (from
422:
405:Absorption spectra
308:Optical properties
9402:Trigonal minerals
9349:
9348:
6806:Lithium compounds
6772:
6771:
6689:
6688:
6559:Organic gemstones
6156:
6155:
5769:
5768:
5597:Industrial stones
5592:
5591:
5468:
5467:
5200:
5199:
4925:
4924:
4800:Manganoan calcite
4544:Ertl, A. (2008).
4524:Ertl, A. (2007).
4504:Ertl, A. (2006).
4321:Gems and Gemology
3405:
3347:radioactive decay
3174:Crystal structure
3133:
3132:
1112:silicate minerals
1094:, United States.
737:) was written by
565:Brightly colored
414:
413:
312:Double-refractive
83:)(Al,Fe,Li,Mg,Mn)
16:(Redirected from
9409:
9382:Lithium minerals
9321:Lithium Triangle
9232:Other Li-related
9147:
9133:
9108:
9079:
9057:
9028:Manganoneptunite
9018:
9004:
8979:
8964:
8934:
8912:Fluorine Elbaite
8859:
8857:
8856:
8848:
8847:
8834:
8819:
8804:
8790:
8779:
8761:
8739:
8725:
8710:
8688:
8673:
8659:
8648:
8633:
8618:
8600:
8585:
8570:
8552:
8533:
8515:
8500:
8478:
8464:
8442:
8424:
8366:
8301:
8286:
8268:
7824:
7731:
7500:
7416:
7343:
7140:
7116:
7093:
7079:
7065:
7051:
7025:
7011:
6985:
6907:
6877:
6867:
6841:
6821:
6799:
6792:
6785:
6776:
6775:
6216:Britannia silver
6165:
6164:
5974:
5973:
5796:
5789:
5782:
5773:
5772:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5745:
5744:
5721:List of diamonds
5479:
5478:
5255:
5254:
5227:
5220:
5213:
5204:
5203:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5137:Manganese nodule
4891:Manganotantalite
4815:
4814:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4713:
4712:
4653:
4628:(5–6): 895–913.
4609:
4600:
4590:
4580:
4570:
4560:
4550:
4540:
4530:
4520:
4510:
4500:
4494:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4392:Montreal Gazette
4382:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4347:
4338:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4223:
4217:
4210:
4204:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4079:
4073:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4044:
4036:
4034:
4004:(5–6): 895–913.
3995:
3982:
3976:
3969:
3963:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3923:
3922:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3897:
3896:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3778:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3731:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3711:. Archived from
3701:
3695:
3694:
3673:
3542:San Diego County
3538:Pala, California
3534:Native Americans
3530:San Diego County
3406:
3372:neodymium magnet
3280:
3268:
3256:
3244:
3219:, and are often
3153:
3150:
3144:
3141:
2367:Magnesio-foitite
2143:Fluor-tsilaisite
2055:Fluor-rossmanite
1875:Fluor-buergerite
1459:Chromium-dravite
1261:
1254:
1149:
1088:San Diego County
1085:
1049:
994:
894:
805:Gustav Tschermak
794:brown tourmaline
683:
676:
552:
546:
481:
476:
475:
472:
471:
468:
465:
462:
457:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
320:Refractive index
281:Specific gravity
236:
112:
75:
74:(repeating unit)
49:
37:
36:
21:
9417:
9416:
9412:
9411:
9410:
9408:
9407:
9406:
9397:Sodium minerals
9352:
9351:
9350:
9345:
9311:
9307:
9301:
9295:
9285:
9281:
9275:
9269:
9227:
9223:
9219:
9215:
9208:
9200:
9182:
9178:
9161:
9146:
9142:
9138:
9132:
9128:
9107:
9103:
9099:
9078:
9074:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9056:
9052:
9048:
9017:
9013:
9009:
9003:
8999:
8977:
8973:
8969:
8962:
8958:
8954:
8933:
8929:
8902:Darrellhenryite
8863:
8855:
8852:
8851:
8850:
8846:
8843:
8842:
8841:
8839:
8832:
8828:
8824:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8803:
8799:
8795:
8788:
8784:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8766:
8760:
8756:
8752:
8748:
8744:
8738:
8734:
8730:
8723:
8719:
8715:
8709:
8705:
8701:
8697:
8693:
8686:
8682:
8678:
8672:
8668:
8664:
8657:
8653:
8646:
8642:
8638:
8631:
8627:
8623:
8617:
8613:
8609:
8605:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8583:
8579:
8575:
8569:
8565:
8561:
8557:
8550:
8546:
8542:
8538:
8532:
8528:
8524:
8520:
8513:
8509:
8505:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8477:
8473:
8469:
8463:
8459:
8455:
8451:
8447:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8422:
8418:
8382:
8378:
8374:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8346:Neodymium-doped
8341:
8333:
8329:
8321:
8317:
8313:
8309:
8299:
8295:
8291:
8285:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8267:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8250:
8246:
8238:
8234:
8226:
8222:
8214:
8205:
8197:
8189:
8185:
8181:
8173:
8169:
8161:
8157:
8149:
8145:
8132:
8128:
8120:
8116:
8107:
8094:
8090:
8082:
8078:
8069:
8050:
8042:
8038:
8030:
8026:
8017:
8009:
8005:
7997:
7993:
7985:
7981:
7973:
7969:
7961:
7957:
7949:
7940:
7927:
7923:
7914:
7906:
7898:
7885:
7881:
7873:
7865:
7857:
7853:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7822:
7818:
7814:
7809:
7801:
7792:
7784:
7775:
7767:
7759:
7755:
7751:
7743:
7739:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7705:
7697:
7693:
7685:
7677:
7669:
7646:
7638:
7630:
7626:
7618:
7614:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7590:
7582:
7578:
7570:
7566:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7537:
7533:
7525:
7521:
7513:
7499:
7495:
7484:
7480:
7471:
7462:
7444:
7440:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7397:
7393:
7385:
7377:
7369:
7361:
7341:
7337:
7327:
7323:
7319:
7311:
7307:
7294:
7290:
7276:
7272:
7263:
7255:
7246:
7242:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7218:
7214:
7210:
7201:
7193:
7189:
7181:
7177:
7169:
7161:
7153:
7138:
7134:
7124:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7092:
7088:
7084:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7050:
7046:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7010:
7006:
7001:
6993:
6984:
6980:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6942:
6932:
6928:
6920:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6885:
6876:
6872:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6840:
6836:
6831:
6817:
6808:
6803:
6773:
6768:
6727:
6685:
6674:Spondylus shell
6632:
6554:
6325:
6311:Stainless steel
6262:
6246:Sterling silver
6206:Precious metal
6201:
6169:Precious metals
6152:
6116:
6018:
5965:
5805:
5800:
5770:
5765:
5754:
5752:
5735:
5704:
5588:
5530:
5474:
5464:
5381:
5341:
5298:
5243:
5236:
5231:
5201:
5196:
5187:
5185:
5178:
5109:
5081:
4978:
4921:
4849:
4804:
4771:
4748:
4740:
4694:Wayback Machine
4671:Wayback Machine
4660:
4616:
4614:Further reading
4588:
4568:
4548:
4528:
4508:
4492:
4484:
4479:
4478:
4469:
4467:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4438:
4422:
4418:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4383:
4376:
4366:
4364:
4349:
4348:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4317:
4313:
4306:
4298:. Naturegraph.
4292:
4288:
4281:
4267:
4263:
4224:
4220:
4211:
4207:
4202:Wayback Machine
4190:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4168:
4166:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4144:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4125:
4111:
4107:
4097:
4095:
4094:(9–10): 532–540
4080:
4076:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4038:
4037:
4032:
3993:
3983:
3979:
3970:
3966:
3956:Wayback Machine
3946:
3942:
3937:
3926:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3900:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3874:
3854:
3850:
3843:
3827:
3823:
3814:
3812:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3745:
3741:
3725:
3724:
3718:
3716:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3675:
3674:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3634:Benjamin Wilson
3630:
3598:
3550:
3518:
3450:
3396:
3394:
3381:
3363:
3291:
3284:
3281:
3272:
3269:
3260:
3257:
3248:
3245:
3176:
3171:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1551:Darrellhenryite
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1100:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
997:Campo nell'Elba
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
914:
908:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
779:
771:iron tourmaline
743:German language
695:
592:Schorl species
586:
563:
479:
459:
432:
428:
376:
337:
331:
329:
234:
145:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
90:
86:
78:
73:
72:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9415:
9405:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9374:
9369:
9367:Cyclosilicates
9364:
9347:
9346:
9344:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9326:Lucifer yellow
9323:
9318:
9313:
9309:
9303:
9297:
9291:
9287:
9283:
9277:
9271:
9265:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9235:
9233:
9229:
9228:
9226:
9225:
9221:
9217:
9213:
9210:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9180:
9176:
9171:
9169:
9163:
9162:
9160:
9159:
9154:
9149:
9144:
9140:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9072:
9068:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9050:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8975:
8971:
8966:
8960:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8920:
8919:
8914:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8892:Cryolithionite
8889:
8884:
8879:
8873:
8871:
8865:
8864:
8862:
8861:
8853:
8844:
8836:
8830:
8826:
8821:
8815:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8797:
8792:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8772:
8768:
8763:
8758:
8754:
8750:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8732:
8727:
8721:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8703:
8699:
8695:
8690:
8684:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8666:
8661:
8655:
8650:
8644:
8640:
8635:
8629:
8625:
8620:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8602:
8596:
8592:
8587:
8581:
8577:
8572:
8567:
8563:
8559:
8554:
8548:
8544:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8526:
8522:
8517:
8511:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8457:
8453:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8435:
8431:
8426:
8420:
8415:
8414:
8413:
8411:Gilman reagent
8403:
8397:
8395:
8384:
8383:
8381:
8380:
8376:
8372:
8368:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8350:
8349:
8348:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8315:
8311:
8307:
8303:
8297:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8216:
8212:
8208:
8203:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8187:
8183:
8179:
8175:
8171:
8167:
8163:
8159:
8155:
8151:
8147:
8143:
8139:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8118:
8114:
8110:
8105:
8101:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8084:
8080:
8076:
8072:
8067:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8044:
8040:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8024:
8020:
8015:
8011:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7979:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7963:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7938:
7934:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7912:
7908:
7904:
7900:
7896:
7892:
7887:
7883:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7820:
7816:
7811:
7807:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7790:
7786:
7782:
7778:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7733:
7728:
7724:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7584:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7560:
7555:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7469:
7465:
7460:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7412:
7408:
7404:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7325:
7321:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7261:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7244:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7142:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7022:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6939:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6829:
6824:
6822:
6810:
6809:
6802:
6801:
6794:
6787:
6779:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6735:Related topics
6732:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6709:
6703:
6697:
6695:
6691:
6690:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6677:
6676:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6640:
6638:
6634:
6633:
6631:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6593:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6562:
6560:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6336:
6334:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6272:
6270:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6260:
6255:
6254:
6253:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6212:
6210:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6173:
6171:
6162:
6158:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6124:
6122:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6107:Wire sculpture
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6053:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6032:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5980:
5978:
5971:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5815:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5799:
5798:
5791:
5784:
5776:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5712:
5710:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5688:
5674:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5640:
5635:
5629:
5619:
5617:Petrified wood
5614:
5606:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5586:
5580:
5574:
5569:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5540:
5538:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5487:
5485:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5425:
5420:
5414:
5404:
5403:, polychromous
5398:
5391:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5362:
5357:
5351:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5308:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5265:
5263:
5252:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5230:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5207:
5198:
5197:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5170:
5160:
5153:Zincobotryogen
5150:
5140:
5134:
5124:
5123:(borosilicate)
5117:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5091:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4988:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4935:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4898:(calvonigrite)
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4876:Ferrotantalite
4873:
4871:Ferrocolumbite
4868:
4863:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4821:
4819:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4781:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4758:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4739:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4703:
4697:
4684:
4678:
4673:
4659:
4658:External links
4656:
4655:
4654:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4601:
4581:
4561:
4541:
4521:
4501:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4447:
4437:978-0226305110
4436:
4416:
4402:
4374:
4339:
4330:
4311:
4304:
4286:
4279:
4261:
4218:
4205:
4184:
4175:
4151:
4130:
4123:
4105:
4074:
4061:
4052:
3977:
3964:
3940:
3924:
3910:
3898:
3884:
3872:
3848:
3841:
3821:
3790:
3761:(3): 291–320.
3739:
3696:
3689:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3629:
3626:
3597:
3594:
3549:
3546:
3517:
3514:
3504:as well as in
3449:
3446:
3424:rocks such as
3393:
3390:
3385:heat treatment
3380:
3377:
3362:
3359:
3345:exposure from
3290:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3239:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3155:
3154:
3145:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2819:Princivalleite
2815:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1235:
1229:
1219:
1216:
1170:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1099:
1096:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
991:
987:
983:
979:
966:Czech Republic
910:Main article:
907:
904:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
819:, in his book
795:
792:, also called
791:
778:
775:
716:
694:
691:
690:
689:
688:
687:
664:
659:
657:
652:
645:variety (from
644:
639:
637:
616:
615:
614:
613:
601:
600:
599:
598:
585:
582:
562:
559:
412:
411:
407:
401:
400:
397:
388:
387:
384:
378:
377:
375:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
358:
356:
350:
349:
346:
340:
339:
335:
327:
322:
316:
315:
309:
305:
304:
301:
297:
296:
293:
287:
286:
285:3.06+0.20–0.06
283:
277:
276:
267:
261:
260:
257:
251:
250:
247:
241:
240:
237:
228:
227:
224:
218:
217:
213:Uneven, small
211:
205:
204:
201:
195:
194:
184:
178:
177:
173:
169:
168:
167:Identification
164:
163:
157:
151:
150:
142:
136:
135:
130:
128:Crystal system
124:
123:
120:
114:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
88:
84:
76:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9414:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9377:Iron minerals
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9359:
9357:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9306:
9300:
9294:
9288:
9286:
9280:
9274:
9268:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9236:
9234:
9230:
9211:
9209:
9203:
9201:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9173:
9172:
9170:
9168:
9164:
9158:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9136:
9134:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9060:
9058:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9007:
9005:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8967:
8965:
8952:
8950:
8949:Hsianghualite
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8909:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8874:
8872:
8870:
8866:
8860:
8837:
8835:
8822:
8820:
8807:
8805:
8793:
8791:
8782:
8780:
8764:
8762:
8742:
8740:
8728:
8726:
8713:
8711:
8691:
8689:
8676:
8674:
8662:
8660:
8651:
8649:
8636:
8634:
8621:
8619:
8603:
8601:
8588:
8586:
8573:
8571:
8555:
8553:
8536:
8534:
8518:
8516:
8503:
8501:
8481:
8479:
8467:
8465:
8445:
8443:
8427:
8425:
8416:
8412:
8409:
8408:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8389:
8385:
8379:
8369:
8367:
8351:
8347:
8344:
8343:
8342:
8336:
8334:
8324:
8322:
8304:
8302:
8289:
8287:
8271:
8269:
8253:
8251:
8241:
8239:
8229:
8227:
8217:
8215:
8209:
8207:
8200:
8198:
8192:
8190:
8176:
8174:
8164:
8162:
8152:
8150:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8123:
8121:
8111:
8109:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8085:
8083:
8073:
8071:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8045:
8043:
8033:
8031:
8021:
8019:
8012:
8010:
8000:
7998:
7988:
7986:
7976:
7974:
7964:
7962:
7952:
7950:
7944:
7942:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7918:
7916:
7909:
7907:
7901:
7899:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7876:
7874:
7868:
7866:
7860:
7858:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7827:
7825:
7812:
7810:
7804:
7802:
7796:
7794:
7787:
7785:
7779:
7777:
7770:
7768:
7762:
7760:
7746:
7744:
7734:
7732:
7720:
7718:
7700:
7698:
7688:
7686:
7680:
7678:
7672:
7670:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7641:
7639:
7633:
7631:
7621:
7619:
7609:
7607:
7593:
7591:
7585:
7583:
7573:
7571:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7540:
7538:
7528:
7526:
7516:
7514:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7475:
7473:
7466:
7464:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7435:
7433:
7419:
7417:
7400:
7398:
7388:
7386:
7380:
7378:
7372:
7370:
7364:
7362:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7314:
7312:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7267:
7265:
7258:
7256:
7250:
7248:
7237:
7235:
7221:
7219:
7205:
7203:
7196:
7194:
7184:
7182:
7172:
7170:
7164:
7162:
7156:
7154:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7119:
7117:
7096:
7094:
7082:
7080:
7068:
7066:
7054:
7052:
7044:
7042:
7028:
7026:
7014:
7012:
7004:
7002:
6996:
6994:
6988:
6986:
6978:
6976:
6962:
6960:
6946:
6944:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6923:
6921:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6888:
6886:
6880:
6878:
6870:
6868:
6844:
6842:
6834:
6832:
6826:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6800:
6795:
6793:
6788:
6786:
6781:
6780:
6777:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6739:Body piercing
6737:
6734:
6733:
6730:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6713:
6710:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6692:
6682:
6679:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6639:
6635:
6629:
6628:Tortoiseshell
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6557:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6490:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6365:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6328:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6269:
6265:
6259:
6256:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6204:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6163:
6159:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6021:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5984:Bench jeweler
5982:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5968:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5797:
5792:
5790:
5785:
5783:
5778:
5777:
5774:
5762:
5761:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5738:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5707:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5689:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5585:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5516:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5477:
5471:
5461:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5408:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5367:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5344:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5312:Pink sapphire
5310:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5284:Blue Sapphire
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5239:
5235:
5228:
5223:
5221:
5216:
5214:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5195:
5194:
5181:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5077:Zircophyllite
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5047:Pyroxferroite
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5022:Glaucochroite
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4949:Lithiophilite
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4795:Rhodochrosite
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4737:
4732:
4730:
4725:
4723:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4618:
4617:
4607:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4587:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4547:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4527:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4507:
4502:
4498:
4491:
4486:
4485:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4443:
4439:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4420:
4412:
4406:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4381:
4379:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4346:
4344:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4315:
4307:
4305:9780911010602
4301:
4297:
4290:
4282:
4280:9780471032885
4276:
4272:
4265:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4188:
4179:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4140:
4134:
4126:
4124:9780195106916
4120:
4116:
4109:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4065:
4056:
4048:
4042:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3968:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3944:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3920:
3914:
3905:
3903:
3894:
3888:
3879:
3877:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3852:
3844:
3842:9783540684275
3838:
3834:
3833:
3825:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3743:
3735:
3729:
3715:on 2005-12-28
3714:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3692:
3690:0-87311-019-6
3686:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3651:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3602:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3554:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3516:United States
3513:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3492:, notably in
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3389:
3386:
3376:
3373:
3367:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3311:
3303:
3295:
3279:
3274:
3267:
3262:
3255:
3250:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3217:piezoelectric
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3188:cyclosilicate
3180:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3149:
3140:
3136:
3128:
3125:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3029:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1966:
1964:
1963:Fluor-elbaite
1961:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1922:
1920:
1919:Fluor-dravite
1917:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1786:
1784:
1783:Ferro-bosiite
1781:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1264:Species Name
1263:
1262:
1259:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1117:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
918:
913:
903:
900:
898:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
833:Unterdrauburg
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
793:
789:
783:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:common schorl
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
735:Ore Mountains
732:
728:
724:
720:
714:
707:
699:
685:
682:
675:
671:
668:
667:Ancient Greek
662:
660:
655:
653:
650:
649:
642:
640:
636:
633:
631:
630:
628:
624:
620:
617:
611:
609:
608:
606:
602:
596:
594:
593:
591:
590:
589:
581:
578:
576:
572:
568:
558:
556:
551:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
493:mineral group
491:
488:
484:
483:
474:
426:
418:
408:
406:
402:
398:
396:
393:
389:
385:
383:
379:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
359:
357:
355:
351:
347:
345:
344:Birefringence
341:
338:= 1.610–1.650
334:
330:= 1.635–1.675
326:
323:
321:
317:
313:
310:
306:
302:
300:Polish luster
298:
294:
292:
288:
284:
282:
278:
275:
271:
268:
266:
262:
258:
256:
252:
248:
246:
242:
238:
233:
229:
225:
223:
219:
216:
212:
210:
206:
202:
200:
196:
192:
189:
185:
183:
182:Crystal habit
179:
174:
170:
165:
161:
158:
156:
152:
148:
143:
141:
140:Crystal class
137:
134:
131:
129:
125:
121:
119:
115:
82:
77:
71:
67:
64:
63:Cyclosilicate
61:
57:
52:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
9316:Lithium soap
9304:
9298:
9292:
9278:
9272:
9266:
9254:Lithium atom
9167:Hypothetical
9122:
8882:Berezanskite
6764:Wearable art
6759:Phaleristics
6754:Metalworking
6659:Gutta-percha
6534:
6435:Lapis lazuli
6221:Colored gold
6102:Stonesetting
5751:
5695:Pyrophyllite
5664:Serpentinite
5645:(green mica)
5535:
5515:Baltic amber
5482:
5394:
5386:
5346:
5303:
5258:
5184:
5027:Jeffersonite
4992:Babingtonite
4954:Natrophilite
4625:
4621:
4605:
4599:: 1479–1484.
4596:
4592:
4576:
4572:
4556:
4552:
4536:
4532:
4516:
4512:
4496:
4468:. Retrieved
4460:minerals.net
4459:
4450:
4426:
4419:
4405:
4397:the original
4390:
4365:. Retrieved
4354:
4333:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4295:
4289:
4270:
4264:
4235:
4231:
4221:
4213:
4208:
4193:
4187:
4178:
4167:. Retrieved
4163:
4154:
4143:. Retrieved
4141:. 2022-01-19
4133:
4114:
4108:
4096:. Retrieved
4091:
4087:
4077:
4069:
4064:
4055:
4041:cite journal
4001:
3997:
3980:
3972:
3967:
3959:
3943:
3913:
3887:
3861:
3851:
3831:
3824:
3813:. Retrieved
3802:
3799:"tourmaline"
3793:
3758:
3752:
3742:
3717:. Retrieved
3713:the original
3705:"Tourmaline"
3699:
3676:
3619:
3607:
3578:
3562:Minas Gerais
3559:
3519:
3460:, including
3451:
3438:conglomerate
3416:and granite
3411:
3382:
3368:
3364:
3336:
3324:Andrew Grima
3316:
3225:
3221:pyroelectric
3213:Yinnietharra
3185:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3148:
3139:
2099:Fluor-schorl
1109:
973:
923:
901:
864:
856:
839:river area,
820:
800:
798:
788:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
712:
680:
677:
670:
646:
587:
579:
577:properties.
575:pyroelectric
564:
537:
424:
423:
395:fluorescence
332:
324:
159:
87:(Al,Cr,Fe,V)
9157:Zinnwaldite
9023:Manandonite
8989:Lavinskyite
8897:Darapiosite
8887:Brannockite
8877:Amblygonite
7202:CH(OH)COOLi
6701:Art jewelry
6525:Tiger's eye
6430:Labradorite
6380:Chrysocolla
6375:Chrysoberyl
6291:Mokume-gane
6268:Base metals
6040:centrifugal
6009:Silversmith
5884:Ferronnière
5834:Belt buckle
5829:Belly chain
5677:Ophicalcite
5558:Colorless,
5521:Chrysoprase
5432:Spessartine
5397:– Verdelite
5289:Alexandrite
5175:(tungstate)
5072:Zakharovite
5057:Spessartine
5002:Brownleeite
4969:Triploidite
4939:Childrenite
4902:Romanèchite
4896:Psilomelane
4835:Manganosite
4825:Hausmannite
4790:Kutnohorite
4192:Kirk Feral
4098:15 February
3938:Ertl, 2008.
3908:Ertl, 2007.
3882:Ertl, 2006.
3498:Afghanistan
3422:metamorphic
2771:Povondraite
2635:Oxy-foitite
2591:Oxy-dravite
2455:Maruyamaite
2275:Lucchesiite
2187:Fluor-uvite
1270:IMA Number
1233:▢ = vacancy
1214:▢ = vacancy
1168:▢ = vacancy
968:. In 1914,
946:Elba Island
827:-rich (and
813:Petrography
731:cassiterite
557:gemstones.
487:crystalline
392:Ultraviolet
354:Pleochroism
270:Translucent
265:Diaphaneity
155:Space group
9356:Categories
9205:(HeO)(LiF)
9152:Zektzerite
9123:Tourmaline
9094:Sogdianite
9084:Rossmanite
8994:Lepidolite
8939:Faizievite
8924:Emeleusite
6535:Tourmaline
6480:Prasiolite
6355:Aventurine
6226:Crown gold
6128:Draw plate
6077:Metal clay
6014:Watchmaker
6004:Lapidarist
5989:Clockmaker
5864:Collar pin
5859:Chatelaine
5681:Serpentine
5669:Aventurine
5643:Listwanite
5434:(malaya),
5401:Indicolite
5395:Tourmaline
5368:(Imperial)
5360:Aquamarine
5163:Wolframite
5105:Rambergite
5095:Alabandite
5042:Piemontite
5012:Chloritoid
4974:Zanazziite
4944:Graftonite
4931:Phosphates
4912:Todorokite
4861:Birnessite
4845:Pyrolusite
4777:Carbonates
4708:at GIA.edu
4579:: 822–825.
4539:: 265–271.
4470:2018-01-04
4169:2021-06-03
4145:2022-01-27
3815:2021-03-19
3719:2005-09-12
3709:Mindat.org
3641:References
3614:Mozambique
3478:Mozambique
3474:Madagascar
3448:Localities
3418:pegmatites
3379:Treatments
3320:watermelon
2951:Tsilaisite
2863:Rossmanite
2679:Oxy-schorl
1415:Celleriite
1092:California
978:(Li,Na)HAl
956:described
809:Mineralogy
661:Colorless—
643:indicolite
501:compounded
425:Tourmaline
382:Dispersion
232:Mohs scale
215:conchoidal
203:Indistinct
147:H-M symbol
118:IMA symbol
79:(Ca,K,Na,
40:Tourmaline
9372:Gemstones
9249:LB buffer
9118:Tiptopite
9089:Saliotite
9038:Neptunite
9033:Nambulite
8944:Hectorite
6814:Inorganic
6681:Toadstone
6618:Operculum
6545:Variscite
6540:Turquoise
6520:Tanzanite
6455:Moonstone
6450:Marcasite
6445:Malachite
6370:Carnelian
6345:Amazonite
6332:gemstones
6306:Pinchbeck
6251:Argentium
6241:Shibuichi
6182:Palladium
6161:Materials
6097:Soldering
6087:Polishing
6062:Engraving
6057:Enameling
6023:Processes
5994:Goldsmith
5929:Tie chain
5904:Neck ring
5894:Lapel pin
5803:Jewellery
5672:quartzite
5624:(Porouse
5622:Cacholong
5584:feldspars
5554:Rhodonite
5549:Amazonite
5536:2nd order
5506:Malachite
5483:1st order
5460:Turquoise
5440:Almandine
5436:Rhodolite
5387:4th order
5347:3rd order
5337:Tanzanite
5322:Tsavorite
5317:Demantoid
5304:2nd order
5260:1st order
5234:Gemstones
5173:Hübnerite
5167:tungstate
5147:sulfosalt
5143:Samsonite
5139:(various)
5127:Geigerite
5067:Tephroite
5052:Rhodonite
5037:Ottrelite
5032:Knebelite
5017:Eudialyte
5007:Calderite
4984:Silicates
4959:Purpurite
4907:Tantalite
4886:Jacobsite
4830:Manganite
4767:Tusionite
4762:Sussexite
4743:Manganese
4252:1527-1404
3785:235729616
3646:Citations
3506:Sri Lanka
3502:Indonesia
3442:ZTR index
3434:sandstone
3361:Magnetism
3353:in their
3343:gamma ray
3233:unit cell
3223:as well.
3190:having a
3126:2012-074
3078:2012-034
3030:2000-030
2986:2011-047
2942:- 1505 -
2898:1996-018
2854:2020-056
2762:1999-050
2714:2011-011
2670:2016-069
2626:2012-004
2582:2011-097
2534:1985-006
2490:2013-123
2446:2019-025
2402:1998-037
2358:2023-015
2310:2015-043
2266:1992-034
2222:- 1930 -
2178:2012-044
2134:2010-067
2090:2023-111
2046:1976-041
2002:2011-071
1954:2009-089
1910:1965-005
1866:1987-057
1822:2022-069
1774:2023-086
1726:- 1913 -
1678:2019-082
1639:Dutrowite
1630:- 1884 -
1586:2012-026
1542:2013-089
1494:1982-055
1450:2019-089
1406:2014-094
1358:2020-008
1314:2012-101
1279:Adachiite
1150:, where:
849:Dravograd
841:Carinthia
825:magnesium
799:The name
719:Zschorlau
656:verdelite
635:rubellite
605:Carinthia
567:Ceylonese
555:carnelian
544:tōramalli
540:Sinhalese
529:potassium
517:magnesium
509:aluminium
495:in which
295:2.82–3.32
162:(no. 160)
100:(Si,Al,B)
9113:Sugilite
9043:Olympite
8869:Minerals
8470:LiN(SiMe
6749:Gemology
6723:Fineness
6714:(purity)
6649:Bog-wood
6596:Precious
6576:Ammolite
6515:Sunstone
6505:Sodalite
6500:Sapphire
6460:Obsidian
6400:Fluorite
6390:Diopside
6350:Amethyst
6330:Mineral
6321:Tungsten
6316:Titanium
6231:Electrum
6187:Platinum
6072:Kazaziye
6067:Filigree
6045:lost-wax
5944:Toe ring
5934:Tie clip
5909:Pectoral
5899:Necklace
5874:Cufflink
5849:Bracelet
5844:Bolo tie
5824:Barrette
5691:Pagodite
5659:Fluorite
5654:Selenite
5638:Obsidian
5572:Hematite
5526:Charoite
5501:Nephrite
5491:Lazurite
5449:Amethyst
5411:Heliodor
5131:arsenate
5100:Hauerite
5087:Sulfides
5062:Sugilite
4997:Braunite
4964:Triplite
4881:Galaxite
4866:Bixbyite
4785:Ankerite
4746:minerals
4690:Archived
4667:Archived
4650:38696645
4559:: 35–44.
4464:Archived
4442:Archived
4367:29 April
4361:Archived
4359:. 2014.
4256:Archived
4198:Archived
4070:Elements
4030:Archived
4026:38696645
3952:Archived
3859:(1861).
3809:Archived
3728:cite web
3683:. 1995.
3628:See also
3622:Tanzania
3582:Montreal
3494:Pakistan
3462:Tanzania
3355:granitic
3332:dichroic
3209:euhedral
3196:crystals
3192:trigonal
1831:Feruvite
1247:W = OH,
1003:Island,
958:fluorine
681:ákhrōmos
663:achroite
550:ටෝරමල්ලි
533:gemstone
507:such as
505:elements
490:silicate
410:spectrum
303:Vitreous
235:hardness
222:Tenacity
209:Fracture
199:Cleavage
188:acicular
133:Trigonal
59:Category
9336:NASICON
8984:Kunzite
8907:Elbaite
8796:LiOC(CH
8390: (
8388:Organic
7135:LiBr·2H
6744:Fashion
6718:Finding
6566:Abalone
6475:Peridot
6440:Larimar
6425:Kyanite
6410:Howlite
6395:Emerald
6385:Diamond
6258:Tumbaga
6236:Shakudō
6192:Rhodium
6143:Mandrel
6082:Plating
6035:Casting
6030:Carving
5939:Tie pin
5914:Pendant
5889:Genital
5879:Earring
5709:Related
5685:Calcite
5631:Marble
5612:granite
5609:Graphic
5576:Common
5496:Jadeite
5454:Citrine
5428:Garnets
5423:Peridot
5372:Elbaite
5364:Orange
5279:Emerald
5269:Diamond
5249:Jewelry
5157:sulfate
5121:Axinite
4840:Nsutite
4754:Borates
4630:Bibcode
4519:: 7–16.
4006:Bibcode
3763:Bibcode
3610:Nigeria
3570:Paraíba
3486:Namibia
3466:Nigeria
3420:and in
3414:granite
3392:Geology
3203:called
3201:granite
3081:Vocdrv
2499:Olenite
2231:Foitite
1735:Ertlite
1687:Elbaite
1595:Dravite
1367:Bosiite
1273:Symbol
1231:B = B,
1106:Elbaite
1072:[Si
1009:Tuscany
938:lithium
926:elbaite
912:Elbaite
906:Elbaite
877:(Al,Mg)
869:Austria
835:in the
815:at the
801:dravite
790:Dravite
777:Dravite
674:άχρωμος
658:variety
638:variety
619:Elbaite
612:dravite
561:History
531:. This
525:lithium
485:) is a
291:Density
239:7.0–7.5
226:Brittle
70:Formula
54:General
9192:LiFHeO
8610:CHLiCH
7862:LiNaNO
7505:FLiNaK
7496:LiFePO
7338:LiCl·H
6837:LiAlCl
6819:(list)
6816:
6708:(mass)
6644:Bezoar
6550:Zircon
6510:Spinel
6485:Quartz
6420:Jasper
6405:Garnet
6301:Pewter
6286:Copper
6281:Bronze
6208:alloys
6197:Silver
6148:Pliers
6138:Hammer
6050:vacuum
5977:People
5970:Making
5954:pocket
5854:Brooch
5819:Anklet
5604:Jasper
5567:quartz
5475:stones
5444:Pyrope
5327:Spinel
5251:stones
4818:Simple
4810:Oxides
4648:
4434:
4327:: 358.
4302:
4277:
4250:
4121:
4024:
3839:
3783:
3687:
3596:Africa
3590:Canada
3586:Quebec
3548:Brazil
3500:, and
3484:, and
3482:Malawi
3458:Africa
3454:Brazil
3430:marble
3426:schist
3229:kaolin
3205:aplite
3129:Vodrv
2907:Schorl
2867:▢(LiAl
2765:Ovdrv
2639:▢(FeAl
2599:Mg)(Al
2585:Ocdrv
2459:K(MgAl
2279:Ca(Fe)
2225:Fluvt
2059:▢(LiAl
2019:,Al)Al
1555:NaLiAl
1545:Capov
1361:Aorsm
1225:, Al,
974:Elbait
962:Sušice
934:Sweden
829:sodium
767:schorl
763:schörl
747:Schörl
723:Saxony
715:schorl
693:Schorl
654:Green—
648:indigo
597:schorl
521:sodium
274:opaque
255:Streak
245:Luster
191:prisms
149:: (3m)
108:(OH,F)
18:Schorl
9214:2/3-x
9187:HLiHe
9067:Li)Al
8521:LiN(C
8423:COOLi
8392:soaps
8194:LiTaO
8056:LiSCN
7870:LiNbO
7643:LiHSO
7635:LiHSO
7587:LiHCO
7510:LiGaH
7490:FLiBe
7437:CsLiB
7382:LiCoO
7374:LiClO
7366:LiClO
7358:LiClO
7348:LiClO
7299:LiCNO
7252:LiCHO
7239:Li(CH
7166:LiBrO
7158:LiBrO
7150:LiBrO
7145:LiBrO
7121:LiBSi
7047:LiAsF
6964:LiB(C
6948:LiB(C
6917:LiAsF
6882:LiAlO
6873:LiAlH
6712:Carat
6706:Carat
6694:Terms
6669:Shell
6623:Pearl
6613:Nacre
6603:Ivory
6591:Black
6586:Coral
6581:Copal
6571:Amber
6530:Topaz
6489:smoky
6360:Beryl
6340:Agate
6276:Brass
6121:Tools
5959:strap
5949:Watch
5924:Tiara
5869:Crown
5839:Bindi
5811:Forms
5560:smoky
5544:Agate
5511:Amber
5458:Blue
5417:Topaz
5407:Beryl
5366:topaz
5114:Other
4917:Umber
4854:Mixed
4646:S2CID
4589:(PDF)
4569:(PDF)
4549:(PDF)
4529:(PDF)
4509:(PDF)
4493:(PDF)
4238:(3).
4033:(PDF)
4022:S2CID
3994:(PDF)
3781:S2CID
3566:Bahia
3522:Maine
3510:India
3470:Kenya
3289:Color
3007:Mg)Si
2995:Uvite
2827:Al)Al
2823:Na(Mn
2810:1979
2717:Osrl
2687:Al)Al
2683:Na(Fe
2673:Ofoi
2629:Odrv
2603:Mg)Si
2595:Na(Al
2467:Mg)Si
2449:Mlcc
2415:Ca(Mg
2405:Mfoi
2375:Al)Al
2361:Mdtw
2323:Na(Mg
2239:Al)Al
2199:Mg)Si
2137:Fsrl
2093:Frsm
2015:Ca(Li
2005:Felb
1967:Na(Li
1957:Fdrv
1839:(MgAl
1825:Fbos
1691:Na(Li
1643:Na(Fe
1589:Dhry
1497:Cdrv
1447:(OH)
1423:Al)Al
1080:](OH)
1052:Na(Li
1013:Italy
950:Italy
867:) in
865:Drave
861:Latin
859:, in
837:Drava
755:shirl
751:shorl
669:
627:Italy
527:, or
503:with
497:boron
386:0.017
259:White
176:blue.
172:Color
9290:LiNi
9264:LiNi
9197:LiHe
8785:LiEt
8749:C(CH
8438:LiNO
8354:LiZr
8338:LiYF
8292:LiVO
8274:LiTi
8211:LiTe
8137:LiSi
8066:LiSO
8061:LiSH
7946:LiPF
7932:LiOH
7854:NaPO
7845:LiNa
7815:LiNO
7806:LiNO
7798:LiNO
7781:LiNH
7723:LiMn
7682:LiIO
7674:LiIO
7666:LiIO
7661:LiIO
7651:LiHe
7599:H(CO
7579:HAsO
7542:LiGe
7353:LiFO
7332:LiCl
7282:LiCN
7260:LiCH
7186:LiCF
7129:LiBr
7007:LiBO
6998:LiBH
6990:LiBF
6981:LiWF
6937:LiAt
6912:LiAs
6891:LiAl
6664:Hair
6495:Ruby
6470:Opal
6465:Onyx
6415:Jade
6177:Gold
6133:File
5919:Ring
5699:Talc
5633:onyx
5626:opal
5578:opal
5564:pink
5562:and
5274:Ruby
4432:ISBN
4369:2018
4300:ISBN
4275:ISBN
4248:ISSN
4119:ISBN
4100:2021
4047:link
3837:ISBN
3734:link
3685:ISBN
3564:and
3508:and
3490:Asia
3436:and
3428:and
3119:(OH)
3071:(OH)
3033:Uvt
3023:(OH)
2999:CaMg
2989:Tsl
2979:(OH)
2955:NaMn
2945:Srl
2935:(OH)
2911:NaFe
2901:Rsm
2891:(OH)
2857:Pva
2847:(OH)
2813:Pov
2803:(OH)
2775:NaFe
2755:(OH)
2707:(OH)
2663:(OH)
2619:(OH)
2575:(OH)
2547:NaCr
2537:Ole
2503:NaAl
2493:Mry
2483:(OH)
2463:)(Al
2439:(OH)
2395:(OH)
2371:▢(Mg
2351:(OH)
2313:Lcc
2303:(OH)
2269:Foi
2259:(OH)
2235:▢(Fe
2215:(OH)
2191:CaMg
2181:Ftl
2171:(OH)
2147:NaMn
2127:(OH)
2103:NaFe
2083:(OH)
2049:Fld
2039:(OH)
1995:(OH)
1947:(OH)
1923:NaMg
1913:Fbu
1879:NaFe
1869:Fer
1859:(OH)
1835:CaFe
1815:(OH)
1787:NaFe
1777:Etl
1767:(OH)
1759:)(BO
1739:NaAl
1729:Elb
1719:(OH)
1681:Dtw
1671:(OH)
1633:Drv
1623:(OH)
1599:NaMg
1579:(OH)
1535:(OH)
1507:NaCr
1487:(OH)
1463:NaMg
1453:Cll
1443:(OH)
1435:)(BO
1419:▢(Mn
1409:Bos
1399:(OH)
1371:NaFe
1351:(OH)
1343:)(BO
1317:Adc
1307:(OH)
1299:)(BO
1283:CaFe
1237:V =
1221:T =
1172:Y =
1154:X =
1136:)(BO
1084:(OH)
1001:Elba
893:(OH)
873:NaMg
857:Drau
811:and
769:and
753:and
721:(in
623:Elba
513:iron
480:TOOR
9220:TiO
8858:COO
8840:LiC
8825:LiC
8818:LiN
8775:LiO
8745:LiO
8731:LiC
8702:LiN
8665:LiC
8647:BLi
8632:CLi
8624:(CH
8566:LiO
8551:PLi
8448:LiC
8375:ZrO
8358:(PO
8314:(PO
8296:·2H
8278:(PO
8247:TiO
8235:TeO
8223:TeO
8170:SiO
8158:SiO
8146:SiF
8129:SeO
8117:SeO
8039:RuO
8027:PtO
7982:HPO
7970:HPO
7903:LiO
7895:LiO
7890:LiO
7882:NbO
7764:LiN
7750:0.9
7740:MoO
7694:IrO
7656:LiI
7623:LiH
7611:LiH
7567:AsO
7563:LiH
7558:LiH
7546:(PO
7534:GeO
7522:GeF
7468:LiF
7454:LiF
7449:LiD
7411:·2H
7407:CrO
7394:CrO
7269:LiC
7223:LiC
7215:ClO
7207:LiC
7111:·5H
7089:ZrF
7075:TiF
7061:SnF
7017:LiB
6929:AsO
6899:(PO
6897:2−x
6893:1+x
6859:(PO
6857:2−x
6849:1+x
6608:Jet
6364:red
5649:Jet
4638:doi
4557:154
4537:153
4517:152
4325:XII
4240:doi
4014:doi
3771:doi
3540:in
3349:of
3111:(BO
3103:)Si
3095:(Al
3091:NaV
3063:(BO
3055:)Si
3047:(Cr
3043:NaV
3027:OH
3015:(BO
3003:(Al
2983:OH
2971:(BO
2939:OH
2927:(BO
2895:OH
2883:(BO
2871:)Al
2839:(BO
2795:(BO
2787:)Si
2779:(Fe
2747:(BO
2739:)Si
2727:NaV
2699:(BO
2655:(BO
2643:)Al
2611:(BO
2567:(BO
2559:)Si
2551:(Mg
2531:OH
2519:(BO
2475:(BO
2431:(BO
2399:OH
2387:(BO
2343:(BO
2331:)Al
2329:0.5
2325:2.5
2295:(BO
2263:OH
2251:(BO
2207:(BO
2195:(Al
2163:(BO
2119:(BO
2075:(BO
2063:)Al
2031:(BO
1987:(BO
1975:)Al
1973:1.5
1971:,Al
1969:1.5
1939:(BO
1895:(BO
1863:OH
1851:(BO
1843:)Si
1807:(BO
1799:)Si
1791:(Al
1747:(Si
1723:OH
1711:(BO
1699:)Al
1697:1.5
1695:,Al
1693:1.5
1663:(BO
1651:)Al
1649:0.5
1645:2.5
1627:OH
1615:(BO
1571:(BO
1527:(BO
1519:)Si
1511:(Al
1491:OH
1479:(BO
1427:(Si
1391:(BO
1383:)Si
1375:(Al
1339:AlO
1335:(Si
1327:▢Al
1311:OH
1295:AlO
1291:(Si
1251:, O
1244:, O
1064:(BO
1060:)Al
1058:1.5
1054:1.5
930:Utö
727:tin
499:is
440:ʊər
272:to
160:R3m
122:Tur
92:(BO
9358::
9302:Co
9296:Mn
9276:Al
9270:Co
9224:He
9218:3x
9216:Li
9212:La
9179:Be
9175:Li
9143:CO
9077:18
9071:Si
9055:10
9014:PO
8963:OH
8854:23
8845:11
8816:18
8789:BH
8757:CH
8755:16
8735:CH
8724:Li
8687:Li
8685:11
8667:10
8658:Li
8654:CH
8645:28
8641:12
8614:CH
8606:CH
8599:Li
8584:Li
8582:13
8564:35
8560:18
8539:(C
8514:Li
8484:Li
8456:NO
8419:CH
8371:Li
8330:WO
8326:Li
8306:Li
8266:12
8260:Ti
8256:Li
8243:Li
8231:Li
8219:Li
8206:Te
8202:Li
8182:Si
8178:Li
8166:Li
8154:Li
8142:Li
8125:Li
8113:Li
8108:Se
8104:Li
8099:Li
8091:SO
8087:Li
8079:SO
8075:Li
8047:Li
8035:Li
8023:Li
8018:Po
8014:Li
8006:PO
8002:Li
7994:PO
7990:Li
7978:Li
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