51:
453:(the processing and interpreting of that input) via the brain-mind correlation, to psychological function. Thus there is not only (or not necessarily) a visual inability to see an aspect of reality but also (or instead) a mental inability to conceive even the possibility of seeing that aspect, due to a cognitive
533:
resists revision despite a person's perfect intellectual awareness and acceptance of the current physical reality (that is, that the amputated limb is gone or that the spared limb is still present). This suggests that aspects of schema in the mind (body schema, world schema) have neurologic bases
534:
that cannot be revised by mere intellectual understanding—at least not quickly. Sacks does explore the topic of how people adapt to phantoms over the years and how positive phantom limbs often gradually foreshorten and sometimes disappear; but some remain for the rest of life.
136:. There is no direct conscious awareness of visual scotomas. They are simply regions of reduced information within the visual field. Rather than recognizing an incomplete image, patients with scotomas report that things "disappear" on them.
516:
and could not completely reconcile reality with schema, prompting great unease. Given how hard this is to comprehend for a person who has not experienced it, people recently experiencing it for the first time consider it both
822:
803:
355:, as it is more difficult to detect by cursory clinical examination than the classical or textbook bitemporal peripheral hemianopia and may even elude sophisticated electronic modes of visual-field assessment.
504:
because it could not conceive that there was any space for the leg to exist in. Sacks and others agreed that the leg thus seemed like someone else's leg, including sometimes a
569:
that are obvious to others. Thus, in philosophy or politics, a person's thoughts or beliefs might be shaped by an inability to appreciate aspects of social interaction or
662:
Fletcher, Donald C.; Schuchard, Ronald A.; Renninger, Laura W. (2012-09-01). "Patient awareness of binocular central scotoma in age-related macular degeneration".
344:
512:
but not the sole explanation. Even for people who intellectually understood that the leg or hand was supposed to be theirs simply could not believe it
1875:
236:
and may be of any shape or size. A scotoma may include and enlarge the normal blind spot. Even a small scotoma that happens to affect central or
1272:
1944:
1870:
725:"The role of axoplasmic transport in the pathogenesis of retinal cotton-wool spots", D. McLeod, J. Marshall, E. M. Kohner, and A. C. Bird,
2425:
166:
A scotoma can be a symptom of damage to any part of the visual system, such as retinal damage from exposure to high-powered lasers,
884:
1892:
1887:
1712:
529:(a positive phantom), which does not produce a neuropsychological scotoma but shares with reverse phantoms the trait that the
1752:
1865:
1860:
1747:
1314:
768:
351:. This type of visual-field defect tends to be obvious to the person experiencing it but often evades early objective
1615:
1475:
144:
738:"Possible Roles of Vertebrate Neuroglia in Potassium Dynamics, Spreading depression, and migraine", Gardner-Medwin,
220:, scotomata may be due to a wide range of disease processes, affecting any part of the visual system, including the
1580:
62:
that is almost spiral-shaped, with distortion of shapes but otherwise melting into the background similarly to the
2155:
1673:
1585:
1575:
1304:
139:
The presence of the blind spot scotoma can be demonstrated subjectively by covering one eye, carefully holding
1668:
1559:
1425:
636:
488:
in such a way that an existing limb seems to its owner like it should not exist, and its presence thus seems
67:
496:, who experienced a reverse phantom leg that later resolved, considered it a form of spatial neglect in the
2066:
1757:
1742:
347:, and later, when the tumor enlarges, the scotomas extend out to the periphery to cause the characteristic
954:
912:
877:
561:
in themselves that are obvious to others. And at the highest abstraction level are what have been called
1882:
1678:
1652:
1610:
1605:
1470:
1343:
1331:
1287:
480:
injuries to the limbs, such as trauma in which a limb's nerves are severed but the limb is spared from
2061:
1949:
1855:
1702:
1547:
1348:
1294:
712:"Bilateral effects of unilateral visual cortex lesions in human", Matthew Rizzo and Donald A. Robin,
1600:
1571:
1195:
1160:
845:
289:
17:
2071:
1825:
1625:
1145:
1138:
607:
2340:
2310:
2245:
2240:
1967:
1245:
1110:
870:
631:
371:
348:
2283:
1959:
641:
367:
305:
122:
59:
1927:
441:. Their concrete connection to the literal sense, however, is by the connection between the
2056:
1642:
1637:
1595:
1410:
1326:
301:
269:
167:
96:
8:
2361:
2235:
2035:
1918:
1910:
1698:
1662:
1647:
1502:
1282:
1062:
826:
626:
469:
152:
114:
63:
1991:
1972:
1722:
1630:
1554:
1507:
1319:
1255:
1240:
1100:
1049:
839:
835:
831:
695:
265:
249:
118:
525:(as Sacks self-reported and found in others). Sacks also explored the regular type of
461:
2315:
2212:
1977:
1837:
1620:
1277:
1183:
764:
687:
679:
612:
558:
352:
273:
245:
140:
103:
74:
699:
248:
part of a visual field may go unnoticed by the bearer because of the normal reduced
2103:
2093:
1939:
1914:
1847:
1813:
1732:
1363:
1353:
1250:
1105:
992:
982:
671:
501:
148:
2170:
2134:
2098:
1717:
1542:
1529:
1463:
1420:
1338:
1150:
1082:
1002:
987:
850:
758:
675:
410:
325:
316:. Less common, but important because they are sometimes reversible or curable by
92:
2400:
2252:
2197:
2040:
1808:
1737:
1519:
1489:
1435:
1389:
1260:
1133:
1067:
1057:
476:. Another type is the phenomenon of reverse or negative phantom limb, in which
446:
442:
378:
309:
277:
232:
and even the visual cortex. A pathological scotoma may involve any part of the
198:
816:
812:
332:
2419:
2320:
2175:
2115:
1832:
1780:
1727:
1657:
1566:
1453:
1430:
1358:
1267:
1072:
977:
683:
588:
454:
359:
261:
99:
79:
862:
2185:
2013:
1394:
1309:
1217:
1095:
1090:
1035:
1030:
691:
526:
522:
493:
382:
363:
340:
293:
233:
160:
2384:
2335:
2278:
2273:
2230:
2208:
2119:
2110:
2030:
2008:
1820:
1792:
1590:
1458:
1299:
1120:
997:
949:
896:
602:
570:
546:
530:
497:
485:
328:, which may compress the optic nerve or interfere with its blood supply.
229:
129:
102:
that is surrounded by a field of normal – or relatively well-preserved –
335:. One important variety of bilateral scotoma may occur when a pituitary
50:
2305:
2268:
2192:
2180:
2124:
2085:
1906:
1796:
1155:
1020:
566:
550:
481:
450:
438:
430:
426:
418:
414:
394:
281:
241:
194:
186:
182:
133:
795:
143:
with the open eye, and placing an object (such as one's thumb) in the
2356:
2330:
2204:
2150:
2138:
2023:
2018:
2003:
1999:
1537:
1235:
1212:
1025:
972:
967:
944:
509:
434:
406:
217:
190:
156:
2395:
2160:
1694:
1497:
1128:
422:
402:
313:
178:
549:
is judged by others to have a gap in perceptive ability. Thus, in
358:
In a pregnant woman, scotomata can present as a symptom of severe
2222:
1707:
1514:
1445:
1415:
1405:
1012:
583:
518:
513:
505:
489:
317:
285:
366:. Similarly, scotomata may develop as a result of the increased
2325:
1227:
1204:
924:
807:
473:
336:
297:
237:
225:
221:
110:
2297:
477:
321:
125:
113:
eye has a scotoma in its field of vision, usually termed its
500:
analogous to hemispatial neglect in that the mind could not
1377:
939:
537:
At a higher level of abstraction are what have been called
661:
181:
in several fields. The common theme of all the figurative
565:, in which a person cannot perceive distortions in their
545:, in which a person's self-perception of his or her own
343:(as distinct from a single optic nerve) and produces a
296:
blockages either in the retina or in the optic nerve,
272:), damage to nerve fiber layer in the retina (seen as
151:
visual field, about 15 degrees from fixation (see the
472:
that is sometimes experienced by people who have had
429:
is of a gap not in visual function but in the mind's
185:
is of a gap not in visual function but in the mind's
27:
Altered region in an otherwise normal field of vision
785:
1926:
1871:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
95:consisting of a partially diminished or entirely
2417:
276:) due to hypertension, toxic substances such as
224:(in particular its most sensitive portion, the
557:can refer to a person's inability to perceive
892:
878:
449:input, to nerve conduction, to the brain, to
132:exit the retina. This location is called the
1945:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
752:
750:
748:
1273:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
932:
885:
871:
508:one, which was part of the reason for the
445:and the mind, via the chain of links from
49:
745:
425:. The common theme of all the figurative
91:is an area of partial alteration in the
397:concerning the visual system, the term
14:
2418:
244:, whereas a large scotoma in the more
2382:
1778:
1181:
910:
866:
756:
742:(1981), 95, pages 111-127 (Figure 4).
211:
1753:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
240:vision will produce a severe visual
1876:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
1713:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
24:
1748:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
377:The scotoma is also caused by the
260:Common causes of scotomas include
25:
2437:
2426:Visual disturbances and blindness
1476:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
781:
457:that lacks any provision for it.
1581:Central retinal artery occlusion
252:in the peripheral visual field.
1586:Branch retinal artery occlusion
1315:Terrien's marginal degeneration
324:such as those arising from the
304:, often associated with aging.
2383:
1616:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
1576:Central retinal vein occlusion
1305:Pellucid marginal degeneration
732:
719:
706:
655:
388:
362:, a form of pregnancy-induced
345:bitemporal paracentral scotoma
117:. This is a location with no
13:
1:
1669:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
1560:Posterior vitreous detachment
1426:Persistent pupillary membrane
729:(1977), 61(3), pages 177–191.
648:
637:Cortical spreading depression
405:in several fields, including
68:cortical spreading depression
2156:Leber's congenital amaurosis
2067:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
1779:
1758:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
1743:Persistent fetal vasculature
1674:Leber's congenital amaurosis
676:10.1097/OPX.0b013e318264cc77
664:Optometry and Vision Science
595:
7:
955:Meibomian gland dysfunction
576:
502:conceive of the leg as self
300:or other brain injury, and
155:article). The size of the
10:
2442:
1679:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
1653:Central serous retinopathy
1471:Focal choroidal excavation
1344:Corneal neovascularization
1161:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
911:
716:(1996), 119, pages 951-96.
466:neuropsychological scotoma
159:scotoma is 5×7 degrees of
2391:
2378:
2349:
2296:
2261:
2221:
2146:
2133:
2084:
2062:Convergence insufficiency
2049:
1990:
1958:
1935:
1905:
1846:
1804:
1791:
1787:
1774:
1703:Primary juvenile glaucoma
1687:
1548:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
1528:
1488:
1444:
1385:
1376:
1226:
1203:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1177:
1119:
1081:
1048:
1011:
963:
923:
919:
906:
897:Diseases of the human eye
789:
255:
73:
57:
48:
40:
35:
1572:Ocular ischemic syndrome
763:, Simon & Schuster,
619:
484:, can affect the mind's
290:nutritional deficiencies
64:physiological blind spot
2072:One and a half syndrome
1826:Foster Kennedy syndrome
608:Horizontal eccentricity
339:begins to compress the
320:, are scotomata due to
197:. The term is from
2311:Argyll Robertson pupil
1111:Periorbital cellulitis
757:Sacks, Oliver (1984),
632:Bitemporal hemianopsia
541:psychological scotomas
381:antibiotics mainly by
372:malignant hypertension
349:bitemporal hemianopsia
331:Rarely, scotomata are
216:Symptom-producing, or
66:, as may be caused by
2284:Scintillating scotoma
1950:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
1893:Toxic and nutritional
1866:posterior (PION)
1349:Kayser–Fleischer ring
642:Scintillating scotoma
563:intellectual scotomas
468:. One example is the
368:intracranial pressure
306:Scintillating scotoma
123:retinal ganglion cell
60:scintillating scotoma
2057:Conjugate gaze palsy
1928:Paralytic strabismus
1861:anterior (AION)
1643:Retinitis pigmentosa
1638:Macular degeneration
1411:Intermediate uveitis
1327:Keratoconjunctivitis
302:macular degeneration
270:retrobulbar neuritis
170:, and brain damage.
168:macular degeneration
2362:Childhood blindness
2341:Parinaud's syndrome
1911:Extraocular muscles
1699:Ocular hypertension
1663:Epiretinal membrane
1648:Retinal haemorrhage
1503:Congenital cataract
627:Binasal hemianopsia
470:hemispatial neglect
393:Beyond its literal
308:is a common visual
119:photoreceptor cells
44:Scotomas, scotomata
1888:Leber's hereditary
1555:Retinal detachment
1508:Childhood cataract
1320:Post-LASIK ectasia
1101:Orbital cellulitis
1050:Lacrimal apparatus
559:personality traits
266:multiple sclerosis
250:optical resolution
212:Signs and symptoms
208: 'darkness'.
2413:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2316:Marcus Gunn pupil
2292:
2291:
2213:Visual impairment
2080:
2079:
1986:
1985:
1973:Fourth-nerve (IV)
1901:
1900:
1838:Optic disc drusen
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1484:
1483:
1372:
1371:
1278:Corneal dystrophy
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1044:
1043:
860:
859:
760:A Leg to Stand On
613:Visual field test
274:cotton wool spots
128:that compose the
85:
84:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2433:
2380:
2379:
2144:
2143:
2135:Vision disorders
2094:Refractive error
2036:Brown's syndrome
1992:Other strabismus
1978:Sixth-nerve (VI)
1968:Oculomotor (III)
1940:Ophthalmoparesis
1933:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1915:Binocular vision
1848:Optic neuropathy
1814:optic papillitis
1802:
1801:
1789:
1788:
1776:
1775:
1665:(Macular pucker)
1383:
1382:
1364:Band keratopathy
1201:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1179:
1178:
1106:Orbital lymphoma
993:Blepharophimosis
983:Blepharochalasis
930:
929:
921:
920:
908:
907:
887:
880:
873:
864:
863:
787:
786:
775:
774:
754:
743:
736:
730:
723:
717:
710:
704:
703:
670:(9): 1395–1398.
659:
543:
542:
464:level, there is
264:disease such as
53:
33:
32:
21:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2405:
2387:
2366:
2345:
2288:
2257:
2217:
2171:Color blindness
2137:
2129:
2076:
2050:Other binocular
2045:
1982:
1954:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1897:
1842:
1795:
1783:
1762:
1718:Ocular hypotony
1683:
1543:Chorioretinitis
1524:
1480:
1464:Chorioretinitis
1440:
1421:Rubeosis iridis
1399:
1368:
1339:Corneal opacity
1295:Corneal ectasia
1222:
1186:
1165:
1151:Pseudopterygium
1115:
1077:
1040:
1007:
1003:Ankyloblepharon
959:
915:
902:
901:
891:
861:
856:
855:
798:
784:
779:
778:
771:
755:
746:
737:
733:
727:Br J Ophthalmol
724:
720:
711:
707:
660:
656:
651:
646:
622:
617:
598:
593:
579:
540:
539:
411:neuropsychology
391:
370:that occurs in
326:pituitary gland
258:
214:
93:field of vision
58:Animation of a
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2439:
2429:
2428:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2401:Onchocerciasis
2398:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2253:Quadrantanopia
2250:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2198:Oguchi disease
2190:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2090:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2041:Duane syndrome
2038:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2011:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1921:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1852:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1809:Optic neuritis
1805:
1799:
1785:
1784:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1738:Phthisis bulbi
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1621:Coats' disease
1618:
1613:
1611:of prematurity
1608:
1603:
1598:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1534:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1520:Ectopia lentis
1517:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1494:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1378:Vascular tunic
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1261:Photokeratitis
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1232:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1198:
1188:
1187:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1134:Conjunctivitis
1131:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1068:Dacryocystitis
1065:
1060:
1058:Dacryoadenitis
1054:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
964:
961:
960:
958:
957:
952:
947:
942:
936:
934:
927:
917:
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790:Classification
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782:External links
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492:. Neurologist
443:nervous system
403:metaphorically
390:
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379:aminoglycoside
278:methyl alcohol
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179:metaphorically
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2321:Adie syndrome
2319:
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2203:
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2176:Achromatopsia
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2136:
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2116:Anisometropia
2114:
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2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
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2020:
2017:
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2012:
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1919:Accommodation
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1833:Optic atrophy
1831:
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1759:
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1736:
1734:
1733:Keratomycosis
1731:
1729:
1728:Globe rupture
1726:
1724:
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1719:
1716:
1714:
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1709:
1706:
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1696:
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1690:
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1677:
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1658:Macular edema
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1567:Retinoschisis
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1454:Choroideremia
1452:
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1449:
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1432:
1431:Iridodialysis
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1388:
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1359:Arcus senilis
1357:
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1354:Haab's striae
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1268:Corneal ulcer
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978:Lagophthalmos
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740:J. Exp. Biol.
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589:Scotomization
587:
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400:
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356:
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315:
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279:
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262:demyelinating
253:
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209:
207:
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196:
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177:is also used
176:
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137:
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127:
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120:
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109:Every normal
107:
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100:visual acuity
98:
94:
90:
81:
80:Ophthalmology
78:
76:
72:
69:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
2211: /
2207: /
2186:Monochromacy
2165:
2118: /
2014:Heterophoria
2002: /
1701: /
1697: /
1601:hypertensive
1574: /
1395:Ciliary body
1310:Keratoglobus
1218:Episcleritis
1096:Enophthalmos
1091:Exophthalmos
1036:Trichomegaly
1031:Distichiasis
933:Inflammation
844:
821:
802:
759:
739:
734:
726:
721:
713:
708:
667:
663:
657:
562:
554:
538:
536:
527:phantom limb
494:Oliver Sacks
465:
460:At the most
459:
398:
392:
383:streptomycin
376:
364:hypertension
357:
341:optic chiasm
330:
259:
234:visual field
218:pathological
215:
205:
202:
174:
172:
165:
161:visual angle
138:
121:, where the
108:
88:
86:
2336:Cycloplegia
2279:Photophobia
2274:Hemeralopia
2231:Hemianopsia
2209:Vision loss
2120:Aniseikonia
2111:Astigmatism
2031:Cyclotropia
2009:Hypertropia
1821:Papilledema
1793:Optic nerve
1626:Sickle cell
1606:Purtscher's
1591:Retinopathy
1459:Choroiditis
1300:Keratoconus
1121:Conjunctiva
998:Xanthelasma
950:Blepharitis
603:Amsler grid
573:structure.
547:personality
531:body schema
514:emotionally
498:body schema
486:body schema
389:Terminology
230:optic nerve
130:optic nerve
97:degenerated
41:Other names
2385:Infections
2306:Anisocoria
2269:Asthenopia
2262:subjective
2246:homonymous
2241:bitemporal
2193:Nyctalopia
2181:Dichromacy
2125:Presbyopia
2086:Refraction
1907:Strabismus
1797:Optic disc
1156:Pinguecula
1021:Trichiasis
649:References
567:world view
551:psychology
506:cadaverous
482:amputation
451:perception
439:world view
431:perception
419:philosophy
415:psychology
282:ethambutol
246:peripheral
242:disability
195:world view
187:perception
153:blind spot
149:horizontal
134:optic disc
115:blind spot
2357:Nystagmus
2331:Mydriasis
2205:Blindness
2151:Amblyopia
2139:Blindness
2099:Hyperopia
2024:Exophoria
2019:Esophoria
2004:Exotropia
2000:Esotropia
1538:Retinitis
1236:Keratitis
1213:Scleritis
1146:Pterygium
1026:Madarosis
973:Ectropion
968:Entropion
945:Chalazion
684:1538-9235
596:Detection
523:ineffable
510:dysphoria
435:cognition
407:neurology
353:diagnosis
333:bilateral
191:cognition
173:The term
157:monocular
111:mammalian
75:Specialty
2420:Category
2396:Trachoma
2161:Diplopia
1856:Ischemic
1781:Pathways
1695:Glaucoma
1596:diabetic
1498:Cataract
1436:Synechia
1288:Meesmann
1256:Exposure
1241:herpetic
1139:allergic
1129:Chemosis
1063:Epiphora
700:34805670
692:22863789
577:See also
462:concrete
423:politics
314:migraine
294:vascular
206:(skótos)
141:fixation
18:Scotomas
2236:binasal
2223:Anopsia
2166:Scotoma
1960:palsies
1723:Red eye
1708:Floater
1515:Aphakia
1446:Choroid
1416:Hyphema
1406:Uveitis
1013:Eyelash
851:D012607
584:Floater
555:scotoma
519:uncanny
490:uncanny
474:strokes
447:sensory
399:scotoma
318:surgery
286:quinine
238:macular
228:), the
175:scotoma
145:lateral
89:scotoma
36:Scotoma
2326:Miosis
2104:Myopia
1883:Kjer's
1631:photic
1530:Retina
1283:Fuchs'
1251:fungal
1228:Cornea
1205:Sclera
988:Ptosis
925:Eyelid
913:Adnexa
840:368.12
836:368.42
832:368.41
767:
698:
690:
682:
455:schema
427:senses
421:, and
337:tumour
322:tumors
298:stroke
256:Causes
226:macula
222:retina
204:σκότος
183:senses
104:vision
2350:Other
2298:Pupil
1688:Other
1332:sicca
1184:Globe
1083:Orbit
817:H53.1
813:H53.4
714:Brain
696:S2CID
620:Types
478:nerve
437:, or
395:sense
201:
199:Greek
193:, or
126:axons
1490:Lens
1390:Iris
940:Stye
846:MeSH
827:9-CM
765:ISBN
688:PMID
680:ISSN
521:and
310:aura
284:and
147:and
823:ICD
804:ICD
672:doi
312:in
2422::
849::
838:,
834:,
830::
815:,
811::
808:10
747:^
694:.
686:.
678:.
668:89
666:.
553:,
433:,
417:,
413:,
409:,
385:.
374:.
292:,
288:,
280:,
189:,
163:.
106:.
87:A
886:e
879:t
872:v
825:-
806:-
796:D
773:.
702:.
674::
268:(
20:)
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