1405:
1027:, threatened a nationwide strike unless the Bolsheviks shared power with other socialist parties and dropped the uprising's leaders, Lenin and Trotsky, from the government. Zinoviev, Kamenev and their allies in the Bolshevik Central Committee argued that the Bolsheviks had no choice but to start negotiations, since a railroad strike would cripple their government's ability to fight the forces that were still loyal to the overthrown Provisional Government. Although Zinoviev and Kamenev briefly had the support of a Central Committee majority and negotiations were started, a quick collapse of the anti-Bolshevik forces outside Petrograd aided Lenin and Trotsky to convince the Central Committee to abandon the negotiating process. In response, Zinoviev, Kamenev,
1218:
1125:
187:
1273:
1518:
2471:
1385:
935:
70:
1354:
Party after a six-month cooling-off period. They never regained their
Central Committee seats but were given mid-level positions within the Soviet bureaucracy. Kamenev and, indirectly, Zinoviev, were courted by Bukharin, then at the beginning of his short and ill-fated struggle with Stalin, in the summer of 1928. This activity was soon reported to Joseph Stalin and used against Bukharin as proof of his factionalism.
1148:," an extensive summary of the events of 1917. In the article, Trotsky described Zinoviev and Kamenev's opposition to the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917, which the two would have preferred to be left unmentioned. This started a new round of intra-party struggle, with Zinoviev and Kamenev again allied with Stalin against Trotsky. They and their supporters accused Trotsky of various mistakes and worse during the
1002:
1264:
Zinoviev) behind them, Zinoviev and
Kamenev found themselves in a tiny minority and were soundly defeated. Trotsky remained silent during the Congress. Zinoviev was re-elected to the Politburo, but Kamenev was demoted from a full member to a non-voting member, and Sokolnikov was dropped altogether. Stalin succeeded in having more of his allies elected to the Politburo.
1324:, making it clear that Kamenev's attempts were futile. The Congress declared United Opposition views incompatible with Communist Party membership; it expelled Kamenev and dozens of leading Oppositionists from the Party. This paved the way for mass expulsions in 1928 of rank-and-file Oppositionists, as well as sending prominent Left Oppositionists into internal exile.
1097:, and played a key role in the marginalization of Trotsky. The triumvirate carefully managed the intra-party debate and delegate selection process in the fall of 1923 during the run-up to the 13th Party Conference, securing a vast majority of the seats. The Conference, held in January 1924, immediately prior to Lenin's death, denounced Trotsky and "
1399:
At a time when my soul is filled with nothing but love for the party and its leadership, when, having lived through hesitations and doubts, I can boldly say that I learned to highly trust the
Central Committee's every step and every decision you, Comrade Stalin, make. I have been arrested for my ties
1353:
While
Trotsky remained firm in his opposition to Stalin after his expulsion from the Party and subsequent exile, Zinoviev and Kamenev capitulated almost immediately and called on their supporters to follow suit. They wrote open letters acknowledging their mistakes and were readmitted to the Communist
1039:
resigned from the
Central Committee on 4 November 1917 (Old Style) and Kamenev resigned from his Central Executive Committee post. The following day, Lenin wrote a proclamation calling Zinoviev and Kamenev "deserters." He never forgot their behavior, eventually making an ambiguous reference to their
1163:
At the 14th
Conference of the Communist Party in April 1925, Zinoviev and Kamenev found themselves in a minority when their motion to specify that socialism could only be achieved internationally was rejected, resulting in the triumvirate of recent years breaking up. At this time, Stalin was moving
805:
From that point on, Kamenev worked as a professional revolutionary and was active in the capitals of St. Petersburg, Moscow and Tiflis. In
January 1904, he was forced to leave Tiflis, where he had helped organise a strike on the Transcaucasian railway, and moved to Moscow, where he learnt about the
1421:, in which his nephew Nikolai Rosenfeld, a Moscow thermal power engineer, was involved as a major participant. Although he refused to confess, he was sentenced to ten years in prison. In August 1936, after months of rehearsal in Soviet secret police prisons, Zinoviev, Kamenev and 14 others, mostly
1433:
and set the stage for subsequent show trials. Old
Bolsheviks were forced to confess increasingly elaborate and monstrous crimes, including espionage, poisoning and sabotage. Like the other defendants, Kamenev was found guilty and executed by firing squad on 25 August 1936. The fate of his body is
1263:
The struggle became more open at the
September 1925 meeting of the Central Committee, and came to a head at the XIVth Party Congress in December 1925, when Kamenev publicly demanded the removal of Stalin from the position of the General Secretary. With only the Leningrad delegation (controlled by
1047:
In
January 1918, Kamenev was sent to spread the revolution to Britain and France, but after he had been in London for a week, he was arrested and deported. On his return, via Finland, he was captured by Finnish partisans opposed to the Bolshevik revolution, and held until August 1918, when he was
4213:
884:
was designated as a party-financed 'central organ'. In this process, Kamenev, Trotsky's brother-in-law, was added to Pravda's editorial board as a representative of the Bolsheviks. The unification attempts failed in August 1910, when Kamenev resigned from the board amid mutual recriminations.
1311:
Kamenev continued to oppose Stalin throughout 1926 and 1927, resulting in his expulsion from the Central Committee in October 1927. After the expulsion of Zinoviev and Trotsky from the Communist Party on 12 November 1927, Kamenev was the United Opposition's chief spokesman within the Party,
4218:
1225:
With Trotsky mainly on the sidelines through a persistent illness, the Zinoviev-Kamenev-Stalin triumvirate collapsed in April 1925, although the political situation was hanging in the balance for the rest of the year. All sides spent most of 1925 lining up support behind the scenes for the
1108:
as "anti-Leninist", the tensions between the volatile Zinoviev and his close ally Kamenev on one hand, and the cautious Stalin on the other, became more pronounced and threatened to end their fragile alliance. However, Zinoviev and Kamenev helped Stalin retain his position as
915:
broke out. He organised a conference in Finland Bolshevik delegates to the Duma and others, but all the participants were arrested in November tried in May 1915. In court, he distanced himself from Lenin's anti-war stance. In early 1915, Kamenev was sentenced to exile in
4253:
4248:
4208:
715:
against Stalin. Kamenev was removed from his positions in 1926 and expelled from the party in 1927, before submitting to Stalin's increasing power and rejoining the party the next year. He and Zinoviev were again expelled from the party in 1932, as a result of the
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4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
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1404:
4178:
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1296:. During a new period of intra-party fighting between the July 1926 meeting of the Central Committee and the XVth Party Conference in October 1926, the United Opposition was defeated, and Kamenev lost his Politburo seat at the Conference.
873:
factions held a meeting of the party's Central Committee in Paris and tried to reunite the party. Kamenev and Zinoviev were dubious about the idea but were willing to give it a try under pressure from "conciliator" Bolsheviks like
814:
factions, and joined the Bolsheviks. Arrested in February 1904, he was held in prison for five months, then deported back to Tiflis, where he joined the local Bolshevik committee, working alongside Georgian Bolsheviks, including
1357:
Zinoviev and Kamenev remained politically inactive until October 1932, when they were expelled from the Communist Party, after receiving an oppositionist group's appeal but not informing the party of their activities during the
3416:
3248:
3257:
2736:
838:
and the Bolshevik Center, in May 1907, but was arrested upon his return to Russia. After Kamenev was released from prison in 1908, he and his family went abroad later in the year to help Lenin edit the Bolshevik magazine
401:
3775:
3662:
3544:
3981:
3878:
3784:
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356:
790:(RSDLP) in 1901, and was arrested in March 1902 for taking part in a student protest, and, after a few months in prison, was sent back to Tbilisi under police escort. Later in 1902, he moved to Paris, where he met
3990:
352:
348:
423:
1519:
1412:
The men were tried in January 1935 and were forced to admit "moral complicity" in Kirov's assassination. Zinoviev was sentenced to ten years in prison and Kamenev to five. After the sentence the writer
2783:
3409:
3241:
970:
but soon fell in line and supported Lenin until September. Kamenev and Zinoviev had a falling out with Lenin over their opposition to the Soviet seizure of power in October 1917. On 10 October 1917 (
3768:
3655:
3537:
1068:. In March 1919, Kamenev was elected a full member of the first Politburo. His relationship with his brother-in-law Trotsky, which was good in the aftermath of the 1917 revolution and during the
3974:
3871:
1221:
Lev Kamenev, acting Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Premier) Soviet Union, greeted on the military parade to celebrate 6th anniversary of the October revolution, 7 November 1923
978:
members to vote against an armed revolt. Their publication of an open letter opposed to using force enraged Lenin, who demanded their expulsion from the party. However, when the Bolshevik-led
878:. Lenin was adamantly opposed to re-unification, but was outvoted within the Bolshevik leadership. The meeting reached a tentative agreement. As one of its provisions, Trotsky's Vienna-based
3402:
3234:
1194:
751:
and an ethnic Russian Orthodox Christian mother. Both of his parents were active in radical politics. His father, an engine driver on the Moscow-Kursk railway, had been a fellow student of
1186:. He denounced it, saying "It's an acerbic broadside about the present age, and there can be absolutely no question of publishing it." The story was banned in the Soviet Union until 1987.
4108:
455:
451:
3761:
3648:
3530:
1425:, were put on trial again. This time, the charges included forming a terrorist organization that killed Kirov and tried to kill Stalin and other leaders of the Soviet government. This
3967:
3864:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
1152:. Trotsky was ill and unable to respond much to the criticism, and the triumvirate damaged Trotsky's military reputation so much that he was forced out of his ministerial post as
711:'s downfall. Stalin subsequently turned against his former allies and ousted Kamenev from the Soviet leadership, after which Kamenev and Zinoviev aligned with Trotsky in the
1835:
4288:
4128:
3425:
1110:
458:
368:
255:
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After Kamenev's execution, his relatives suffered similar fates. Kamenev's second son, Yu. L. Kamenev was executed on 30 January 1938, at the age of 17. His eldest son,
1443:
1363:
1313:
1227:
1160:
in January 1925. Zinoviev demanded Trotsky's expulsion from the Communist Party, but Stalin refused to go along with this and skillfully played the role of a moderate.
4143:
831:
820:
364:
360:
1301:"He is an unprincipled intriguer, who subordinates everything to the preservation of his own power. He changes his theory according to whom he needs to get rid of."
1599:. (This volume contains a translation of biography of Kamenev published in a Soviet encyclopaedia in the 1920s) London: George Allen & Unwin. pp. 41–45.
1176:
policy, giving it a theoretical justification. One of Kamenev's last public acts while he was still a major figure in the soviet leadership was to read the story
4138:
1284:, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Prime Minister); Lev Kamenev, Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Deputy Prime Minister);
1079:
During Lenin's illness, Kamenev was appointed as the acting President of the Council of People's Commissars and Politburo chairman. Together with Zinoviev and
859:
211:
1316:
in December 1927. Kamenev used the occasion to appeal for reconciliation among the groups. His speech was interrupted 24 times by his opponents – Bukharin,
4263:
2684:
2023:
404:
371:
1633:
For a key profile of Kamenev search the AQA Oxford History 'Revolution and Dictatorship: Russia 1917–1953' – Pg 18 "key profile of Lev Borisovich Kamenev"
900:. In January 1912, Kamenev helped Lenin and Zinoviev to convince the Prague Conference of Bolshevik delegates to split from the Mensheviks and Otzovists.
2726:
2353:
1292:
In early 1926, Zinoviev, Kamenev and their supporters gravitated closer to Trotsky's supporters, with the two groups allying, which became known as the
4093:
4283:
4148:
1342:
1982:
1257:
1114:
1362:. After again admitting their alleged errors, they were readmitted in December 1933. They were forced to make self-flagellating speeches at the
4098:
2027:
4158:
2679:
2651:
2507:
2299:
966:
and a reconciliation with the Mensheviks. After Lenin's return to Russia on 3 April 1917, Kamenev briefly resisted Lenin's anti-government
623:
2106:
4163:
4118:
1089:
297:
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2236:
928:
4273:
1740:
4113:
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301:
1417:
pleaded with Stalin for Kamenev's release, but was ignored. Kamenev was charged separately in early 1935 in connection with the
770:), where he first made contact with an illegal Marxist circle. His father used the capital he earned in the construction of the
2823:
2614:
892:
and taught at the Bolshevik party school at Longjumeau near Paris. It had been founded as a Leninist alternative to Bogdanov's
787:
638:
1759:
Fear and the Muse Kept Watch, the Russian Masters - from Akhmatova and Pasternak to Shostakovich and Eisenstein - Under Stalin
1877:
1845:
1818:
1793:
1766:
1366:
in January 1934, where Stalin paraded his erstwhile political opponents, showing them to be defeated and outwardly contrite.
538:
3394:
3226:
2213:
134:
3753:
3640:
3522:
2805:
2194:
1129:
1094:
727:, accused of complicity in his killing, and sentenced to ten years in prison. He was later made a chief defendant in the
551:
544:
3959:
3856:
106:
3175:
1253:
1057:
995:
207:
1783:
2172:
2158:
1950:
1926:
1918:
1897:
1709:
1651:
1604:
1568:
1478:, and 160 other prominent political prisoners. Only his youngest son, Vladimir Glebov, survived Stalin's prisons and
1061:
653:, after which he moved abroad and became one of Lenin's close associates. In 1914, he was arrested upon returning to
153:
4133:
4103:
2746:
2500:
2474:
2044:
Debo, Richard Kent. "Litvinov and Kamenev—Ambassadors Extraordinary: The Problem of Soviet Representation Abroad."
1293:
979:
712:
113:
2096:
4214:
Members of the Central Committee of the 7th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)
4153:
2813:
2641:
2313:
685:
627:
305:
4219:
Members of the Central Committee of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)
3195:
3092:
3064:
2892:
2845:
2793:
2716:
1157:
963:
619:
91:
1327:
Kamenev's first marriage, which had begun to disintegrate in 1920, as a result of his reputed affair with the
3031:
2840:
2587:
2561:
1065:
975:
971:
611:
493:
120:
42:
3170:
2751:
2646:
2631:
2393:
2282:
1700:
For an account of the discussions within the Bolshevik leadership in November 1917, see Elizabeth A. Wood.
1620:
87:
4278:
4258:
3358:
2636:
2493:
2423:
2209:
1890:
The Titled Americans: Three American Sisters and the English Aristocratic World Into Which They Married,
102:
3215:
3190:
2857:
2788:
1865:
931:
for refusing the throne. He was so embarrassed later by his action that he denied ever having sent it.
824:
783:
700:
4268:
3185:
1201:
and placed him in the position due to his Russian, peasant background. Conversely, Russian historian
1190:
1217:
4254:
Members of the Central Committee of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4249:
Members of the Central Committee of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3200:
3180:
2602:
2592:
2441:
2359:
1463:
1137:
649:
faction after the party's 1903 split. He was arrested several times and participated in the failed
4209:
Members of the Central Committee of the 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
2035:
Trotsky's Challenge: The "Literary Discussion" of 1924 and the Fight for the Bolshevik Revolution.
1426:
1381:, Kamenev and their closest associates were again expelled from the Communist Party and arrested.
962:
and moved it to the Right. Kamenev formulated a policy of conditional support of the newly formed
728:
4244:
Members of the Central Committee of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4239:
Members of the Central Committee of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4234:
Members of the Central Committee of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4123:
2597:
2275:
1439:
1209:
in 1922 and noted that Kamenev lacked any personal desire to become Chairman upon Lenin's death.
1121:
controversy, ensuring that the triumvirate gained more political advantage at Trotsky's expense.
990:, led by Trotsky, staged an uprising, Kamenev and Zinoviev went along. At the Second All-Russian
747:
Kamenev was born as Lev Rozenfeld in Moscow, the son of a Jewish railway worker who converted to
650:
586:
290:
80:
17:
4229:
Members of the Central Committee of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4224:
Members of the Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
2200:
3210:
2666:
759:
4204:
Candidates of the Politburo of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
1724:
by V.I. Lenin, Written on November 5 or 6 (18 or 19), 1917, as published in From V. I. Lenin,
903:
In January 1914, he was sent to St. Petersburg to direct the work of the Bolshevik version of
614:
6 July] 1883 – 25 August 1936) was a Russian revolutionary and Soviet politician. An
3205:
2882:
2689:
2626:
1153:
1104:
In the spring of 1924, while the triumvirate was criticizing the policies of Trotsky and the
3424:
3256:
2118:
Pogorelskin, Alexis. "Kamenev and the Peasant Question: The Turn to Opposition, 1924–1925."
4199:
Members of the Politburo of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4088:
4083:
1141:
1118:
1041:
692:
and deputy premier under Lenin. In 1919, Kamenev was elected as a full member of the first
3783:
3670:
3552:
1737:
1124:
8:
4194:
Members of the Politburo of the 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4189:
Members of the Politburo of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4184:
Members of the Politburo of the 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3989:
3886:
3378:
3102:
2852:
2778:
2671:
2541:
2334:
1205:
stated that Trotsky "undoubtedly would have been first among Lenin's deputies" given his
991:
921:
752:
662:
127:
31:
4179:
Members of the Politburo of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4174:
Members of the Politburo of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
927:
Before leaving Siberia, Kamenev proposed sending a telegram thanking the Tsar's brother
4010:
3907:
3845:
3742:
3624:
3506:
3496:
3292:
3277:
3120:
3044:
2556:
2516:
1614:
1471:
1249:
1245:
1145:
1018:
893:
847:
779:
674:
4169:
Members of the Orgburo of the 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3629:
3501:
3348:
3317:
3486:
3343:
3333:
3087:
3016:
2933:
2910:
2609:
2582:
2520:
2429:
2267:
2229:
2185:
2168:
2154:
1946:
1922:
1914:
1893:
1873:
1841:
1814:
1789:
1762:
1722:
FROM THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE RUSSIAN SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC LABOUR PARTY (BOLSHEVIKS)
1705:
1647:
1600:
1564:
1475:
1272:
1149:
1072:, lessened after 1920. For the next 15 years, Kamenev was a friend and close ally of
1069:
1032:
946:
On 25 March 1917, Kamenev returned from Siberian exile to St. Petersburg (renamed as
835:
748:
328:
35:
1056:
In 1918, Kamenev became chairman of the Moscow Soviet, and soon after that, Lenin's
798:
group that published the newspaper, and his wife, Olga Bronstein, younger sister of
4046:
4041:
3943:
3938:
3835:
3799:
3732:
3686:
3614:
3568:
3445:
3440:
3363:
3282:
3272:
3115:
3011:
2981:
2948:
2731:
2661:
2656:
2485:
2381:
1512:
1498:
1455:
1378:
1321:
1317:
1285:
1231:
1183:
1169:
1165:
1073:
1010:
998:. The latter position was equivalent to the head of state under the Soviet system.
987:
851:
823:
of the RSDLP. in London in March 1905, he returned to Russia to participate in the
666:
654:
2254:
2237:
Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets
2165:"Unpersonen": Wer waren sie wirklich? Bucharin, Rykow, Trotzki, Sinowjew, Kamenew.
4051:
3948:
3840:
3737:
3619:
3491:
3373:
3353:
3287:
3150:
3001:
2551:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2341:
2205:
2074:
2064:
2054:
2038:
1744:
1105:
251:
186:
637:
Born in Moscow to a family active in revolutionary politics, Kamenev joined the
4015:
3912:
3809:
3711:
3696:
3593:
3578:
3511:
3465:
3307:
3130:
3054:
3049:
3039:
3006:
2991:
2971:
2920:
2905:
2874:
2721:
2449:
2417:
2367:
2327:
2246:
1389:
1384:
1334:
1178:
1006:
955:
911:. He moved to Finland when Pravda was closed, in July 1914, and was there when
791:
642:
615:
499:
340:
235:
1728:, 4th English Edition, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1964 Vol. 26, pp. 303–307.
1306:
Bukharin in conversations with Kamenev on Stalin's theoretical position, 1928.
888:
After the failure of the reunification attempt, Kamenev continued working for
854:
became Lenin's main assistants abroad. They helped him expel Bogdanov and his
794:, whose adherent and close associate he became, other Marxist exiles from the
4077:
4056:
4020:
3917:
3814:
3706:
3588:
3460:
3302:
3140:
3110:
3082:
3072:
2996:
2953:
2943:
2938:
2928:
2566:
2455:
1459:
1430:
1422:
1359:
1338:
1328:
1277:
1080:
1017:
On 10 November 1917, three days after the Soviet seizure of power during the
951:
816:
717:
704:
689:
681:
568:
1721:
4025:
3922:
3819:
3716:
3701:
3598:
3583:
3470:
3455:
3368:
3312:
3297:
3135:
3077:
3021:
2986:
2784:
Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia
2773:
2763:
2189:
1689:
1418:
1374:
1370:
1281:
1241:
1202:
1198:
1036:
1028:
983:
967:
934:
875:
799:
724:
708:
670:
631:
516:
240:
2151:
Kamenew: Der gemäßigte Bolschewik. Das kollektive Denken im Umfeld Lenins.
2130:
Prelude to Revolution: The Petrograd Bolsheviks and the July 1917 Uprising
1458:
officer A.L. Kamenev, was executed on 15 July 1939 at 33. His first wife,
3383:
3145:
3125:
2900:
2387:
2374:
1978:
1479:
1435:
1414:
1084:
912:
736:
2123:
2963:
2833:
2828:
2621:
2049:
1813:(Rev. and expanded ed.). Columbia Univ. Press. pp. 112, 143.
1244:. Zinoviev and Kamenev strengthened their alliance with Lenin's widow,
1098:
811:
807:
732:
699:
During Lenin's final illness in 1923–1924, Kamenev formed a leadership
646:
581:
46:
994:, Kamenev was elected Congress Chairman and chairman of the permanent
2546:
1869:
1702:
The Baba and the Comrade: Gender and Politics in Revolutionary Russia
1331:
1256:
and a candidate Politburo member. Their alliance became known as the
1206:
947:
870:
841:
693:
1983:"Court Vindicates 2 Stalin Victims Who Were Close Allies of Lenin's"
69:
2741:
866:
855:
1197:
on Stalin's suggestion due to his Jewish origins. Stalin favoured
1195:
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union
920:; he survived two years there until being freed by the successful
1023:
917:
862:) followers from the Bolshevik faction of the RSDLP in mid-1909.
767:
763:
658:
54:
1021:, the executive committee of the national railroad labor union,
1001:
1373:
on 1 December 1934 was a catalyst for what are called Stalin's
1236:
939:
880:
778:
railway to pay for Lev's education. Kamenev attended the boys'
775:
2101:
Lih, Lars T. "Fully Armed: Kamenev and Pravda in March 1917."
1788:. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall. p. 162.
2818:
1467:
897:
688:
and held a number of senior posts, including chairman of the
3426:
13th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3258:
14th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
1811:
Let history judge: the origins and consequences of Stalinism
1288:, Chairman of the Comintern's executive committee. Apr 1925.
603:
4109:
Expelled members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1561:
Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews
1444:
Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union
1395:
During this time Kamenev wrote a letter to Stalin, saying:
1377:, as he initiated show trials and executions of opponents.
908:
771:
756:
3785:
10th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3672:
11th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3554:
12th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
846:
After Lenin's split with another senior Bolshevik leader,
3991:
8th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
3888:
9th Politburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
739:), found guilty of treason, and executed in August 1936.
723:
In 1934, Kamenev was arrested after the assassination of
1438:, Kamenev, Zinoviev and his co-defendants were formally
1345:. They had a son together, Vladimir Glebov (1929–1994).
1048:
exchanged for Finnish prisoners held by the Bolsheviks.
1862:
Soviet State and Society Between Revolutions, 1918–1929
30:"Kamenev" redirects here. For the Russian painter, see
27:
Russian revolutionary and Soviet politician (1883–1936)
2297:
1466:
on 11 September 1941, in the Medvedev forest outside
1348:
2515:
2024:
Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War
4289:
People executed by the Soviet Union by firing squad
4129:
Chairpersons of the Executive Committee of Mossovet
2259:
1943:
The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939–1953
1267:
1136:In October 1924, Stalin proposed his new theory of
94:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
782:in Tiflis. In 1900, he enrolled as law student in
665:of 1917, which overthrew the monarchy, and joined
212:Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union
4144:Revolutionaries of the Russian Revolution of 1905
4075:
950:in 1914). Kamenev and Central Committee members
762:. When Kamenev was a child, his family moved to
1400:to people who are strange and disgusting to me.
4139:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
2028:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union
1690:V. I. Lenin, LETTER TO BOLSHEVIK PARTY MEMBERS
1172:, with Bukharin having elaborated on Stalin's
1156:of Army and Fleet Affairs and Chairman of the
673:" and the armed seizure of power known as the
3975:
3872:
3769:
3656:
3538:
3410:
3242:
2501:
2283:
2086:Makers of the Russian Revolution: Biographies
1595:Georges Haupt, and Jean-Jaques Marie (1974).
1594:
1534:
1502:
1164:more and more into a political alliance with
2201:Leon Trotsky on Kamenev and Grigory Zinoviev
1781:
1280:, General Secretary of the Communist Party;
1276:The photo shows the leadership of the USSR:
622:, serving as the first head of state of the
618:, Kamenev was a leading figure in the early
4264:Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
1977:
1913:, New York, Oxford University Press, 1990,
1563:. Cambridge University Press. p. 430.
1212:
471:17 January 1912 – 14 November 1927
3982:
3968:
3879:
3865:
3776:
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3649:
3545:
3531:
3417:
3403:
3249:
3235:
2508:
2494:
2290:
2276:
1945:, Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1996,
1854:
1111:General Secretary of the Central Committee
974:), Kamenev and Zinoviev were the only two
185:
4094:Revolutionaries of the Russian Revolution
1937:
1935:
1558:
677:. Nevertheless, he briefly served as the
154:Learn how and when to remove this message
4284:Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Italy
4149:Ministers of defence of the Soviet Union
2084:Haupt, Georges, and Jean-Jacques Marie.
1808:
1403:
1383:
1337:, ended in divorce in 1928 when he left
1271:
1216:
1123:
1051:
1000:
933:
742:
2769:Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine
2712:Provisional Committee of the State Duma
2079:The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky, 1921–1929
1761:. New York: The New Press. p. 61.
1756:
1678:Years of Russia and the USSR 1851–1991,
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
996:All-Russian Central Executive Committee
827:in St. Petersburg in October–December.
14:
4076:
2824:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
1932:
1513:[ˈlʲevbɐˈrʲisəvʲɪtɕˈkamʲɪnʲɪf]
1240:editor, and the Soviet prime minister
958:took control of the revived Bolshevik
834:, where he was elected to the party's
788:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
639:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
634:from 1923 to 1926, among other roles.
395:10 October – 29 November 1917
384:8 March 1919 – 1 January 1926
224:6 July 1923 – 16 January 1926
4099:Deaths by firearm in the Soviet Union
3963:
3860:
3757:
3644:
3526:
3398:
3230:
2489:
2271:
2258:
2206:Newspaper clippings about Lev Kamenev
2103:The NEP Era: Soviet Russia 1921–1928,
2093:Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928
2069:The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1879–1921
1837:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union
1833:
1511:
1449:
1234:, a Communist Party theoretician and
1193:, Kamenev was denied the position of
1140:in opposition to Trotsky's theory of
1076:, whose ambition exceeded Kamenev's.
869:, followers of Bogdanov, and various
830:He went back to London to attend the
2652:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)
1809:Medvedev, Roj Aleksandrovič (1989).
1577:
1408:The act of rehabilitation of Kamenev
802:. The couple had two sons together.
552:Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
417:1 January – 23 October 1926
92:adding citations to reliable sources
63:
4159:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk negotiators
2615:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
1962:
766:, and then in 1896, to Tiflis (now
755:, the revolutionary who killed the
24:
4164:Trial of the Sixteen (Great Purge)
4119:Heads of state of the Soviet Union
2737:Council of the People's Commissars
2143:
2017:
1704:, Indiana University Press, 1997,
1349:Submission to Stalin and execution
1117:in May–June 1924 during the first
25:
4300:
2197:during his trial, 20 August 1936.
2179:
2113:Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime
1834:Sakwa, Richard (17 August 2005).
1312:representing its position at the
1230:. Stalin struck an alliance with
1228:December Communist Party Congress
907:and the Bolshevik faction of the
630:, and as a deputy premier of the
554:(1918–1927, 1928–1932, 1933–1934)
4274:Russian people of Jewish descent
2747:Military Revolutionary Committee
2470:
2469:
1911:The Great Terror: A Reassessment
1597:Makers of the Russian Revolution
1268:Opposition to Stalin (1926–1927)
1087:(also known by its Russian name
980:Military Revolutionary Committee
720:, and were re-admitted in 1933.
68:
4114:Great Purge victims from Russia
2642:Lithuanian Wars of Independence
2314:All-Russian Congress of Soviets
2260:Articles related to Lev Kamenev
2000:
1971:
1956:
1903:
1882:
1827:
1802:
1785:Russia in the twentieth century
1775:
1750:
1731:
1715:
1694:
1189:According to Polish historian,
686:All-Russian Congress of Soviets
628:All-Russian Congress of Soviets
306:All-Russian Congress of Soviets
79:needs additional citations for
3176:German Revolution of 1918–1919
2717:Russian Provisional Government
1892:Atlantic Monthly Press, 2004,
1683:
1676:David Evans and Jane Jenkins,
1670:
1657:
1646:, Boston, Beacon Press, 1973,
1636:
1627:
1552:
1527:
1492:
1254:People's Commissar for Finance
1158:Revolutionary Military Council
1062:Council of People's Commissars
964:Russian Provisional Government
13:
1:
2841:Socialist Revolutionary Party
2588:Ukrainian War of Independence
2059:Stalin: a Political Biography
1559:Lindemann, Albert S. (1997).
1545:
1132:of the Central Committee 1923
1128:Lev Kamenev, Director of the
1066:Council of Labour and Defence
735:at the beginning of Stalin's
318:9 – 21 November 1917
268:31 March 1923 – 1926
192:
43:Eastern Slavic naming customs
2752:Russian Constituent Assembly
2647:Red Army invasion of Georgia
2632:Estonian War of Independence
2010:2009. Episode "1933, Russia"
1782:Dziewanowski, M. K. (2003).
7:
3196:Workers' Councils in Poland
2794:Ukrainian People's Republic
2637:Latvian War of Independence
2309:Central Executive Committee
2210:20th Century Press Archives
2167:Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1990,
1680:Hodder Murray, 2001, p.221.
1644:Stalin: The Man and His Era
1144:, while Trotsky published "
850:, in mid-1908, Kamenev and
749:Russian Christian Orthodoxy
302:Central Executive Committee
10:
4305:
3216:Belarusian-Soviet conflict
2858:General Jewish Labour Bund
2727:Pro-independence movements
2475:Heads of state of the USSR
2153:VSA Verlag, Hamburg 2006,
2033:Corney, Frederick C., ed.
2021:
1866:Cambridge University Press
1840:. Routledge. p. 165.
1248:. Also, they aligned with
825:Russian Revolution of 1905
784:Imperial Moscow University
41:In this name that follows
40:
29:
4034:
3998:
3931:
3895:
3828:
3792:
3725:
3679:
3607:
3561:
3479:
3433:
3326:
3265:
3186:Hungarian Soviet Republic
3163:
3101:
3063:
3030:
2962:
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2891:
2873:
2866:
2804:
2704:
2575:
2562:Kerensky–Krasnov uprising
2534:
2527:
2465:
2439:
2351:
2306:
2265:
2243:
2234:
2226:
2221:
1535:
1503:
1434:unknown. In 1988, during
1191:Marian Kamil Dziewanowski
1040:"October episode" in his
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580:
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527:Execution by firing squad
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206:
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3181:Bavarian Soviet Republic
3171:Revolutions of 1917–1923
2128:Rabinowitch, Alexander.
1738:"The Lessons of October"
1663:Simon Sebag Montefiore,
1619:: CS1 maint: location (
1485:
1213:Break with Stalin (1925)
1174:Socialism in One Country
1138:Socialism in One Country
832:5th RSDLP Party Congress
661:. He returned after the
524:Cause of death
400:Candidate member of the
176:
4134:Politicians from Moscow
4104:Executed heads of state
2598:Kiev Bolshevik Uprising
2105:8 (2014), 55–68(2014).
2048:34.3 (1975): 463–482.
641:in 1901 and sided with
587:Moscow State University
291:Ivan Skvortsov-Stepanov
34:. For the surname, see
4154:Soviet rehabilitations
3211:Slovak Soviet Republic
3191:Hungarian–Romanian War
2893:Provisional Government
2298:Heads of state of the
2195:Examination of Kamenev
2137:Lenin. A New Biography
2122:27.4 (2000): 381–395.
1757:McSmith, Andy (2015).
1409:
1402:
1392:
1303:
1289:
1222:
1133:
1014:
943:
819:. After attending the
599:Lev Borisovich Kamenev
2883:Nicholas II of Russia
1941:See Michael Parrish.
1909:See Robert Conquest.
1888:See Elisabeth Kehoe.
1860:Lewis H. Siegelbaum,
1642:See Adam Bruno Ulam.
1504:Лев Борисович Каменев
1482:, living until 1994.
1407:
1397:
1387:
1299:
1275:
1220:
1127:
1115:XIIIth Party Congress
1083:, he formed a ruling
1064:(government) and the
1052:Opposition to Trotsky
1004:
937:
743:Early life and career
669:in opposing Lenin's "
496:6 July] 1883
3201:Polish–Ukrainian War
2603:Polish–Ukrainian War
2593:Ukrainian–Soviet War
2135:Volkogonov, Dmitri.
1427:Trial of the Sixteen
1142:Permanent revolution
729:Trial of the Sixteen
610:; 18 July [
88:improve this article
3379:Sergo Ordzhonikidze
2853:Union of October 17
2672:Kronstadt rebellion
2667:Workers' Opposition
2542:February Revolution
2377:(1943–1944, acting)
2186:Lev Kamenev Archive
1872:, 1992, p.189–190.
1388:Bust of Kamenev by
1364:17th Party Congress
1314:XVth Party Congress
992:Congress of Soviets
922:February Revolution
753:Ignacy Hryniewiecki
684:as chairman of the
663:February Revolution
626:as chairman of the
422:Full member of the
347:Full member of the
32:Lev Lvovich Kamenev
4279:Soviet show trials
4259:Russian socialists
4011:Nikolay Krestinsky
3908:Nikolay Krestinsky
3846:Vyacheslav Molotov
3743:Vyacheslav Molotov
3625:Vyacheslav Molotov
3507:Grigori Sokolnikov
3497:Vyacheslav Molotov
3293:Vyacheslav Molotov
3278:Kliment Voroshilov
3121:Stepan Petrichenko
3045:Alexander Kerensky
2557:October Revolution
2517:Russian Revolution
2222:Political offices
2091:Kotkin, Stephen.
2088:(Routledge, 2017).
1987:The New York Times
1743:2005-12-27 at the
1472:Christian Rakovsky
1450:Fate of the family
1431:Moscow Show Trials
1410:
1393:
1290:
1250:Grigori Sokolnikov
1246:Nadezhda Krupskaya
1223:
1179:The Heart of a Dog
1154:People's Commissar
1146:Lessons of October
1134:
1019:October Revolution
1015:
944:
938:Lev Kamenev reads
848:Alexander Bogdanov
806:split between the
703:with Zinoviev and
675:October Revolution
651:Revolution of 1905
545:RSDLP (Bolsheviks)
492:18 July [
4071:
4070:
4065:
4064:
4035:Candidate members
3957:
3956:
3932:Candidate members
3854:
3853:
3829:Candidate members
3751:
3750:
3726:Candidate members
3638:
3637:
3608:Candidate members
3520:
3519:
3487:Felix Dzerzhinsky
3480:Candidate members
3392:
3391:
3344:Grigory Petrovsky
3334:Felix Dzerzhinsky
3327:Candidate members
3224:
3223:
3206:Polish–Soviet War
3159:
3158:
3093:Alexander Antonov
3088:Maria Spiridonova
3017:Felix Dzerzhinsky
2934:Alexander Kolchak
2911:Alexander Guchkov
2700:
2699:
2627:Polish–Soviet War
2610:Finnish Civil War
2583:Russian Civil War
2483:
2482:
2253:
2252:
2244:Succeeded by
2230:Nikolai Chkheidze
1965:Fear and the Muse
1878:978-0-521-36987-9
1847:978-1-134-80602-7
1820:978-0-231-06351-7
1795:978-0-13-097852-3
1768:978-1-59558-056-6
1476:Maria Spiridonova
1294:United Opposition
1150:Russian Civil War
1119:Lenin's Testament
1070:Russian Civil War
1033:Vladimir Milyutin
976:Central Committee
865:In January 1910,
836:Central Committee
713:United Opposition
620:Soviet government
596:
595:
459:Central Committee
329:Nikolai Chkheidze
256:Central Committee
164:
163:
156:
138:
36:Kamenev (surname)
16:(Redirected from
4296:
4269:Russian Marxists
4047:Grigory Zinoviev
4042:Nikolai Bukharin
3984:
3977:
3970:
3961:
3960:
3944:Grigory Zinoviev
3939:Nikolai Bukharin
3881:
3874:
3867:
3858:
3857:
3836:Nikolai Bukharin
3800:Grigory Zinoviev
3778:
3771:
3764:
3755:
3754:
3733:Nikolai Bukharin
3687:Grigory Zinoviev
3665:
3658:
3651:
3642:
3641:
3615:Nikolai Bukharin
3569:Grigory Zinoviev
3547:
3540:
3533:
3524:
3523:
3446:Grigory Zinoviev
3441:Nikolai Bukharin
3419:
3412:
3405:
3396:
3395:
3364:Lazar Kaganovich
3283:Grigory Zinoviev
3273:Nikolai Bukharin
3251:
3244:
3237:
3228:
3227:
3116:Maria Nikiforova
3012:Nikolai Bukharin
2982:Grigory Zinoviev
2949:Nikolai Yudenich
2871:
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2732:Petrograd Soviet
2662:Tambov Rebellion
2657:Left SR uprising
2532:
2531:
2510:
2503:
2496:
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2473:
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2440:Chairmen of the
2352:Chairmen of the
2307:Chairmen of the
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2269:
2268:
2256:
2255:
2227:Preceded by
2219:
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2111:Pipes, Richard.
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1981:(14 June 1988).
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1496:
1470:, together with
1379:Grigory Zinoviev
1307:
1286:Grigory Zinoviev
1232:Nikolai Bukharin
1184:Mikhail Bulgakov
1170:Right Opposition
1166:Nikolai Bukharin
1074:Grigory Zinoviev
988:Petrograd Soviet
852:Grigory Zinoviev
786:. He joined the
667:Grigory Zinoviev
655:Saint Petersburg
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3620:Mikhail Kalinin
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3492:Mikhail Kalinin
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3359:Andrey Andreyev
3354:Nikolai Uglanov
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3288:Mikhail Kalinin
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2144:Other languages
2120:Russian History
2075:Isaac Deutscher
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2055:Isaac Deutscher
2039:Haymarket Books
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2018:Further reading
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1130:Lenin Institute
1106:Left Opposition
1095:Communist Party
1058:Deputy Chairman
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4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4124:Old Bolsheviks
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4016:Vladimir Lenin
4013:
4008:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3987:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3964:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3913:Vladimir Lenin
3910:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3884:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3861:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3810:Vladimir Lenin
3807:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3781:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3758:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3712:Mikhail Tomsky
3709:
3704:
3699:
3697:Vladimir Lenin
3694:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3668:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3645:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3594:Mikhail Tomsky
3591:
3586:
3581:
3579:Vladimir Lenin
3576:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3550:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3512:Mikhail Frunze
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3466:Mikhail Tomsky
3463:
3458:
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3448:
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3422:
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3320:
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3308:Mikhail Tomsky
3305:
3300:
3295:
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3275:
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3262:
3254:
3253:
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3213:
3208:
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3167:
3165:
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3160:
3157:
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3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3131:Semen Karetnyk
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3055:Boris Sokoloff
3052:
3050:Boris Savinkov
3047:
3042:
3040:Viktor Chernov
3036:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3007:Yakov Sverdlov
3004:
2999:
2994:
2992:Mikhail Frunze
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2972:Vladimir Lenin
2968:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2921:White movement
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2906:Pavel Milyukov
2903:
2897:
2895:
2889:
2888:
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2771:
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2749:
2744:
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2734:
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2722:White movement
2719:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2685:Central Powers
2682:
2676:Interventions
2674:
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2654:
2649:
2644:
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2442:Supreme Soviet
2437:
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2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
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2360:Supreme Soviet
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2339:
2337:(1919, acting)
2331:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2304:
2303:
2295:
2294:
2287:
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2272:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2251:
2250:
2247:Yakov Sverdlov
2245:
2242:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2181:
2180:External links
2178:
2177:
2176:
2162:
2149:Ulrich, Jürg:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2116:
2109:
2099:
2089:
2082:
2072:
2062:
2052:
2042:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2012:
1999:
1970:
1955:
1931:
1902:
1881:
1853:
1846:
1826:
1819:
1801:
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1526:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1451:
1448:
1423:Old Bolsheviks
1419:Kremlin Affair
1390:Clare Sheridan
1369:The murder of
1350:
1347:
1335:Clare Sheridan
1298:
1269:
1266:
1258:New Opposition
1214:
1211:
1053:
1050:
956:Matvei Muranov
792:Vladimir Lenin
744:
741:
657:and exiled to
643:Vladimir Lenin
594:
593:
590:
589:
584:
578:
577:
575:
574:
571:
569:Olga Bronstein
565:
563:
559:
558:
556:
555:
549:
542:
535:
533:
529:
528:
525:
521:
520:
519:, Soviet Union
513:(aged 53)
509:25 August 1936
507:
503:
502:
500:Russian Empire
488:
486:
482:
481:
477:
476:
473:
472:
462:
461:
419:
418:
408:
407:
397:
396:
386:
385:
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374:
344:
343:
341:Yakov Sverdlov
338:
332:
331:
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319:
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308:
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293:
288:
282:
281:
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270:
269:
259:
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246:
244:
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236:Vladimir Lenin
232:
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214:
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4100:
4097:
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4087:
4085:
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4079:
4058:
4057:Elena Stasova
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4021:Joseph Stalin
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3973:
3971:
3966:
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3962:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3918:Joseph Stalin
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3882:
3877:
3875:
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3868:
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3859:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3815:Joseph Stalin
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3779:
3774:
3772:
3767:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3707:Joseph Stalin
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3673:
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3661:
3659:
3654:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3631:
3628:
3626:
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3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3589:Joseph Stalin
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3548:
3543:
3541:
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3534:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3461:Joseph Stalin
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3427:
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3413:
3408:
3406:
3401:
3400:
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3350:
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3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3303:Joseph Stalin
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
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3259:
3252:
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3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:International
3162:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3141:Viktor Bilash
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3111:Nestor Makhno
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3083:Mark Natanson
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3073:Yakov Blumkin
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
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3029:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:Joseph Stalin
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2954:Lavr Kornilov
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2944:Pyotr Krasnov
2942:
2940:
2939:Anton Denikin
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2929:Pyotr Wrangel
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
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2753:
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2730:
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2725:
2723:
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2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
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2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2567:Junker mutiny
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
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2539:
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2511:
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2504:
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2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
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2407:
2404:
2401:
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2215:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2174:
2173:3-320-01547-8
2170:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2159:3-89965-206-1
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2098:
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2080:
2076:
2073:
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2066:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2046:Slavic Review
2043:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2009:
2003:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1967:. p. 93.
1966:
1959:
1952:
1951:0-275-95113-8
1948:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1929:(pbk), p. 76.
1928:
1927:0-19-507132-8
1924:
1920:
1919:0-19-505580-2
1916:
1912:
1906:
1899:
1898:0-87113-924-3
1895:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1857:
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1753:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1711:
1710:0-253-21430-0
1707:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1686:
1679:
1673:
1666:
1665:Young Stalin,
1660:
1653:
1652:0-8070-7005-X
1649:
1645:
1639:
1630:
1622:
1616:
1608:
1606:0-04-947021-3
1602:
1598:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1572:
1570:0-521-79538-9
1566:
1562:
1555:
1551:
1533:Russian:
1530:
1520:
1514:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1440:rehabilitated
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
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1339:Olga Kameneva
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718:Ryutin affair
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707:which led to
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682:head of state
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616:Old Bolshevik
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103:"Lev Kamenev"
100:
99:Find sources:
93:
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77:This article
75:
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53: and the
52:
48:
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19:
4026:Leon Trotsky
4005:
3999:Full members
3923:Leon Trotsky
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3896:Full members
3820:Leon Trotsky
3804:
3793:Full members
3717:Leon Trotsky
3702:Alexei Rykov
3691:
3680:Full members
3599:Leon Trotsky
3584:Alexei Rykov
3573:
3562:Full members
3471:Leon Trotsky
3456:Alexei Rykov
3450:
3434:Full members
3369:Sergei Kirov
3338:
3313:Leon Trotsky
3298:Alexei Rykov
3266:Full members
3136:Fedir Shchus
3078:Boris Kamkov
3022:Alexei Rykov
2987:Leon Trotsky
2976:
2774:Green armies
2764:Black Guards
2373:
2333:
2321:
2300:Russian SFSR
2235:
2190:Marxists.org
2164:
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2007:
2002:
1990:. Retrieved
1986:
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1411:
1398:
1394:
1375:Great Purges
1371:Sergei Kirov
1368:
1356:
1352:
1341:and married
1326:
1310:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1282:Alexei Rykov
1262:
1242:Alexei Rykov
1235:
1224:
1203:Roy Medvedev
1199:Alexei Rykov
1188:
1177:
1173:
1162:
1135:
1103:
1088:
1078:
1055:
1046:
1037:Victor Nogin
1029:Alexei Rykov
1022:
1016:
1005:Kamenev and
984:Adolph Joffe
982:, headed by
968:April Theses
959:
945:
926:
904:
902:
894:Party School
889:
887:
879:
876:Victor Nogin
864:
840:
829:
821:3rd Congress
804:
800:Leon Trotsky
795:
760:Alexander II
746:
725:Sergei Kirov
722:
709:Leon Trotsky
698:
678:
671:April Theses
636:
632:Soviet Union
624:Russian SFSR
607:
602:
598:
597:
517:Russian SFSR
511:(1936-08-25)
466:
412:
390:
379:
336:Succeeded by
313:
286:Succeeded by
278:
263:
241:Alexey Rykov
219:
196: 1920s
150:
141:
131:
124:
117:
110:
98:
86:Please help
81:verification
78:
58:
50:
4089:1936 deaths
4084:1883 births
4006:Lev Kamenev
3993:(1919–1920)
3903:Lev Kamenev
3890:(1920–1921)
3805:Lev Kamenev
3787:(1921–1922)
3692:Lev Kamenev
3674:(1922–1923)
3574:Lev Kamenev
3556:(1923–1924)
3451:Lev Kamenev
3428:(1924–1926)
3384:Vlas Chubar
3339:Lev Kamenev
3260:(1926–1927)
3146:Fanya Baron
3126:Lev Chernyi
2977:Lev Kamenev
2901:Georgy Lvov
2875:Monarchists
2458:(1990–1991)
2432:(1988–1990)
2426:(1985–1988)
2420:(1966–1985)
2414:(1962–1966)
2408:(1959–1962)
2396:(1950–1959)
2390:(1946–1950)
2384:(1944–1946)
2370:(1938–1944)
2344:(1919–1938)
2335:Vladimirsky
2330:(1917–1919)
2006:Geert Mak,
1979:Bill Keller
1536:Ро́зенфельд
1480:labor camps
1436:perestroika
1415:Maxim Gorky
1085:Triumvirate
913:World War I
737:Great Purge
548:(1903–1918)
541:(1901–1903)
324:Preceded by
274:Preceded by
178:Лев Каменев
170:Lev Kamenev
55:family name
4078:Categories
3103:Anarchists
2964:Bolsheviks
2834:Mensheviks
2829:Bolsheviks
2779:Red Guards
2622:Heimosodat
2535:Revolution
2430:Vorotnikov
2037:(Chicago:
2022:See also:
2008:In Europa,
1546:References
1322:Kaganovich
1099:Trotskyism
986:, and the
890:Proletariy
842:Proletariy
733:show trial
582:Alma mater
114:newspapers
51:Borisovich
47:patronymic
3032:Right SRs
2757:elections
2576:Civil War
2547:July Days
2521:Civil War
2354:Presidium
1963:McSmith.
1870:Cambridge
1615:cite book
1456:Air Force
1207:authority
1093:) in the
1042:Testament
972:Old Style
948:Petrograd
924:of 1917.
896:based in
871:Menshevik
867:Leninists
860:Recallist
812:Menshevik
808:Bolshevik
780:Gymnasium
694:Politburo
647:Bolshevik
608:Rozenfeld
467:In office
413:In office
405:Politburo
391:In office
380:In office
372:Politburo
314:In office
264:In office
220:In office
191:Kamenev,
144:July 2023
3065:Left SRs
2846:Left SRs
2742:Red Army
2690:Siberian
2382:Shvernik
2328:Sverdlov
2041:, 2017).
1992:29 March
1900:, p.325.
1741:Archived
1464:executed
1332:sculptor
1168:and the
856:Otzovist
679:de facto
515:Moscow,
498:Moscow,
298:Chairman
2867:Figures
2806:Parties
2456:Yeltsin
2450:Zhdanov
2412:Ignatov
2406:Organov
2400:Ignatov
2394:Tarasov
2368:Badayev
2342:Kalinin
2322:Kamenev
2312:of the
2212:of the
2208:in the
2139:(1994),
2132:(1968).
2097:excerpt
2095:(2015)
1499:Russian
1442:by the
1329:British
1113:at the
1060:of the
1024:Vikzhel
942:(1921).
929:Mikhail
918:Siberia
768:Tbilisi
659:Siberia
562:Spouses
304:of the
300:of the
254:of the
229:Premier
210:of the
128:scholar
59:Kamenev
18:Kamenev
2814:Kadets
2705:Groups
2680:Allied
2528:Events
2452:(1938)
2418:Yasnov
2402:(1959)
2388:Vlasov
2375:Vlasov
2324:(1917)
2171:
2157:
2124:online
2115:(2011)
2107:online
2081:(1959)
2071:(1954)
2061:(1949)
2050:online
1953:p. 69.
1949:
1925:
1917:
1896:
1876:
1844:
1817:
1792:
1765:
1708:
1667:p. 262
1650:
1603:
1567:
1501::
1462:, was
1320:, and
1318:Ryutin
1252:, the
1237:Pravda
1090:Troika
1013:, 1922
960:Pravda
940:Pravda
905:Pravda
881:Pravda
776:Batumi
701:troika
130:
123:
116:
109:
101:
45:, the
2819:Nabat
2424:Orlov
2241:1917
1712:p. 70
1654:p.112
1486:Notes
1468:Oryol
1182:, by
1011:Gorki
1007:Lenin
898:Capri
796:Iskra
764:Vilno
731:(the
539:RSDLP
135:JSTOR
121:books
2519:and
2358:the
2169:ISBN
2155:ISBN
2026:and
1994:2022
1947:ISBN
1923:ISBN
1921:and
1915:ISBN
1894:ISBN
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1842:ISBN
1815:ISBN
1790:ISBN
1763:ISBN
1706:ISBN
1648:ISBN
1621:link
1601:ISBN
1565:ISBN
1509:IPA:
1460:Olga
1035:and
954:and
909:Duma
810:and
772:Baku
757:Tsar
612:O.S.
506:Died
494:O.S.
485:Born
456:14th
452:13th
448:12th
444:11th
440:10th
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361:11th
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107:news
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2188:at
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