568:
official letter on the subject, which he sent to
Commodore Lucas.— On Sunday the corps were assembled in the Corn-market, for the purpose of delivering up their arms. The members thereof not having had any previous intimation from the Government with respect to its intentions, were much surprised as well as dissatisfied.— A warm press afterwards took place on the River, and several of them were picked up. The consequence of losing their protected status as Fencibles meant these men were liable to be pressed for the navy, unsurprisingly most did their utmost to prevent being seized. The Corps was disbanded in 1813.
145:
498:, First Secretary of the Admiralty, wrote: "But although the conduct of the persons who exerted themselves on this occasion, in saving the lives and property of their fellow creatures is highly meritorious, it has no relation to the service for which they were enrolled, and the precedent, if followed in all other parts where Sea Fencibles are established, would occasion a very heavy expense to the public".
287:
195:, for the defence of the Coast. Over 200 persons chiefly sailors, enrolled themselves for the Service. Britain's Sea Fencibles were duly formed on 14 May 1798 "for the protection of the coast, either on shore or afloat; comprising all fishermen and other persons occupied in the ports, and on the coast, who, from their occupations are to be unpressed." Their tasks were to defend the
1124:
556:. The Greenwich River Fencibles consisted of a commandant, three captains, six lieutenants, 24 masters, 24 mates, and 157 gunners and privates. The Government provide pikes, but nothing else, so the men defrayed their own expenses. The Greenwich River Fencibles sent two officers and 126 men to Copenhagen.
262:
adapted to serve as gunboats. The owners were expected to pay for the fitting of slides, ring and eye bolts for the installation of guns, usually two forward and two aft, and in smaller craft to fit sweeps for use in calms. The
Admiralty provided guns, ammunition and powder, and it required the ship
220:
1 15s a day (equivalent to £178 today), junior captains received £1 10s (equivalent to £153 today), and
Lieutenants 8s 6d (equivalent to £44 today). Petty Officers received 2s 6d (equivalent to £13 today) for each day they assembled, while Ordinary Seamen received 1 shilling and provisions (food and
537:
voluntarily formed associations of River
Fencibles. Officially established in 1803 as "Corps of River Fencibles of the City of London", to be Captain-Commander Mathias Lucas (1761-1848), Esq. Captains - John Drinkeid, Esq. jun., Henry Grey, Esq, Jeffery Smith, Esq., James Betts, Esq, John Clarkson,
516:
On 3 February 1810, off
Newhaven a French privateer lugger took a brig, in response five small boats of Sea Fencibles set off to attempt to recover the brig, outgunned they were unable to do so, however, some were able to board a smack and thereby prevent it being taken also. The same month when it
307:
Sea
Fencibles recruitment was brisk with 23,500 volunteers in the first four years. Officer recruitment also proceeded swiftly, particularly among younger captains who lacked the seniority for an ocean-going command. By 1803, one third of Sea Fencibles captains were men promoted to that rank within
302:
ANY Men willing to enroll themselves as SEA FENCIBLES, to defend the coast against an Enemy, are to apply to Capt. Edge, at
Southwold, who commands from Yarmouth to Harwich; Capt. Baker at Aldborough, or Capt. Rillwick at Lowestoft. They are only required to attend one day in the week, to exercise
152:
Royal Navy captain Sir Home Popham developed the Sea
Fencibles concept while serving as Britain's Agent for Transport in Flanders during the French Revolutionary Wars. In July 1793, Popham went to Ostend to oversee the fleet of Navy transports supplying the British Army. In October a French army of
567:
In
February 1812, the River Fencibles were called out to assist the Impress. About 200 men were pressed. On Saturday 2 May 1812, the Government came to the resolution of dispensing with the services of the River Fencibles; and accordingly ordered them to be disbanded. The Lord Mayor received an
245:
maintenance and use. The
Admiralty commissioned a small number of armed vessels for use in districts where there were insufficient private craft to meet a Sea Fencible company's needs. A member of the Sea Fencibles would spend one day a week training. They were also allowed to choose their own
244:
Sea Fencible volunteers were trained in the use of arms and were required to man watch and signal towers, and fixed and floating batteries along the coasts and ports. Those who operated commercial vessels, for example local fishermen, received up to four cannons per craft and training in their
208:
The Sea Fencibles were divided into 36 companies, with each company responsible for patrolling and defending a section of the coastline. Company command was vested in three Royal Navy captains and up to six Lieutenants per district. The district captains reported in turn to the Director of Sea
156:
In support of the Nieuwpoort garrison, Popham armed and equipped the town's fishing fleet and led it in action against French vessels along the coast. In correspondence with the Admiralty Popham named his impromptu fleet the "Sea Fencibles," drawing an analogy with the land-based Scottish
179:
Popham himself was also impressed with the success of the Sea Fencibles in keeping the coast clear of enemy landing craft. When a French invasion of Britain appeared imminent in 1798, Popham recommended that Admiralty create a similar body to defend the coast between Cornwall and the
249:
at the rate of one per 25 men. All Sea Fencibles received a certificate that exempted them from impressment into the Navy. The Treasury argued that the exemption from impressment was the principal reason smugglers joined as impressment was a common punishment for smuggling.
588:, and the rest sloops. Generally these carried two 18-pounder guns and two 18-pounder carronades. The owners usually provided a crew consisting of four men and a boy, with the plan that Sea Fencibles would augment this cadre when the vessels had to put out to sea.
576:
By Admiralty Order, 20 Sea Fencible units were established and a network of Martello towers constructed to protect the Irish coastline. The number of men and boats per district varied widely and the British had concerns about their reliability, especially given
563:
in 1809. The Greenwich River Fencibles alone sent two officers and 130 men on the Walcheren expedition, two of whom were killed. In all, about 300 Fencibles volunteered to serve at Copenhagen and about the same number served on the Walcheren Expedition.
404:
Sea Fencibles were somewhat more successful. When a small cutter was observed boarding two brigs eight or nine miles from the North Foreland, 40 or 50 Sea Fencibles pushed off in three boats and recaptured the two brigs, the privateer having made off.
308:
the preceding twelve months. Sea Fencibles command also offered the prospect of relatively easy service on full pay. For this reason it also appealed to a group of older captains whose Navy careers were near their natural end. The oldest captain, Sir
428:
took several shot near the water line and sustained extensive damage to her rigging. Still, she suffered only three men wounded, though one desperately. The French vessel sheered off on the approach of two schooners manned with Sea Fencibles from
253:
The Sea Fencibles operated in accordance with letters of marque authorising the capture of French or Spanish merchant shipping and a share of the proceeds should the seized vessel then be sold. Their fleet consisted of small vessels such as
199:
along the British coastline, patrol and survey the beaches where a French invasion force might land, and to maintain a fleet of armed commercial vessels in order to capture enemy shipping and defend against invasion barges.
354:, offered by a Mr. Wexham, and set out after the French vessel. They caught up with their quarry after a chase and captured her after "a little firing" that resulted in the death of one Frenchman. The privateer was the
153:
12,000 men laid siege to the British-held town of Nieuwpoort, which was defended by a garrison of 1,300. French capture of Neiuwpoort would have cleared the path for an assault on the British headquarters at Ostend.
389:
and her prize crew. Lieutenant Nicholas, with the assistance of Revenue Collector Brooking, who provided small arms and a boat, took another detachment of Sea Fencibles and, accompanied by a boat from the cutter
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rescued the crew of a vessel wrecked in the District. Their commander, Commander Terence O'Neill, reimbursed them out of his own pocket, and then applied to the Navy for reimbursement. This was allowed, but
176:
subsequently acknowledged that Popham's actions in "arming the fishermen of Flanders in defence of their own towns" had played a significant role in preserving British control of Nieuwpoort.
489:
was wrecked at Kingsgate, near Margate, the Sea Fencibles helped rescue the survivors. However, the Navy was not entirely enthusiastic about this role. In late 1804, the Sea Fencibles in
362:, Nicholas Dubois, master, with four guns and 24 men. She had been out four days without making any captures. Captain Columbine remarked on the "zeal and readiness" of the Hastings men.
303:
at the pike and guns a few hours, and will be allowed a shilling each on those days, and if called up on actual service, the pay of an able seaman, and Eight-pence a day subsistence.
68:
that authorised them to capture enemy ships should opportunity arise. The Navy provided the Fencibles with uniforms and weapons; it also protected them from the depredations of navy
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319:
Home Popham himself was appointed to head up the district between Beachy Head and Deal, the area considered at greatest risk of French invasion. Another Sea Fencible was
1344:
278:. The Navy then hired the vessels for the defence of the coast. The Navy manned each vessel with a regular Navy man as master and nine men from the Sea Fencibles.
538:
Gent., William Chapman, Esq., William Burgess, Esq., Henry Dudin, Esq and lieutenants and ensigns, by 1804 they had uniformed commissioned officers in command.
60:
subsequently authorised the formation of co-ordinated Sea Fencible units along the English and Irish coasts. From 1804 on they were supported by a network of
752:
607:
From 1833 to 1867, there was a unit of Saint John Sea Fencibles that functioned primarily as an artillery unit. Its officers and men wore naval uniforms.
391:
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to protect port facilities in the colony. They were raised among seafaring men in coastal communities and seem to have all disbanded after the war.
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350:
On 13 November 1798, a French privateer appeared off Hastings. Captain E.H. Columbine of the Sea Fencibles put a number of his men on the cutter
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327:. He was appointed to raise and organise a corps of Sea Fencibles to defend a strip of the Kentish coast. His base was the Royal Harbour of
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with the proposals from the Lords of the Admiralty, for raising a Corps of Sea Fencibles, to Man the batteries erected near Hastings and
267:, and they were entitled to payment of compensation, according to the size of their ships and the amount of time they were required.
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drink), or 2 shillings if no provisions were available (equivalent to £5 and £10 today). Sea Fencibles were also eligible to receive
169:
64:. Popham's Sea Fencible companies consisted of merchant seamen using their own private or commercial vessels, but operating under
1156:
A history of the Highlands and of the Highland clans : with an extensive selection from the hitherto inedited Stuart papers
1298:
37:) units established to provide a close-in line of defence and obstruct the operation of enemy shipping, principally during the
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542:
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Sea Fencibles seeing this take place, took a boat, and armed only with muskets and pikes, succeeded in recapturing the
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In 1807, River Fencibles sailed to Copenhagen to help bring back some of the Danish vessels captured there after the
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There were Sea Fencible units attached to the battalions of St. John, Charlotte and Northumberland counties in
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495:
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owners to keep close and regular accounts of their use. The owners were under orders to co-operate with the
1267:
Rogers, Nicholas (2006). "The Sea Fencibles, Loyalism and the Reach of the State". In Philp, Mark (ed.).
553:
173:
1237:
A Damned Cunning Fellow: The Eventful Life of Rear-Admiral Sir Home Popham, KCB, KCH, KM, FRS, 1762-1820
862:
433:. The French privateer reportedly was under the command of a notorious pirate with the name "Blackman".
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369:, commander of the Sea Fencibles along the coast of Devon, reported that on the previous day, the brig
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38:
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The City of London, Loyal Greenwich, and Royal Harbour River Fencibles also contributed men to the
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on 13 April 1806 and had taken three vessels on that coast. One of her prizes was the transport
312:, had served at sea for more than three decades before taking command of the Sea Fencibles at
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1035:
876:
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Records of the Corps of River Fencibles of the City of London : City of London Library
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770:
518:
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Daly, Gavin (2007). "English Smugglers, the Channel, and the Napoleonic Wars, 1800-1814".
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In 1804, the Irish Sea Fencibles had some 28 gun vessels of various sorts - a brig, three
8:
420:, under the command of Lieutenant John Tracey, encountered a 14-gun French privateer off
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53:
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wrecked in 1800, the Sea Fencibles attempted a rescue. Similarly, in January 1809, when
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Correspondence, Duke of York and Albany, Sir Charles Grey, 2 November 1793.Cited in
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to effect successful rescues of those on board two vessels driven ashore in a gale.
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were to enlist in the Sea Fencibles in order to obtain protection from the impress (
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506:
374:
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After three days the French abandoned the siege of Nieuwpoort and withdrew towards
951:
Suffolk notes from the year 1729. Compiled from the files of the "Ipswich Journal"
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313:
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For instance, on 28 September 1804 the Navy held a meeting with the owners of 16
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144:
61:
42:
320:
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organised groups of fishermen to guard against French vessels off the coast of
48:
The earliest recorded use of the term was in 1793, when Royal Navy captain Sir
1338:
1321:
Late 18th, 19th & early 20th Century Naval and Naval Social history Index
1269:
Resisting Napoleon: The British Response to the Threat of Invasion, 1797-1815
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In September 1803, it was reported that all the seafaring men of the city of
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324:
323:, a naval captain and future admiral who was the brother of the novelist
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69:
49:
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The Suffolk Chronicle; or Weekly General Advertiser & County Express
1256:
Greenwich: its history, antiquities, improvements, and public buildings
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Kerrigan, P. M. (1980). "Gunboats and sea fencibles in Ireland, 1804".
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117:
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Sir Home Popham, originator of the "Sea Fencibles" concept in 1793.
30:
585:
490:
401:
382:
275:
1230:. Vol. 3, part 2. London: Longman and company. p. 319.
1219:
75:
The British Admiralty disbanded its Sea Fencible units in 1810.
445:
430:
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A second case occurred on 9 January 1799. The next day Captain
165:
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Members of the Corps escorted the barge carrying the body of
460:. The Scilly Sea Fencibles, together with the revenue cutter
424:. During the engagement, which lasted nearly four hours, the
1129:
286:
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241:, off Hastings, and shared the subsequent salvage money.
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British military units and formations of the War of 1812
699:
National Maritime Museum - "Who were the Sea Fencibles?"
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RN, Commander of the Dartmouth Sea Fencibles 1805–1807.
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397:, set off, unsuccessfully, to capture the privateer.
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225:
and salvage money. For example, on 13 June 1805 the
703:
635:
616:
783:
377:only to fall prey to the French 14-gun privateer
1345:Naval units and formations of the United Kingdom
1336:
471:The Sea Fencibles also acted as a coastguard or
521:had passed, the Sea-Fencibles were disbanded.
1317:"The Sea Fencibles (1798-1802 and 1803-1810)"
1020:"The River Fencibles of the City of London".
517:became clear that the threat of invasion by
209:Fencibles, an admiral. In 1803 this was Sir
545:along the Thames in small boats during his
533:and other groups of river tradesmen on the
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1054:
724:Kentish Gazette - Tuesday 06 February 1798
408:Another case occurred on 13 June 1804. HM
168:. Both the Army's Commander-in-Chief the
1214:
1199:
1138:
1044:. 26 September 1812. pp. 1971–1792.
1034:
977:
915:
895:
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816:Ipswich Journal - Saturday 24 March 1798
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285:
216:A senior Sea Fencibles captain received
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1022:Sun (London) - Monday 19 September 1803
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298:A newspaper recruiting advert in 1798.
1350:19th-century history of the Royal Navy
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237:and the Sea Fencibles recaptured the
1355:Naval units and formations of Canada
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501:In January 1810, Sea Fencibles from
581:'s insurrection in Dublin in 1803.
13:
524:
400:On 11 March of the same year, the
14:
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1286:
885:. 13 November 1798. p. 1085.
779:. 8 April 1806. pp. 453–454.
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172:and field commander General Sir
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16:For American sea fencibles, see
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941:, (Jul-Dec 1805) Vol. 12, p.51.
925:. 29 December 1807. p. 37.
909:
889:
869:
844:. 28 September 1803. p. 2.
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807:
795:
763:
753:"Sea Fencibles Pay Lists ADM28"
745:
1084:. 29 February 1812. p. 4.
730:
715:
692:
679:
345:
281:
187:On 1 February, Popham went to
1:
1254:Richardson, Henry S. (1834).
1147:
994:. 27 January 1810. p. 3.
258:and coasting vessels such as
56:. At Popham's suggestion the
905:. 9 March 1799. p. 229.
610:
464:, Capt. Worsell, recaptured
203:
83:
7:
1294:"Navy Board: Sea Fencibles"
967:. 21 April 1806. p. 3.
554:second Battle of Copenhagen
444:, was cruising in sight of
10:
1381:
1299:The National Archives (UK)
1173:Journal of British Studies
436:The French privateer brig
15:
1114:. 16 May 1812. p. 4.
741:. 9 July 1803. p. 2.
591:
452:, Macarthy, master, from
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123:
113:
103:
95:
90:
1221:"O'Neill, Terence"
1099:. 9 May 1812. p. 4.
18:Sea Fencibles (American)
1068:House of Commons Papers
159:Highland Fencible Corps
1365:British Defence Forces
1271:. Ashgate Publishing.
1260:Simpkin & Marshall
1154:Browne, James (1854).
737:"The General Orders".
305:
295:
149:
1235:Popham, Hugh (1991).
1227:Royal Naval Biography
300:
289:
147:
1110:"A very hot press".
561:Walcheren expedition
39:French Revolutionary
1315:Benyon, P. (2012).
1239:. Old Ferry Press.
1141:, pp. 188–191.
1112:The Ipswich Journal
804:, Volume 12, p.329.
802:The Naval Chronicle
739:The Ipswich Journal
572:Irish Sea Fencibles
440:, of 16 guns, from
379:Heureux Speculateur
54:Nieuwpoort, Belgium
1041:The London Gazette
1009:. 5 February 1810.
922:The London Gazette
902:The London Gazette
882:The London Gazette
776:The London Gazette
509:used newly issued
296:
292:Nathaniel Portlock
150:
135:30,000 men by 1805
1097:Norfolk Chronicle
1055:Richardson (1834)
992:Norfolk Chronicle
857:Missing or empty
831:, pp. 55–56.
757:National Archives
722:"Sea Fencibles".
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66:letters of marque
58:British Admiralty
33:(a shortening of
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978:Marshall 1832
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711:
710:Popham (1991)
706:
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695:
689:, p. 53.
688:
687:Popham (1991)
682:
675:
674:Browne (1854)
670:
663:
658:
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649:, p. 45.
648:
647:Popham (1991)
643:
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632:, p. 43.
631:
630:Rogers (2006)
626:
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27:Sea Fencibles
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1326:28 September
1324:. Retrieved
1320:
1306:28 September
1304:. Retrieved
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1179:(1): 30–46.
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1024:. p. 2.
1021:
1015:
1006:
1005:"Newhaven".
1000:
991:
990:"Yarmouth".
985:
973:
965:Sun (London)
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859:|title=
842:Sun (London)
841:
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818:. p. 3.
815:
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726:. p. 2.
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583:
579:Robert Emmet
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535:River Thames
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310:Edmund Nagle
306:
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297:
269:
252:
243:
238:
233:
215:
211:Edmund Nagle
207:
193:Pevensey Bay
186:
178:
174:Charles Grey
170:Duke of York
163:
155:
151:
74:
47:
34:
26:
24:
22:
1036:"No. 16650"
917:"No. 15097"
897:"No. 15114"
877:"No. 15080"
814:"Any Men".
790:Daly (2007)
771:"No. 15908"
602:War of 1812
600:during the
543:Lord Nelson
503:Happisburgh
410:hired armed
346:Active duty
325:Jane Austen
282:Recruitment
70:press gangs
50:Home Popham
29:were naval
1339:Categories
1148:References
1095:"London".
462:Providence
458:Portsmouth
340:press gang
336:Gloucester
265:Royal Navy
227:sixth-rate
118:Royal Navy
35:defencible
1193:159902078
1164:775833727
963:"Truro".
850:cite news
611:Citations
549:in 1806.
529:In 1798,
519:Bonaparte
507:Winterton
484:HMS
477:HMS
442:Cherbourg
438:Intrepide
422:Huntcliff
392:HMS
375:Dartmouth
373:had left
360:Cherbourg
316:in 1803.
204:Structure
99:1798–1810
84:Inception
1218:(1832).
586:galliots
531:watermen
473:lifeboat
387:Susannah
371:Susannah
329:Ramsgate
290:Captain
256:colliers
239:Industry
189:Hastings
31:fencible
491:Kinsale
402:Margate
383:Brixham
356:Success
276:Margate
230:frigate
104:Country
1302:. 2013
1275:
1243:
1191:
1162:
592:Canada
486:Pigeon
479:Brazen
446:Scilly
431:Redcar
413:cutter
394:Nimble
381:. The
234:Vestal
166:Toulon
114:Branch
96:Active
1189:S2CID
358:, of
223:prize
1328:2013
1308:2013
1273:ISBN
1241:ISBN
1160:OCLC
863:help
505:and
466:Mary
454:Cork
450:Mary
352:Lion
272:hoys
260:hoys
132:Size
124:Role
41:and
25:The
1181:doi
456:to
342:).
274:at
1341::
1319:.
1296:.
1258:.
1224:.
1208:14
1206:.
1187:.
1177:46
1175:.
1131:^
1038:.
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848:{{
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218:£
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
