2676:. Thus, communists and other defendants accused of plotting coups were judged by the military court-martial system (with the National Security Tribunal as the trial court of first instance for those cases), and not by the ordinary courts. With the advent of the Estado Novo regime, the National Security Tribunal became a permanent Court, and became autonomous from the rest of the Court system. It gained authority to adjudicate not only cases of communist conspirators and other coup plotters, but it also tried anyone accused of being subversive or dangerous to the Estado Novo regime. Also, several extrajudicial punishments were inflicted by the police itself (especially the DOPS), without trial.
2551:) and suppressing the working class. Passed on July 16, the Vargas government claimed that the corporatist provisions of the constitution of 1934 would unite all classes in mutual interests—the stated purpose of a similar governing document in Fascist Italy. Actually, this propaganda point had somewhat of a basis in reality. In practice, this meant decimating independent organized labor and attracting the "working class" to the corporative state. Of course, the advance of industry and urbanization enlarged and strengthened the ranks of urban laborers, presenting the need to draw them into some sort of alliance committed to the modernization of Brazil. Vargas, and later
2350:
289:
363:
2726:. The movement towards a "New State" was significant, in that along with the dismissal of Congress and its political parties, he wanted to recognize the indigenous population. He gained great favour in their eyes, and was called the "Father of the Poor". Besides gaining popularity with them, he provided them with tools to assist them in the improvement of their agrarian lifestyles. He felt that if the country were to progress, the Indians, the very symbol of Brazilianness, should reap the benefits. This was important to establish a unified society. The intention was to form a strong impulse toward industrialization.
277:
693:
668:
2994:, the President of the Supreme Federal Court (Brazil's chief justice), to assume the Presidency (the office of vice-president had been abolished, and no legislature had been elected under the 1937 Constitution, so that the President of the Supreme Court was the first person in the line of succession). José Linhares immediately summoned elections for president and for a Constituent Assembly. The elections were held in December, 1945, and José Linhares remained in office only until the inauguration of the Assembly and of the elected President (General
946:
2711:
2939:
77:
2582:, sprawling nation. This was its more progressive role, seeking to consolidate the 1930 revolution, displacing the institutional power of the paulista coffee oligarchs with a centralist policy that respected local agro-exporting interests, but created the necessary urban economic base for the new urban sectors. The modernizing legacy is firmly evident: state government was to be rationalized and regularized, freed from the grips of
1035:
2883:
2192:
36:
2526:. The party had all the visible elements of European fascism: a green-shirt-uniformed paramilitary organization, street demonstrations, and aggressive rhetoric directly financed in part by the Italian embassy. The integralists borrowed their propaganda campaigns directly from Nazi materials, including the traditionalist excoriations of Marxism and liberalism, and espousals of fanatical nationalism,
2401:
was failing to honor the promises of land reform made during the campaign of 1930. Vargas also pardoned half the bank debts of the coffee planters, who still had a significant grip on the state's electoral machinery, alleviating the crisis stemming from the collapse of the valorization program. To pacify his old paulista adversaries after their failed revolt, he ordered the
179:
2467:
European in terms of population, culture, ideology, and industrial development). In 1934, Vargas' delicate alliance with labor disintegrated, and Brazil entered an agitated period. According to
Skidmore and Smith, Brazil's major cities began to resemble the Nazi-Communist battles in Berlin of 1932–33. By mid-1935 Brazilian politics had been drastically destabilized.
874:(price support) program, a safety net in times of economic crisis, was strongly intertwined with the collapse of the central government, and its base of support in the landed oligarchy. The coffee planters had grown dangerously dependent on government valorization. In the aftermath of the recession following
2456:
The Great
Depression that ushered Vargas into power also emboldened calls for social reforms. With the Constitutionalist Revolt out of the way, and the mass-mobilization of a potential new enemy, the urban proletariat. Vargas grew more concerned with imposing a paternalistic tutelage over the working
2392:
as "interventor" (provisional governor) in place of the elected governor of São Paulo. The paulista elite loathed
Alberto, resenting his centralization efforts and alarmed by his economic reforms, such as 5% wage increase and the minor distribution of some land to participants of the revolution. Amid
2325:
Opposition arose among the powerful paulista coffee oligarchs to this unprecedented interventionism, as well as to the increased centralization of the government, its increasingly populist and fascist stance, its protectionist and/mercantilist policies (protecting politically favored producers at the
1005:
However, behind the façade of Vargas' populism lay the intricate nature of his coalition – ever-changing from this point onward. Consequently, these locally dominant regional groups – the gaúchos of Rio Grande do Sul and the sugar barons of the northeast – themselves ushered the new urban groups into
941:
Vargas understood that with the breakdown of direct relations between workers and owners in the growing factories of Brazil, workers could become the basis for a new form of political power – populism. Using such insights, he gradually established such mastery over the
Brazilian political world that,
2600:
in the 1930s as foreign corporations sought to enlarge their share of the internal market and overcome tariff barriers and exchange problems by establishing branch plants in Brazil. The state thus emphasized the basic sectors of the economy, facing the difficult task of forging a viable capital base
2507:
out of the coalition and the left crushed, Vargas turned to the only mobilized base of support on the right, elated by the atrocious, fascist-style crackdown against the ANL. As his coalition moved to the right after 1934, Vargas' ideological character and association with a global ideological orbit
909:, guaranteeing the convertibility of the Brazilian currency into gold or British sterling. Once the gold and sterling reserves were exhausted amid the collapse of the valorization program, the government was finally forced to suspend convertibility of the currency. Foreign credit had now evaporated.
2835:
The liberal revolution of 1930 overthrew the oligarchic coffee plantation owners and brought to power an urban middle class and business interests that promoted industrialization and modernization. Aggressive promotion of new industry turned around the economy by 1933. Brazil's leaders in the 1920s
2400:
Regardless of the attempted revolution, Vargas was determined to maintain his alliance with the original farmer wing of his coalition and to strengthen his ties with the São Paulo establishment. The result was further concessions, alienating the left wings of his coalition. The essential compromise
2297:
With the northeastern oligarchies now incorporated into the ruling coalition, the government focused on restructuring agriculture. To placate friendly agrarian oligarchs, the modernizing state not only left the impoverished domains of the rural oligarchs untouched, but also helped the sugar barons
953:
Aside from the Great
Depression and the emergence of the Brazilian bourgeoisie, Brazil's historic dynamic of interregional politics was a significant factor encouraging the alliance that Getúlio Vargas forged during the Revolution of 1930 between the new urban sectors and the landowners hostile to
2986:
The events related to
Brazilian participation in the war and the ending of the conflict in 1945 strengthened pressures in favour of redemocratisation. Although there were some concessions by the regime, such as the setting of a date for presidential elections, amnesty for political prisoners, the
2416:
by 1934, who sought an alliance with the country's peasant majority by backing land reform. Despite the populist rhetoric of the "father of the poor", the gaucho Vargas was ushered into power by planter oligarchies of peripheral regions amid a revolution from above, and was thus in no position to
2233:
Vargas' tenuous coalition lacked a coherent program, beyond a broad vision of "modernization", but little that was more definitive. Balancing such conflicting ideological constituencies, regionalisms, and economic interests in a vast, diverse, and socio-economically varied nation would, thus, not
2566:
established a new
Chamber of Deputies that placed government authority over the private economy and established a system of corporatism aimed at industrialization and reducing foreign dependency. These provisions essentially designated corporate representatives according to class and profession,
897:
Following the Wall Street panic, the government attempted to please foreign creditors by maintaining convertibility according to the money principles preached by the foreign bankers and economists who set the terms for Brazil's relations with the world economy, despite lacking any support from a
2679:
The 1937 Constitution provided for elections to a new
Congress, as well as a referendum to confirm Vargas' actions. However, neither was held — ostensibly due to the dangerous international situation. Instead, under an article of the Constitution that was supposed to be transitional pending new
2466:
thoroughly repressed in the northeast, the new bourgeoisie and the landed oligarchs shifted their well-founded fears toward the trade unions and socialist sentiments of the burgeoning urban proletariat. Often composed of immigrants, the proletariat came from the more urbanized southeast, more
2966:
in August, 1942. Popular mobilization to make the war declaration effective, with the despatching of
Brazilian troops to Europe, continued, but a decision by the Brazilian Government to actually send troops to fight the enemy was only made in January 1943, when Vargas and the U.S. President
349:
878:, the government was not short of the cash needed to bail out the coffee industry. But between 1929 and 1930, world demand for Brazil's primary products had fallen far too drastically to maintain government revenues. By the end of 1930, Brazil's gold reserves had been depleted, pushing its
2982:
Soon after the war, however, fearing the BEF's popularity and possible political use of the allied victory by some BEF members, the then
Brazilian government decided to make demobilization effective, with the BEF still in Italy. Returning to Brazil, its members were also subjected to some
2498:
rebellion against the coffee oligarchs. This experience, however, left Prestes, who only died in 1990, and some of his comrades skeptical of armed conflict for the rest of his life. Prestes' well-cultivated skepticism later helped precipitate the 1960s schism between hard-line militant
2987:
freedom to organize political parties, and a commitment to choose a new Constitutional convention, Vargas was not able to retain support for the continuation of his presidency and was deposed by the military in a surprise coup launched from his own War Ministry on October 29, 1945.
2436:, Brazil's mobilized fascist movement. Following the end of the provisional presidency, Vargas' regime between 1934 and 1945 was characterized by the co-optation of Brazilian unions through state-run, sham syndicates, and suppression of opposition, particularly leftist opposition.
2659:
Under this dictatorial regime the powers of the National Security Tribunal were streamlined, and it focused on the prosecution of political dissenters. Also, the powers of the police were greatly enhanced, with the establishment of the "Department of Political and Social Order"
2626:
Vargas' four-year term as president under the 1934 Constitution was due to expire in 1938, and he was barred from re-election. However, on 10 November 1937, Vargas made a national radio address denouncing the existence of a communist plot to overthrow the government, called the
893:
system, wide-scale defections in the delicate balance of regional interests left the regime of Washington Luís vulnerable. Government policies designed to favor foreign interests further exacerbated the crisis, leaving the regime alienated from almost every segment of society.
2318:, he denied agricultural workers in general the working class' gains in labor regulations. Likely to the detriment of that region's long-term economic development, Vargas' static conservatism on rural matters arguably exacerbated the disparities between the impoverished, semi-
348:
345:
352:
350:
2687:
The Estado Novo dictatorship also greatly curtailed the autonomy of the Judicial branch, and suppressed the autonomy of the Brazilian States, that were governed by federal interventors, who discharged (on a formally temporary basis), the legislative and executive powers.
343:
351:
342:
341:
340:
347:
344:
346:
2293:
Vargas sought to mediate disputes between labor and capital. For instance, the provisional president quelled a paulista female workers' strike by co-opting much of their platform and requiring their "factory commissions" to use government mediation in the future.
805:, when a new Constitution was drafted and approved by the Constituent Assembly of 1933–1934 and Vargas, elected by the Constituent Assembly under the transitional provisions of the Constitution, governed as president alongside a democratically elected legislature.
2369:
in Portugal. Vargas copied fascist tactics, and shared their rejection of liberal capitalism. He abandoned the "provisional government" (1930–34) characterized by social reformism that appeared to favor the generally left wing of his revolutionary coalition, the
994:. With the understanding that the dominance of the landowners in the rural areas was to continue under Liberal Alliance government, the Northeastern oligarchies were thus integrated into the Vargas alliance in a subordinate status via a new political party, the
1001:
As a candidate in 1930, Vargas utilized populist rhetoric to promote middle class concerns, thus opposing the primacy (but not the legitimacy) of the paulista coffee oligarchy and the landed elites, who had little interest in protecting and promoting industry.
863:, coffee quotations immediately fell 30% to 60%. and continued to fall. Between 1929 and 1931, coffee prices fell from 22.5 cents a pound to 8 cents per pound. As world trade contracted, the coffee exporters suffered a vast drop in foreign exchange earnings.
925:. Vargas was a member of the gaucho-landed oligarchy and had risen through the system of patronage and clientelism, but had a fresh vision of how Brazilian politics could be shaped to support national development. He came from a region with a positivist and
2840:'s implicit foreign policy goal was to isolate Portuguese-speaking Brazil from its Spanish-speaking neighbors, thus facilitating the expansion of Argentine economic and political influence in South America. Even worse, was the fear that a more powerful
2651:
of a new, severely authoritarian Constitution that effectively placed all governing power in his hands. The 1934 Constitution was thus abolished, and Vargas proclaimed the establishment of a "New State". The short interval was further evidence that the
851:
had its roots in the heavy dependence of its economy on foreign markets and loans. Despite some industrial development in São Paulo, coffee and other agricultural exports of coffee and other agricultural products was still the mainstay of the economy.
2444:
Aside from these political disputes, long-term trends suggest the atmosphere in São Paulo was conducive to ideological extremism. The rapidly changing and industrializing southeast was conducive to the growth of European-style mass-movements. The
961:
coffee oligarchs of the south. Northeastern landowners opposed Washington Luís' 1930 discontinuance of the drought relief projects of his predecessor. The decay of established sugar oligarchies of the northeast had begun dramatically with the
338:
2666:(DOPS)), a powerful political police and secret service. When created in 1936, the National Security Tribunal was supposed to be a temporary Court, and defendants could file appeals against its judgements to the "Superior Military Court" (
2684:. Also, under the 1937 Constitution, Vargas should have remained President for only six more years (until November 1943); instead, presumably due to the dangerous international situation, he remained in power until his overthrow in 1945.
942:
upon achieving power, he stayed in power for 15 years. During this time, as the stranglehold of the agricultural elites eased, new urban industrial leaders acquired more influence nationally, and the middle class began to show strength.
2591:
The constitution of 1934 thus established a more direct mechanism for the federal executive to control the economy, pursuing a policy of planning and direct investment for the creation of important industrial complexes. State and mixed
2546:
thus began to appear by 1934, when a new constitution was enacted with direct fascist influence. After 1934, fascist-style programs would serve two important aims: stimulating industrial growth (under the guise of nationalism and
820:
The deposition of Getúlio Vargas and the Estado Novo regime in 1945 led to the subsequent re-democratization of Brazil with the adoption of a new Constitution in 1946, marking the end of the Vargas Era and the beginning of the
2381:— a thinly-veiled attempt by the paulista coffee oligarchs to retake the central government — Vargas tried to recover support of the landed elites, including the coffee growers, in order to establish a new alliance of power.
2906:
Brazil's entering the war became just a matter of time. American policy also financed Brazilian iron ore extraction and steel production and placed military bases along the Brazilian North-Northeast coast, headquartered in
2802:
on a large scale in Brazil. Although sufficient wealth was not available to complete the plans, they had a powerful, lasting effect on the cities and their organization. One of the best-planned cities in the world,
933:
who favored industrial development and liberal reforms. Vargas built up political networks, and was attuned to the interests of the rising urban classes. In his early years Vargas even relied on the support of the
2457:
class, and both control and co-opt them. Vargas' backers in both urban and rural Brazil began to view labor, larger and better organized than ut had been directly after the First World War, as an ominous threat.
2827:(CLT), guaranteeing that a job would be stable after ten years of service. It also provided weekly rest, regulated the work of minors and women, regulated night-time work and set a working day to eight hours.
2508:
remained ambiguous. Integralism, with a rapidly growing membership throughout Brazil by 1935, began filling this ideological void, especially among the approximately one million Brazilians of German descent.
2631:". In reality, however, the Cohen Plan was forged by the government with the objective of creating a favourable atmosphere for Vargas to stay in power, perpetuating his rule and assuming dictatorial powers.
337:
3948:
2957:
After the sinking of over 25 Brazilian merchant ships by German and Italian submarines throughout 1942, popular mobilization forced the Brazilian government to abandon its passiveness and declare war on
979:("coffee with milk)" rested on the domination of the republic's politics by the southeastern states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, which were Brazil's largest states in terms of population and economy.
2470:
Vargas focused on the two national ideological movements, both committed to European-style mass-mobilization: one pro-communist and the other pro-fascist. The mass-movement intimidating Vargas was the
2329:
Appeasement of landed interests, traditionally dominant forces in Brazil, required a realignment of the Vardas coalition, forcing him to turn against its left wing. After mid-1932 the influence of the
2722:
Between 1937 and 1945, during the Estado Novo, Vargas gave continuity to the formation of structure and professionalism in the State. Vargas oriented the state to intervene in the economy, promoting
1256:
2983:
restrictions. Civilian veterans were forbidden from wearing military decorations or uniforms in public, while military vets were transferred to regions far from great cities or to border garrisons.
798:
the period of the Provisional Government (1930–1934), when Vargas governed by decree as Head of the Provisional Government instituted by the revolution, pending the adoption of a new Constitution.
2864:
grants, in return for free rent on air bases used to transport American soldiers and supplies across the Atlantic, and naval bases for anti-submarine operations. In sharp contrast, Argentina was
2814:
A series of measures were used to restrain opposition, such as the nomination of Intervenors for the States and censorship of the media, performed by the "Department of Press and Propaganda" (
970:
in 1888, Brazil saw a mass exodus of emancipated slaves and other peasants from the northeast to the southeast of the country, ensuring a steady supply of cheap labor for the coffee planters.
2647:
In his address of 10 November 1937, Vargas, invoking the supposed communist threat, decreed a state of emergency and dissolved the Legislature. He also announced the adoption by presidential
2393:
threats of revolt, Vargas replaced João Alberto with a civilian from São Paulo, appointed a conservative paulista banker as his minister of finance, and announced a date for the holding of a
2241:
Between 1930 and 1934, Vargas tried to reconcile the radically diverging interests of his supporters with social reformism. His policies collectively approximate those of fascist Italy under
2302:
was common but so were messianism, anarchic uprisings, and tax evasion, all of which were already common practice before 1930. The state crushed a wave of banditry in the northeast known as
339:
1827:
3955:
3078:
3934:
3941:
3967:
2699:(AIB)). The integralists had until then been supportive of Vargas' anti-communist measures. On May 11, 1938, the integralists, angered by the closing of the AIB, invaded the
3764:
2286:
policy of tax breaks, lowered duties, and import quotas to expand the domestic industrial base, Vargas linked his pro-middle class policies to nationalism, advocating heavy
2234:
only explain the sole constant factor that marked Vargas' long career—abrupt shifts in alliances and ideologies, but also his eventual dictatorship, similar to European
3220:
2638:. In the wake of the failed communist uprising, the congress had already given greater powers to Vargas, and approved the creation of a "National Security Tribunal" (
1261:
3975:
1270:
2902:, was formed between American continental nations to align with any American country in the event of an attack by an external power. Due to this agreement, from
1547:
2745:
2680:
elections, the President assumed legislative as well as executive powers. For all intents and purposes, Vargas ruled for eight years under what amounted to
2298:
cement their control over rural Brazil. The peasantry, to the surprise of many accustomed to overlooking Brazil's peripheral regions, was not that servile.
2820:(DIP)). This agency also promoted the ideology of the Estado Novo, designed the official propaganda of the government, and tried to direct public opinion.
2596:
dominated heavy and infrastructure industries, and private Brazilian capital predominated in manufacturing. There was also a significant growth of direct
2314:
from the 1870s to the 1930 revolution. At the expense of the indigent peasantry—85 percent of the workforce—not only did Vargas renege on his promises of
3302:
1283:
2979:(BEF). In July 1944 the first BEF group was sent to fight in Italy, and, despite being poorly equipped and trained, it accomplished its main missions.
1130:
615:
1006:
the forefront of Brazilian political life in a revolution from above, tilting the balance of the central government in favor of the Liberal Alliance.
2774:
4105:
779:
ceded power to Vargas. Federal intervention in state governments increased and the political landscape was altered by suppressing the traditional
2563:
889:
faced a deepening balance-of-payments crisis and the coffee growers were stuck with an unsaleable harvest. Since power ultimately rested on a
3088:
995:
2662:
2420:
In 1934, armed with a new constitution drafted with extensive influence from European fascist models, Vargas began reining in even moderate
2106:
3749:
2220:
2142:
2132:
2691:
In December 1937, one month after the Estado Novo coup, Vargas signed a Decree disbanding all political parties, including the fascist "
1251:
1241:
1226:
1101:
983:
1851:
4100:
1861:
1300:
17:
2816:
2077:
1777:
2474:(ANL) launched in 1935, a leftwing popular front of socialists, communists, and other progressives led by the Communist Party and
3258:
2397:. This only emboldened coffee oligarchs who launched a revolt in July 1932, which collapsed after three months of armed combat.
957:
Along with the urban bourgeois groups, northeastern sugar barons were left with a legacy of longstanding grievances against the
288:
4095:
3453:
3408:
3025:
2290:
to "perfect our manufacturers to the point where it will become unpatriotic to feed or clothe ourselves with imported goods!"
3774:
3211:
3191:
2559:, emulated Mussolini's strategy of consolidating power by means of mediating class disputes under the banner of nationalism.
2471:
2354:
2082:
1832:
1537:
1367:
3443:
3332:
2450:
1820:
1295:
3229:
Garfield, Seth. "The Roots of a Plant That Today Is Brazil: Indians and the Nation-State under the Brazilian Estado Novo"
2640:
2361:
By 1934 Vargas developed what Thomas E. Skidmore and Peter H. Smith called "a legal hybrid" between Mussolini's Italy and
2027:
1179:
3551:
2794:
2735:
2634:
The communists had indeed attempted to take over the Government in November 1935, in a botched coup attempt known as the
2137:
1437:
141:
2898:, in 1939, Vargas maintained neutrality until 1941, when an agreement, proposed by Brazilian foreign relations minister
3172:
2715:
2567:
organizing industries into state syndicates, but generally maintained private ownership of Brazilian-owned businesses.
1231:
638:
113:
4085:
2092:
2022:
1997:
1792:
1400:
233:
215:
160:
63:
2755:
3635:
3393:
2503:
and orthodox Marxist-Leninism, which persists in Brazilian Communist Party into the 21st century. With center-left
2127:
1737:
1061:
776:
455:
1772:
1717:
1695:
813:
602:
559:
362:
120:
4090:
3327:
2213:
1765:
1618:
1445:
1392:
1340:
1054:
991:
276:
3802:
3386:
3140:
Stanley E. Hilton, "Brazilian Diplomacy and the Washington-Rio de Janeiro 'Axis' during the World War II Era,"
2254:
2067:
2002:
1700:
1675:
1542:
1377:
1360:
1152:
809:
802:
772:
528:
98:
3915:
2783:
2362:
4002:
3997:
3910:
3592:
3287:
2976:
2963:
2877:
2865:
2857:
2172:
2167:
2147:
2117:
2102:
2072:
1962:
1881:
1335:
1113:
585:
127:
3862:
3650:
3499:
3292:
3083:
2692:
2668:
2515:
2378:
2007:
1670:
1665:
1382:
1330:
756:
435:
1942:
3739:
3546:
3519:
3509:
3494:
3413:
3251:
2852:
forged closer links with the United States. Meanwhile, Argentina moved in the opposite direction. During
2824:
2349:
1886:
1802:
1467:
197:
189:
94:
49:
966:. The rapid growth of coffee-producing São Paulo state started at the same time. After the abolition of
3857:
3687:
3602:
3587:
2972:
2908:
2635:
2593:
2283:
2206:
2122:
2087:
1899:
1680:
1452:
1305:
1018:
541:
109:
4110:
975:
921:
state, Vargas was a cattle rancher with a doctorate in law and the 1930 presidential candidate of the
3928:
3882:
3872:
3612:
3536:
3423:
3403:
3322:
3003:
2968:
2912:
2808:
2597:
2446:
1730:
1633:
1583:
1407:
1194:
982:
Given the grievances with ruling regime in the northeast and Rio Grande do Sul, Getúlio Vargas chose
922:
822:
686:
323:
2530:
and "Christian virtues". In particular, they drew support from military officers, especially in the
1578:
1552:
3673:
3433:
3369:
3312:
3114:
2601:
for future growth in the first place, including mining, oil, steel, electric power, and chemicals.
1530:
1517:
673:
3127:
Stanley E. Hilton, "The Argentine Factor in Twentieth-Century Brazilian Foreign Policy Strategy."
3111:
Curitiba and Portland: Architecture, City Making, and Urban Governance in the Era of Globalization
1246:
3980:
3759:
2672:), Brazil's Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, which was in turn subordinate to the nation's
2412:
Vargas was also increasingly threatened by pro-communist elements in labor critical of the rural
2177:
1967:
856:
87:
3769:
3719:
3597:
3541:
3504:
3484:
3479:
3244:
3015:
2620:
2366:
2337:
of moderate continued to hold important positions in the regime. The ouster of the center-left
2112:
2057:
1957:
1839:
1787:
1712:
1318:
1135:
808:
the Estado Novo period (1937–1946) began when, in order to stay in power, Vargas imposed a new
572:
396:
3164:
Plínio Salgado: A Brazilian Fascist (1895–1975) Routledge Studies in Fascism and the Far Right
2475:
2377:
A conservative insurgency in 1932 was the key turning point to the right. After the July 1932
2012:
1952:
1937:
1742:
3807:
3734:
3582:
3514:
3381:
3020:
2673:
2433:
2257:
1987:
1571:
1497:
1142:
1123:
1096:
2923:
and the forced migration of many people from the drought-stricken northeast to the heart of
1977:
3892:
3837:
3709:
3704:
3359:
3030:
2946:
2723:
2704:
2614:
2394:
2276:
2037:
1707:
1688:
930:
748:
633:
554:
383:
1982:
1613:
784:
8:
4080:
3877:
3852:
3744:
3724:
3665:
3556:
3526:
3489:
3376:
3342:
2995:
2062:
1922:
1412:
1211:
1206:
1184:
1108:
906:
726:
714:
414:
1992:
1947:
1932:
1917:
1871:
134:
3992:
3920:
3902:
3867:
3817:
3699:
3645:
3617:
3467:
3448:
2911:. With the conquest of Southeast Asia by Japanese troops, Getúlio signed a treaty, the
2032:
2017:
1912:
1876:
1782:
1623:
1593:
1290:
1189:
1169:
515:
1972:
886:
764:
760:
4045:
4038:
3832:
3794:
3655:
3570:
3428:
3398:
3364:
3279:
3271:
3207:
3187:
3168:
2890:, 10 November 1943. The caption reads: "Brazil at war...Opening the road to victory."
1797:
1747:
1566:
1507:
1477:
1147:
1076:
1026:
967:
918:
731:
306:
3640:
2849:
2807:, received its first planning during the Estado Novo. One notable urban planner was
2511:
735:
468:
3827:
3822:
3729:
3622:
3607:
3307:
2804:
2700:
2449:
was established in 1922 and the postwar period witnessed the rise of the country's
2242:
1927:
1353:
1221:
848:
422:
411:
393:
3779:
2991:
768:
480:
4054:
3987:
3887:
3847:
3784:
3714:
3297:
3162:
3064:
2932:
2402:
2267:-interventionist policies and satisfied the demands of the rapidly growing urban
1907:
1492:
1457:
1162:
1089:
834:
494:
55:
2460:
Vargas could unite the landed elites, however, to stem the communists. With the
2385:
3627:
3438:
2998:) which took place on January 31, 1946. The inauguration marked the end of the
2942:
2899:
2845:
2841:
2799:
2575:
2531:
2519:
2491:
2453:
waged by viable trade unions. The Great Depression intensified their strength.
2097:
1628:
1608:
1598:
1487:
1427:
1387:
1372:
902:
866:
The Great Depression possibly had a more dramatic effect on Brazil than on the
589:
403:
373:
2542:
The strong parallels between the political economy of Vargas and the European
2308:, marking the reversal of the drastic but gradual decline of the northeastern
1417:
1236:
945:
4074:
4059:
3812:
3531:
2950:
2792:
The Estado Novo had a powerful effect on "Modernist architecture in Brazil" (
2196:
1752:
1482:
879:
867:
860:
3181:
2552:
1807:
3354:
2959:
2903:
2895:
2853:
2543:
2527:
2523:
1846:
1561:
1462:
1199:
1174:
1043:
882:
down to a new low. The program for warehoused coffee collapsed altogether.
871:
788:
502:
425:
4007:
2882:
2260:
to proudly refer to him as "one of two people who invented the New Deal."
2249:, he even advocated a program of social welfare and reform similar to the
2245:, with an increased reliance on populism. Reflecting the influence of the
1512:
3842:
2920:
2887:
2710:
2681:
2487:
2421:
2315:
2310:
2272:
2268:
1502:
1472:
1325:
1216:
1066:
963:
875:
742:, and the other part of Vargas Era, from 1937 until 1946 is known as the
2924:
771:
on the grounds that the election had been rigged by his supporters. The
3754:
3145:
2861:
2628:
2584:
2579:
1866:
1588:
2949:", which consisted of a closer relationship with the United States to
2938:
2462:
2353:
Vargas (center) at commemorations to mark the 50th anniversary of the
2304:
2271:
groups, voiced by the new (to Brazil) mass ideologies of populism and
987:
4012:
2837:
2765:
2653:
2556:
2326:
expense of consumers) and the increasing dictatorial Vargas himself.
2319:
1638:
1422:
949:
Getúlio Vargas after the 1930 revolution, which began the Vargas Era.
890:
780:
3079:"Years of Uncertainty (1930–1937)> National Security Court (TSN)"
844:
coffee oligarchy could not withstand the economic meltdown of 1929.
76:
3418:
2886:
Brazilian propaganda poster announcing a declaration of war on the
2406:
2299:
2250:
1856:
1603:
1432:
1071:
1034:
926:
3236:
2263:
Vargas sought to bring Brazil out of the Great Depression through
4017:
2990:
Once Vargas was deposed, the military summoned his legal deputy,
2548:
2483:
2264:
2235:
840:
did not faze Brazil's bourgeois social reformers, but the ruling
734:
between 1930 and 1946 when the country was governed by president
3267:
2916:
2644:(TSN)), established by a statute adopted on 11 September 1936.
2578:
and drastically limit provincial autonomy in the traditionally
2500:
2287:
2333:
group over Vargas rapidly waned, although individual moderate
27:
Period of authoritarian government in Brazil from 1930 to 1946
2856:, Brazil was a staunch ally of the United States and sent an
2341:
from his coalition marked his rightward shift would by 1934.
2975:, where the first official agreement was made to create the
2860:
to Europe. The United States provided over $ 370 million in
2729:
In this period, a number of industrial bodies were created:
2322:
northeast and the dynamic, urbanized southeast to this day.
2494:
through the rural Brazilian interior after the failed 1922
816:
and shut down the Legislature to rule Brazil as a dictator.
2574:
afterwards, heightened efforts to centralize authority in
3182:
Castro, Celso; Izecksohn, Victor; Kraay, Hendrik (2004).
2798:), because it provided sufficient authority to implement
2604:
775:
was abrogated, the National Congress dissolved, then the
2703:, attempting to depose Vargas. This episode is known as
2919:
from the Amazon to the Allies, resulting in the second
2439:
3160:
2915:, in 1942, which provisioned the supply of natural
2743:
The "Administration Department of Public Service" (
2718:
banknote, featuring a portrait of President Vargas.
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
794:The Vargas Era comprises three successive phases:
2417:meet communist demands, had he desired to do so.
2279:, a program with which all factions could agree.
4072:
3204:Forgotten Allies: The European Theatre, Volume I
2384:The revolt was caused by Vargas' appointment of
255:
954:the government in states other than São Paulo.
828:
738:. The period from 1930 to 1937 is known as the
192:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
2746:Departamento Administrativo do Serviço Público
1658:
3252:
3233:Vol. 29, No. 3 (Oct., 1997), pp. 747–768
2844:would launch a surprise attack on the weaker
2570:The 1934–37 constitution, and especially the
2275:. Like Roosevelt, his first steps focused on
2214:
917:A populist governor of Brazil's southernmost
2486:at the time). A revolutionary forerunner of
1009:
2772:The "São Francisco Hydroelectric Company" (
767:and blocked swearing-in of president-elect
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3259:
3245:
2830:
2518:in October 1933. He party had Fascist and
2221:
2207:
1252:Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil
990:as his vice-presidential candidate in the
898:single major sector in Brazilian society.
361:
2775:Companhia Hidro-Elétrica do São Francisco
912:
234:Learn how and when to remove this message
216:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
3108:
2937:
2881:
2709:
2348:
973:Under the Old Republic, the politics of
944:
4106:Former countries of the interwar period
2663:Departamento de Ordem Política e Social
2537:
2432:pushed him toward an alliance with the
2344:
14:
4073:
2753:The "National Iron Smelting Company" (
3240:
3201:
2817:Departamento de Imprensa e Propaganda
725:
2848:. To counter this threat, President
172:
99:adding citations to reliable sources
70:
29:
3333:Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present)
3266:
3142:Hispanic American Historical Review
3026:Second presidency of Getúlio Vargas
2514:, a writer and politician, founded
1438:Declaration of majority of Pedro II
24:
3071:
2656:had been planned well in advance.
1242:Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777)
1227:Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)
25:
4122:
3328:Military dictatorship (1964–1985)
3231:Journal of Latin American Studies
2440:Suppression of communist movement
2428:. His further concessions to the
1793:March of the One Hundred Thousand
45:This article has multiple issues.
4101:1946 disestablishments in Brazil
3313:First (Old) Republic (1889–1930)
3184:Nova História Militar Brasileira
3065:The Crusader of the 20th Century
3043:
2823:In 1943, Vargas promulgated the
2795:Arquitetura modernista no Brasil
2409:issued by the rebel government.
2253:in the United States, prompting
2190:
1033:
691:
666:
335:
287:
275:
177:
75:
34:
3154:
2871:
2763:The "Rio Doce Valley Company" (
2482:rebellion (though he was not a
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
3134:
3121:
3109:Irazábal, Clara Elena (2002).
3102:
3056:
2868:and at times favored Germany.
2756:Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional
2641:Tribunal de Segurança Nacional
2478:, the "knight of hope" of the
2451:first waves of general strikes
1862:1993 Constitutional referendum
1852:Impeachment of Fernando Collor
1301:Conquest of the Banda Oriental
1271:Invasion of the Banda Oriental
847:Brazil's vulnerability to the
803:Brazilian Constitution of 1934
13:
1:
4096:1930 establishments in Brazil
3036:
2977:Brazilian Expeditionary Force
2927:. These people were known as
2878:Brazilian Expeditionary Force
2736:Conselho Nacional do Petróleo
1882:Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff
1114:Letter of Pero Vaz de Caminha
1102:Pedro Álvares Cabral's voyage
986:of the northeastern state of
905:, Washington Luís clung to a
763:. The coup deposed President
3161:João Fábio Bertonha (2023).
2781:The "National Motor Plant" (
2733:The "National Oil Advisor" (
2697:Ação Integralista Brasileira
2693:Brazilian Integralist Action
2516:Brazilian Integralist Action
2472:National Liberation Alliance
2379:Constitutionalist Revolution
2355:Proclamation of the Republic
1671:Constitutionalist Revolution
1538:Proclamation of the Republic
1383:Confederation of the Equator
1284:United Kingdom with Portugal
885:The government of president
829:Downfall of the Old Republic
757:Brazilian Revolution of 1930
7:
3775:Water supply and sanitation
3323:Fourth Republic (1946–1964)
3298:Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)
3206:. McFarland & Company.
3186:. Fundação Getúlio Vargas.
3129:Political Science Quarterly
3009:
2825:Consolidation of Labor Laws
2784:Fábrica Nacional de Motores
1341:Recognition of Independence
1331:Declaration of Independence
870:. The collapse of Brazil's
330:"Brazilian National Anthem"
10:
4127:
3303:United Kingdom (1815–1822)
2875:
2766:Companhia Vale do Rio Doce
2618:
2612:
2605:Third Brazilian Republic (
1773:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
1696:1937 Brazilian coup d'état
1681:Communist uprising of 1935
1453:Liberal rebellions of 1842
1306:Constituent Cortes of 1820
992:1930 presidential election
777:provisional military junta
4032:
3901:
3793:
3695:
3686:
3664:
3578:
3569:
3557:President of the Republic
3475:
3466:
3350:
3341:
3278:
3177:– via Google Books.
3004:Fourth Brazilian Republic
3002:and the beginning of the
2969:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
2669:Superior Tribunal Militar
2490:, Prestes led the futile
2447:Brazilian Communist Party
1833:1988 Constituent Assembly
1778:Vacancy in the Presidency
1718:Ousting of Getúlio Vargas
1659:Second Brazilian Republic
1584:Coffee with milk politics
1518:Post–abolition of slavery
1368:1823 Constituent Assembly
1296:Conquest of French Guiana
1010:Second Brazilian Republic
823:Fourth Brazilian Republic
740:Second Brazilian Republic
723:Portuguese pronunciation:
687:Fourth Brazilian Republic
645:
629:
625:
612:
599:
582:
569:
551:
538:
525:
512:
508:
490:
486:
474:
462:
448:
444:
434:
389:
379:
369:
360:
329:
317:
301:
271:
266:
248:
18:Second Brazilian Republic
4086:Modern history of Brazil
3480:Administrative divisions
3167:. Taylor & Francis.
3144:(1979) 59#2 pp. 201–231
3115:University of California
2619:Not to be confused with
2594:public-private companies
2424:and turning against the
1743:Construction of Brasília
1738:Lott's preventative coup
810:dictatorial Constitution
761:First Brazilian Republic
744:Third Brazilian Republic
674:First Brazilian Republic
324:Hino Nacional Brasileiro
259:Estados Unidos do Brasil
3084:Fundação Getulio Vargas
2836:and 1930s decided that
2831:Tensions with Argentina
1247:Minas Gerais Conspiracy
996:Social Democratic Party
938:of the 1922 rebellion.
730:) is the period in the
616:Democratic Constitution
252:United States of Brazil
4091:20th century in Brazil
3636:Science and technology
3318:Vargas Era (1930–1946)
3202:Ready, J. Lee (1985).
3016:Estado Novo (Portugal)
2954:
2891:
2719:
2707:and was unsuccessful.
2621:Estado Novo (Portugal)
2358:
1877:Car Wash investigation
1788:Araguaia Guerrilla War
1468:Eusébio de Queirós Law
964:severe drought of 1877
950:
929:tradition, and was an
913:Rise of Getúlio Vargas
759:marked the end of the
397:provisional government
256:
3021:Brazilian Integralism
2945:was a symbol of the "
2941:
2885:
2713:
2352:
1766:Military dictatorship
1572:Federalist Revolution
1548:Republic of the Sword
1498:Revolt of the Muckers
1393:Abdication of Pedro I
1185:Quilombo dos Palmares
1097:Treaty of Tordesillas
948:
727:[ˈɛɾɐˈvaʁɡɐs]
415:presidential republic
380:Common languages
3454:World Heritage Sites
3387:Environmental issues
3360:Brazilian Antarctica
3131:100.1 (1985): 27–51.
3062:De Mattei, Roberto.
3031:Estado Novo (Brazil)
2947:Good Neighbor Policy
2929:Soldados da Borracha
2724:economic nationalism
2705:Integralist Uprising
2615:Estado Novo (Brazil)
2538:Economic development
2395:constituent assembly
2345:Towards dictatorship
1887:Coronavirus pandemic
1708:Integralist Uprising
1513:Abolition of Slavery
1257:Opening of the ports
931:economic nationalist
312:"Order and Progress"
95:improve this article
4003:Syncretic Religions
3911:Freedom of religion
3593:Automotive industry
2996:Eurico Gaspar Dutra
2858:expeditionary force
2476:Luís Carlos Prestes
2357:, 15 November 1939.
2003:Rio Grande do Norte
1413:1834 Additional Act
1336:War of Independence
1212:War of the Emboabas
3963:Eastern Orthodoxy
3956:Ukrainian Catholic
3651:Telecommunications
3308:Empire (1822–1889)
3293:Indigenous peoples
2955:
2913:Washington Accords
2894:With the start of
2892:
2866:officially neutral
2720:
2636:Communist Uprising
2598:foreign investment
2359:
2258:Franklin Roosevelt
1963:Mato Grosso do Sul
1900:By federative unit
1783:Institutional Acts
1666:Revolution of 1930
1639:Lieutenant revolts
1624:Revolt of the Lash
1604:Annexation of Acre
1594:Amazon rubber boom
1190:France Equinoxiale
1170:France Antarctique
1109:European discovery
1062:Indigenous Peoples
951:
801:the period of the
542:Communist uprising
516:Revolution of 1930
196:You can assist by
4068:
4067:
4028:
4027:
3970:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3935:Armenian Catholic
3740:Income inequality
3682:
3681:
3565:
3564:
3552:Political parties
3547:National Congress
3510:Freedom of speech
3495:Foreign relations
3462:
3461:
3213:978-0-89950-129-1
3193:978-85-225-0496-1
3051:Fair Trade Coffee
2277:economic stimulus
2231:
2230:
2197:Brazil portal
2118:Jewish Brazilians
2008:Rio Grande do Sul
1840:1988 Constitution
1803:Redemocratization
1798:Brazilian Miracle
1748:Legality Campaign
1731:Populist Republic
1701:1937 Constitution
1676:1934 Constitution
1614:Taubaté Agreement
1543:1891 Constitution
1508:Military Question
1446:Reign of Pedro II
1378:1824 Constitution
1291:Pernambuco Revolt
1077:Marajoara culture
1027:History of Brazil
919:Rio Grande do Sul
907:hard money policy
857:U.S. stock market
773:1891 Constitution
732:history of Brazil
707:
706:
703:
702:
699:
698:
679:
678:
621:18 September 1946
603:Ousting of Vargas
476:• 1945–1946
464:• 1930–1945
353:
313:
307:Ordem e Progresso
244:
243:
236:
226:
225:
218:
171:
170:
163:
145:
68:
16:(Redirected from
4118:
4048:
4041:
3966:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3858:National symbols
3693:
3692:
3631:
3603:Economic history
3588:Animal husbandry
3576:
3575:
3473:
3472:
3348:
3347:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3238:
3237:
3217:
3197:
3178:
3148:
3138:
3132:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3087:. Archived from
3075:
3069:
3060:
3054:
3047:
2701:Guanabara Palace
2388:, a center-left
2243:Benito Mussolini
2223:
2216:
2209:
2195:
2194:
2193:
1938:Federal District
1556:
1361:Reign of Pedro I
1354:Empire of Brazil
1265:
1232:Treaty of Madrid
1222:Vila Rica Revolt
1139:
1131:Brazilwood cycle
1037:
1014:
1013:
923:Liberal Alliance
849:Great Depression
729:
724:
695:
694:
683:
682:
670:
669:
663:
662:
647:
646:
565:10 November 1937
547:23 November 1935
529:New Constitution
365:
355:
354:
331:
311:
291:
279:
261:
246:
245:
239:
232:
221:
214:
210:
207:
201:
181:
180:
173:
166:
159:
155:
152:
146:
144:
103:
79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4024:
3897:
3883:Science fiction
3873:Public holidays
3789:
3750:Life expectancy
3678:
3660:
3629:
3561:
3537:Law enforcement
3458:
3444:Water resources
3424:Protected areas
3337:
3274:
3265:
3221:Brazil Now.Info
3214:
3194:
3175:
3157:
3152:
3151:
3139:
3135:
3126:
3122:
3107:
3103:
3094:
3092:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3068:, 1998. (pg 52)
3061:
3057:
3049:Fridell, Gavin.
3048:
3044:
3039:
3012:
2933:rubber soldiers
2880:
2874:
2833:
2624:
2617:
2611:
2555:in neighboring
2540:
2442:
2347:
2284:interventionist
2227:
2191:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2178:Years in Brazil
2162:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2078:Catholic Church
2058:Afro-Brazilians
2052:
2044:
2043:
2042:
1902:
1892:
1891:
1823:
1813:
1812:
1768:
1758:
1757:
1733:
1723:
1722:
1685:
1654:
1644:
1643:
1619:Naval arms race
1550:
1533:
1523:
1522:
1493:Religious Issue
1478:Christie Affair
1458:Praieira revolt
1442:
1397:
1356:
1346:
1345:
1321:
1311:
1310:
1286:
1276:
1275:
1259:
1195:Dutch invasions
1180:Jesuit missions
1163:State of Brazil
1159:
1133:
1120:
1092:
1090:Colonial Brazil
1082:
1081:
1057:
1047:
1012:
915:
887:Washington Luís
861:29 October 1929
855:Days after the
831:
765:Washington Luís
722:
692:
667:
637:
618:
608:29 October 1945
605:
595:24 October 1945
592:
575:
573:Entry into WWII
562:
544:
531:
518:
495:Interwar period
477:
465:
451:
407:
356:
336:
333:
327:
310:
297:
296:
295:
292:
284:
283:
280:
262:
258:
253:
251:
250:Republic of the
240:
229:
228:
227:
222:
211:
205:
202:
195:
182:
178:
167:
156:
150:
147:
104:
102:
92:
80:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4124:
4114:
4113:
4111:Getúlio Vargas
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4050:
4049:
4042:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3799:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3674:Rail transport
3670:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3520:Women's rights
3517:
3512:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3409:Largest cities
3406:
3401:
3396:
3394:Extreme points
3391:
3390:
3389:
3379:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3370:Climate change
3362:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3264:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3227:
3218:
3212:
3199:
3192:
3179:
3174:978-1000983395
3173:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3133:
3120:
3117:. p. 112.
3101:
3070:
3055:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3011:
3008:
2943:Carmen Miranda
2900:Oswaldo Aranha
2876:Main article:
2873:
2870:
2850:Getúlio Vargas
2846:Brazilian Army
2842:Argentine Army
2832:
2829:
2800:urban planning
2790:
2789:
2779:
2770:
2761:
2751:
2741:
2613:Main article:
2610:
2603:
2576:Rio de Janeiro
2539:
2536:
2520:Nazi symbolism
2512:Plínio Salgado
2492:Prestes Column
2441:
2438:
2405:to assume the
2403:Bank of Brazil
2346:
2343:
2255:U.S. President
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2138:Rail transport
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2023:Santa Catarina
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1998:Rio de Janeiro
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1943:Espírito Santo
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1629:Contestado War
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1609:Vaccine Revolt
1606:
1601:
1599:War of Canudos
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1488:Paraguayan War
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1428:Ragamuffin War
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:Regency Period
1396:
1395:
1390:
1388:Cisplatine War
1385:
1380:
1375:
1373:Night of Agony
1370:
1364:
1363:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1145:
1140:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1040:Terra Brasilis
1038:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1011:
1008:
976:café com leite
914:
911:
903:capital flight
830:
827:
818:
817:
806:
799:
736:Getúlio Vargas
705:
704:
701:
700:
697:
696:
689:
680:
677:
676:
671:
659:
658:
653:
643:
642:
634:Brazilian real
631:
627:
626:
623:
622:
619:
613:
610:
609:
606:
600:
597:
596:
593:
583:
580:
579:
578:22 August 1942
576:
570:
567:
566:
563:
552:
549:
548:
545:
539:
536:
535:
532:
526:
523:
522:
521:3 October 1930
519:
513:
510:
509:
506:
505:
492:
491:Historical era
488:
487:
484:
483:
478:
475:
472:
471:
469:Getúlio Vargas
466:
463:
460:
459:
456:Military Junta
452:
449:
446:
445:
442:
441:
438:
432:
431:
430:
429:
409:
408:
404:military junta
391:
387:
386:
381:
377:
376:
374:Rio de Janeiro
371:
367:
366:
358:
357:
334:
315:
314:
299:
298:
293:
286:
285:
281:
274:
273:
272:
269:
268:
264:
263:
254:
249:
242:
241:
224:
223:
185:
183:
176:
169:
168:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4123:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3981:Protestantism
3979:
3977:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3925:Christianity
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3765:States by HDI
3763:
3761:
3760:Social issues
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3250:
3248:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3198:in Portuguese
3195:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3130:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3091:on 2015-02-25
3090:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3074:
3067:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3046:
3042:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2992:José Linhares
2988:
2984:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2964:Fascist Italy
2961:
2952:
2951:Latin America
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2828:
2826:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2809:Alfred Agache
2806:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2787:
2785:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2674:Supreme Court
2671:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2622:
2616:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2544:police states
2535:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2351:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2188:
2187:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2158:
2157:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2107:Football Team
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2047:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1753:Plano Trienal
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1483:Uruguayan War
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:Pre-Cabraline
1051:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1007:
1003:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
980:
978:
977:
971:
969:
965:
960:
955:
947:
943:
939:
937:
932:
928:
924:
920:
910:
908:
904:
899:
895:
892:
888:
883:
881:
880:exchange rate
877:
873:
869:
868:United States
864:
862:
858:
853:
850:
845:
843:
839:
837:
826:
824:
815:
811:
807:
804:
800:
797:
796:
795:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:Júlio Prestes
766:
762:
758:
753:
751:
750:
745:
741:
737:
733:
728:
720:
716:
712:
690:
688:
685:
684:
681:
675:
672:
665:
664:
661:
660:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
644:
640:
635:
632:
628:
624:
620:
617:
611:
607:
604:
598:
594:
591:
587:
581:
577:
574:
568:
564:
561:
558:
557:
550:
546:
543:
537:
533:
530:
524:
520:
517:
511:
507:
504:
500:
496:
493:
489:
485:
482:
481:José Linhares
479:
473:
470:
467:
461:
458:
457:
453:
447:
443:
439:
437:
433:
427:
424:
423:authoritarian
420:
419:
418:
416:
413:
405:
401:
400:
398:
395:
392:
388:
385:
382:
378:
375:
372:
368:
364:
359:
326:
325:
320:
316:
308:
304:
300:
290:
278:
270:
265:
260:
257:República dos
247:
238:
235:
220:
217:
209:
199:
193:
191:
186:This article
184:
175:
174:
165:
162:
154:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
3770:Unemployment
3720:Demographics
3598:Central Bank
3505:Human rights
3485:Constitution
3355:Amazon basin
3317:
3230:
3223:
3203:
3183:
3163:
3155:Bibliography
3141:
3136:
3128:
3123:
3113:. Berkeley:
3110:
3104:
3093:. Retrieved
3089:the original
3082:
3073:
3063:
3058:
3050:
3045:
2999:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2960:Nazi Germany
2956:
2928:
2904:Pearl Harbor
2896:World War II
2893:
2872:World War II
2854:World War II
2834:
2822:
2815:
2813:
2793:
2791:
2782:
2773:
2764:
2754:
2744:
2734:
2728:
2721:
2696:
2690:
2686:
2678:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2639:
2633:
2625:
2606:
2590:
2583:
2571:
2569:
2564:constitution
2561:
2541:
2528:Antisemitism
2524:Roman salute
2510:
2504:
2495:
2479:
2469:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2443:
2434:integralists
2429:
2425:
2422:trade unions
2419:
2413:
2411:
2399:
2389:
2386:João Alberto
2383:
2376:
2371:
2360:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2316:land reforms
2309:
2303:
2296:
2292:
2281:
2262:
2246:
2240:
2232:
2083:Constitution
1968:Minas Gerais
1847:Plano Collor
1821:New Republic
1713:World War II
1651:
1579:Belle Époque
1567:Navy Revolts
1562:Encilhamento
1531:Old Republic
1463:Coffee cycle
1408:April Revolt
1319:Independence
1200:Dutch Brazil
1175:Bandeirantes
1044:Miller Atlas
1039:
1004:
1000:
981:
974:
972:
958:
956:
952:
940:
935:
916:
900:
896:
884:
872:valorization
865:
854:
846:
841:
835:
832:
819:
793:
789:Minas Gerais
754:
747:
743:
739:
718:
710:
708:
656:Succeeded by
655:
650:
555:
534:16 July 1934
503:World War II
498:
454:
450:• 1930
426:dictatorship
417:(1934–1946)
410:
399:(1930–1934)
322:
318:
303:Motto:
302:
294:Coat of arms
230:
212:
206:October 2023
203:
190:copy editing
188:may require
187:
157:
151:January 2012
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
110:"Vargas Era"
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
3929:Catholicism
3843:Malandragem
3808:Archaeology
3735:Immigration
3641:Stock index
3583:Agriculture
3382:Environment
3224:Estado Novo
3000:Estado Novo
2921:rubber boom
2888:Axis powers
2682:martial law
2607:Estado Novo
2585:coronelismo
2572:Estado Novo
2488:Che Guevara
2430:latifundios
2414:latifundios
2367:Estado Novo
2311:latifundios
2282:Favoring a
2273:nationalism
2148:Transgender
2128:Nationality
1958:Mato Grosso
1828:Lost Decade
1689:Estado Novo
1634:World War I
1551: [
1503:Grande Seca
1473:Platine War
1418:Malê Revolt
1326:Dia do Fico
1260: [
1237:Guaraní War
1217:Mascate War
1153:Slave trade
1143:Sugar cycle
1134: [
1124:Captaincies
984:João Pessoa
876:World War I
814:coup d'état
781:oligarchies
749:Estado Novo
651:Preceded by
641:(1942–1946)
636:(1930–1942)
556:Estado Novo
428:(1937–1945)
4081:Vargas Era
4075:Categories
3968:Antiochian
3893:Television
3863:Newspapers
3838:Literature
3710:Corruption
3705:Censorship
3630:(currency)
3500:Government
3095:2013-07-11
3037:References
2862:Lend-Lease
2629:Cohen Plan
2553:Juan Perón
1988:Pernambuco
1867:Plano Real
1808:Diretas Já
1652:Vargas Era
1589:Coronelism
1207:Gold cycle
838:rebellions
719:Era Vargas
715:Portuguese
711:Vargas Era
390:Government
384:Portuguese
328:(English:
198:editing it
121:newspapers
50:improve it
4013:Quimbanda
4008:Candomblé
3878:Sculpture
3853:Mythology
3803:Animation
3745:Languages
3725:Education
3666:Transport
3527:Judiciary
3490:Elections
3439:Time Zone
3414:Mountains
3377:Coastline
3343:Geography
3053:.(pg 120)
2838:Argentina
2654:self-coup
2557:Argentina
2407:war bonds
2269:bourgeois
2173:Conflicts
2143:Socialism
2098:Etymology
2068:Animation
2063:Anarchism
2038:Tocantins
2028:São Paulo
1423:Cabanagem
891:patronage
859:crash on
785:São Paulo
436:President
421:under an
267:1930–1946
56:talk page
4055:Category
3993:Hinduism
3942:Maronite
3921:Buddhism
3903:Religion
3868:Painting
3818:Carnaval
3700:Abortion
3646:Taxation
3618:Industry
3542:Military
3468:Politics
3449:Wildlife
3419:Pantanal
3288:Timeline
3272:articles
3146:in JSTOR
3010:See also
2925:Amazônia
2805:Curitiba
2716:cruzeiro
2580:devolved
2549:autarchy
2522:and the
2505:tenentes
2426:tenentes
2372:tenentes
2339:tenentes
2335:tenentes
2300:Banditry
2251:New Deal
2247:tenentes
2168:Timeline
2161:Research
2123:Military
2103:Football
2013:Rondônia
1953:Maranhão
1923:Amazonas
1872:Mensalão
1857:Mercosul
1433:Balaiada
1072:Kuhikugu
1019:a series
1017:Part of
959:paulista
936:tenentes
927:populist
901:Despite
842:paulista
791:states.
639:Cruzeiro
630:Currency
402:under a
4039:Outline
4018:Umbanda
3998:Judaism
3949:Melkite
3833:Cuisine
3795:Culture
3780:Welfare
3688:Society
3656:Tourism
3613:Exports
3571:Economy
3429:Regions
3404:Islands
3399:Geology
3365:Climate
3280:History
2971:met in
2501:Maoists
2496:tenente
2484:Marxist
2480:tenente
2463:cangaço
2390:tenente
2363:Salazar
2331:tenente
2305:cangaço
2288:tariffs
2265:statist
2236:fascism
2093:Ethanol
2088:Economy
2033:Sergipe
2018:Roraima
1978:Paraíba
1913:Alagoas
1148:Slavery
998:(PSD).
988:Paraíba
968:slavery
836:tenente
614:•
601:•
584:•
571:•
553:•
540:•
527:•
514:•
412:Federal
394:Federal
370:Capital
319:Anthem:
135:scholar
4060:Portal
3916:Baháʼí
3888:Sports
3828:Comics
3823:Cinema
3755:People
3730:Health
3623:Mining
3608:Energy
3434:Rivers
3270:
3268:Brazil
3210:
3190:
3171:
2917:rubber
2748:(DASP)
2320:feudal
2133:Postal
2051:Topics
1983:Paraná
1046:, 1519
1021:on the
586:Member
499:·
497:
440:
406:(1930)
321:
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
4046:Index
3988:Islam
3848:Music
3785:Youth
3715:Crime
3628:Real
2973:Natal
2909:Natal
2786:(FNM)
2758:(CSN)
2738:(CNP)
1993:Piauí
1948:Goiás
1933:Ceará
1928:Bahia
1918:Amapá
1555:]
1264:]
1138:]
1067:Luzia
812:in a
501:
142:JSTOR
128:books
3813:Arts
3515:LGBT
3208:ISBN
3188:ISBN
3169:ISBN
2962:and
2935:").
2714:Ten
2649:fiat
2562:The
2532:navy
2113:LGBT
2073:Book
1973:Pará
1908:Acre
833:The
787:and
755:The
746:(or
709:The
560:coup
282:Flag
114:news
3976:LDS
3532:Law
2695:" (
2365:'s
783:of
752:).
588:of
97:by
4077::
3081:.
3006:.
2931:("
2811:.
2588:.
2534:.
2374:.
2238:.
1553:pt
1262:pt
1136:pt
1042:,
825:.
721:;
717::
590:UN
59:.
3260:e
3253:t
3246:v
3226:.
3216:.
3196:.
3098:.
2953:.
2788:)
2778:)
2769:)
2760:)
2750:)
2740:)
2660:(
2627:"
2623:.
2609:)
2222:e
2215:t
2208:v
2109:)
2105:(
713:(
332:)
309:"
305:"
237:)
231:(
219:)
213:(
208:)
204:(
200:.
194:.
164:)
158:(
153:)
149:(
139:·
132:·
125:·
118:·
91:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)
.svg)
.svg)