807:...We left, it is not known where and why, breaking with the Council, mixing ourselves with elements of counter-revolution, discrediting and humiliating ourselves in the eyes of the masses, undermining the whole future of our organization and our principles. This is not enough: we left, completely unleashing the hands of the Bolsheviks, making them full masters of the whole situation, giving them the whole arena of revolution... Leaving the congress, leaving the Bolsheviks with only the Left Social Revolutionary guys and the weak group of the New Lifers, we gave the Bolsheviks a monopoly over the Council, over the masses, over the revolution. By our own foolish will, we ensured the victory of the whole line of Lenin...
286:, which came out of the Soviets, then we caught them on the same Soviet legality β through the Second Congress of the Soviets... In order for... the maneuver to be victorious, it was necessary the confluence of very exceptional circumstances, large and small. First of all, an army was needed that did not want to fight anymore. The whole course of the revolution, especially in its first period, from February to October, inclusively β we have already spoken about this β would have looked completely different if we didn't have a broken and dissatisfied multimillion peasant army by the time of the revolution... that in this form, this experience will never happen again. But careful study of it is necessary.
419:, 6 Mensheviks-Internationalists, and 7 Ukrainian socialists. By the end of the congress, after the departure of the right-wing socialists and with the arrival of the new delegates, there were 625 delegates, of which 390 were Bolsheviks, 179 left-wing Socialist Revolutionaries, 35 United Internationalists and 21 Ukrainian socialists. Thus, the Bolshevik-Left Socialist Revolutionary coalition won about two thirds of the votes there. According to other sources, 739 deputies arrived at the congress, including 338 Bolsheviks, 211 right and left Socialist Revolutionaries and 69 Mensheviks.
524:, who announced the fall of the Winter Palace and the arrest of the ministers of the Provisional Government. After this, the congress approved the appeal "To the Workers, Soldiers and Peasants of Russia" officially declaring the official overthrow of the Provisional Government and the transfer of all powers of state to the Congress at large, stating that from this day onward, "all power will now belong to the Soviets of workers, peasants and soldiers' deputies" within the territories of the Russian Republic.
63:
824:
Although the
Bolsheviks and the Left Social Revolutionaries secured a majority in advance, a fraction of the Menshevik-internationalists close to the Bolsheviks, also Ukrainian socialists, were represented in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, there was one representative of the radical Maximalist Socialist Revolutionaries. Representatives of moderate socialists did not join the All-Russian Central Executive Committee because of their boycott.
439:. "Aurora" made one single shot at 9pm, just two hours later, as the congress was in session, an unmarked cannon shelling from the Peter and Paul Fortress was carried out at 11pm. At night, most of the defenders of the palace dispersed, and the place was occupied by revolutionary soldiers and sailors who tried to make a mob of law over the overthrown ministers, demanding "pin them". At 2:10 am, the ministers of the Provisional Government arrested by
296:
346:
334:
322:
812:
anarchists, inter-district and non-factional Social
Democrats, which included Trotsky himself. The Left Social Revolutionaries took an active part in the revolution, actively supporting the Bolsheviks, including at the Congress of Soviets of the Northern Region, at the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, at the Peasant Congress; the
850:
Soldiers' Deputies'"). On the other hand, unlike the
Constituent Assembly, the peasant majority of the country was not represented at all at the Congress: the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Peasant Deputies passed a month later and was marked by a tough struggle of the Bolshevik-Left Socialist Revolutionary coalition with the Right Social Revolutionaries.
845:
all-Russian professional organizations, such as: the
Council of Trade Unions, the Union of Factory and Factory Committees, Vikzhel, the Union of Postal and Telegraph Workers and Employees, provided and only after re-election of the All-Russian Council of Peasant Deputies and organizations that have not been re-elected in the last three months.
509:
for an uprising, not a conspiracy, "and called the departure of the
Menshevik and Socialist-Revolutionaries from the congress" as a criminal attempt to thwart the authorized representative office of the workers and soldiers in the masses with arms in hand protects the Congress and the revolution from the onslaught of counter-revolution".
461:β after the election of the Presidium of the Congress from the Bolsheviks and the Left Social Revolutionaries and the departure of the representatives of the Mensheviks, the Right Socialist Revolutionaries and the representatives of Bund from the Congress, the leadership of the Congress passes to the Bolsheviks.
558:. The congress adopted (around 10:30 pm on November 8) the Peace Decree, which contains an appeal to all the warring peoples and their respective national governments to "immediately conclude a truce", "immediately begin negotiations on a just democratic peace" without any annexations and indemnities.
465:
and
Socialist Revolutionaries condemned the Bolsheviks as an "illegal coup". Opponents of the Bolsheviks accused them of numerous frauds in the selection of congress delegates. On November 7, the old composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee also condemned the Bolsheviks, stating that
861:
On
November 15, 1917, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Workers' Soldiers and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the Peasant Congresses merged, after which the Left Social Revolutionaries nevertheless agreed to join the Council of People's Commissars, forming a government
527:
Ironically, it was
Kamenev himself, who had recently opposed the uprising, had to inform the Congress of Soviets about his victory. At a meeting of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks), Kamenev remarked that "well, if you did something stupid and took power,
469:
The
Central Executive Committee considers the Second Congress failed and regards it as a private meeting of the Bolshevik delegates. The decisions of this congress, as illegal, are declared by the Central Executive Committee as optional for local Soviets and all army committees. The Central Executive
857:
stresses, the total representation of the
Bolsheviks and the Left Social Revolutionaries at the Congress of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies was artificially overestimated by about two times. In addition, according to the researcher, without the help of the Left Social Revolutionaries, who positioned
642:
Among the 101 members of the new Central Executive Committee (often referred to as the All-Russian Central Executive Committee) there were 62 Bolsheviks and 29 left-wing Social Revolutionaries, 6 United Social Democrats Internationalists, 3 Ukrainian socialists and 1 Social Revolutionary Maximalist.
500:
After the election of the presidium which would be filled by Bolshevik and Left Socialist Revolutionary members, a number of moderate socialist parties (Mensheviks, Right Socialist Revolutionaries, delegates of Bund) left the Congress in protest at the Bolsheviks uprising and boycotted it. They went
259:
No other committee is authorized and does not have the right to take the initiative to convene a congress. Nevertheless, the Northern Regional Congress, convened in violation of all the rules established for regional conventions and representing random and randomly chosen Councils, has the right to
844:
5. Addition of the Central Executive Committee, except for organizations that are not members of the Council, by representatives from Councils of workers, soldiers and peasants' deputies not represented in it; proportional representation of the workers' and soldiers' deputies who left the congress,
647:
thus became the chairman. On November 9, the Congress issued an appeal to the local Soviets with a call to "rally around the new composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee", the powers of the commissars of the former (Socialist Revolutionary-Menshevik) composition of the All-Russian
634:
announced that the left-wing Socialist Revolutionary faction did not intend to leave the congress after the Mensheviks and Right-wing Socialist Revolutionaries did, but noted that "the peasantry is not the Bolsheviks, but the peasantry is the infantry of the revolution, without which the revolution
508:
In turn, Trotsky at the first session of the Second Congress declared that "the uprising of the masses does not need justification; what happened is not a conspiracy, but an uprising. We hardened the revolutionary energy of the Petrograd workers and soldiers, we openly forged the will of the masses
267:
Preparation of the Congress was the reason for the differences between Lenin and Trotsky. While Lenin demanded to start an armed uprising, not waiting for the Congress, Trotsky managed to convince the majority of the Central Committee to postpone the uprising until the beginning of its convocation.
823:
If the first post-October composition of the Council of People's Commissars was Bolshevik (since December 1917 β Bolshevik-Left Socialist Revolutionary), then the elected Congress of Councils of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee ("Soviet parliament") had a more diverse party composition.
638:
According to the Decree "On the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars" approved by the Congress, the Council of People's Commissars was formed before the Constituent Assembly was convened, and the government accountable to the Congress of Soviets and its permanent body in between its
479:
ascertains the ambiguity of the situation in which his party finds itself: on the one hand, "the power created by armed soldiers' uprising, the power of one party cannot be recognized as a country and democracy", on the other "if the Bolsheviks are defeated by force of arms, the winner will be the
464:
The opening session of the congress was accompanied by a fierce political struggle in which Trotsky represented the Bolsheviks as the most capable speaker. The peasant councils and all the soldier-level committees of the army refused to participate in the activities of the congress. The Mensheviks
227:
The General Rehearsal of the Second Congress for the Bolsheviks was the First Congress of the Soviets of the Northern Region organized by them in October, the lion's share of whose delegates were representatives of Petrograd and the Baltic Fleet, which were significantly Bolshevik by that time. As
193:
The decision to hold the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies in September was made by the First Congress, but the All-Russian Central Executive Committee sabotaged its meeting, not wanting to yield power to the strengthened Bolsheviks. At the end of September,
488:
The reaction of the Social Revolutionaries was just as sharp. Thus, the central press organ of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, the newspaper Matter of the People, condemned the Bolshevik speech, saying that "our duty is to expose these traitors to the working class. Our duty is to mobilize all
849:
In Soviet historiography, the Second Congress of Soviets was traditionally considered as a legitimation of the new government ("the transfer of power seized by the insurgent people into the hands of the Soviets was formalized and legally secured by the Second All-Russian Congress of Workers' and
794:
Today it is obvious that the main goal pursued by Lenin, insisting on the overthrow of the Provisional Government before the opening of the Congress of Soviets, was to eliminate any possibility of forming a socialist coalition at the congress in which moderate socialists would play a significant
827:
On November 14, 1917, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a resolution "On the terms of an agreement with other parties", in which it explicitly stated that it considers the "agreement of the socialist parties desirable". The terms of such an agreement were set forth as follows:
811:
Apparently, during the October Revolution and immediately after it, the establishment of a one-party system was not yet part of the plans of the Bolsheviks. By the autumn of 1917, Lenin and Trotsky managed to put together a broad coalition of radicals β Bolsheviks, Left Social Revolutionaries,
496:
During the meeting, the delegates heard the roar of artillery; According to eyewitnesses, the Menshevik Martov started, and declared: "The civil war has begun, comrades! Our first question should be the peaceful resolution of the crisis... the issue of power is solved by a military conspiracy
278:
It seemed to be part of the constitution of the regime that went down in history under the name Kerenshchyna. Having come to power in the Petrograd Soviet, we Bolsheviks only continued and deepened the methods of dual power. We took over the verification of the order for the withdrawal of the
232:
claimed, this Congress was convened with a number of violations by the unrecognized Regional Committee of the Army, Navy and Workers of Finland. Among the delegates were even representatives of the Moscow province, not included in the Northern region. The Bolsheviks and the Left Social
484:
at an extraordinary congress of Mensheviks on November 30 declares that "if we took power, we would have been stormed both on the right and on the left, and the power could be kept only by Bolshevik methods. And since we are not adventurers, we would have to leave power".
275:...We call this rebellion "legal" β in the sense that it grew out of the "normal" conditions of diarchy. And under the rule of the Compromisers in the Petrograd Soviet, it happened more than once that the Council checked or corrected the decisions of the government.
492:
In its last appeal before the Congress, the Council of the Republic called the new government "an enemy of the people and revolution" and condemned the arrest by the Bolsheviks among the ministers of the Provisional Government as well as the socialist ministers.
578:
According to Trotsky's memoirs, it was he who coined the term "people's commissar"; later this authorship was attributed to Antonov-Ovseenko. At a meeting of the Bolshevik Central Committee on the morning of November 8, the first after the seizure of power,
1126:
Congresses of the Soviets of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in resolutions and resolutions. / Editor Academician Andrei Vyshinsky. β Moscow: Bulletin of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 1939. β Pages
619:, included only Bolsheviks. Lenin was announced as its founding chairman. Trotsky became people's commissar for foreign affairs, and Stalin became commissar of minorities affairs. Due to the pressure of the executive committee of the railway union of the
770:
The congress actually solved the tasks facing the Constituent Assembly in the matter of choosing the form of power in the country. The congress formed the new composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the first composition of the
17:
237:
143:
474:
The Central Committee of the Menshevik Party condemned the October uprising, calling it "the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks by military conspiracy against the will of democracy and the usurpation of the rights of the people". Menshevik
233:
Revolutionaries sharply prevailed in the Congress. Following its results, the Bolshevik-Left Socialist Revolutionary Northern Regional Committee was elected, starting from October 16, began work on the convocation of the Second Congress.
893:
All provincial and district councils of workers, peasant, soldier and peasant deputies (adopted at the second meeting at 10 o'clock in the evening; "All power now belongs to the Soviets", "all arrested members of the land committees are
470:
Committee calls on the Soviets and army organizations to rally around him to defend the revolution. The Central Executive Committee will convene a new congress of Soviets as soon as the conditions are created for its proper convocation.
189:
As early as the end of September 1917, the Bolsheviks set a course for the conquest of the majority in the All-Russian Soviet organs, for which it was necessary to obtain a majority at the corresponding congresses of the soviets.
656:, with the ARCEC and CPC now preparing for the start of their work as the new legislature and government of Russia, awaiting the convening of the planned Constituent Assembly, beginning with elections to be held just days later.
1170:
The First All-Russian Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies' Soviets (June 3β24, 1917): Experience in reconstructing the list of participants; the contours of the social portrait. Executive editor Vladimir Lavrov. Moscow,
879:
Workers, soldiers and peasants! (adopted at the first meeting at 5 am on November 7, 1917; "immediate truce on all fronts", "all local authority passes to the Soviets of Workers, Soldiers and Peasants' Deputies", "Long live the
858:
themselves as a peasant party, the Bolsheviks would not have been able to seize control of the Peasant Congress. However, the Left Social Revolutionaries, following the moderate socialists, refused to enter the new government.
194:
the executive committee of the Bolshevik Petrograd Soviet sent to 69 local Soviets and army soldiers' committees a request their attitude towards the convocation of the Second Congress. This idea was met with hostility by the
611:
gathered. According to Trotsky, it was him who envisioned the term "people's commissar" and later on developed the name in which the new government will be formed, Lenin agreed, stating that "it smells of a revolution".
202:. Of the 69 organs requested, only 8 responded positively. The reaction of the Socialist Revolutionary-Menshevik army committees, which recognized the convocation of the Congress "untimely", was particularly harsh.
651:
On the morning of November 9, 1917 at 5:15 in the morning, the second meeting ended and the Second All-Russian Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies' Councils, with its duty completed, officially adjourned
47:
241:
147:
42:
659:
That same day, all the arrested socialist ministers of the Provisional Government were released on parole. Some of those released soon engaged in anti-Bolshevik activities. Thus, the Minister of Food
664:
502:
799:
The Socialist Revolutionary and Menshevik boycott of the Congress effectively unleashed the Bolsheviks, making the first composition of the new government 100% Bolshevik. The contemporary
480:
third force that will crush us all". As Martov puts it, the Bolsheviks demonstrate "the Arakcheev understanding of socialism, and the Pugachev understanding of class struggle". Menshevik
542:
At the second session of the Congress, Lenin, met with stormy applause, after informing the congress of the formation of a new government of the Soviets, read to the congress decrees on
767:
The Second Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies was the second most important event after the armed uprising, the event of the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia.
268:
According to Richard Pipes, this strategy turned out to be "more realistic": the establishment of Bolshevik power was "disguised" as the seizure of power by non-partisan Soviets.
1161:. 1967. Collected works in three volumes. Volume 3. Moscow, "Visual Arts". 1988. 230 pages. A more complete text of the article published in the journal Kommunist, 1985, No. 4.
1095:
Bolsheviks in power. The first year of the Soviet era in Petrograd. β Moscow: Association of Researchers of the Russian Society-XXI; Moscow: New Chronograph, 2008. β 624 pages.
416:
550:. Further, Lenin proposed that the Congress should dissolve the old composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, choosing instead the new composition of the
164:
During the autumn of 1917, the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks) launched an activity to win a majority in the Soviets, primarily in Petrograd and Moscow.
615:
The Second Congress of Soviets, acting on Lenin's proposal, enacted Decree no.1 officially creating the Council of People's Commissars, which, due to the refusal of the
1193:
1023:"No. 1. Decree of the Second All-Russian Congress of Councils of Workers, Soldiers and Peasants Deputies. On the establishment of the Council of People's Commissars"
383:
of workers, soldiers and peasants' deputies. At the congress, a total of 402 Soviets of Russia, out of all the 1,429 mentioned, were represented in the Congress:
648:
Central Executive Committee in the armed forces (Army and Navy) and on the ground were thus dissolved, with full responsibllity falling under the new committee.
236:
All this activity of the Bolsheviks was in no way coordinated with the old Soviet bodies, the majority of which remained Socialist Revolutionary-Menshevik (the
912:
Resolution on the pogrom movement (adopted at the second meeting at the 2nd o'clock in the morning from November 8β9; on preventing any pogroms of any kind);
264:
Nevertheless, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee agreed to convene a Congress, having achieved only its postponement from October 20 to October 25.
458:β until the election of the presidium of the Congress β consists of protest speeches of moderate socialist parties against the uprising of the Bolsheviks;
1181:
Vladimir Lenin. The Second All-Russian Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies' Councils of November 7β8, 1917. Complete Works, 5th Edition, Volume 35
122:
897:
From the All-Russian Congress of Soviets (taken at the second session at 10 o'clock in the evening; "measures for the immediate arrest of Kerensky");
639:
sessions, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. It would be a provisional government that would rule until the Constituent Assembly can meet.
376:; the opening session was attended by many delegates from the socialist parties coming from all over Russia, from a variety of sectors of society.
667:
and became one of the main organizers of the protest demonstration of the rebel members of the Petrograd City Council against the new government.
921:
To the front ("On the formation of revolutionary committees in the army") (probably, the order was made between the first and second meetings);
832:
1. Recognition of the program of the Soviet government, as expressed in the decrees on land, peace, and both projects on workers' control.
283:
431:
was not yet taken. At around 6:30pm, an ultimatum was presented to the defenders of the Winter Palace under threat of shelling from the
813:
279:
garrison. By this we covered up the actual uprising of the Petrograd garrison with the traditions and methods of the legal dual power.
350:
Painting by artist Pavel Sokolov-Skaly (published in the Guidebook "Main Pavilion of the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition" in 1954)
1218:
1208:
1149:
568:
confiscation of landlord estates and their transfer to the disposal of the land committees and county councils of peasant deputies;
539:
The second session of the congress was held from 21:00 of November 8 (OS:October 26) to 5:15 of November 9 (OS:October 27), 1917.
365:
The first session of the congress ran from 10:45 pm on November 7 (OS:October 25) to 6 am on November 8 (OS: October 26) of 1917.
216:
The situation at the front during this period also deteriorated greatly: on October 16, an order was issued for the evacuation of
551:
245:
349:
924:
Cossack brothers! (time is not set; about the alliance of the Cossacks with the soldiers, workers and peasants of all Russia);
337:
561:
The Congress adopted the Land Decree (at 2 o'clock on the afternoon of November 8), which contains the following provisions:
205:
The Bolshevization of the Soviets took place against the background of an aggravated political and military situation: the
956:
The October Uprising and the Soviet "legality": Leon Trotsky. Historical preparation of October. From February to October
244:, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the First Congress of Soviets of Peasant Deputies, army committees, the
571:
transfer of land to the use of the peasants on the principle of equalization (according to the labor or consumer norm);
918:(adopted at the second meeting at 5 o'clock in the morning on November 9; "for a new form for governing the country");
565:
about the nationalization of lands, including those owned privately, and "its circulation into the national property";
403:
According to the bureau of all factions, by the opening of the congress 649 delegates were present of which: 390 were
915:
870:
Documents of the Congress (decrees, resolutions, etc.) that were adopted at the Congress with a date and quotations:
772:
555:
390:
119 Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies with the participation of peasant deputies representing rural farmers
1166:
444:
81:
1194:
Second All-Russian Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. Collection of documents. Moscow, Leningrad, 1928
835:
2. Recognition of the need for a ruthless struggle against counter-revolution (Kerensky, Kornilov and Kaledin).
616:
206:
1010:
427:
At the time of the opening of the congress, the Bolsheviks already controlled the whole of Petrograd, but the
1213:
1115:
408:
195:
159:
111:
107:
186:. The Bolsheviks occupy up to 90% of the seats in the Petrograd Soviet and up to 60% in the Moscow Soviet.
447:, the crowd that surrounded the ministers demanded "to cut off their heads and throw them into the Neva".
677:
440:
1047:"All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic)".
993:
890:
Abolition of the death penalty (adopted at the second session at 9 pm on November 8, "at the front");
783:, Decree on the Total Power of the Soviets, decree abolishing the death penalty at the front, etc.).
399:
and 1 Council of Cossack deputies, representing the socialist-inclined amongst Cossacks within Russia
221:
980:"Political parties of Russia: history and modernity. Chapter XV. Political defeat of the Mensheviks"
927:
To all railway workers (time is not fixed; "measures to preserve the full order on the railways").
436:
1105:
Decrees of Soviet power. Electronic Library of the Faculty of History of Moscow State University
1062:
Decrees of Soviet power. Electronic Library of the Faculty of History of Moscow State University
432:
787:
608:
955:
210:
1145:
Appeal of the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets to the workers, soldiers and peasants
630:
At the second meeting of the Second Congress of Soviets, the left Socialist Revolutionary
396:
22 Soviets of Soldiers and Sailors' Deputies representing the Armed Forces (army and navy)
8:
1184:
The collection of laws and orders of the government for the years 1917β1918. Moscow, 1942
997:
725:
701:
689:
1150:
Second Congress of Soviets. Leonid Katzva, History of Russia. Soviet period. (1917β1991)
512:
From 2:40 to 3:10 on November 8 the first session of Congress went on immediate recess.
937:
748:
660:
373:
1104:
1061:
18:
Second All-Russian Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies' Soviets
1144:
1140:
Appeal of the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee "To the citizens of Russia!"
1081:
752:
744:
721:
596:
299:
Speech by Vladimir Lenin at the 2nd Congress of Soviets. Artist Vladimir Serov, 1955.
1154:
1139:
816:, in addition to the Bolsheviks and the Left Social Revolutionaries, also included
800:
740:
693:
681:
600:
380:
183:
139:
135:
96:
92:
1035:
966:
900:
776:
543:
325:
67:
Session of the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets in Smolny. November 7, 1917
1116:
Creation of the Soviet State and Law (from October to the End of the Civil War)
906:
838:
3. Recognition of the Second All-Russian Congress as the sole source of power.
780:
717:
705:
697:
580:
547:
1202:
979:
854:
588:
515:
481:
476:
428:
229:
62:
903:(adopted at the second meeting at 11 o'clock in the evening on November 8);
736:
735:
7 Left Socialist Revolutionaries β Moshe Baltekaklis-Gutman, Grigory Zaks,
729:
713:
709:
631:
584:
179:
171:
1190:
October armed uprising in Petrograd. Documents and materials, Moscow, 1957
803:
in his fundamental work "Notes on the Revolution" mentioned with regret:
685:
644:
623:, the post of People's Commissar for Railroad Affairs was temporarily in
604:
592:
521:
132:
Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies
30:
Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies
1158:
412:
404:
369:
199:
168:
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were taken to the Peter and Paul Fortress. On the way, in the area of
422:
841:
4. The government is responsible to the Central Executive Committee.
817:
302:
Mark, Soviet Union. 50 heroic years. (Denomination: 4 kopecks, 1967)
282:...If the Compromisers caught us on the Soviet legality through the
663:
was released November 6, but immediately joined the anti-Bolshevik
252:
175:
620:
520:
At 3:10 am the Second Congress reconvened to hear the address of
217:
1082:
Decree on the full authority of the Soviets of November 10, 1917
1022:
295:
242:
First Congress of the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies
670:
450:
142:. It was convened under the pressure of the Bolsheviks on the
1036:
Decree on the formation of the Council of People's Commissars
554:
and form a provisional workers' and peasant government β the
148:
First Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies
531:
On November 8 at 6 am the congress adjourned for the day.
516:
Proclamation of the downfall of the Provisional Government
213:
for November 12, and its first meeting β for November 28.
1000:. β 3rd edition β Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969β1978.
786:
A well-known expert on the revolution of 1917 in Russia,
315:
Speech by Vladimir Lenin at the 2nd Congress of Soviets
909:(adopted at the second meeting at 2 am, November 8β9);
534:
489:
forces and stand up for the cause of the revolution".
360:
387:
195 united Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies
379:
On the eve of the October Revolution there were 1429
338:
A painting on the 1967 Cuba stamp, nominal 2 centavos
209:, after long delays, finally called elections to the
665:
Committee for Salvation of Motherland and Revolution
503:
Committee for Salvation of Motherland and Revolution
497:organized by one of the revolutionary parties...".
423:
The October Revolution and the work of the Congress
1159:"The moral significance of the October Revolution"
123:Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks)
1167:First Workers' and Soldiers' Parliament of Russia
501:to the City Council of Petrograd and formed the "
271:According to the description of Trotsky himself,
110:25 October 1917] β 9 November 1917 [
1200:
967:Vladimir Shestakov. The newest history of Russia
372:on November 7 at 10:45 pm, at the height of the
1187:Decrees of Soviet power, volume 1, Moscow, 1957
574:hired labor is hereby prohibited within Russia.
357:The second congress held two plenary sessions.
455:The first meeting was divided into two parts:
251:On October 19, the official Soviet newspaper
671:Composition of the Presidium of the Congress
290:
451:Agenda of the First Session of the 2nd ARCS
814:Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee
758:1 Ukrainian socialist β Pavel Kulinichenko
627:until it would be filled in a later time.
220:, on October 21, the Germans captured the
61:
884:
368:The congress was opened by the Menshevik
873:
294:
552:All-Russian Central Executive Committee
246:Central Executive Committee of the Navy
238:All-Russian Central Executive Committee
144:All-Russian Central Executive Committee
14:
1201:
1049:The Great October Socialist Revolution
528:then you need to make up a ministry".
374:armed uprising that began in Petrograd
1025:. The project "Historical Materials".
977:
865:
992:Newspaper "Matter of the People" //
795:role. This calculation was correct.
535:Plenary Session of November 8, 1917
505:" (it operated until November 10).
361:Plenary Session of November 7, 1917
134:was held on November 7β9, 1917, in
24:
1051:(Encyclopedia. Moscow): 110. 1987.
775:, issued a number of key decrees (
224:, threatening Petrograd directly.
25:
1230:
1133:
344:
332:
326:Painting by Vladimir Serov, 1955
320:
1219:Russian Revolution in Petrograd
1209:All-Russian Congress of Soviets
1120:
1109:
1098:
1086:
1075:
1066:
862:coalition with the Bolsheviks.
393:46 Soviets of Workers' Deputies
82:All-Russian Congress of Soviets
1072:Soviet Historical Encyclopedia
1055:
1040:
1029:
1015:
1003:
986:
971:
960:
949:
916:Council of People's Commissars
773:Council of People's Commissars
617:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries
556:Council of People's Commissars
13:
1:
943:
700:(absent at the 1st meeting),
160:Bolshevization of the Soviets
153:
762:
182:was elected Chairman of the
178:Presidium; on September 20,
174:was elected Chairman of the
7:
931:
10:
1235:
1175:
678:Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko
441:Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko
157:
1011:The night of October 25th
994:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
343:
331:
319:
314:
309:
291:Chronicle of the Congress
196:Socialist Revolutionaries
118:
102:
87:
77:
72:
60:
34:
29:
417:United Internationalists
437:Peter and Paul Fortress
885:Second Plenary Session
847:
809:
797:
472:
409:Social Revolutionaries
304:
288:
262:
207:Provisional Government
1164:Alexander Pokrovsky.
1093:Alexander Rabinovich.
996:: / editor-in-chief
874:First Plenary Session
830:
805:
792:
609:Jan Antonovich Berzin
467:
298:
273:
257:
106:7 November 1917 [
1214:November 1917 events
788:Alexander Rabinovich
211:Constituent Assembly
114:27 October 1917]
998:Alexander Prokhorov
978:Nenarokov, Albert.
702:Anatoly Lunacharsky
690:Alexandra Kollontai
938:Russian Revolution
866:Accepted Documents
749:Sergey Mstislavsky
661:Sergei Prokopovich
305:
1009:Vladlen Loginov.
753:Maria Spiridonova
745:Irina Kakhovskaya
722:Ephraim Sklyansky
597:Vladimir Milyutin
355:
354:
303:
184:Petrograd Council
167:On September 17,
128:
127:
56:
55:
16:(Redirected from
1226:
1155:Mikhail Lifshitz
1128:
1124:
1118:
1113:
1107:
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1096:
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1084:
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1073:
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958:
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801:Nikolai Sukhanov
741:Vladimir Karelin
694:Nikolai Krylenko
682:Grigory Zinoviev
676:14 Bolsheviks β
601:Grigory Zinoviev
348:
347:
336:
335:
324:
323:
307:
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222:Moonsund Islands
78:Legislative body
65:
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27:
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991:
987:
976:
972:
965:
961:
954:
950:
946:
934:
901:Decree on Peace
887:
876:
868:
777:Decree on Peace
765:
673:
537:
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453:
425:
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321:
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922:
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907:Decree on Land
904:
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895:
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882:
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875:
872:
867:
864:
781:Decree on Land
764:
761:
760:
759:
756:
755:(in absentia);
733:
718:David Riazanov
706:Matvei Muranov
698:Vladimir Lenin
672:
669:
581:Vladimir Lenin
576:
575:
572:
569:
566:
536:
533:
517:
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452:
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433:cruiser Aurora
424:
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362:
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341:
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329:
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284:Pre-Parliament
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158:Main article:
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726:Pyotr Stuchka
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589:Joseph Stalin
586:
582:
573:
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429:Winter Palace
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389:
386:
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377:
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366:
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342:
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318:
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256:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
234:
231:
230:Richard Pipes
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208:
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197:
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88:Meeting place
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33:
28:
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1165:
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1057:
1048:
1042:
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869:
860:
852:
848:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
826:
822:
810:
806:
798:
793:
785:
769:
766:
737:Boris Kamkov
730:Leon Trotsky
714:Alexei Rykov
710:Viktor Nogin
658:
653:
650:
641:
637:
629:
625:sede vacante
624:
614:
577:
560:
541:
538:
530:
526:
519:
511:
507:
499:
495:
491:
487:
473:
468:
463:
460:
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426:
402:
378:
367:
364:
356:
281:
277:
274:
270:
266:
263:
258:
255:noted that
250:
235:
226:
215:
204:
192:
188:
172:Viktor Nogin
166:
163:
131:
129:
894:released");
686:Lev Kamenev
645:Lev Kamenev
635:must die".
605:Lev Kamenev
593:Ivar Smilga
585:Lev Trotsky
522:Lev Kamenev
180:Lev Trotsky
1203:Categories
944:References
818:anarchists
413:Mensheviks
405:Bolsheviks
200:Mensheviks
154:Background
763:Estimates
169:Bolshevik
140:Petrograd
97:Petrograd
932:See also
654:sine die
435:and the
253:Izvestia
73:Overview
1176:Sources
790:notes:
621:Vikzhel
546:and on
381:Soviets
240:of the
146:of the
52:→
39:←
632:Kamkov
477:Martov
407:, 160
260:do so.
136:Smolny
93:Smolny
1127:17β28
544:Peace
482:Liber
415:, 14
411:, 72
218:Revel
1171:2001
548:Land
198:and
130:The
112:O.S.
108:O.S.
103:Term
853:As
370:Dan
248:).
1205::
1157:.
820:.
779:,
751:,
747:,
743:,
739:,
728:,
724:,
720:,
716:,
712:,
708:,
704:,
696:,
692:,
688:,
684:,
680:,
607:,
603:,
599:,
595:,
591:,
587:,
583:,
150:.
138:,
95:,
982:.
732:;
20:)
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