Vietnam War - Knowledge

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that preceded the far more radical land redistribution and party rectification campaigns (or waves) that followed during 1954–1956. Second, the decree was meant to apply to free areas (under the control of the Viet Minh government), not to the areas under French control that would be liberated in 1954–1955 and that would experience a far more violent struggle. Thus the number of 13,500 executed people seems to be a low-end estimate of the real number. This is corroborated by Edwin Moise in his recent paper "Land Reform in North Vietnam, 1953–1956" presented at the 18th Annual Conference on SE Asian Studies, Center for SE Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley (February 2001). In this paper Moise (7–9) modified his earlier estimate in his 1983 book (which was 5,000) and accepted an estimate close to 15,000 executions. Moise made the case based on Hungarian reports provided by Balazs, but the document I cited above offers more direct evidence for his revised estimate. This document also suggests that the total number should be adjusted up some more, taking into consideration the later radical phase of the campaign, the unauthorized killings at the local level, and the suicides following arrest and torture (the central government bore less direct responsibility for these cases, however).

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stated, they lost 849,018 killed plus approximately 232,000 missing and 463,000 wounded. Casualties fluctuated considerably from year to year, but a degree of accuracy can be inferred from the fact that 500,000 was 59 percent of the 849,018 total and that 59 percent of the war's days had passed by the time of Fallaci's conversation with Giap. The killed in action figure comes from "Special Subject 4: The Work of Locating and Recovering the Remains of Martyrs From Now Until 2020 And Later Years," downloaded from the Vietnamese government website datafile on 1 December 2017. The above figures on missing and wounded were calculated using Hanoi's declared casualty ratios for the period of 1945 to 1979, during which time the Communists incurred 1.1 million killed, 300,000 missing, and 600,000 wounded. Ho Khang, ed,

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Tum and retreated toward the coast, in what became known as the "column of tears". On 20 March, Thieu reversed himself and ordered Huế, Vietnam's third-largest city, be held at all costs, and then changed policy several times. As the PAVN launched their attack, panic set in, and ARVN resistance withered. On 22 March, the PAVN opened the siege of Huế. Civilians flooded the airport and docks hoping for escape. As resistance in Huế collapsed, PAVN rockets rained down on Da Nang and its airport. By 28 March 35,000 PAVN troops were poised to attack the suburbs. By 30 March 100,000 leaderless ARVN troops surrendered as the PAVN marched through Da Nang. With the fall of the city, the defense of the Central Highlands and Northern provinces ended.

8287: 115: 7625:. Of the war crimes reported to military authorities, sworn statements by witnesses and status reports indicated 320 incidents had a factual basis. The substantiated cases included 7 massacres between 1967 and 1971 in which at least 137 civilians were killed; 78 further attacks targeting non-combatants resulting in at least 57 deaths, 56 wounded and 15 sexually assaulted; and 141 cases of US soldiers torturing civilian detainees, or prisoners of war with fists, sticks, bats, water or electric shock. Journalists since have documented overlooked and uninvestigated war crimes, involving every active army division, including atrocities committed by 5312:, who proposed Vietnam eventually be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions". The US countered with what became known as the "American Plan", with the support of South Vietnam and the UK. It provided for unification elections under the supervision of the UN, but was rejected by the Soviet delegation. The US said, "With respect to the statement made by the representative of the State of Vietnam, the United States reiterates its traditional position that peoples are entitled to determine their own future and that it will not join in any arrangement which would hinder this". US President Eisenhower wrote in 1954: 5615: 665: 653: 641: 629: 617: 1157: 880: 342: 4986: 1247: 971: 437: 1368: 1059: 482: 7885:, includes observations about the impact on the black community and black servicemen. He notes: the higher proportion of combat casualties among African-American servicemen than other races, the shift toward and different attitudes of black military volunteers and conscripts, the discrimination encountered by black servicemen "on the battlefield in decorations, promotion and duty assignments", as well as having to endure "the racial insults, cross-burnings and Confederate flags of their white comrades"—and the experiences faced by black soldiers stateside, during the war and after withdrawal. 839: 826: 813: 801: 789: 777: 760: 748: 8242:

Vietnamese civilians died in the war. Extrapolating from a 1969 US intelligence report, Guenter Lewy estimated 65,000 North Vietnamese civilians died. Estimates of civilian deaths caused by American bombing of North Vietnam range from 30,000 to 182,000. A 1975 US Senate subcommittee estimated 1.4 million South Vietnamese civilians casualties during the war, including 415,000 deaths. The military of South Vietnam suffered an estimated 254,256 killed between 1960 and 1974, and additional deaths from 1954 to 1959 and in 1975. Other estimates point to higher figures of 313,000 casualties.

8639:... with small likelihood of a successful outcome." Doubts surfaced about the ability of the military to train foreign forces. There was found to be considerable flaws and dishonesty by commanders, due to promotions being tied to the body count system touted by Westmoreland and McNamara. Secretary of Defense McNamara wrote to President Johnson his doubts: "The picture of the world's greatest superpower killing or seriously injuring 1,000 noncombatants a week, while trying to pound a tiny backward nation into submission on an issue whose merits are hotly disputed, is not a pretty one." 7782:. Benjamin Valentino attributes 45,000–80,000 "terrorist mass killings" to the Viet Cong. Statistics for 1968–1972 suggest "about 80 percent of the terrorist victims were ordinary civilians and only about 20 percent were government officials, policemen, members of the self-defence forces or pacification cadres." Viet Cong tactics included frequent mortaring of civilians in refugee camps, and placing of mines on highways frequented by villagers taking goods to urban markets. Some mines were set only to go off after heavy vehicle passage, causing slaughter aboard packed civilian buses. 1219: 914: 410: 6540: 1322: 1011: 469: 5433: 1129: 1339: 1041: 522: 8330:, December 1978), and "300,000" (Agence France Presse from Hanoi, February 1978)." Such variations are because "Some estimates may include not only detainees but also people sent from the cities to the countryside." According to a native observer, 443,360 people had to register for a period in re-education camps in Saigon alone, and while some were released after a few days, others stayed for more than a decade. Between 1975 and 1980, more than 1 million northerners migrated south, to regions formerly in the Republic of Vietnam, while, as part of the 1383: 1088: 496: 7060:. With US bombings suspended, work on the Ho Chi Minh trail and other logistical structures could proceed. Logistics would be upgraded until the North was in a position to launch a massive invasion of the South, projected for the 1975–76 dry season. Tra calculated this date would be Hanoi's last opportunity to strike, before Saigon's army could be fully trained. The PAVN/VC resumed offensive operations when the dry season began in 1973, and by January 1974 had recaptured territory it lost during the previous dry season. 1425: 591: 6456: 1189: 930: 383: 6145:... Between 1961 and 1964 the Army's strength rose from about 850,000 to nearly a million men." U.S. troop numbers deployed to Vietnam during the same period were much lower: 2,000 in 1961, rising to 16,500 in 1964. The use of captured equipment decreased, while greater numbers of ammunition and supplies were required to maintain regular units. Group 559 was tasked with expanding the Ho Chi Minh trail, in light of the bombardment by US warplanes. The war had shifted into the final, conventional phase of Hanoi's 12676:, p. 6 states: "The elections were not held. South Vietnam, which had not signed the Geneva Accords, did not believe the Communists in North Vietnam would allow a fair election. In January 1957, the International Control Commission (ICC), comprising observers from India, Poland, and Canada, agreed with this perception, reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement. With the French gone, a return to the traditional power struggle between north and south had begun again." 7435: 8307: 1353: 1027: 549: 135: 8600: 8616:. This unprecedented number was because the military had routinely provided heavy psychoactive drugs to servicemen, which left them unable to process trauma. Drug use, racial tensions, and the growing incidence of fragging—attempting to kill unpopular officers with grenades or other weapons—created problems for the military and impacted its capability to undertake operations. 125,000 Americans left for Canada to avoid the draft, and approximately 50,000 servicemen deserted. In 1977, President 1233: 958: 424: 8654: 6792: 736: 724: 706: 7254:'s belief Saigon could be held and a political settlement reached. Frequent Wind was the largest helicopter evacuation in history. It began on 29 April, in an atmosphere of desperation, as hysterical crowds of Vietnamese vied for limited space. Frequent Wind continued around the clock, as PAVN tanks breached defenses near Saigon. In the early morning of 30 April, the last US Marines evacuated the embassy by helicopter, as civilians swamped the perimeter and poured into the grounds. 7064: 6448: 5296: 6213:, commander of U.S. Pacific forces, that the situation was critical, "I am convinced that U.S. troops with their energy, mobility, and firepower can successfully take the fight to the NLF (Viet Cong)". With this recommendation, Westmoreland was advocating an aggressive departure from America's defensive posture and the sidelining of the South Vietnamese. By ignoring ARVN units, the U.S. commitment became open-ended. Westmoreland outlined a three-point plan to win the war: 1294: 995: 456: 106: 5086: 8502:... our armed forces are not suited to this kind of war. Even the Special Forces who had been designed for it could not prevail." Hanoi had persistently sought unification since the Geneva Accords, and the effects of US bombing had negligible impact on North Vietnam's goals. US bombing mobilized people throughout North Vietnam and international support, due to the perception of a superpower attempting to bomb a significantly smaller, agrarian society into submission. 7843:. Post-war, some Vietnamese women veterans faced difficulty reintegrating into society and having their contributions recognised, as well as advances in women's rights failing to be sustained. Portrayals of the war have been criticised for their depictions of women, both for overlooking the role women played and reducing Vietnamese women to racist stereotypes. Women are at the forefront of campaigns to deal with the war's aftermath, such as the long-terms effect of 7764: 1411: 1103: 509: 6844: 7026: 22778: 22768: 9053: 8250:

Laotian and Cambodian Civil Wars, in which the PAVN was a major participant. Non-combat deaths account for 30-40% of these. However, the figures do not include deaths of South Vietnamese and allied soldiers. These do not include the estimated 300,000–500,000 PAVN/VC missing in action. Vietnamese government figures estimate 1.1 million dead and 300,000 missing from 1945 to 1979, with approximately 849,000 dead and 232,000 missing from 1960 to 1975.

7950:—were manufactured in North Vietnam. By 1969 the US Army had identified 40 rifle/carbine types, 22 machine gun types, 17 types of mortar, 20 recoilless rifle or rocket launcher types, 9 types of antitank weapons, and 14 anti-aircraft artillery weapons used by ground troops on all sides. Also in use, mostly by anti-communist forces, were 24 types of armored vehicles and self-propelled artillery, and 26 types of field artillery and rocket launchers. 8424:, mostly from US bombing, continues to kill people, and has rendered much land hazardous and impossible to cultivate. Ordnance has killed 42,000 people since the war ended. In Laos, 80 million bombs failed to explode and still remain. Unexploded ordnance has killed or injured over 20,000 Laotians since the war and about 50 people are killed or maimed annually. It is estimated the explosives buried will not be removed entirely for centuries. 535: 396: 5987: 1397: 1073: 563: 6760:

to patrol would go into the country-side, find a site out of view from superiors and radio in false coordinates and unit reports. Drug usage increased among US forces, 30% regularly used marijuana, while a House subcommittee found 10% regularly used high-grade heroin. From 1969 on, search-and-destroy operations became referred to as "search and avoid" operations, falsifying battle reports while avoiding guerrillas. 900 fragging and suspected

9067: 9039: 8581:. Other figures point to $ 139 billion from 1965 to 1974 (not inflation-adjusted), 10 times all education spending in the US, and 50 times more than housing and community development spending within that period. It was stated that war-spending could have paid off every mortgage in the US, with money leftover. As of 2013, the US government pays Vietnam veterans and their families more than $ 22 billion a year in war-related claims. 7135: 5794:... The South Vietnamese regime was incapable of winning the peasantry because of its class base among landlords. Indeed, there was no longer a 'regime' in the sense of a relatively stable political alliance and functioning bureaucracy. Instead, civil government and military operations had virtually ceased. The National Liberation Front had made great progress and was close to declaring provisional revolutionary governments in large areas. 5665:

almost certainly lead to adverse political and, in the long run, adverse military consequences." The quality of the South Vietnamese military, however, remained poor. Poor leadership, corruption, and political promotions weakened the ARVN. The frequency of guerrilla attacks rose as the insurgency gathered steam. While Hanoi's support for the Viet Cong played a role, South Vietnamese governmental incompetence was at the core of the crisis.

7904: 6640: 7235: 6304:, in mid-1965 at the head of a junta. In 1967, Thieu became president with Ky as his deputy, after rigged elections. Although they were nominally a civilian government, Ky was supposed to maintain real power through a behind-the-scenes military body. However, Thieu outmanoeuvred and sidelined Ky. Thieu was accused of murdering Ky loyalists through contrived military accidents. Thieu remained president until 1975, having won a 7866: 7600: 6175: 5256:. Ho Chi Minh wished to continue war in the south, but was restrained by Chinese allies who convinced him he could win control by electoral means. Under the Geneva Accords, civilians were allowed to move freely between the two provisional states for a 300-day period. Elections throughout the country were to be held in 1956 to establish a unified government. However, the US, represented at the conference by Secretary of State 1537: 1204: 7670: 8394:, and the belief they were responsible for the disappearance of 500 Vietnamese natives on Tho Chu, Vietnam launched a counterattack to take back these islands. After failed attempts to negotiate, Vietnam invaded Democratic Kampuchea in 1978 and ousted the Khmer Rouge, who were being supported by China, in the Cambodian–Vietnamese War. In response, China invaded Vietnam in 1979. The two countries fought a border war: the 8478: 944: 371: 9125:(MAAG) in Indochina (deployed to Southeast Asia under President Truman) was reorganized into country-specific units and MAAG Vietnam was established. Other start dates include when Hanoi authorized Viet Cong forces in South Vietnam to begin a low-level insurgency in December 1956, whereas some view 26 September 1959, when the first battle occurred between the Viet Cong and the South Vietnamese army, as the start date. 5304:

extrapolates to 100,000 executions. Because the campaign was mainly in the Red River Delta area, 50,000 executions became accepted by scholars. However, declassified documents from Vietnamese and Hungarian archives indicate executions were much lower, though likely greater than 13,500. In 1956, leaders in Hanoi admitted to "excesses" in implementing this program and restored much of the land to the original owners.

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Americans; whatever the failings of Diệm, his credentials as a nationalist had been impeccable. US advisors were embedded at every level of the South Vietnamese armed forces. They were however criticized for ignoring the political nature of the insurgency. The Kennedy administration sought to refocus US efforts on pacification – which in this case was defined as countering the growing threat of insurgency – and

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was until August 1968, during the third phase of the Tet Offensive. Thereafter, Gallup found majorities believing sending troops was a mistake through the signing of the Peace Accords in January 1973, when 60% believed sending troops was a mistake, and retrospective polls by Gallup between 1990 and 2000, found 69-74% of Americans believed sending troops was a mistake. The

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used. These women made vital contributions on the Ho Chi Minh trail, espionage, medical care, logistical and administrative work, and sometimes direct combat. Women workers took on more roles in the economy and Vietnam saw an increase in women's rights. In Vietnam and elsewhere, women emerged as leaders of anti-war peace campaigns and made significant contributions to

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Vietnam's forests and 3% of its cultivated land was sprayed at least once. 90% of herbicide use was directed at forest defoliation. The chemicals used continue to change the landscape, cause diseases and birth defects, and poison the food chain. US military records have listed figures including the destruction of 20% of the jungles of South Vietnam and 20-36% of the

5340:, which commented on Eisenhower's observation, Diệm would have been a more popular candidate than Bảo Đại against Hồ, stating that "It is almost certain that by 1956 the proportion which might have voted for Ho - in a free election against Diem - would have been much smaller than 80%." In 1957, independent observers from India, Poland, and Canada representing the 7462:; 7,000 artillery guns; over 5,000 anti-aircraft guns; 158 surface-to-air missile launchers; and 120 helicopters. In total, the Soviets sent North Vietnam annual arms shipments worth $ 450 million. From July 1965 to the end of 1974, fighting in Vietnam was observed by some 6,500 officers and generals, as well as more than 4,500 soldiers and sergeants of the 7146:; if the town could be taken, the provincial capital Pleiku and the road to the coast, would be exposed for a campaign in 1976. The ARVN proved incapable of resisting the onslaught, and its forces collapsed. Again, Hanoi was surprised by the speed of their success. Dung urged the Politburo to allow him to seize Pleiku immediately and turn his attention to 5725:

isolated from the Viet Cong. It was hoped these new communities would provide security for the peasants and strengthen the tie between them and the central government. However, by November 1963 the program had waned, and it ended in 1964. In July 1962, 14 nations, including China, South Vietnam, the Soviet Union, North Vietnam, and the US, signed an

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characterized by smaller-unit contacts or engagements. The Viet Cong and PAVN would initiate 90% of large firefights, and thus the PAVN/Viet Cong would retain strategic initiative despite overwhelming US force and fire-power deployment. The PAVN and Viet Cong had developed strategies capable of countering US military doctrines and tactics: see

8702:. Analysis of studies on the association between Agent Orange and birth defects, have found a statistically significant correlation such that having a parent who was exposed to Agent Orange at any point, will increase one's likelihood of possessing or acting as a genetic carrier of birth defects. The most common deformity appears to be 8978:. Discussion of myth has focused on US experiences, but changing myths of war have played a role in Vietnamese and Australian historiography. Scholarship has focused on "myth-busting", attacking orthodox and revisionist schools of American historiography, and challenging myths about American society and soldiery in the war. 18361:... the war could and should have been avoided and should have been halted at several key junctures, one as early as 1963. According to McNamara, he and other senior advisers to President Lyndon B. Johnson failed to head it off through ignorance, inattention, flawed thinking, political expediency and lack of courage. 6882:, who demanded North Vietnamese troops leave Cambodia or face military action. Nol began rounding up Vietnamese civilians in Cambodia into internment camps and massacring them, provoking reactions from the North and South Vietnamese governments. In April–May 1970, North Vietnam invaded Cambodia at the request of the 9284:

very few executions in post-war Vietnam, Porter and Roberts suggest it is an artifact of the self-selected nature of the participants in the Desbarats-Jackson study, as the authors followed subjects' recommendations on other refugees to interview. Nevertheless, there exist unverified reports of mass executions.

6156:, in a battle both sides viewed as a watershed. Previously, the VC had utilized hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. At Binh Gia, however, they defeated a strong ARVN force in a conventional battle and remained in the field for four days. Tellingly, South Vietnamese forces were again defeated in June 1965 at the 6960: 8741:

poisoning in Vietnam, although the US government denies any conclusive scientific links between Agent Orange and Vietnamese victims of dioxin poisoning. In some areas of southern Vietnam, dioxin levels remain at over 100 times the accepted international standard. On 22 August 2024, the Paris Court of

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witnessed detainees either confined in minute "tiger cages" or chained to their cells, and provided with poor-quality food. American doctors inspecting the prison found many inmates suffering symptoms resulting from forced immobility and torture. During their visits to US detention facilities in 1968

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Early opposition to US involvement drew its inspiration from the Geneva Conference of 1954. American support of Diệm in refusing elections was seen as thwarting the democracy America claimed to support. Kennedy, while senator, opposed involvement. It is possible to specify groups who led the anti-war

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Giáp, the North Vietnamese defense minister, was reluctant to approve Trà's plan since a larger offensive might provoke US reaction and interfere with the big push planned for 1976. Trà appealed to Giáp's superior, Lê Duẩn, who approved it. Trà's plan called for a limited offensive from Cambodia into

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Johnson declined to run for re-election as his approval rating slumped from 48% to 36%. His escalation of the war divided Americans, cost 30,000 American lives by that point and was regarded to have destroyed his presidency. Refusal to send more troops was seen as Johnson's admission that the war was

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Moyar, Mark. "Triumph Regained: The Vietnam War, 1965–1968." Encounter Books, December 2022. Chapter 17 index: "Communists provided further corroboration of the proximity of their casualty figures to American figures in a postwar disclosure of total losses from 1960 to 1975. During that period, they

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from Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries resettled in the US, while Canada, Australia, and France resettled over 500,000, China accepted 250,000 people. Laos experienced the largest refugee flight proportionally, 300,000 out of a population of 3 million crossed the border into Thailand.

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to prevent Viet Cong fighters from sheltering in South Vietnamese villages. Such practice, which involved the assumption that anyone appearing in the designated zones was an enemy combatant that could be freely targeted by weapons, is regarded by journalist Lewis Simons as "a severe violation of the

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to try to block PAVN advance. On 21 April, however, the exhausted garrison was ordered to withdraw towards Saigon. An embittered and tearful president Thieu resigned, declaring that the US had betrayed South Vietnam. In a scathing attack, he suggested Kissinger had tricked him into signing the Paris

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President Thiệu, a former general, was fearful his forces would be cut off in the north by the attacking communists; Thieu ordered a retreat, which turned into a bloody rout. While the bulk of ARVN forces attempted to flee, isolated units fought desperately. ARVN general Phu abandoned Pleiku and Kon

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Open refusal to engage in patrols or carry out orders emerged, with a notable case of an entire company refusing orders to carry out operations. Unit cohesion began to dissipate and focused on minimizing contact with Viet Cong and PAVN. A practice known as "sand-bagging" started, where units ordered

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he said a point had been reached "where the end comes into view." Thus, the public was shocked and confused when Westmoreland's predictions were trumped by the Tet Offensive. Public approval of his performance dropped from 48% to 36%, and endorsement for the war fell from 40% to 26%." The public and

6556:. PAVN records of their losses across all three offensives was 45,267 killed and 111,179 total casualties. It had become the bloodiest year up to then. The failure to spark a general uprising and lack of defections among the ARVN units meant both war goals of Hanoi had fallen flat at enormous cost. 6283:

strategic bombers in support. These tactics continued in 1966–67, however, the PAVN/VC insurgents remained elusive and demonstrated tactical flexibility. By 1967, the war had generated large-scale internal refugees, 2 million in South Vietnam, with 125,000 people evacuated and rendered homeless

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The plan was approved by Johnson and marked a profound departure from the insistence that South Vietnam was responsible for defeating the guerrillas. Westmoreland predicted victory by the end of 1967. Johnson did not communicate this change in strategy to the media. Instead he emphasized continuity.

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wanted to encourage a coup, while the Pentagon favored Diệm. Chief among the proposed changes was removal of Diệm's younger brother Nhu, who controlled the secret police and special forces, and was seen as being behind the Buddhist repression and the architect of the Ngô family's rule. This proposal

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was the Archbishop of Huế and aggressively blurred the separation between church and state. Thuc's anniversary celebrations occurred shortly before Vesak had been bankrolled by the government, and Vatican flags were displayed prominently. There had been reports of Catholic paramilitaries demolishing

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There is no reason to expect, and no evidence that I have seen to demonstrate, that the actual executions were less than planned; in fact the executions perhaps exceeded the plan if we consider two following factors. First, this decree was issued in 1953 for the rent and interest reduction campaign

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and James Roberts." Sixteen of the 47 names used to extrapolate this "bloodbath" were duplicates; this extremely high duplication rate (34%) strongly suggests Desbarats and Jackson were drawing from a small number of total executions. Rather than arguing that this duplication rate proves there were

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The cost of this delirium was stupefying: 360,000 people mutilated, a million widows, 500,000 prostitutes, 500,000 drug addicts, a million tuberculous and more than a million soldiers of the old regime, impossible to rehabilitate into a new society. Ten percent of the population of Ho Chi Minh City

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estimates 110,000–310,000 deaths as a "possible case" of "counter-guerrilla mass killings" by US and South Vietnamese forces. The Phoenix Program, coordinated by the CIA and involving US and South Vietnamese security forces, was aimed at destroying the political infrastructure of the Viet Cong. The

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China provided significant support for North Vietnam when the US started to intervene, including financial aid and the deployment of hundreds of thousands of military personnel in support roles. China said its military and economic aid to North Vietnam and the Viet Cong totaled $ 20 billion ($

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troops to capture Tchepone and withdraw, despite facing four-times larger numbers. During the withdrawal, the PAVN counterattack had forced a panicked rout. Half of the ARVN troops were either captured or killed, half of the ARVN/US support helicopters were downed and the operation was considered a

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in February 1971, the first major ground operation to attack the Ho Chi Minh trail, at the crossroad of Tchepone. This offensive was the first time the PAVN would field-test its combined arms force. The first few days were a success, but momentum slowed after fierce resistance. Thiệu had halted the

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Massive aerial bombardment against the Pathet Lao and PAVN forces was carried out by the US to prevent the collapse of the Royal central government, and deny use of the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Between 1964 and 1973, the U.S. dropped two million tons of bombs on Laos, nearly equal to the 2.1 million

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expanded aerial bombardment and ground support operations. The bombing campaign, which lasted 3 years, was intended to force North Vietnam to cease its support for the Viet Cong by threatening to destroy North Vietnamese air defenses and infrastructure. It was additionally aimed at bolstering South

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Kennedy's policy toward South Vietnam assumed Diệm and his forces had to defeat the guerrillas on their own. He was against the deployment of American combat troops and observed "to introduce U.S. forces in large numbers there today, while it might have an initially favorable military impact, would

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The figures of 58,220 and 303,644 for US deaths and wounded come from the Department of Defense Statistical Information Analysis Division (SIAD), Defense Manpower Data Center, as well as from a Department of Veterans fact sheet dated May 2010; the total is 153,303 WIA excluding 150,341 persons not

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found 60% of Americans did not believe that sending troops to Vietnam was a mistake in September 1965, and only 24% believed it was. Subsequent polling did not find that a plurality of Americans believed that sending troops was a mistake until October 1967, and did not find a majority believing it

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noted, "if anything came out of Vietnam, it was that air power couldn't do the job." General William Westmoreland admitted bombing had been ineffective, saying he doubted "that the North Vietnamese would have relented." Kissinger wrote in a memo to President Ford that "in terms of military tactics

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US reports of "enemy KIA", referred to as body count, were thought to have been subject to "falsification and glorification", and a true estimate of PAVN/VC combat deaths is difficult to assess, as US victories were assessed by having a "greater kill ratio". It was difficult to distinguish between

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Women were active in a large variety of roles, making significant impacts and the war having significant impacts on them. Several million Vietnamese women served in the military and in militias, particularly in the Viet Cong, with the slogan "when war comes, even the women must fight" being widely

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During the war, South Vietnamese president Diem began a program to settle ethnic Vietnamese Kinh on Montagnard lands in the Central Highlands region. This provoked a backlash from the Montagnards, some joining the Viet Cong as a result. The Cambodians under pro-China King Sihanouk and pro-American

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During the course of the war a large segment of Americans became opposed to U.S. involvement. In January 1967, only 32% of Americans thought the US had made a mistake in sending troops. Public opinion steadily turned against the war following 1967 and by 1970 only a third believed the U.S. had not

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should be seized, if possible. Dũng said to Lê Duẩn: "Never have we had military and political conditions so perfect or a strategic advantage as great as we have now." At the start of 1975, the South Vietnamese had three times as much artillery and twice as many tanks and armored cars as the PAVN.

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The success of the 1973–1974 dry season offensive inspired Trà to return to Hanoi in October 1974 and plead for a larger offensive the next dry season. This time, Trà could travel on a drivable highway with fueling stops, a vast change from when the Ho Chi Minh trail was a dangerous mountain trek.

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Beginning in 1969, American troops were withdrawn from border areas where most of the fighting took place and redeployed along the coast and interior. US casualties in 1970 were less than half of 1969, after being relegated to less active combat. While US forces were redeployed, the ARVN took over

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began between the US and North Vietnam in Paris. Negotiations stagnated for five months, until Johnson gave orders to halt the bombing of North Vietnam. Hanoi realized it could not achieve a "total victory" and employed a strategy known as "talking while fighting, fighting while talking", in which

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was initiated in late 1961. This joint U.S.–South Vietnamese program attempted to resettle the rural population into fortified villages. It was implemented in early 1962 and involved some forced relocation and segregation of rural South Vietnamese, into new communities where the peasantry would be

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Support for the VC was driven by resentment of Diem's reversal of Viet Minh land reforms in the countryside. The Viet Minh had confiscated large private landholdings, reduced rents and debts, and leased communal lands, mostly to poorer peasants. Diem brought the landlords back, people who had been

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In the summer of 1955, Diệm launched the "Denounce the Communists" campaign, during which suspected communists and other anti-government elements were arrested, imprisoned, tortured, or executed. He instituted the death penalty in August 1956 against activity deemed communist. The North Vietnamese

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units and engineering battalions, to repair the damage caused by American bombing. They helped man anti-aircraft batteries, rebuild roads and railroads, transport supplies, and perform other engineering works. This freed North Vietnamese army units for combat. China sent 320,000 troops and annual

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PAVN/VC leaders expected the ceasefire terms would favor their side, but Saigon, bolstered by a surge of US aid just before the ceasefire went into effect, began to roll back the Viet Cong. The PAVN/VC responded with a new strategy hammered out in meetings in Hanoi in March 1973, according to the

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on 27 January 1973. This ended direct U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, created a ceasefire between North Vietnam/PRG and South Vietnam, guaranteed the territorial integrity of Vietnam under the Geneva Conference of 1954, called for elections or a political settlement between the PRG and South

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forces invaded Laos, fighting the Royal Lao Army all along the border. About 500 of the "regroupees" of 1954 were sent south on the trail during its first year of operation. The first arms delivery via the trail was completed in August 1959. In April 1960, North Vietnam imposed universal military

5575:

presented a plan to revive the insurgency entitled "The Road to the South" to the Politburo in Hanoi. However, as China and the Soviets opposed confrontation, his plan was rejected. Despite this, the North Vietnamese leadership approved tentative measures to revive southern insurgency in December

5516:

at a bar in July, and in September a district chief was killed with his family. By early 1959, Diệm had come to regard the violence as an organized campaign and implemented Law 10/59, which made political violence punishable by death and property confiscation. There had been division among former

5307:

The south, meanwhile, constituted the State of Vietnam, with Bảo Đại as Emperor, and Ngô Đình Diệm as prime minister. Neither the US, nor Diệm's State of Vietnam, signed anything at the Geneva Conference. The non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam, but

8249:

According to figures released by the Vietnamese government there were 849,018 confirmed military deaths on the PAVN/VC side. The Vietnamese government released its estimate of war deaths for the more lengthy period of 1955 to 1975. This figure includes battle deaths of Vietnamese soldiers in the

8245:

The official US Department of Defense figure for PAVN/VC killed in Vietnam from 1965 to 1974 was 950,765. Officials believed these body count figures need to be deflated by 30 percent. Guenter Lewy asserts that one-third of the reported "enemy" killed may have been civilians, concluding that the

7976:

The US dropped over 7 million tons of bombs on Indochina during the war, more than triple the 2.1 million tons it dropped on Europe and Asia during World War II, and more than ten times the amount during the Korean War. 500 thousand tons were dropped on Cambodia, 1 million tons on

7888:

Civil rights leaders protested the disproportionate casualties and overrepresentation in hazardous duty, experienced by African American servicemen, prompting reforms that were implemented beginning in 1967. As a result, by the war's completion in 1975, black casualties had declined to 13% of US

6322:

indicate that Viet Cong forces retained strategic initiative and controlled their losses. Viet Cong attacks against static US positions accounted for 30% of engagements, Viet Cong/PAVN ambushes and encirclements for 23%, American ambushes against Viet Cong/PAVN forces for 9%, and American forces

9278:

A study by Jacqueline Desbarats and Karl D. Jackson estimated that 65,000 South Vietnamese were executed for political reasons between 1975 and 1983, based on a survey of 615 Vietnamese refugees who claimed to have personally witnessed 47 executions. However, "their methodology was reviewed and

8681:

large parts of the countryside to prevent the Viet Cong from being able to hide weaponry and encampments under the foliage, and deprive them of food. Defoliation was used to clear sensitive areas, including base perimeters and possible ambush sites along roads and canals. More than 20% of South

8493:

Failure of US goals is often placed at different institutions and levels. Some have suggested it was due to political failures of leadership. Others point to a failure of military doctrine. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara stated that "the achievement of a military victory by U.S. forces in

7492:

As South Vietnam was formally part of a military alliance with the US, Australia, New Zealand, France, the UK, Pakistan, Thailand and the Philippines, the alliance was invoked during the war. The UK, France and Pakistan declined to participate, and South Korea, Taiwan, and Spain were non-treaty

7086:

hurt an economy partly dependent on US financial support and troop presence. After clashes that left 55 ARVN soldiers dead, Thieu announced on 4 January 1974, that the war had restarted and the Peace Accords were no longer in effect. There were over 25,000 South Vietnamese casualties during the

6996:

and in October 1972 reached an agreement. President Thieu demanded changes to the peace accord upon its discovery, and when North Vietnam went public with the details, the Nixon administration claimed they were attempting to embarrass the president. The negotiations became deadlocked when Hanoi

6547:

During the first month of the offensive, 1,100 Americans and other allied troops, 2,100 ARVN and 14,000 civilians were killed. After two months, nearly 5,000 ARVN and over 4,000 U.S. forces had been killed and 45,820 wounded. The U.S. claimed 17,000 of the PAVN and Viet Cong had been killed and

5862:

Following the coup, chaos ensued. Hanoi took advantage and increased its support for the guerrillas. South Vietnam entered extreme political instability, as one military government toppled another in quick succession. Increasingly, each new regime was viewed by the communists as a puppet of the

5385:

and was credited with 98% of the vote, including 133% in Saigon. His American advisors had recommended a more "modest" winning margin of "60 to 70 percent." Diệm, however, viewed the election as a test of authority. He declared South Vietnam to be an independent state under the name Republic of

5316:

I have never talked or corresponded with a person knowledgeable in Indochinese affairs who did not agree that had elections been held as of the time of the fighting, possibly 80% of the population would have voted for the Communist Ho Chi Minh as their leader rather than Chief of State Bảo Đại.

7988:

Former US Air Force official Earl Tilford recounted "repeated bombing runs of a lake in central Cambodia. The B-52s literally dropped their payloads in the lake." The Air Force ran many missions like this to secure additional funding during budget negotiations, so the tonnage expended does not

7774:

Ami Pedahzur has written that "the overall volume and lethality of Viet Cong terrorism rivals or exceeds all but a handful of terrorist campaigns waged over the last third of the twentieth century", based on the definition of terrorists as a non-state actor, and examining targeted killings and

5525:

estimated that insurgents carried out 2,000 abductions, and 1,700 assassinations of government officials, village chiefs, hospital workers and teachers from 1957 to 1960. Violence between insurgents and government forces increased drastically from 180 clashes in January 1960, to 545 clashes in

5765:

on 2 January 1963, in which a band of Viet Cong won a battle against a much larger and better-equipped South Vietnamese force, many of whose officers seemed reluctant even to engage in combat. The South Vietnamese lost 83 soldiers and 5 US war helicopters, serving to ferry troops shot down by

8241:

Estimates of casualties vary, with one source suggesting up to 3.8 million violent war deaths in Vietnam for 1955 to 2002. A demographic study calculated 791,000–1,141,000 war-related deaths during the war for all of Vietnam, for military and civilians. Between 195,000 and 430,000 South

6311:

Johnson employed a "policy of minimum candor" with the media. Military information officers sought to manage coverage by emphasizing stories that portrayed progress. This policy damaged the public trust in official pronouncements. As coverage of the war and the Pentagon diverged, a so-called

8697:

Agent Orange and similar chemical substances used by the US have caused many deaths and injuries in the intervening years, including among the US Air Force crews that handled them. Scientific reports have concluded that refugees exposed to chemical sprays while in South Vietnam continued to

6288:

alone, which was the largest search and destroy operation to that point. Operation Masher would have negligible impact, however, as the PAVN/VC returned to the province just four months after it ended. Despite major operations, which the Viet Cong and PAVN would typically evade, the war was

8607:

More than 3 million Americans served in the war, 1.5 million of whom saw combat. James Westheider wrote that "At the height of American involvement in 1968, for example, 543,000 American military personnel were stationed in Vietnam, but only 80,000 were considered combat troops."

7421:

arms shipments worth $ 180 million. China claims to have caused 38% of American air losses in the war. The PRC also began financing the Khmer Rouge as a counterweight to North Vietnam. China "armed and trained" the Khmer Rouge during the civil war, and continued to aid them afterward.

6042:

on 7 August 1964. The resolution granted the president power "to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression" and Johnson relied on this as giving him authority to expand the war. Johnson pledged he was not

5303:

Between 1953 and 1956, the North Vietnamese government instituted agrarian reforms, including "rent reduction" and "land reform", which resulted in political oppression. During land reform, North Vietnamese witnesses suggested a ratio of one execution for every 160 village residents, which

8611:

58,220 American soldiers were killed, more than 150,000 wounded, and at least 21,000 permanently disabled. The average age of US troops killed was 23. According to Dale Kueter, "Of those killed in combat, 86% were white, 13% were black..." Approximately 830,000 veterans, 15%, suffered

8257:

Between 275,000 and 310,000 Cambodians were estimated to have died, including between 50,000 and 150,000 combatants and civilians from US bombings. 20,000–62,000 Laotians died, and 58,281 U.S. military personnel were killed, of which 1,584 are still listed as missing as of March 2021.

6816:

typical of 1967 and prior, instead of nationwide offensives. In 1971, Australia and New Zealand withdrew their soldiers and US troops were further reduced to 196,700, with a deadline to remove another 45,000 troops by February 1972. The US reduced support troops, and in March 1971 the

5947:... with strength and determination." Johnson knew he had inherited a deteriorating situation in South Vietnam, but adhered to the widely accepted domino argument for defending the South: Should they retreat or appease, either action would imperil other nations. Findings from RAND's 6811:

In 1970, Nixon announced the withdrawal of an additional 150,000 American troops, reducing US numbers to 265,500. By 1970, Viet Cong forces were no longer southern-majority, nearly 70% of units were northerners. Between 1969 and 1971 the Viet Cong and some PAVN units had reverted to

7653:, widespread use of free-fire zones, rules of engagement where civilians who ran from soldiers or helicopters could be viewed as Viet Cong and disdain for Vietnamese civilians, led to massive civilian casualties and war crimes inflicted by US troops. One example cited by Turse is 6132:

Following the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, Hanoi anticipated the arrival of US troops and began expanding the Viet Cong, as well as sending increasing numbers of North Vietnamese personnel southwards. They were outfitting the Viet Cong forces and standardizing their equipment with

8513:" to describe the reluctance of the American public and politicians to support military interventions abroad. US polling in 1978 revealed nearly 72% of Americans believed the war was "fundamentally wrong and immoral." Six months after the beginning of Operation Rolling Thunder, 5203:

made American participation contingent on British support, but the British were opposed. Eisenhower, wary of involving the US in an Asian land war, decided against intervention. Throughout the conflict, US intelligence estimates remained skeptical of France's chance of success.

8254:

civilians and military personnel in the Viet Cong, as many were part-time guerrillas or impressed laborers who did not wear uniforms and civilians killed were sometimes written off as enemy killed, because high enemy casualties was directly tied to promotions and commendation.

19119:

In his 234-page judgment, the judge observed: "Despite the fact that Congress and the President were fully advised of a substantial belief that the herbicide spraying in Vietnam was a violation of international law, they acted on their view that it was not a violation at the

4749:

authority to increase military presence, without a declaration of war. Johnson ordered deployment of combat units and dramatically increased American military personnel to 184,000 by the end of 1965, and to 536,000 by the end of 1968. US and South Vietnamese forces relied on

6615:". As the PAVN/VC recovered from their 1968 losses and avoided contact, Creighton Abrams conducted operations aimed at disrupting logistics, with better use of firepower and more cooperation with the ARVN. In October 1969, Nixon had ordered B-52s loaded with nuclear weapons 6202:. The first deployment of 3,500 in March 1965 was increased to nearly 200,000 by December. U.S. military had long been schooled in offensive warfare. Regardless of political policies, U.S. commanders were institutionally and psychologically unsuited to a defensive mission. 6575:, which was abandoned when it became known to the White House. Westmoreland requested 200,000 additional troops, which was leaked to the media, and the fallout combined with intelligence failures caused him to be removed from command in March 1968, succeeded by his deputy 6777:

In the last years of the Army's retreat, its remaining forces were relegated to static security. The American Army's decline was readily apparent in this final stage. Racial incidents, drug abuse, combat disobedience, and crime reflected growing idleness, resentment, and

6495:..." Le Duan sought to placate critics of the stalemate by planning a decisive victory. He reasoned this could be achieved through sparking an uprising within the towns and cities, along with mass defections among ARVN units, who were on leave during the truce period. 5654:

in August, and the Cuban Missile Crisis in October. Kennedy believed another failure to stop communist expansion would irreparably damage US credibility. He was determined to "draw a line in the sand" and prevent a communist victory in Vietnam. He told James Reston of

7112:

However, heightened oil prices meant many assets could not be leveraged. Moreover, the rushed nature of Vietnamization, intended to cover the US retreat, resulted in a lack of spare parts, ground-crew, and maintenance personnel, which rendered most of it inoperable.

6751:

Following the Tet Offensive and decreasing support among the US public, US forces began a period of morale collapse, and disobedience. At home, desertion rates quadrupled from 1966 levels. Among the enlisted, only 2.5% chose infantry combat positions in 1969–70.

6089:

Bombing was not restricted to North Vietnam. Other aerial campaigns, targeted different parts of the Viet Cong and PAVN infrastructure. These included the Ho Chi Minh trail supply route, which ran through Laos and Cambodia. The ostensibly neutral Laos had become

6769:

in March 1971, in which a sapper attack inflicted serious losses on the U.S. defenders. William Westmoreland, no longer in command but tasked with investigation of the failure, cited a dereliction of duty, lax defensive postures and lack of officers in charge.

5156:

Military advisors from China began assisting the Viet Minh in July 1950. Chinese weapons, expertise, and laborers transformed the Viet Minh from a guerrilla force into a regular army. In September 1950, the US further enforced the Truman Doctrine by creating a

8985:

challenges the popular and Hollywood narrative that US soldiers were heavy drug users, in particular the notion that the My Lai massacre was caused by drug use. According to Kuzmarov, Nixon is primarily responsible for creating the drug myth. Michael Allen in

6527:

managed to hold out and overcome an assault intended to capture the city. In Saigon, Viet Cong/PAVN fighters had captured areas in and around the city, attacking key installations before US and ARVN forces dislodged them after three weeks. During one battle,

9120:

family, the start date of the Vietnam War according to the US government was officially changed to 1 November 1955. US government reports currently cite 1 November 1955 as the commencement date of the "Vietnam Conflict", because this date marked when the US

9189:) Report for Congress, American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics, dated 26 February 2010, and the book Crucible Vietnam: Memoir of an Infantry Lieutenant. Some other sources give different figures (e.g. the 2005/2006 documentary 8302:

On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Despite speculation that the victorious North Vietnamese would, in Nixon's words, "massacre the civilians there by the millions," no mass executions took place.

5626:, Senator John F. Kennedy defeated incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon. Although Eisenhower warned Kennedy about Laos and Vietnam, Europe and Latin America "loomed larger than Asia on his sights." In June 1961, he bitterly disagreed with Soviet premier 5124:

foreign policy which pledged US support to nations resisting "attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures". In Indochina, this doctrine was first put into practice in February 1950, when the United States recognized the French-backed

7104:. Phuoc Binh fell on 6 January 1975. Ford desperately asked Congress for funds to assist and re-supply the South before it was overrun. Congress refused. The fall of Phuoc Binh and lack of American response left the South Vietnamese elite demoralized. 5645:

The Kennedy administration remained committed to the Cold War foreign policy inherited from the Truman and Eisenhower administrations. In 1961, the US had 50,000 troops based in South Korea, and Kennedy faced four crisis situations: the failure of the

5886:

tribesmen in Laos and into Vietnam. The indigenous forces were in the tens of thousands and conducted direct action missions, led by paramilitary officers, against the Communist Pathet Lao forces and their North Vietnamese supporters. The CIA ran the

5511:

Between 1954 and 1957, the Diệm government succeeded in preventing large-scale organized unrest in the countryside. In April 1957, insurgents launched an assassination campaign, referred to as "extermination of traitors". 17 people were killed in the

13436:... Speaking through an interpreter, a local guard explained to me that a handful of Viet Cong agents had entered the hamlet one night and told the peasants to tear it down and return to their native villages. The peasants complied without question." 12686: 5875:, confidently predicted victory by Christmas 1963. The CIA was less optimistic, however, warning that "the Viet Cong by and large retain de facto control of much of the countryside and have steadily increased the overall intensity of the effort". 15706: 7091:

took over as US president in August 1974, and Congress cut financial aid to South Vietnam from $ 1 billion a year to $ 700 million. Congress voted in restrictions on funding to be phased in through 1975 and then total cutoff in 1976.

5533:, North Vietnam's southern headquarters, ordered a coordinated uprising in South Vietnam against the government and a third of the population was soon living in areas of communist control. In December 1960, North Vietnam formally created the 7689:

Rummel estimated that 39,000 were killed by South Vietnam during the Diem-era in democide; for 1964–75, Rummel estimated 50,000 people were killed in democide. Thus, the total for 1954 to 1975 is about 80,000 deaths caused by South Vietnam.

6972:

of 1972, a conventional PAVN invasion of South Vietnam. The PAVN overran the northern provinces and attacked from Cambodia, threatening to cut the country in half. US troop withdrawals continued, but American airpower responded, beginning

6913:, which provoked further public outrage. The reaction by the administration was seen as callous, reinvigorating the declining anti-war movement. The US Air Force continued to bomb Cambodia in support of the Cambodian government as part of 5275:

During the 300-day period, up to one million northerners, mainly minority Catholics, moved south, fearing persecution by the Communists. The exodus was coordinated by a U.S.-funded $ 93 million relocation program, which involved the

7265:

and the Viet Cong flag was raised above it. President Dương Văn Minh, who had succeeded Huong two days earlier, surrendered to Lieutenant colonel Bùi Văn Tùng, political commissar of the 203rd Tank Brigade. Minh was then escorted to

6764:

incidents were investigated, most occurring between 1969 and 1971. In 1969, field-performance was characterized by lowered morale, lack of motivation, and poor leadership. The significant decline in US morale was demonstrated by the

8994:

to allow the government to appear caring, as the war was increasingly considered lost. Allen's analysis ties the position of potential missing Americans, or prisoners into post-war politics and presidential elections, including the

8785:

as, "presumptive diseases associated with exposure to Agent Orange or other herbicides during military service." Spina bifida is the sole birth defect in children of veterans, recognized as being caused by exposure to Agent Orange.

7523:, were actively recruited in the war. There was a strategy of recruitment and favorable treatment of Montagnard tribes for the Viet Cong, as they were pivotal for control of infiltration routes. Some groups split off and formed the 5716:

warned Kennedy of the "danger we shall replace the French as a colonial force in the area and bleed as the French did." Eisenhower put 900 advisors in Vietnam, and by November 1963, Kennedy had put 16,000 military personnel there.

7172:

called for Saigon's capture before 1 May. Hanoi wished to avoid the coming monsoon and prevent redeployment of ARVN forces defending the capital. Northern forces, their morale boosted by their recent victories, rolled on, taking

7212:. Refugees streamed southward, ahead of the main communist onslaught. On 27 April, 100,000 PAVN troops encircled Saigon. The city was defended by about 30,000 ARVN troops. To hasten a collapse and foment panic, the PAVN shelled 6220:

Phase 2. U.S. and allied forces mount major offensive actions to seize the initiative to destroy guerrilla and organized enemy forces. This phase would end when the enemy had been worn down and driven back from major populated

5693:

countries threatened by communist insurgencies. Although they were intended for use behind front lines after a conventional Soviet invasion of Europe, Kennedy believed guerrilla tactics employed by special forces, such as the

7409:

160 billion adjusted for 2022 prices) during the Vietnam War; included were 5 million tons of food to North Vietnam (equivalent to a year's food production), accounting for 10–15% of their food supply by the 1970s.

5161:(MAAG) to screen French requests for aid, advise on strategy, and train Vietnamese soldiers. By 1954, the US had spent $ 1 billion in support of the French military effort, shouldering 80% of the cost of the war. 8494:

Vietnam was indeed a dangerous illusion." The inability to bring Hanoi to the bargaining table by bombing illustrated another US miscalculation, and the limitations of military abilities in achieving political goals.

7665:

magazine suggested that at least 5,000 civilians may have been killed during six months of the operation, and there were 748 recovered weapons and an official US military body count of 10,889 enemy combatants killed.

16026: 5485:

limiting the size of rice farms per owner. 1.8m acres of farm land became available for purchase by landless people. By 1960, the process had stalled because many of Diem's biggest supporters were large landowners.

22092: 6503:. U.S. and South Vietnamese forces were shocked by the scale, intensity and deliberative planning, as infiltration of personnel and weapons into the cities was accomplished covertly; the offensive constituted an 19396: 16118: 10120: 5493:. President Eisenhower pledged his continued support, and a parade was held in Diệm's honor. But Secretary of State Dulles privately conceded Diệm had to be backed because they could find no better alternative. 10406: 6782:... the fatal handicaps of faulty campaign strategy, incomplete wartime preparation, and the tardy, superficial attempts at Vietnamization. An entire American army was sacrificed on the battlefield of Vietnam. 5680:

One major issue Kennedy raised was whether the Soviet space and missile programs had surpassed those of the US. Although Kennedy stressed long-range missile parity with the Soviets, he was interested in using

5456:

A devout Roman Catholic, Diệm was fervently anti-communist, nationalist, and socially conservative. Historian Luu Doan Huynh notes "Diệm represented narrow and extremist nationalism coupled with autocracy and

18336: 17921: 7715:

recorded many cases of torture and inhumane treatment before the captives were handed over to South Vietnamese authorities. Torture was conducted by the South Vietnamese government in collusion with the CIA.

6498:

The Tet Offensive began on 30 January 1968, as over 100 cities were attacked by over 85,000 VC/PAVN troops, including assaults on military installations, headquarters, and government buildings, including the

13373:, pp. 336–339. Johnson viewed many members that he inherited from Kennedy's cabinet with distrust because he had never penetrated their circle during Kennedy's presidency; to Johnson's mind, those like 15677: 12690: 11060:

As best as can now be estimated, over two million Cambodians died during the 1970s because of the political events of the decade, the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the 'Khmer Rouge'

7535:

Lon Nol, supported their fellow co-ethnic Khmer Krom in South Vietnam, following an anti-ethnic Vietnamese policy. Following Vietnamization, many Montagnard groups and fighters were incorporated into the

7037:. Fighting continued after the ceasefire, without US participation, and throughout the year. North Vietnam was allowed to continue supplying troops in the South but only to replace expended material. The 16579: 14549: 10810: 7373:

attracted millions of Americans. The fatal shooting of 4 students at Kent State University in 1970 led to nationwide university protests. Anti-war protests declined after the Paris Peace Accords and the

5859:, invited the coup leaders to the embassy and congratulated them. Lodge informed Kennedy that "the prospects now are for a shorter war". Kennedy wrote Lodge a letter congratulating him for "a fine job". 15717: 5288:

regime a strong anti-communist constituency. Over 100,000 Viet Minh fighters went to the north for "regroupment", expecting to return south within two years. The Viet Minh left roughly 5,000 to 10,000

4947:

since the mid-19th century. Under French rule, Vietnamese nationalism was suppressed, so revolutionary groups conducted their activities abroad, particularly in France and China. One such nationalist,

4584: 12500: 7877:

The experience of African-American military personnel has received significant attention. The site "African-American Involvement in the Vietnam War" compiles examples, as does the work of journalist

7752: 19520: 19436: 7013:

Vietnam, allowed 200,000 communist troops to remain in the south, and agreed to a POW exchange. There was a 60-day period for the withdrawal of US forces. "This article", noted Peter Church, "proved

7205:. After having appealed unsuccessfully to Congress for $ 722 million in emergency aid for South Vietnam, President Ford gave a televised speech on 23 April, declaring an end to the War and US aid. 6952:

fiasco, demonstrating operational deficiencies within the ARVN. Nixon and Thieu had sought to use to showcase victory simply by capturing Tchepone, and it was spun off as an "operational success".

5892: 17752:

Human Rights in Vietnam: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on International Organizations of the Committee on International Relations: House of Representatives, Ninety-Fifth Congress, First Session

13865: 7793:

in 1975. PAVN and Viet Cong troops killed 164,000 civilians in democide between 1954 and 1975 in South Vietnam. North Vietnam was known for its abusive treatment of American POWs, most notably in

8822:(1974) depicting war-time life. Another notable work was the diary of Đặng Thùy Trâm, a North Vietnamese doctor who enlisted in the Southern battlefield, and was killed aged 27 by US forces near 6146: 15620: 15101: 10933: 7775:

civilian deaths which are estimated at over 18,000 from 1966 to 1969. The US Department of Defense estimates the VC/PAVN had conducted 36,000 murders and 58,000 kidnappings from 1967 to 1972,

7443:

The Soviet Union supplied North Vietnam with medical supplies, arms, tanks, planes, helicopters, artillery, anti-aircraft missiles and other military equipment. Soviet crews fired Soviet-made

7100:. The strike was designed to solve logistical problems, gauge the reaction of South Vietnamese forces, and determine whether the US would return. On 13 December 1974, North Vietnamese forces 16828: 23418: 23138: 22163: 14305: 4767: 363: 315: 5409:: "Burma, Thailand, India, Japan, the Philippines and obviously Laos and Cambodia are among those whose security would be threatened if the Red Tide of Communism overflowed into Vietnam." 22034: 11687: 8318:

where they endured torture, starvation, and disease while being forced to perform hard labor. According to Amnesty International, this figure varied depending on different observers: "...

17983: 14065: 5040:

forces. Throughout the war, Vietnamese guerrilla resistance against the Japanese grew dramatically, and by the end of 1944 the Viet Minh had grown to over 500,000 members. US President

4402: 12208: 25055: 12649: 8526:, persisted for years afterwards. The costs loom large in American consciousness; a 1990 poll showed the public incorrectly believed more Americans died in Vietnam than World War II. 7819: 18054:

has mapped some 23,745 mass graves containing approximately 1.3 million suspected victims of execution; execution is believed to account for roughly 60% of the full death toll. See:

10514:

The Army of the Republic of Vietnam suffered 254,256 recorded combat deaths between 1960 and 1974, with the highest number of recorded deaths being in 1972, with 39,587 combat deaths

7562: 5272:

campaign which exaggerated anti-Catholic sentiment among the Viet Minh and distributed propaganda attributed to Viet Minh threatening an American attack on Hanoi with atomic bombs.

8730: 5553:

wrote that "The divisions within villages reproduced those that had existed against the French: 75% support for the NLF, 20% trying to remain neutral and 5% firmly pro-government".

5063:(DRV). However, on September 23, French forces overthrew the DRV and reinstated French rule. American support for the Viet Minh promptly ended, and O.S.S. forces left as the French 5060: 18703:

Combat Area Casualty File, November 1993. (The CACF is the basis for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, i.e. The Wall), Center for Electronic Records, National Archives, Washington, DC

6016:, on an intelligence mission along North Vietnam's coast, fired upon and damaged torpedo boats approaching it in the Gulf of Tonkin. A second attack was reported two days later on 5490: 19480: 6256:

The American buildup transformed the South Vietnamese economy and had a profound effect on society. South Vietnam was inundated with manufactured goods. Washington encouraged its

6198:, South Vietnam. This marked the beginning of the American ground war. U.S. public opinion overwhelmingly supported the deployment. The Marines' initial assignment was defense of 9514: 5951:

bolstered his confidence that an air war would weaken the Viet Cong. Some argue the policy of North Vietnam was not to topple other non-communist governments in South East Asia.

5939:

had not been heavily involved with policy toward Vietnam; however, upon becoming president, he immediately focused it. On 24 November 1963, he said, "the battle against communism

18952: 9210:(with an authorized strength of 128 men) was set up in September 1950 with a mission to oversee the use and distribution of US military equipment by the French and their allies. 8948: 18790: 18714:"The Drugs That Built a Super Soldier: During the Vietnam War, the U.S. Military Plied Its Servicemen with Speed, Steroids, and Painkillers to Help Them Handle Extended Combat" 10836: 10566: 18816: 5962:, recalled as "a model of lethargy". Lodge cabled home about Minh: "Will he be strong enough to get on top of things?" Minh's regime was overthrown in January 1964 by General 13756: 11484: 5668: 26390: 22054: 18713: 22963: 22026: 7977:

North Vietnam, and 4 million tons on South Vietnam. On a per person basis, the 2 million tons dropped on Laos make it the most heavily bombed country in history;

7107:

The speed of this success led the Politburo to reassess its strategy. It decided operations in the Central Highlands would be turned over to General Văn Tiến Dũng and that

6658:

In September 1969, Ho Chi Minh died aged 79. The failure of the 1968 Tet Offensive to spark a popular uprising in the south caused a shift in Hanoi's war strategy, and the

6559:

Prior to Tet, in November 1967, Westmoreland had spearheaded a public relations drive for the Johnson administration to bolster flagging public support. In a speech to the

17931: 17247: 16956: 14002: 11653: 6670:"Southern-First" faction. An unconventional victory was sidelined in favor of a conventional victory through conquest. Large-scale offensives were rolled back in favor of 4407: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 5541:, and directed through COSVN. The Viet Cong "placed heavy emphasis on the withdrawal of American advisors and influence, on land reform and liberalization of the GVN, on 22043: 19271: 18232: 16018: 4786:" began, which saw the conflict fought by an expanded ARVN, while US forces withdrew due to domestic opposition. US ground forces had mostly withdrawn by 1972, the 1973 4440: 19414: 16125: 10956:

The Vietnamese government officially claimed a rough estimate of 2 million civilian deaths, but it did not divide these deaths between those of North and South Vietnam.

10128: 22673: 10417: 8706:. There is substantial evidence that birth defects carry on for three generations or more. In 2012, the US and Vietnam began a cooperative cleaning toxic chemicals on 7279: 3782: 26665: 5292:

in the south as a base for future insurgency. The last French soldiers left South Vietnam in April 1956 and the PRC also completed its withdrawal from North Vietnam.

18344: 16808: 7311: 15919: 13057: 11766: 6552:

was launched; it demonstrated the Viet Cong were still capable of carrying out orchestrated nationwide offensives. Two months later a third offensive was launched,

22824: 19143: 18428: 7860: 6224:

Phase 3. If the enemy persisted, a period of 12–18 months following Phase 2 would be required for final destruction of enemy forces remaining in remote base areas.

6027:. The circumstances were murky. Johnson commented to Undersecretary of State George Ball that "those sailors out there may have been shooting at flying fish." An 18160: 17270: 13817: 9709: 6149:. The Viet Cong was now tasked with destroying the ARVN and capturing and holding areas; however, it was not yet strong enough to assault major towns and cities. 26710: 15685: 15071: 7048:

re-affirmed this during his June confirmation hearings. Public and congressional reaction to Nixon's statement was unfavorable, prompting the Senate to pass the

5819:

Buddhist pagodas throughout Diệm's rule. Diệm refused to make concessions to the Buddhist majority or take responsibility for the deaths. On 21 August 1963, the

125: 16583: 14557: 10814: 10613: 10590: 6733:. The top-secret history of US involvement in Vietnam, commissioned by the Department of Defense, detailed public deceptions on the part of the government. The 26620: 18181: 15217: 13596: 10184: 5650:

he had approved in April, settlement negotiations between the pro-Western government of Laos and the Pathet Lao communist movement in May, construction of the

4350: 10699: 9808: 7785:

Notable Viet Cong atrocities include the massacre of over 3,000 unarmed civilians at Huế during the Tet Offensive and the killing of 252 civilians during the

7168:

With the north half of the country under their control, the Politburo ordered Dung to launch the final offensive against Saigon. The operational plan for the

25241: 23588: 22553: 14365: 14138: 13432:, p. 339: "At a place called Hoa Phu, for example, the strategic hamlet built during the previous summer now looked like it had been hit by a hurricane. 9866: 8734: 7142:

On 10 March 1975, General Dung launched Campaign 275, a limited offensive into the Central Highlands, supported by tanks and heavy artillery. The target was

14494: 13505: 13026: 5738: 5044:

was an ardent supporter of Vietnamese resistance, and proposed that Vietnam's independence be granted under an international trusteeship following the war.

24672: 22198: 19538: 19454: 9269:(IL). Arends and Ford were leaders of the Republican minority and the other three were Democrats on either the Armed Services or Appropriations committees. 8816:

The war has featured extensively in television, film, video games, music and literature. In Vietnam, a notable film set during Operation Linebacker II was

2981: 2971: 1591: 85: 16910: 12239: 6756:

enrollment decreased from 191,749 in 1966 to 72,459 by 1971, and reached a low of 33,220 in 1974, depriving US forces of much-needed military leadership.

5317:

Indeed, the lack of leadership and drive on the part of Bảo Đại was a factor in the feeling prevalent among Vietnamese that they had nothing to fight for.

17348: 16606: 13869: 11536: 8577:

Between 1953 and 1975, the US was estimated to have spent $ 168 billion on the war (equivalent to $ 1.7 trillion in 2023). This resulted in a large

6316:

developed. Despite Johnson and Westmoreland publicly proclaiming victory and Westmoreland stating the "end is coming into view", internal reports in the

18977: 15535: 14863: 13408:, p. 339. Before a small group, including Henry Cabot Lodge, the new president also said, "We should stop playing cops and robbers and get back to 11566: 6890:. Nguyen Co Thach recalls: "Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Cambodia in ten days." US and ARVN forces launched the 24720: 22781: 16468: 14330:

Triều, Họ Trung (5 June 2017). "Lực lượng chính trị và đấu tranh chính trị ở thị xã Nha Trang trong cuộc Tổng tiến công và nổi dậy Tết Mậu Thân 1968".

8698:

experience pain in the eyes and skin as well as gastrointestinal upsets. In one study, 92% of participants suffered incessant fatigue; others reported

7502: 7365:. After reports of American military abuses, such as the My Lai Massacre, brought attention and support to the anti-war movement, some veterans joined 1888: 21957: 15564: 11666:

It's been more than for 40-plus years, the war that Americans simply call Vietnam but the Vietnamese refer to as their Resistance War Against America.

9112:

Due to the early presence of US troops in Vietnam, the start date of the Vietnam War is a matter of debate. In 1998, after a high-level review by the

6800:

combat operations, with casualties double US casualties in 1969, and more than triple US ones in 1970. In the post-Tet environment, membership in the

22981: 22344: 16549: 16040: 15628: 15109: 10943: 7712: 6102:

tons of bombs it dropped on Europe and Asia during World War II, making Laos the most heavily bombed country in history, relative to its population.

5775: 5726: 1788: 1729: 19368: 18678: 17439:

Aman, Mohammed M. (April 1993). "General H. Norman Schwarzkopf: The Autobiography: It Doesn't Take a Hero; H. Norman Schwarzkopf with Peter Petre".

15836: 15132: 14379: 10153: 7889:

combat deaths, approximately equal to percentage of draft-eligible black men, though still slightly higher than the 10% who served in the military.

26375: 25902: 24652: 19227: 18259: 16832: 14032: 12259: 11380:"Ecocide: From the Vietnam War to International Criminal Jurisdiction? Procedural Issues In-Between Environmental Science, Climate Change, and Law" 10413: 9928: 8938:

The war influenced a generation of musicians and songwriters in Vietnam, the US, and elsewhere, both pro/anti-war and pro/anti-communist, with the

7033:

In the lead-up to the ceasefire on 28 January, both sides attempted to maximize land and population under their control in a campaign known as the

6611:

President Nixon began troop withdrawals in 1969. His plan to build up the ARVN so it could take over the defense of South Vietnam became known as "

5576:

1956. Communist forces were under a single command structure set up in 1958. In May 1958, North Vietnamese forces seized the transportation hub at

5344:(ICC) stated that fair elections were impossible, with the ICC reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement. 2362: 17818: 17599: 16208: 11409: 5712:

US troops be sent to South Vietnam disguised as flood relief workers. Kennedy rejected the idea but increased military assistance. In April 1962,

24219: 21713: 18601: 17961: 7981:

noted this was "nearly a ton for every person in Laos." Due to the particularly heavy impact of cluster bombs, Laos was a strong advocate of the

7430: 6112:, however, had long advocated saturation bombing in Vietnam and wrote of the communists that "we're going to bomb them back into the Stone Age". 5366:

group, which was allied with members of the communist party secret police and had military elements. The group was defeated in April following a

5153:

in June convinced Washington policymakers that the war in Indochina was another example of communist expansionism, directed by the Soviet Union.

4433: 2986: 18202: 11679: 10630: 4481: 1878: 1739: 26615: 26461: 23970: 23779: 22183: 19241: 17999: 14073: 13178: 10861: 10526: 7387: 6543:

The ruins of a section of Saigon, in the Cholon neighborhood, following fierce fighting between ARVN forces and Viet Cong Main Force battalions

5820: 5386:

Vietnam (ROV), with him as president. Likewise, Ho Chi Minh and other communists won at least 99% of the vote in North Vietnamese "elections".

5207:

On 7 May 1954, the French garrison at Dien Bien Phu surrendered. The defeat marked the end of French military involvement in Indochina. At the

22031: 12037: 4671:

between the US and Soviet Union. It lasted almost 20 years, with direct US military involvement ending in 1973. The conflict spilled into the

23061: 22390: 19676: 18843: 15650: 14943: 14929: 14213: 12824: 12216: 11909: 10758: 9742: 8460: 6106: 5904: 4825:, which saw millions leave Indochina, an estimated 250,000 perished at sea. The US destroyed 20% of South Vietnam's jungle and 20–50% of the 2976: 1910: 18129:

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the law of the sea: an analysis of Vietnamese behavior within the emerging international oceans regime

12638: 9778: 7698:

Torture and ill-treatment were frequently applied by the South Vietnamese to POWs, as well as civilian prisoners. During their visit to the

7246:

was declared. American helicopters began evacuating South Vietnamese, US and foreign nationals from the city and the U.S. embassy compound.

5867:

of the population. Military leadership in Washington, however, was hostile to any role for U.S. advisors other than troop training. General

4726:

to supply and reinforce the VC. By 1963, the north had sent 40,000 soldiers to fight in the south. US involvement increased under President

26451: 22817: 22685: 22021: 19534: 19450: 19245: 18454: 12274: 11157: 7527:(FULRO) to fight for autonomy or independence. FULRO fought against the South Vietnamese and Viet Cong, later fighting against the unified 6442: 5918: 473: 22017: 21999: 17310:(generated from the Vietnam Conflict Extract Data File of the Defense Casualty Analysis System (DCAS) Extract Files (as of 29 April 2008)) 14885: 6511:. Most cities were recaptured within weeks, except the former imperial capital Huế, which PAVN/Viet Cong troops held on for 26 days. They 26580: 26425: 25312: 22048: 20640: 20357: 16369: 15740: 15383: 11948: 9333: 7375: 6305: 19498: 17546: 14706: 12818: 10074: 26415: 17180: 13972: 13237: 9506: 9407: 8352: 6479:. These were part of a diversionary strategy meant to draw US forces towards the Central Highlands. Preparations were underway for the 4426: 582: 22083: 21935:

Miller, Edward; Vu, Tuong (2009). "The Vietnam War as a Vietnamese War: Agency and Society in the Study of the Second Indochina War".

20226: 14405:

Eyraud, Henri (March 1987). "Anatomy of a War: Vietnam, the United States, and the Modern Historical Experience. By Kolko Gabriel. ".

13791:

United States – Vietnam Relations, 1945–1967: A Study Prepared by the Department of Defense, vol. 4, pp. 117–19. and vol. 5, pp. 8–12.

13215: 9964: 9661: 7789:. 155,000 refugees fleeing the final North Vietnamese Spring Offensive were reported to have been killed, or abducted, on the road to 6260:

allies to contribute troops; Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, and the Philippines agreed to do so. South Korea would ask to join the

4694:

took control of North Vietnam, while the US assumed financial and military support for South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese controlled

26680: 26504: 23581: 22721: 19392: 18794: 17865: 17300:. U.S. National Archives. 30 April 2019. DCAS Vietnam Conflict Extract File record counts by CASUALTY CATEGORY (as of April 29, 2008) 10846: 10570: 9233: 7720: 4846: 4802:

saw the Fall of Saigon to the PAVN, marking the end of the war. North and South Vietnam were reunified on 2 July the following year.

4521: 1681: 714: 7257:

On 30 April 1975, PAVN troops entered Saigon and overcame all resistance, capturing key buildings and installations. Tanks from the

26675: 26590: 26456: 24489: 22678: 16304: 15016: 14676: 8495: 7044:

On 15 March 1973, Nixon implied the US would intervene militarily if the North launched a full offensive, and Secretary of Defense

7017:... to be the only one of the Paris Agreements which was fully carried out." All US forces personnel were withdrawn by March 1973. 6981: 6818: 6595: 5910: 3897: 3295: 1584: 18721: 18583: 17379: 8455:

Included among their ranks were "about 90%" of Laos' "intellectuals, technicians, and officials." An estimated 200,000 to 400,000

6591:

lost. As Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara noted, "the dangerous illusion of victory by the United States was therefore dead."

5954:

The military revolutionary council, meeting in lieu of a strong South Vietnamese leader, had 12 members. It was headed by General

26670: 25892: 24536: 22810: 22609: 17491: 15441: 11226: 9838: 8648: 7004:

On 15 January 1973, all US combat activities were suspended. Lê Đức Thọ and Henry Kissinger, along with the PRG Foreign Minister

6867:, against communist sanctuaries along the Cambodia/Vietnam border. Only five high-ranking congressional officials were informed. 6047: 6043:"committing American boys to fighting a war that I think ought to be fought by the boys of Asia to help protect their own land". 5948: 5473:

government claimed that, by November 1957, over 65,000 individuals were imprisoned and 2,148 killed in the process. According to

5347:

From April to June 1955, Diệm eliminated political opposition in the south by launching operations against religious groups: the

23011: 22358: 18925: 18092:(December 2003). "The Demography of Genocide in Southeast Asia: The Death Tolls in Cambodia, 1975–79, and East Timor, 1975–80". 17407:"In This War, Body Count Is Ruled Out: Casualties: Gen. Schwarzkopf makes it clear he's not repeating a blunder made in Vietnam" 17239: 14736:

Van Ness, Peter (December 1986). "Richard Nixon, the Vietnam War, and the American Accommodation with China: A Review Article".

14010: 13630:"Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications" 11645: 10373: 26585: 26385: 24657: 20998: 6690:

force. By 1970, over 70% of communist troops in the south were northerners, and southern-dominated VC units no longer existed.

22007: 21121:——— (2010). "The Indochina wars and the Cold War, 1945–1975". In Melvyn P. Leffler; Odd Arne Westad (eds.). 18379: 18224: 15986: 12241:

Selling "Operation Passage to Freedom": Dr. Thomas Dooley and the Religious Overtones of Early American Involvement in Vietnam

10478: 7150:. He argued that with two months of good weather until onset of the monsoon, it would be irresponsible not to take advantage. 6631:, which decreased tensions and led to nuclear arms reductions. However, the Soviets continued to supply the North Vietnamese. 26685: 26380: 24315: 24002: 23980: 23611: 22123: 21877: 21813: 21783: 21761: 21742: 21702: 21672: 21632: 21608: 21568: 21530: 21498: 21479: 21394: 21372: 21353: 21319: 21300: 21268: 21245: 21221: 21181: 21149: 21130: 21111: 21089: 21065: 21046: 21027: 20984: 20940: 20918: 20895: 20867: 20848: 20829: 20801: 20756: 20730: 20690: 20629: 20610: 20591: 20567: 20544: 20525: 20480: 20437: 20414: 20346: 20313: 20147: 19983: 19960: 19939: 19920: 19901: 19882: 19798: 19757: 19734: 19665: 19572: 19376: 19347: 19279: 18744: 18490: 18319: 18294: 18069: 17849: 17755: 17698: 17669: 17640: 17583: 17523: 17223: 16792: 16767: 16738: 16694: 16655: 16533: 16503: 16440: 16407: 16344: 16257: 16188: 16159: 16075: 15969: 15904: 15879: 15603: 15519: 15494: 15424: 15305: 15280: 15255: 15198: 15054: 14983: 14937: 14846: 14798: 14600: 14462: 14288: 14261: 14226: 14121: 13949: 13904: 13848: 13740: 13712: 13557: 13540: 13480: 13455: 13355: 13330: 13301: 13268: 13124: 12966: 12863: 12572: 12483: 12458: 12387: 12186: 12111: 12077: 12021: 11942: 11806: 11628: 11519: 11467: 11301: 11261: 11207: 11140: 11099: 11053: 10897: 10874: 10733: 10454: 10357: 10328: 10055: 9755: 9692: 9641: 9589: 9551: 9487: 9440: 9367: 7439:

Soviet anti-air instructors and North Vietnamese crewmen in the spring of 1965 at an anti-aircraft training center in Vietnam

6939:

Building on the success of ARVN units in Cambodia, and further testing the Vietnamization program, the ARVN were tasked with

6520: 6141:. "From a strength of approximately 5,000 at the start of 1959 the Viet Cong's ranks grew to about 100,000 at the end of 1964 5661:

after the Vienna summit with Khrushchev, "Now we have a problem making our power credible and Vietnam looks like the place."

5005: 4664: 1722: 853: 25403: 22071: 20657: 19610: 18953:"Industrial disasters from Bhopal to present day: why the proposal to make 'ecocide' an international offence is persuasive" 16891: 16661: 15814: 11709: 5799: 5260:, objected to the resolution; Dulles' objection was supported only by the representative of Bảo Đại. John Foster's brother, 4766:; a tactical defeat, but a strategic victory, as it caused US domestic support to fade. In 1969, North Vietnam declared the 4471: 26610: 26595: 25222: 25147: 24807: 24407: 23574: 22208: 22066: 20158: 20019: 18560: 15225: 12982: 8347:

was suffering from serious venereal diseases when the war ended, and there were 4 million illiterates throughout the South.

7458:

According to Russian sources, between 1953 and 1991, the hardware donated by the Soviet Union included: 2,000 tanks; 1,700

7370: 7001:, a bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong in December 1972. Nixon pressured Thieu to accept the agreement or face military action. 6524: 6248: 192: 17: 22032:

Impressions of Vietnam and descriptions of the daily life of a soldier from the oral history of Elliott Gardner, U.S. Army

14313: 12144: 8713: 6678:

attacks as well as targeting the pacification and Vietnamization strategy. Following Tet, the PAVN had transformed from a

4829:

forests, by spraying over 20 million U.S. gallons (75 million liters) of toxic herbicides; a notable example of

26650: 26645: 26640: 26420: 24827: 23960: 22736: 22703: 22652: 22381: 22077: 20644: 18898: 18760: 16813: 13760: 11758: 9337: 9113: 8991: 8961: 8406: 7362: 6753: 6560: 5966:. There was persistent instability in the military: several coups—not all successful—occurred in a short period of time. 5922: 5695: 3599: 2600: 1671: 1577: 24069: 23997: 22060: 19153: 18424: 16273: 16091: 13073: 12615: 11798: 10655: 9719: 7361:

High-profile opposition to the war increasingly turned to mass protests to shift public opinion. Riots broke out at the

691: 26600: 26509: 25862: 24957: 23935: 23820: 23774: 23769: 23715: 23343: 22945: 22748: 22592: 22367: 22319: 22096: 21969: 19620: 18152: 18026: 13825: 13035: 12754: 12725: 11589: 9207: 9122: 8859:(1968). Further cinematic representations were released during the 1970s and 1980s, the most noteworthy examples being 8004: 7483: 7041:

was awarded to Kissinger and Thọ, but the North Vietnamese negotiator declined it saying true peace did not yet exist.

6808:

militias grew, and they were now more capable of providing village security, which the Americans had not accomplished.

6734: 6257: 5914: 5771: 5583:

The North Vietnamese Communist Party approved a "people's war" on the South at a session in January 1959, and, in May,

5394: 5158: 4731: 4287: 3819: 2966: 1666: 1524: 19796:

Roberts, Anthea (2005). "The Agent Orange Case: Vietnam Ass'n for Victims of Agent Orange/Dioxin v. Dow Chemical Co".

17297: 15079: 11460:

The invention of ecocide: agent orange, Vietnam, and the scientists who changed the way we think about the environment

11065:... Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the in the order of 300,000 or less. 6296:

Meanwhile, the political situation in South Vietnam began to stabilize with the arrival of prime minister Air Marshal

6182:, moves a suspected Viet Cong during a search and clear operation held by the battalion 15 miles (24 km) west of 5393:, which argued that if a country fell to communism, all surrounding countries would follow, was first proposed by the 3802: 26625: 25594: 25157: 24427: 24368: 22913: 22314: 21723: 21652: 21586: 21202: 21008: 20667: 20367: 20206: 20187: 20168: 20107: 20086: 20065: 20044: 19707: 18136: 15808: 15333: 14533: 13629: 12999: 12925: 12900: 12783: 11488: 10693: 10610: 10584: 10156:[The work of searching and collecting the remains of martyrs from now to 2020 and the next] (in Vietnamese). 9972: 9903: 9223:

called Johnson on the phone, Johnson responded: "Goddammit, Bundy. I've told you that when I want you I'll call you."

8913: 7724: 7323: 6997:

demanded changes. To show his support for South Vietnam and force Hanoi back to the negotiating table, Nixon ordered

6719: 5847: 5814:- against discriminatory policies that gave privileges to Catholics over the Buddhist majority. Diệm's elder brother 5562: 5029: 4980: 4762:

campaign against North Vietnam and built up its forces, despite little progress. In 1968, North Vietnam launched the

4719: 3935: 3787: 1763: 24165: 17154: 17102: 13605: 11408:

Fox, Diane N. (2003). "Chemical Politics and the Hazards of Modern Warfare: Agent Orange". In Monica, Casper (ed.).

10192: 7234: 5766:

Vietcong forces, while the Vietcong lost only 18 soldiers. The ARVN forces were led by Diệm's most trusted general,

26660: 26630: 25297: 25292: 24787: 24750: 24479: 23925: 23633: 22668: 22309: 22274: 22188: 21406:"Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme" 19097: 18051: 10979:"Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme" 10680: 9896:

Mercenaries and Lyndon Johnson's "More Flage": The Hiring of Korean, Filipino, and Thai Soldiers in the Vietnam War

9816: 8621: 8472: 8286: 7707: 7611: 7590: 7366: 6902: 5932: 5744: 5530: 5374: 5341: 4976: 4657: 4589: 4187: 2961: 2916: 1770: 1715: 1691: 768: 24975: 24837: 24521: 18817:"Proclamation 4483: Granting Pardon for Violations of the Selective Service Act, August 4, 1964 To March 38, 1973" 14154: 13039: 13025:

Vietnam Task Force (1969). "IV. B. Evolution of the War 4. Phased Withdrawal of U.S. Forces in Vietnam, 1962–64".

11876: 11106:

An estimated 275,000 excess deaths. We have modeled the highest mortality that we can justify for the early 1970s.

9877: 4771: 26690: 26017: 25398: 25327: 25227: 25105: 24877: 24867: 24454: 23841: 22868: 22177: 17117: 16428: 15932: 14502: 12799: 11742: 10784: 8594: 8590: 8376: 7982: 7448: 6801: 6722:

soldiers, were arrested for the murder of a suspected double agent, provoked national and international outrage.

5623: 4715: 3523: 3406: 2880: 2722: 1793: 154: 24792: 24679: 24667: 7322:

movement at its peak in the late 1960s and the reasons why. Many young people protested because they were being

6847:

An alleged Viet Cong captured during an attack on an American outpost near the Cambodian border is interrogated.

26655: 26555: 25448: 25217: 24797: 24699: 24432: 23876: 23871: 22218: 22213: 15781: 14653: 9186: 7582: 6805: 6628: 5864: 5605: 5506: 5422: 5211:, they negotiated a ceasefire with the Viet Minh, and independence was granted to Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. 5191:, though reports of how seriously this was considered and by whom, are vague. According to then-Vice President 5146: 5093: 5080: 5064: 4566: 4491: 2477: 2431: 1756: 1613: 38: 25117: 24847: 24358: 24130: 16993: 7840: 7548: 5545:

and the neutralization of Vietnam." The identities of the leaders of the organization were often kept secret.

4809:: estimates of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed range from 970,000 to 3 million. Some 275,000–310,000 1883: 26395: 25410: 25363: 25127: 25050: 24782: 22541: 20583: 20283: 19494: 19202: 17708:

Porter, Gareth; Roberts, James (Summer 1988). "Creating a Bloodbath by Statistical Manipulation: A Review of

16622: 16460: 16004: 15539: 14867: 13782:

United States – Vietnam Relations, 1945–1967: A Study Prepared by the Department of Defense, vol. 5, pp. 8–9.

13497: 13179:"304. Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Vietnam—Washington, November 6, 1963—7:50 p.m." 11562: 11540: 10157: 9873: 8996: 8965: 8613: 7528: 7416:

agreed to supply Hanoi with 90,000 rifles and guns free of charge, and starting in 1965, China began sending

6856: 6500: 5142: 4338: 3614: 3163: 2649: 2535: 24842: 24551: 24474: 24145: 21986: 18535: 18039:

The range based on the figures above extends from a minimum of 1.747 million, to a maximum of 2.495 million.

16700: 11040:

Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979".

8446:

after 1975. Most Asian countries were unwilling to accept them, many of whom fled by boat and were known as

5370:. As broad-based opposition to his harsh tactics mounted, Diệm increasingly sought to blame the communists. 5195:, the Joint Chiefs of Staff drew up plans to use nuclear weapons to support the French. Nixon, a so-called " 5024:, an anti-Japanese resistance movement that advocated for independence. The Viet Minh received aid from the 4312: 1776: 26635: 26550: 25428: 25388: 25358: 25307: 25167: 25085: 25081: 24952: 24882: 24647: 24464: 24230: 24125: 24057: 22791: 22625: 22558: 22304: 18657: 18639: 15572: 8975: 8707: 7586: 7552: 7355: 6157: 5482: 5232: 5224: 5036:(O.S.S.) provided the Viet Minh with weapons, ammunition, and training to fight the occupying Japanese and 5033: 4838: 4594: 4450: 3365: 3190: 2356: 2275: 1903: 1661: 1466: 16044: 13773:

United States – Vietnam Relations, 1945–1967: A Study Prepared by the Department of Defense, vol. 4, p. 7.

7192:, 40 miles (64 km) east of Saigon. For two bloody weeks, fighting raged as the ARVN defenders made a 26560: 26400: 25872: 25867: 25584: 25262: 24990: 24735: 24694: 24638: 24541: 24422: 24380: 24285: 23810: 23764: 22548: 22193: 22159: 20015: 18682: 16557: 15844: 15163: 13321:

U.S. Special Forces: A Guide to America's Special Operations Units: the World's Most Elite Fighting Force

12444: 10161: 8335: 8315: 8277: 7327: 6290: 5995: 5879: 5406: 5265: 4952: 4707: 3983: 3887: 3537: 3247: 3096: 2097: 1781: 1696: 889: 161: 42: 31: 23352: 22481: 18058:

Counting Civilian Casualties: An Introduction to Recording and Estimating Nonmilitary Deaths in Conflict

16218: 14040: 9920: 6301: 4556: 3907: 728: 26575: 26237: 25458: 25443: 25433: 25287: 24887: 24375: 24178: 23945: 23422: 23409: 23394: 22726: 22531: 22395: 22141: 20517: 20468: 18255: 17810: 17606: 17406: 16957:"Three groundbreaking journalists saw the Vietnam War differently. It's no coincidence they were women" 12587:... testified that Vietnamese communists could be as radical and murderous as their comrades elsewhere. 12564: 12530: 11418: 11086:

Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Community

9117: 8505:

In the post-war era, Americans struggled to absorb the lessons of the military intervention. President

8482: 8331: 8295: 7898: 7728: 7727:

reportedly killed between 69 and 79 civilians on 12 February 1968 in Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất village,

7459: 7072: 6280: 6191: 6179: 5926: 5756: 5513: 5309: 4934: 4466: 4149: 3852: 3847: 3511: 3474: 3179: 3119: 3058: 2998: 669: 633: 173: 114: 23361: 17953: 16911:"Women in combat, from World War II anti-Nazi Greek resistance to Viet Cong to Syrian Kurdish militia" 10637: 8342:

winning writer, described South Vietnam as a "False paradise" after the war, when he visited in 1980:

7334:

withdrawal of forces. Opposition to the war tended to unite groups opposed to U.S. anti-communism and

7198: 7097: 7005: 6519:

American forces employed massive firepower that left 80% of the city in ruins. At Quảng Trị City, the

5828: 5149:, led by Ho Chi Minh, as the legitimate Vietnamese government the previous month. The outbreak of the 5059:

and seizing weapons from the surrendering Japanese forces. On September 2, Ho Chi Minh proclaimed the

4476: 26705: 26700: 26695: 26466: 26342: 26287: 26107: 25095: 24802: 24363: 23975: 23892: 22731: 22698: 22597: 22570: 22400: 22376: 22116: 20406: 19302: 17869: 16975: 13686:

The United States in Vietnam: An analysis in depth of the history of America's involvement in Vietnam

9080: 9012: 8842: 8795: 8519: 8413:'"—although 30,000 former officials were sent to reeducation camps, often enduring harsh conditions. 7959: 7786: 7242:

Chaos and panic broke out as hysterical South Vietnamese officials and civilians scrambled to leave.

7049: 6598:. The election was won by Republican Richard Nixon who claimed to have a secret plan to end the war. 6063: 6039: 6003: 5748: 4742: 4551: 4511: 4255: 4032: 3701: 3675: 3551: 3282: 3212: 2850: 2729: 2265: 2245: 2239: 2090: 2037: 1841: 23334: 19249: 18605: 18194: 17136: 15654: 13186: 10880: 10537: 9786: 8669:

One of the most controversial aspects of the US military effort, was the widespread use of chemical

7758: 7189: 6217:

Phase 1. Commitment of U.S. and allied forces necessary to halt the losing trend by the end of 1965.

5815: 5445: 5285: 4967:. The party aimed to overthrow French rule and establish an independent communist state in Vietnam. 4546: 3940: 710: 26545: 26540: 26535: 26092: 25659: 24922: 24812: 24566: 24110: 22753: 22630: 22339: 22246: 22203: 19485: 16399: 12508: 12450: 12041: 11163: 11045: 10121:"Chuyên đề 4 CÔNG TÁC TÌM KIẾM, QUY TẬP HÀI CỐT LIỆT SĨ TỪ NAY ĐẾN NĂM 2020 VÀ NHỮNG NĂM TIẾP THEO" 9309:: the main works used to build the content of the article, but not referenced as in-line citations. 8943: 8939: 8762: 8443: 8433: 7814: 7654: 7569:. Additional common crimes included theft, arson, and the destruction of property not warranted by 7403: 7129: 6028: 5721: 5614: 5609: 5208: 4822: 4506: 4294: 4094: 3928: 3731: 3694: 3642: 3635: 3494: 3481: 3467: 3460: 3446: 3385: 3350: 3334: 3315: 3308: 3261: 3198: 2935: 2843: 2777: 2570: 2484: 2387: 2349: 539: 259: 184: 25832: 21581:(1999), based upon still classified tape-recorded meetings of top level US commanders in Vietnam, 19680: 19072: 18859: 16361: 16119:"The Soviet-Vietnamese Intelligence Relationship during the Vietnam War: Cooperation and Conflict" 14232: 9761: 9161:

According to Hanoi's official history, the Viet Cong was a branch of the People's Army of Vietnam.

7561:

took place, by both sides, including: rape, massacres of civilians, bombings of civilian targets,

6279:. The operation was the first large scale helicopter air assault by the U.S., and first to employ 4790:

saw all US forces withdrawn and were broken almost immediately: fighting continued for two years.

3902: 26570: 25322: 25267: 25252: 25192: 25000: 24980: 24740: 24417: 24022: 23267: 23027: 22854: 22604: 22463: 22372: 22293: 20705: 19552: 19467: 18061: 16730: 10983: 8855: 8778: 8291: 7928: 7836: 7835:

However, women still faced significant levels of discrimination during and were often targets of

7247: 7229: 6998: 6993: 6926: 6153: 6051: 5975: 5752: 5367: 5188: 5170: 4738: 4324: 4243: 4214: 4172: 4114: 3745: 3668: 3621: 3579: 3570: 3558: 3420: 3399: 3342: 3219: 3103: 2766: 2695: 2661: 2614: 2450: 2437: 2144: 1970: 1873: 487: 24225: 18450: 17774:

Desbarats, Jacqueline; Jackson, Karl D. (September 1985). "Vietnam 1975–1982: The Cruel Peace".

17062:"(Im)possible Futures: Liberal Capitalism, Vietnamese Sniper Women, and Queer Asian Possibility" 14897: 13098:(1971). "Memorandum to President Kennedy from John Kenneth Galbraith on Vietnam, 4 April 1962". 12278: 11823: 11710:"Asian-Nation: Asian American History, Demographics, & Issues:: The American / Viet Nam War" 9468:, p. 182. "By the end of 1966 the total strength of our armed forces was 690,000 soldiers." 8334:, around 750,000 to over 1 million southerners were moved mostly to mountainous forested areas. 7197:

peace agreement, promising military aid that failed to materialize. Having transferred power to

6855:

had proclaimed Cambodia neutral since 1955, but permitted the PAVN/Viet Cong to use the port of

5299:

Anti-Bảo Đại, pro-French representatives of the State of Vietnam national assembly, Saigon, 1955

3751: 26112: 25616: 25010: 24684: 24160: 23920: 23915: 23708: 22635: 22587: 22299: 20641:"Name of Technical Sergeant Richard B. Fitzgibbon to be added to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial" 20429: 20097: 20076: 20055: 20034: 19004: 17632: 17349:"Vietnam, The Necessary War: A Reinterpretation of America's Most Disastrous Military Conflict" 16152:

Nationalism and Imperialism in South and Southeast Asia: Essays Presented to Damodar R.SarDesai

14923: 13293: 13223: 13164: 13095: 9543: 9537: 9334:"Name of Technical Sergeant Richard B. Fitzgibbon to be added to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial" 8456: 8437: 7998: 7971: 7967: 7934:

The PAVN, although having inherited US, French, and Japanese weapons from World War II and the

7732: 7444: 7143: 7125: 6914: 6871: 6834: 6766: 6671: 6508: 6484: 6138: 6035: 5991: 5713: 5596:

conscription for men. About 40,000 communist soldiers infiltrated the south from 1961 to 1963.

5537:

with the intent of uniting all anti-GVN insurgents, including non-communists. It was formed in

5246: 5228: 5220: 5025: 4818: 4806: 4687: 4501: 4317: 4300: 4268: 4165: 4142: 4018: 4011: 3997: 3921: 3857: 3737: 3649: 3544: 3378: 3371: 3205: 3173: 3110: 3064: 2894: 2668: 2462: 2328: 2298: 2022: 1978: 1893: 1520: 207: 26322: 20648: 20491: 20472: 20462: 18286: 17686: 17657: 17515: 17509: 17333:

From 1955 to 2002, data from the surveys indicated an estimated 5.4 million violent war deaths

17271:"Kissinger: Drones have killed more civilians than the bombing of Cambodia in the Vietnam War" 16249: 16180: 15748: 15392: 15247: 15046: 14975: 14790: 14550:"North Vietnam's "Talk-Fight" Strategy and the 1968 Peace Negotiations with the United States" 13704: 12625: 12528:

Szalontai, Balazs (November 2005). "Political and Economic Crisis in North Vietnam, 1955–56".

11932: 11391: 11379: 11019:

From 1955 to 2002, data from the surveys indicated an estimated 5.4 million violent war deaths

10611:"Vietnam War U.S. Military Fatal Casualty Statistics: HOSTILE OR NON-HOSTILE DEATH INDICATOR." 9581: 9341: 8710:, marking the first time Washington has been involved in cleaning up Agent Orange in Vietnam. 8355:

to block Vietnam's UN recognition three times, an obstacle to it receiving international aid.

6667: 6659: 5955: 1707: 657: 26347: 25631: 25626: 25393: 25282: 25237: 25197: 25132: 25076: 24995: 24777: 24591: 24469: 24387: 24295: 24260: 24170: 24115: 24012: 23853: 23215: 23169: 23045: 22490: 22449: 21192: 17575: 16495: 16432: 16067: 15446:. Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series. Yale University. p. 54. Archived from 15416: 15410: 15337: 14838: 14714: 14359: 13667: 12828: 12103: 12097: 11091: 10082: 9085: 8901: 8782: 7417: 7307: 7216:

and forced its closure. With the air exit closed, large numbers of civilians had no way out.

7121: 7057: 6940: 6934: 6910: 6616: 6539: 6533: 6297: 6229:

The change in policy depended on matching the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong in a contest of

6210: 5856: 5517:

Viet Minh, whose main goal was to hold elections promised in the Geneva Accords, leading to "

5269: 5041: 4914: 4799: 4702:

of militant leftists, socialists, communists, workers, peasants and intellectuals, initiated

4561: 4536: 4275: 4261: 4249: 4121: 4107: 4062: 4041: 4004: 3914: 3862: 3812: 3724: 3715: 3688: 3586: 3564: 3504: 3488: 3453: 3439: 3322: 3254: 3158: 3140: 3126: 3070: 3032: 3003: 2815: 2708: 2682: 2556: 2524: 2457: 2417: 2394: 2212: 2165: 2158: 2071: 2057: 1958: 740: 681: 17321:"fifty years of violent war deaths: data analysis from the world health survey program: BMJ" 17172: 13980: 13114: 9867:"Australia's Vietnam War – A Select Chronology of Australian Involvement in the Vietnam War" 6275:

operations. In November 1965, the U.S. engaged in its first major battle with the PAVN, the

4985: 26565: 26530: 25887: 25654: 25509: 25463: 25378: 25373: 25172: 25071: 25020: 25015: 24907: 24862: 24817: 24755: 24586: 24561: 24511: 24439: 24353: 24203: 23805: 23784: 23283: 22771: 22109: 21579:

A Better War: The Unexamined Victories and Final Tragedy of America's Last Years in Vietnam

21558: 20951: 20378: 20277:

United States – Vietnam Relations, 1945–1967: A Study Prepared by the Department of Defense

20234: 19749: 14526:

A Better War: The Unexamined Victories and Final Tragedy of America's Last Years in Vietnam

13896: 13183:

Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume IV, Vietnam, August–December 1963

12253: 12001: 10005: 9657: 9415: 9303:: references for the in-line, numbered superscript references contained within the article. 9258: 9024: 9016: 8870: 8677:) were sprayed on 6 million acres of forests and crops by the air force. They were used to 8498: 8383: 7848: 7621:

set up in the wake of the My Lai Massacre, to ascertain the veracity of emerging claims of

7512: 7471: 7335: 7213: 7169: 7163: 7101: 7045: 6974: 6906: 6504: 6206: 5709: 5647: 5638:(October 1962) played out on television worldwide. It was the closest the Cold War came to 5635: 5542: 5437: 5432: 5402: 5200: 4956: 4711: 4207: 4181: 4156: 4069: 3990: 3968: 3882: 3867: 3797: 3655: 3628: 3593: 3432: 3413: 3052: 2948: 2866: 2738: 2689: 2655: 2584: 2563: 2549: 2335: 2192: 2137: 830: 752: 203: 21828:

Zhang, Xiaoming (2005). "CJO – Abstract – China's 1979 War with Vietnam: A Reassessment".

18477: 17356: 17298:"Vietnam War U.S. Military Fatal Casualty Statistics, Electronic Records Reference Report" 13245: 9170:

Upper figure initial estimate, later thought to be inflated by at least 30% (lower figure)

8386:(Cambodia) escalated after the end of the war. In response to the Khmer Rouge taking over 7794: 5782:

noted, "Diệm wouldn't make even the slightest concessions. He was difficult to reason with

5767: 5382: 4496: 8: 26605: 26332: 26247: 26242: 26142: 26005: 25802: 25686: 25601: 25489: 25342: 25337: 25317: 25302: 25212: 25207: 25112: 25045: 25035: 24947: 24942: 24932: 24832: 24772: 24745: 24571: 24556: 24526: 24504: 24290: 24280: 24007: 23930: 23900: 23884: 23644: 23249: 23201: 22693: 22642: 22562: 22472: 22285: 22241: 21459: 20327: 20002: 19148: 19032:"Association between Agent Orange and Birth Defects: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 19030:

Ngo Anh, D.; Taylor, Richard; Roberts, Christine L.; Nguyen, Tuan V. (13 February 2006).

18903: 18587: 17926: 17628: 17570:

How Pol Pot Came to Power: Colonialism, Nationalism, and Communism in Cambodia, 1930–1975

15711: 13420:... win the contest against the externally directed and supported Communist conspiracy." 13374: 13140: 10350:

Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War: Military Information You're Not Supposed to Know

9090: 8770: 8421: 8395: 7935: 7695:

program killed 26,000 to 41,000 people, with an unknown number being innocent civilians.

7463: 7262: 7258: 7009: 6898:

by the PAVN, would recapture most of the border areas and decimate most of Nol's forces.

6895: 6838: 6652: 6583: 6553: 6512: 6238: 6125: 6067: 6010: 5253: 5105: 5076: 4842: 4787: 4676: 4516: 4486: 4331: 4048: 4025: 3976: 3872: 3834: 3757: 3530: 3301: 3268: 3025: 2886: 2808: 2785: 2772: 2607: 2512: 2321: 2200: 2179: 2151: 2124: 2006: 1848: 1836: 1831: 1676: 1654: 1645: 1622: 217: 25187: 25100: 20024:

Materials related to war resistance and peace activism movements during the Vietnam War.

19570:

Crook, John R. (2008). "Court of Appeals Affirms Dismissal of Agent Orange Litigation".

18506: 17508:

Kelman, H.C; Hamilton, V. (1989). "The My Lai Massacre: A Military Crime of Obedience".

16854: 16308: 15005: 14684: 14383: 14003:"TWE Remembers: General Westmoreland Says the "End Begins to Come Into View" in Vietnam" 13911:

By the end of the year, more than 125,000 civilians in the province had lost their homes

10762: 8809: 6663: 5963: 5591:, at this time a six-month mountain trek through Laos. On 28 July, North Vietnamese and 4541: 4075: 1861: 26486: 26282: 26267: 26192: 26172: 26167: 26152: 25999: 25747: 25499: 25383: 25137: 25040: 25025: 24937: 24927: 24902: 24897: 24662: 24616: 24531: 24516: 24459: 24275: 24198: 24074: 23965: 23955: 23153: 22511: 22436: 22422: 21994: 21912: 21867: 21845: 21798: 21519: 21432: 21405: 21343: 21257: 20748: 20007: 19854: 19838: 19807: 19784: 19713: 19597: 19589: 18820: 18109: 17729: 17568: 17539: 17488: 17452: 17383: 17083: 17042: 17034: 15998: 15155: 14925:

American Military History, Volume II, The United States Army in a Global Era, 1917–2003

14745: 14645: 14430: 13319: 13286: 13159: 12852: 12717: 12547: 12420: 11868: 11357: 11349: 11005: 10978: 10938: 10841: 10154:"Công tác tìm kiếm, quy tập hài cốt liệt sĩ từ nay đến năm 2020 và những năn tiếp theo" 9997: 9254: 8737:. As of 2006, the Vietnamese government estimated there were over 4,000,000 victims of 8372: 8326:, April 1978), "150,000" (Reuters from Bien Hoa, November 1977), "150,000 to 200,000" ( 7691: 7570: 7536: 7293: 6891: 6813: 6715: 6564:

media began to turn against Johnson as the offensives contradicted claims of progress.

6472: 6276: 6272: 5657: 5478: 5441: 5257: 5048: 4834: 4791: 4775: 4755: 4418: 4306: 4200: 4193: 3948: 3877: 3792: 3682: 3661: 3607: 3328: 3289: 3185: 3133: 3089: 3017: 2955: 2940: 2929: 2873: 2829: 2675: 2642: 2621: 2593: 2577: 2472: 2424: 2284: 2270: 2259: 2233: 2206: 2111: 2104: 2050: 2043: 1992: 1963: 1951: 1921: 1867: 1856: 1819: 1686: 150: 26182: 26011: 23677: 22067:

UC Berkeley Library Social Activism Sound Recording Project: Anti-Vietnam War Protests

15857:

Lunch, W. & Sperlich, P. (1979). The Western Political Quarterly. 32(1). pp. 21–44

15675: 15447: 11230: 9842: 9193:

cited elsewhere in this article gives a figure of 58,159 US deaths, and the 2007 book

8686:

forests. The environmental destruction caused was described by Swedish Prime Minister

5097: 5089: 4857:, contributed to the crisis of confidence that affected America throughout the 1970s. 4774:

of Cambodia's monarch, resulted in a PAVN invasion of the country, and then a US-ARVN

26499: 26352: 26297: 26272: 26227: 26157: 26132: 26097: 26087: 26056: 25943: 25827: 25797: 25534: 25524: 25438: 25332: 25177: 24892: 24689: 24546: 24499: 24397: 24348: 24322: 24300: 24140: 24120: 24064: 24052: 23866: 23701: 23301: 23079: 22898: 22516: 22426: 22409: 22236: 21965: 21916: 21883: 21873: 21849: 21809: 21779: 21757: 21738: 21719: 21698: 21668: 21648: 21628: 21618: 21604: 21582: 21564: 21526: 21494: 21475: 21464: 21437: 21390: 21368: 21349: 21315: 21296: 21264: 21241: 21217: 21198: 21177: 21145: 21126: 21107: 21085: 21079: 21061: 21042: 21023: 21004: 20980: 20973: 20936: 20914: 20907: 20891: 20863: 20844: 20825: 20797: 20780: 20752: 20726: 20709: 20686: 20663: 20625: 20606: 20587: 20563: 20556: 20540: 20521: 20476: 20433: 20410: 20400: 20363: 20342: 20334: 20309: 20202: 20183: 20164: 20143: 20103: 20082: 20061: 20040: 19979: 19956: 19935: 19916: 19897: 19878: 19871: 19858: 19846: 19821: 19753: 19730: 19703: 19661: 19642: 19601: 19372: 19343: 19221: 19053: 18851: 18740: 18486: 18384: 18315: 18290: 18132: 18113: 18065: 17991: 17907:

Repression in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Executions and Population Relocation

17845: 17791: 17694: 17665: 17636: 17579: 17519: 17456: 17414: 17219: 17087: 16998: 16941: 16788: 16785:

Victims and Survivors: Displaced Persons and Other War Victims in Viet-Nam, 1954–1975

16763: 16756: 16734: 16690: 16651: 16529: 16499: 16436: 16403: 16340: 16253: 16242: 16213: 16184: 16155: 16071: 16060: 15965: 15900: 15875: 15804: 15777: 15599: 15515: 15490: 15420: 15301: 15276: 15251: 15194: 15050: 14979: 14933: 14842: 14831: 14794: 14637: 14596: 14529: 14458: 14434: 14422: 14347: 14284: 14278: 14257: 14222: 14146: 14117: 13945: 13900: 13844: 13736: 13708: 13536: 13476: 13451: 13351: 13326: 13297: 13264: 13120: 13065: 12962: 12954: 12921: 12896: 12859: 12779: 12750: 12743: 12721: 12568: 12551: 12479: 12454: 12383: 12302: 12107: 12073: 12017: 12006: 11938: 11860: 11802: 11624: 11515: 11463: 11387: 11361: 11341: 11297: 11290: 11257: 11203: 11136: 11095: 11084: 11049: 11010: 10870: 10729: 10689: 10450: 10383: 10353: 10324: 10051: 9989: 9899: 9751: 9688: 9637: 9585: 9547: 9483: 9443:(Conference Transcript). Washington, DC: The Nixon Center. April 1998. Archived from 9363: 8907: 8895: 8725:

Vietnamese victims affected by Agent Orange attempted a class action lawsuit against

8625: 8523: 8410: 8281: 7870: 7802: 7736: 7682: 7038: 6930: 6699: 6516: 6451:

Viet Cong before departing to participate in the Tet Offensive around Saigon-Gia Dinh

6230: 6169: 6091: 6084: 5936: 5779: 5702: 5686: 5627: 5588: 5566: 5174: 5056: 5052: 4854: 4759: 4746: 4723: 4703: 4672: 4343: 4100: 3961: 3892: 3517: 3426: 3274: 3234: 3046: 3039: 2991: 2801: 2752: 2628: 2542: 2491: 2410: 2368: 2342: 2252: 2186: 2172: 2130: 2118: 2031: 1934: 1928: 1814: 1640: 781: 26476: 26147: 20263:

A first-hand account of the Kennedy administration by one of his principal advisors.

20134:

Autobiography of controversial former Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force.

19614: 19397:"Presidential Proclamation Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the Vietnam War" 18978:"'Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction" 18380:"25 Years After End of Vietnam War, Myths Keep Us from Coming to Terms with Vietnam" 17046: 16928:

Werner, Jayne (1981). "Women, Socialism, and the Economy of Wartime North Vietnam".

14833:

A Murder in Wartime: The Untold Spy Story that Changed the Course of the Vietnam War

14649: 13641: 12934: 12872: 8823: 8746:

against 14 US chemical corporations that supplied Agent Orange for the US military.

8635:

criticized Westmoreland's attrition strategy, calling it "wasteful of American lives

7740: 5187:

and the US conducted reconnaissance flights. France and the US discussed the use of

5133:, led by former Emperor Bảo Đại, as the legitimate government of Vietnam, after the 4526: 26262: 26187: 26117: 26102: 26082: 26029: 25812: 25807: 25787: 25737: 25727: 25554: 25519: 25504: 25453: 25182: 25122: 24962: 24621: 24601: 24310: 24252: 24246: 24213: 24193: 24183: 24032: 23833: 23825: 23187: 22526: 22458: 22279: 22269: 22251: 22004: 21944: 21904: 21837: 21793: 21427: 21419: 21173: 21099: 20385:"Stabbed in the back! The past and future of a right-wing myth (Harper's Magazine)" 19830: 19776: 19699:

Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975

19624: 19581: 19525: 19441: 19043: 19012: 18568: 18389: 18101: 17783: 17721: 17485: 17448: 17073: 17026: 16937: 15147: 14629: 14414: 14343: 14339: 12539: 12412: 11852: 11759:"The OSS in Vietnam, 1945: A War of Missed Opportunities by Dixee Bartholomew-Feis" 11333: 11000: 10992: 10486: 9981: 9266: 9237: 8925: 8766: 8758: 8632: 8510: 8246:

actual number of deaths of PAVN/VC military forces was probably closer to 444,000.

7768: 7703: 7566: 7506: 7289: 7283: 7034: 6969: 6894:

in May to attack PAVN and Viet Cong bases. A counter-offensive in 1971, as part of

6852: 6683: 6576: 6468: 6285: 6242: 6199: 6183: 6050:

recommended a three-stage escalation of the bombing of North Vietnam. Following an

5762: 5550: 5289: 5180: 5126: 5009: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4870: 4850: 4683: 4088: 3842: 3826: 3807: 3776: 3763: 3168: 3153: 3082: 3009: 2922: 2900: 2822: 2791: 2759: 2701: 2443: 2403: 2312: 2305: 2083: 2013: 1939: 1898: 1808: 1800: 1545: 843: 274: 72: 20975:

Anatomy of a War: Vietnam, the United States, and the Modern Historical Experience

20603:

The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered: International Relations in Eastern Europe, 1955–1969

13561: 12687:"America's Stakes in Vietnam Speech to the American Friends of Vietnam, June 1956" 12178: 11292:

Anatomy of a War: Vietnam, the United States, and the Modern Historical Experience

10904: 9444: 8733:

dismissed their case. They appealed, but the dismissal was cemented in 2008 by an

7455:

officials acknowledged that the USSR had stationed up to 3,000 troops in Vietnam.

6675: 6487:

forces to launch "direct attacks on the American and puppet nerve centers—Saigon,

5824: 5016:. French influence was suppressed by the Japanese, and in 1941 Cung, now known as 4690:, the country gained independence from France but was divided into two parts: the 26481: 26337: 26327: 26312: 26292: 26277: 26252: 26197: 25962: 25930: 25822: 25782: 25544: 25539: 25479: 25420: 25152: 25030: 24857: 24822: 24730: 24725: 24449: 24343: 24017: 23950: 23940: 23905: 23861: 23848: 23800: 23622: 23292: 22995: 22742: 22647: 22566: 22353: 22038: 22011: 21928: 21805: 21642: 21622: 21235: 20909:

Analogies at War: Korea, Munich, Dien Bien Phu, and the Vietnam Decisions of 1965

20740: 20384: 20303: 20267:

Sinhanouk, Prince Norodom (1958). "Cambodia Neutral: The Dictates of Necessity".

20216: 19834: 19697: 19016: 18195:"'My friends were afraid of me': What 80 million unexploded US bombs did to Laos" 18087:

cites a range of 1.671 to 1.871 million excess deaths under the Khmer Rouge. See

17751: 17495: 16645: 15798: 13529: 11997: 11901: 11439: 10617: 10378: 9250: 8890: 8865: 8818: 8750: 8699: 8405:

The Pathet Lao overthrew the monarchy of Laos in December 1975, establishing the

7604: 7351: 7326:, while others were against because the anti-war movement grew popular among the 7270:

to announce the surrender declaration. The statement was on air at 2:30 pm.

7083: 7082:

Within South Vietnam, the departure of the US and the global recession after the

6989: 6985: 6707: 6703: 6666:"Northern-First" faction regained control over military affairs from the Lê Duẩn- 6476: 6455: 6318: 6313: 6105:

The objective of stopping North Vietnam and the Viet Cong was never reached. The

6095: 5981: 5888: 5868: 5811: 5673: 5549:

farming land for years had to return it to landlords and pay years of back rent.

5398: 5378: 5363: 5360: 5236: 5134: 5117: 5113: 4997: 4727: 4531: 4135: 3707: 3228: 3076: 2858: 2836: 2745: 2715: 2635: 2518: 2505: 2498: 2467: 2226: 2077: 1999: 805: 764: 527: 269: 264: 24444: 20624:(2nd ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand. 18105: 17511:

Crimes of Obedience: Towards a Social Psychology of Authority and Responsibility

16976:"Rape Was Rampant During the Vietnam War. Why Doesn't US History Remember This?" 16492:

A question of torture: CIA interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror

16092:"Soviet rocketeer: After our arrival in Vietnam, American pilots refused to fly" 13416:... tell the generals in Saigon that Lyndon Johnson intends to stand by our word 12986: 12983:"It's Time to Stop Saying that JFK Inherited the Bay of Pigs Operation from Ike" 11713: 10483:

Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War, University of Hawaii System

6706:" who he said supported the war without showing it. But revelations of the 1968 5761:

The inept performance of the ARVN was exemplified by failed actions such as the

30:"Second Indochina War" redirects here. For the war between India and China, see 26307: 26232: 26222: 26217: 26077: 25817: 25606: 25529: 25257: 25162: 24912: 24852: 24484: 24402: 24305: 24265: 24235: 24135: 24090: 23666: 23231: 23122: 23093: 22521: 22495: 22445: 21664: 21471: 21382: 21231: 20933:

The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia Under the Khmer Rouge

20682: 20450:(1977). A history of the Kennedy Administration's involvement in South Vietnam. 20376:

Baker, Kevin. "Stabbed in the Back! The past and future of a right-wing myth",

19975: 19653: 19530: 19446: 19406: 19401: 18664:. Hendersonville, North Carolina. Associated Press. 27 January 1973. p. 1. 17540:"Declassification of the BDM Study, "The Strategic Lessons Learned in Vietnam"" 17275: 17030: 15707:"Reunion of the Veterans organization of Tank Amour force in the South Vietnam" 15191:

The Rise and Fall of an American Army: U.S. Ground Forces in Vietnam, 1963–1973

14633: 12156: 12152: 11337: 11254:

Voices from the Vietnam War: Stories from American, Asian, and Russian Veterans

11132: 10653: 10345: 9262: 9220: 9044: 8971: 8885: 8875: 8860: 8578: 8306: 7963: 7829: 7699: 7678: 7658: 7641: 7225: 6964:

Soviet advisers inspecting the debris of a B-52 downed in the vicinity of Hanoi

6864: 6860: 6830: 6679: 6612: 6568: 6055: 6017: 5959: 5682: 5580:

in Southern Laos near the demilitarized zone, between North and South Vietnam.

5538: 5518: 5184: 5121: 4853:, a public aversion to American overseas military involvement, which, with the 4783: 4661: 4629: 4625: 4230: 4128: 4081: 4055: 3955: 3358: 3240: 2291: 2064: 1945: 1601: 553: 64: 23390: 23376: 21908: 21887: 21841: 21735:

The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History

18768: 17787: 14418: 12543: 10977:

Obermeyer, Ziad; Murray, Christopher J L; Gakidou, Emmanuela (23 April 2008).

10679:

Aaron Ulrich (editor); Edward FeuerHerd (producer and director) (2005, 2006).

9634:

The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History

8678: 8599: 5572: 5352: 5329: 645: 134: 26524: 26471: 26317: 26212: 26177: 26162: 26122: 25664: 25494: 25232: 25142: 25005: 24985: 24872: 24633: 24611: 24576: 24155: 24150: 24105: 24027: 23987: 23736: 23372: 23330: 23310: 23279: 23108: 22418: 22289: 22173: 22155: 21715:

Disunion: Anticommunist Nationalism and the Making of the Republic of Vietnam

21329: 20968: 20426:

The Counterinsurgency Era: U.S. Doctrine and Performance, 1950 to the Present

19866: 19490: 18855: 18561:"US still making payments to relatives of Civil War veterans, analysis finds" 17995: 17460: 17418: 16456: 16281: 16095: 14641: 14426: 14351: 14150: 13261:

The Counterinsurgency Era: U.S. Doctrine and Performance, 1950 to the Present

13069: 12775: 12013: 11864: 11345: 10686:(Box set, Color, Dolby, DVD-Video, Full Screen, NTSC, Dolby, Vision Software) 10662: 10510:

United States Army in Vietnam: Advice and Support: The Final Years, 1965–1973

9993: 9280: 8836: 8653: 8506: 7907:

Guerrillas assemble shells and rockets delivered along the Ho Chi Minh Trail.

7878: 7719:

South Korean forces were accused of war crimes. One documented event was the

7622: 7343: 7297: 7251: 7134: 6791: 6746: 6711: 6687: 6648: 6620: 6549: 6480: 6438: 5999: 5843: 5831:, causing widespread destruction and leaving a death toll into the hundreds. 5803: 5631: 5474: 5449: 5418: 5390: 5281: 5192: 4993: 4779: 4763: 4751: 4641: 4637: 4236: 4222: 3147: 2909: 2374: 2219: 1824: 1553: 1549: 838: 825: 812: 800: 793: 788: 776: 759: 747: 735: 723: 705: 664: 652: 640: 628: 616: 461: 347: 311: 297: 254: 249: 196: 22044:

Stephen H. Warner Southeast Asia Photograph Collection at Gettysburg College

21345:

The War Behind Me: Vietnam Veterans Confront the Truth about U.S. War Crimes

21194:

Misalliance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and the Fate of South Vietnam

20784: 20512:

Carney, Timothy (1989). "The Unexpected Victory". In Karl D. Jackson (ed.).

19717: 19677:"Lessons of Vietnam" by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, ca. May 12, 1975 19176: 18022: 17754:(Report). U.S. Government Printing Office. 26 July 1977. pp. 149, 153. 14593:

Vietnam's Second Front: Domestic Politics, the Republican Party, and the War

11597: 7063: 6447: 6264:

program in return for economic compensation. Major allies, however, notably

26257: 26207: 26137: 26127: 25981: 25969: 25956: 25762: 25589: 25090: 24338: 24188: 24047: 24042: 24037: 23743: 22536: 21554: 21441: 21075: 20994: 20841:

The Cult of the Presidency: America's Dangerous Devotion to Executive Power

20180:

In the Combat Zone: An Oral History of American Women in Vietnam, 1966–1975

19850: 19340:

Not A Gentleman's War: An Inside View of Junior Officers in the Vietnam War

19057: 17795: 17320: 15934:

Vietnam – A View from the Walls: a History of the Vietnam Anti-War Movement

15391:. United States Army Center of Military History. p. 42. Archived from 13378: 11931:

Administration, United States National Archives and Records (4 July 2006).

11902:"Page:Pentagon-Papers-Part I.djvu/30 - Wikisource, the free online library" 11014: 10043: 9072: 9058: 9020: 9008: 8919: 8880: 8726: 8718: 8703: 8674: 8662: 8617: 8514: 7844: 7630: 7615: 7267: 7209: 6875: 6572: 6529: 6460: 6109: 6031:

publication declassified in 2005 revealed there was no attack on 4 August.

5883: 5522: 5465:, and alarmed by Diệm's actions, like his dedication of the country to the 5348: 5295: 5261: 5138: 5037: 5013: 4964: 4810: 4699: 4653: 4645: 1050: 817: 429: 177: 23566: 21948: 20713: 19071:

Ornstein, Charles; Fresques, Hannah; Hixenbaugh, Mike (16 December 2016).

16062:

Alien Wars: The Soviet Union's Aggressions Against the World, 1919 to 1989

15341: 14618:"The Madman Nuclear Alert: Secrecy, Signaling, and Safety in October 1969" 11795:

The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War

11621:

Unforgettable Vietnam War: The American War in Vietnam – War in the Jungle

10479:"Table 6.1A. Vietnam Democide : Estimates, Sources, and Calculations" 6098:

backed by the US, against the Pathet Lao and its North Vietnamese allies.

5252:

At the 1954 Geneva Conference, Vietnam was temporarily partitioned at the

5085: 26302: 25907: 25877: 25732: 25722: 25621: 25484: 25277: 24766: 24596: 24581: 24392: 24240: 24095: 23910: 23815: 23754: 23380: 23319: 22095:, University Archives and Special Collections, Joseph P. Healey Library, 22084:

1965–1975 Another Vietnam; Unseen images of the war from the winning side

20928: 20279:. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1971, 12 volumes. 19410: 19048: 19031: 18089: 18084: 17563: 17078: 16869: 16722: 16686:

Inside the VC and the NVA: The Real Story of North Vietnam's Armed Forces

15363:

Sihanouk, Prince Norodom. "Cambodia Neutral: The Dictates of Necessity".

13625: 12070:

America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975 (4th ed.)

10567:"2021 NAME ADDITIONS AND STATUS CHANGES ON THE VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL" 8931: 8754: 8743: 8447: 8339: 7939: 7763: 7626: 7594: 7243: 7088: 6948: 6883: 6059: 5706: 5690: 5651: 5639: 5466: 5277: 5017: 4837:, while conflict between them and the unified Vietnam escalated into the 4795: 4579: 1275: 621: 514: 442: 387: 105: 21895:

Hall, Simon (September 2009). "Scholarly Battles over the Vietnam War".

20081:. General Editor: Glenn W. LaFantasie. U.S. Government Printing Office. 19972:

Unheralded Victory: The Defeat of The Viet Cong and The North Vietnamese

19842: 19811: 19788: 19593: 18283:

Terms of refuge: the Indochinese exodus & the international response

17038: 17014: 15678:"Soldier from Thai Binh who put flag on the roof of Independence Palace" 14749: 14066:"The Urban Movement and the Planning and Execution of the Tet Offensive" 12579:

Clearly Vietnamese socialism followed a moderate path relative to China.

12561:

Paths to Development in Asia: South Korea, Vietnam, China, and Indonesia

12209:"China Contributed Substantially to Vietnam War Victory, Claims Scholar" 11353: 11321: 7029:

American POWs recently released from North Vietnamese prison camps, 1973

6843: 6786: 6252:

Peasants suspected of being Viet Cong under detention of U.S. Army, 1966

5521:" activities separate from the other communists and anti-GVN activists. 26061: 25772: 25742: 25696: 25611: 25579: 25571: 25514: 25202: 24917: 24606: 24494: 24100: 22882: 22802: 21771: 21288: 20959: 17733: 17710:

A Methodology for Estimating Political Executions in Vietnam, 1975–1983

17195: 17015:"Laments of warriors' wives: Re-gendering the war in Vietnamese cinema" 15676:

Thai Binh Department of Information and Communications (30 July 2020),

15159: 12424: 12403:

Gittinger, J. Price (1959). "Communist Land Policy in North Viet Nam".

12245: 11872: 11840: 10934:"20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate" 10001: 8850: 8687: 8603:

A marine gets his wounds treated during operations in Huế City, in 1968

8399: 8364: 8363:

By 1975, the North Vietnamese had lost influence over the Khmer Rouge.

7916: 7753:

Viet Cong and People's Army of Vietnam use of terror in the Vietnam War

7650: 7646: 7618: 7558: 7520: 7487: 7413: 7331: 7250:

had been delayed until the last possible moment, because of Ambassador

7193: 7025: 6536:

that "it became necessary to destroy the village in order to save it."

6515:

civilians and foreigners they considered to be spies. In the following

6261: 5592: 5356: 5150: 5104:

Tensions between the Viet Minh and French authorities had erupted into

4814: 1279: 375: 24715: 21404:

Obermeyer, Ziad; Murray, Christopher J.L.; Gakidou, Emmanuela (2008).

21161:

Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War: Documents and Essays

20245:– via International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College. 18791:"Vietnam War Resisters in Canada Open Arms to U.S. Military Deserters" 17811:"Re-education in Unliberated Vietnam: Loneliness, Suffering and Death" 17061: 15938: 14495:"U.S. General Considered Nuclear Response in Vietnam War, Cables Show" 13991:– via International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College. 13000:

The case of John F. Kennedy and Vietnam Presidential Studies Quarterly

12803: 10788: 10656:

American War and Military Operations: Casualties: Lists and Statistics

10103:

Lich Su Khang Chien Chong My, Cuu Nuoc 1954–1975, Tap VIII: Toan Thang

9501: 9499: 9455:– via International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College. 9426:– via International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College. 8608:

Conscription in the US existed since World War II, but ended in 1973.

7938:, were largely armed and supplied by China, the Soviet Union, and its 7790: 6624: 6623:, he was capable of anything to end the Vietnam War. Nixon had sought 6075:

deluged the north with a million tons of missiles, rockets and bombs.

26357: 26202: 26051: 26024: 25837: 25792: 25701: 25669: 25649: 25641: 24970: 24760: 23405: 22929: 22167: 21694: 21423: 20075:

Humphrey, David C.; Keefer, Edward C.; Smith, Louis J., eds. (1996).

20018:. Special Collections – Lloyd Sealy Library: Manuscript Collections. 19695: 19585: 18926:"How Imperative Is It To Consider Ecocide As An International Crime?" 18023:"Counting Hell: The Death Toll of the Khmer Rouge Regime in Cambodia" 16617: 14617: 14114:

Hanoi's War: An International History of the War for Peace in Vietnam

13116:

A Bright Shining Lie – John Paul Vann and the American War in Vietnam

12940: 12878: 11322:"Environmental Warfare and Ecocide — Facts, Appraisal, and Proposals" 10996: 9465: 8774: 8670: 8658: 7924: 7920: 7912: 7911:

Nearly all US-allied forces were armed with US weapons including the

7496: 7350:. Some wanted to show solidarity with the people of Vietnam, such as 7174: 7076: 6887: 6644: 6467:

In late 1967, the PAVN lured American forces into the hinterlands at

5986: 5898: 5893:

Military Assistance Command, Vietnam – Studies and Observations Group

5872: 5852: 5584: 5534: 5502: 5481:

had been jailed by the end of 1958. In October 1956, Diệm launched a

5021: 4989: 4960: 4768:

Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam

4695: 4691: 4668: 2531: 1557: 501: 359: 188: 21123:

The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume II: Crises and Détente

20054:

Humphrey, David C.; Landa, Ronald D.; Smith, Louis J., eds. (1996).

20039:. General Editor: John P. Glennon. U.S. Government Printing Office. 19780: 19201:

Administration, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health.

18899:"Veterans Sick From Agent Orange-Poisoned Planes Still Seek Justice" 18584:"Iraq, Afghanistan Wars Will Cost U.S. 4–6 Trillion Dollars: Report" 17909:. Indochina report ; no. 11. Singapore: Executive Publications. 17725: 15151: 13803:

Washington, DC Government Printing Office, 1966, vol. 2, pp. 794–99.

12416: 11856: 11726:

The Viet Nam War is also called 'The American War' by the Vietnamese

9985: 9414:. Boston: Beacon Press. 1971. Section 3, pp. 314–346. Archived from 8952:

in 1965, and it became one of the most influential protest anthems.

8673:

between 1961 and 1971. 20 million gallons of toxic herbicides (like

7903: 7669: 7067:

Memorial commemorating the 1974 Buon Me Thuot campaign, depicting a

6639: 6054:

on 7 February 1965, airstrikes were initiated, while Soviet Premier

5798:

Discontent with Diệm's policies exploded in May 1963, following the

5199:", suggested the US might have to "put American boys in". President 4817:, and 58,220 US service members died. Its end would precipitate the 25936: 25777: 25674: 25549: 25368: 25272: 24412: 24270: 23724: 22087: 20496: 20247:

Combination of narrative and secret documents compiled by Pentagon.

18479:

Foreign aid, war, and economic development: South Vietnam 1955–1975

15651:"Transcript of speech by President Gerald R. Ford - April 23, 1975" 14572: 13348:

Shooting at the Moon The story of America's clandestine war in Laos

13028:

Report of the Office of the Secretary of Defense Vietnam Task Force

9963:

Hirschman, Charles; Preston, Samuel; Vu, Manh Loi (December 1995).

9496: 8683: 8442:

Over 3 million people left Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia in the

8387: 8367:, Cambodia's capital, fell to the Khmer Rouge in April 1975. Under 7731:. South Korean forces are accused of perpetrating other massacres: 7634: 7347: 7339: 7178: 6761: 6120: 5577: 5462: 5458: 5196: 5109: 4882: 4865:

Various names have been applied and have shifted over time, though

4826: 4679:, which ended with all three countries becoming communist in 1975. 4633: 4621: 3393: 1561: 568: 282: 68: 25056:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

21822:

Xiaoming, Zhang. "China's 1979 War With Vietnam: A Reassessment",

21365:

The Unimagined Community: Imperialism and Culture in South Vietnam

19950: 19365:

The Myth of the Addicted Army: Vietnam and the Modern War on Drugs

17489:"Some Impressions of Viet Cong Vulnerabilities, an Interim Report" 12770:

McNamera, Robert S.; Blight, James G.; Brigham, Robert K. (1999).

11441:

Herbicides in War: The Long-term Ecological and Human Consequences

11411:

Synthetic Planet: Chemical Politics and the Hazards of Modern Life

10636:(Report). Department of Veterans Affairs. May 2010. Archived from 9408:"Chapter 5, Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960" 9066: 9025:

proclamation commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the Vietnam War

8983:

The Myth of the Addicted Army: Vietnam and the Modern War on Drugs

8942:

having identified 5,000+ songs referencing the conflict. The band

7927:. The Australian and New Zealand forces employed the 7.62 mm 7865: 7599: 6944:

general advance, leaving armored divisions able to surround them.

6174: 25882: 25767: 25757: 25706: 25247: 23992: 20119:

Ho, Chi Minh (1960–1962). "Vietnam Declaration of Independence".

16809:"From hidden resistance to peace talks: Women in the Vietnam War" 16684: 14881: 14787:

Victory at Any Cost: The Genius of Viet Nam's Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap

14332:

Hue University Journal of Science: Social Sciences and Humanities

14306:"Survivors Hunt Dead of Bentre, Turned to Rubble in Allied Raids" 12008:

Argument Without End: In Search of Answers to the Vietnam Tragedy

11934:

Our Documents: 100 Milestone Documents from the National Archives

9714: 8691: 8486: 8477: 8451: 8391: 8368: 7674: 7162:

Further information on the final North Vietnamese offensive:

7147: 6955: 6879: 6863:. In March 1969 Nixon launched a secret bombing campaign, called 6488: 6195: 5308:

lost when the French accepted the proposal of Viet Minh delegate

5061:

Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

4830: 4613: 1569: 319: 21685:(1998) 3 vol. reference set; also one-volume abridgement (2001). 19952:

A Raid Too Far: Operation Lam Son 719 and Vietnamization in Laos

16855:"Vietnamese women in wartime – Press Photos – Femmes et guerres" 16647:

Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism: The Globalization of Martyrdom

16177:

The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War

15800:

Following Ho Chi Minh: The Memoirs of a North Vietnamese Colonel

15559: 15557: 13973:"Chapter 2, US Ground Strategy and Force Deployments, 1965–1968" 6988:, campaigned on immediate withdrawal. Nixon's Security Advisor, 25950: 25752: 25691: 24626: 20860:

America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975

18737:

Fragging: Why U.S. Soldiers Assaulted their Officers in Vietnam

17984:"Vietnam Is Admitted to the U.N. As 32d General Assembly Opens" 14254:

Lurps: A Ranger's Diary of Tet, Khe Sanh, A Shau, and Quang Tri

13866:"Ia Drang – The Battle That Convinced Ho Chi Minh He Could Win" 12145:"The Final Declarations of the Geneva Conference July 21, 1954" 11996: 10787:. New Zealand and the Vietnam War. 16 July 1965. Archived from 10343: 9965:"Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate" 9296:

The references for this article are grouped in three sections.

8738: 8409:. The change in regime was "quite peaceful, a sort of Asiatic ' 7985:

to ban the weapons, and was host to its first meeting in 2010.

7452: 7202: 7182: 7108: 6821:, the first American unit deployed to South Vietnam, withdrew. 6234: 5325: 5321: 5130: 1737: 1332:

303,644 wounded (including 150,341 not requiring hospital care)

596: 22101: 21869:

Vietnam : The Definitive Oral History told from All Sides

21170:

To Long Tan: The Australian Army and the Vietnam War 1950–1966

19005:"Chemical Spraying as Reported by Refugees from South Vietnam" 18056:

Seybolt, Taylor B.; Aronson, Jay D.; Fischoff, Baruch (2013).

16396:

Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century

13733:

To Long Tan: The Australian Army and the Vietnam War 1950–1966

12920:. Volume 14 of Vietnam Experience. Boston Publishing Company. 10564: 8800: 7310:, 21 October 1967, an anti-war demonstration organized by the 6548:

15,000 wounded. A month later a second offensive known as the

6245:

system for gauging victory, a metric that would prove flawed.

5834: 5241: 5108:

by 1946, a conflict which soon became entwined with the wider

26435: 26391:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

25897: 25680: 23759: 20811:

Gettleman, Marvin E.; Franklin, Jane; Young, Marilyn (1995).

20723:

After the Killing Fields: Lessons from the Cambodian Genocide

19702:. Translated by Merle Pribbenow. University of Kansas Press. 19391: 18253: 17842:

The Bamboo Gulag: Political Imprisonment in Communist Vietnam

17118:"The Victims of Agent Orange the U.S. Has Never Acknowledged" 16829:"Exhibition honors Vietnamese female soldiers in Vietnam War" 16043:. historicaltextarchive.com. Associated Press. Archived from 15741:"Vietnam Tries to Create New Image 30 Years After End of War" 15554: 13147:

New York City. John F. Kennedy Library, 1964, Tape V, Reel 1.

8990:

accuses Nixon of mythmaking, by exploiting the plight of the

7947: 7943: 7516: 7302: 7068: 6346:

Hot Landing Zone. VC/PAVN Attacks U.S. Troops As They Deploy

6134: 5807: 5732: 5634:

to discuss key U.S.–Soviet issues. Only 16 months later, the

4649: 4281: 1541: 1271: 415: 400: 278: 94: 20794:

Examining Issues Through Political Cartoons: The Vietnam War

19873:

Bloods: An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans

16425:

American Torture: From the Cold War to Abu Ghraib and Beyond

15487:

Presidents of War: The Epic Story, from 1807 to Modern Times

12442: 11563:"The National Archives – Vietnam Conflict Extract Data File" 10654:

Anne Leland; Mari–Jana "M-J" Oboroceanu (26 February 2010).

9381: 9379: 8375:

out of a population of around 8 million, in one of the

7942:

allies. Some weapons—notably anti-personnel explosives, the

7883:

Bloods: An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans

6327:

Types of Engagements, From Department of Defence Study 1967

25975: 25857: 23749: 23693: 22027:

Glossary of Military Terms & Slang from the Vietnam War

21560:

A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam

21125:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 281–304. 20777:

CIA and the Vietnam Policymakers: Three Episodes, 1962–1968

17137:"Is Time Running Out to Find Soldiers' Remains in Vietnam?" 15536:"This Day in History 1974: Thieu announces war has resumed" 12275:"The Numbers Game: How Many Vietnamese Fled South In 1954?" 10620:

US National Archives. 29 April 2008. Accessed 13 July 2019.

10185:"Lost Souls: The Search for Vietnam's 300,000 or More MIAs" 8631:

The war called into question army doctrine. Marine general

7020: 6773:

On the collapse of morale, historian Shelby Stanton wrote:

6265: 6152:

In December 1964, ARVN forces suffered heavy losses at the

4878: 4617: 1203: 237:(19 years, 5 months, 4 weeks and 1 day) 21776:

Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam

19437:"Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the Vietnam War" 19070: 19029: 17868:. Amnesty International. 1979. p. 116. Archived from 17177:

African-American Involvement in the Vietnam War (aavw.org)

16337:

Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam

15244:

Vietnam's Forgotten Army: Heroism and Betrayal in the ARVN

12476:

The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans

10811:"America Wasn't the Only Foreign Power in the Vietnam War" 10688:(Documentary). Koch Vision. Event occurs at 321 minutes. 10586:

National Archives–Vietnam War US Military Fatal Casualties

9478:

Doyle, Edward; Lipsman, Samuel; Maitland, Terence (1986).

7685:

running down a road after being severely burned by napalm.

7280:

Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War

7208:

By the end of April, the ARVN had collapsed except in the

6905:

as Nixon had promised to deescalate American involvement.

6124:

ARVN Forces and a US Advisor inspect a downed helicopter,

5092:(right) as the "supreme advisor" to the government of the 1174:

849,018 military dead (per Vietnam; 1/3 non-combat deaths)

26430: 26410: 26405: 21990: 21410: 20339:

Vietnam: The Definitive Oral History, Told from All Sides

18620: 17809:

Sagan, Ginetta; Denney, Stephen (October–November 1982).

15466: 15314: 13576: 12893:

The Blood Road: The Ho Chi Minh Trail and the Vietnam War

10078: 9376: 8834:), where it became a bestseller and was made into a film 8717:

Handicapped children in Vietnam, most of them victims of

7467: 7312:

National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam

7238:

Victorious PAVN troops at the Presidential Palace, Saigon

6992:, had continued secret negotiations with North Vietnam's 6567:

At one point in 1968, Westmoreland considered the use of

6071:

Vietnamese morale. Between March 1965 and November 1968,

5810:, Buddha's birthday. This resulted in mass protests -the 21925:

The Vietnam War: Handbook of the literature and research

21548:

A Time for War: The United States and Vietnam, 1941–1975

21240:. Chapel Hill, N C: University of North Carolina Press. 20659:

Making Two Vietnams: War and Youth Identities, 1965–1975

19819:

Stone, Richard (2007). "Agent Orange's Bitter Harvest".

19481:"Trump marks Veterans Day with commemoration in Vietnam" 17691:

RAND in Southeast Asia: A History of the Vietnam War Era

17662:

RAND in Southeast Asia: A History of the Vietnam War Era

17467: 16206: 15454: 14972:

Withdrawal: Reassessing America's Final Years in Vietnam

14215:

The 1968 Tet Offensive Battles of Quang Tri City and Hue

14196:

Viet Cong Repression and its Implications for the Future

11646:"Grim reminders of a war in Vietnam, a generation later" 10661:(Report). Congressional Research Service. Archived from 9017:

commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the Vietnam War

8522:, concerning the fate of US service personnel listed as 7861:

Military history of African Americans in the Vietnam War

7576: 7378:

in January 1973, and the withdrawal of American troops.

5284:

to ferry refugees. The northern refugees gave the later

4893:(colloquially 'Nam). In Vietnam it is commonly known as 4849:

lasting until 1991. Within the US, the war gave rise to

4448: 19767:

Palmer, Michael G. (2007). "The Case of Agent Orange".

19521:"Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the Vietnam War" 19177:"Paris court to issue ruling on AO lawsuit this August" 19098:"U.S. starts its first Agent Orange cleanup in Vietnam" 17216:

Working-class War: American Combat Soldiers and Vietnam

16550:"Torture: What the Vietcong Learned and the CIA Didn't" 14181:

Hue 1968 A turning point of the American war in Vietnam

10682:

Heart of Darkness: The Vietnam War Chronicles 1945–1975

9710:"The colorful history of North Korea-Vietnam relations" 9441:

The Paris Agreement on Vietnam: Twenty-five Years Later

9191:

Heart of Darkness: The Vietnam War Chronicles 1945–1975

8642: 8450:. Between 1975 and 1998, an estimated 1.2 million 7511:

The ethnic minority peoples of South Vietnam, like the

7330:. Some advocates within the peace movement advocated a 6702:

was gaining strength in the US. Nixon appealed to the "

6587:

offensives would occur concurrently with negotiations.

6376:

Unplanned US Attacks On A VC/PAVN Defensive Perimeter,

5911:

United States in the Vietnam War § Americanization

5698:, would be effective in a "brush fire" war in Vietnam. 21661:

War Without Fronts: The American Experience in Vietnam

21403: 20935:(3rd ed.). New Haven, CN: Yale University Press. 20810: 20402:

Lyndon Johnson's War: The Road to Stalemate in Vietnam

19174: 18602:"Echoes of Combat: The Vietnam War in American Memory" 18404: 18055: 17116:

Black, George; Anderson, Christopher (16 March 2021).

16727:

Viet Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present

15334:"Facts about the Vietnam Veterans memorial collection" 14816:

Viet Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present

14033:"Interview with NVA General Tran Van Tra | HistoryNet" 13759:. Pew Research Center. 17 October 2002. Archived from 10976: 10903:. Embassy of South Vietnam. March 1970. Archived from 10748:

T. Lomperis, From People's War to People's Rule (1996)

10447:

War Without Fronts: The American Experience in Vietnam

9232:

On 8 March 1965 the first American combat troops, the

8485:

private waits on the beach during the Marine landing,

7633:

estimated that American forces committed around 5,500

6360:

Planned VC/PAVN Attack Against US Defensive Perimeter

6268:

countries Canada and the UK, declined troop requests.

22005:

Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy–Vietnam

21334:

Medical Support of the U.S. Army in Vietnam 1965–1970

20033:

Keefer, Edward C.; Sampson, Charles S., eds. (1992).

19144:"In Vietnam, Old Foes Take Aim at War's Toxic Legacy" 18425:"Iraq Versus Vietnam: A Comparison of Public Opinion" 14139:"Opinion | The Tet Offensive Was Not About Americans" 13198: 13196: 12769: 10105:(Hanoi: Nha Xuat Ban Chinh Tri Quoc Gia, 2008), 463." 8290:

B-52 wreckage in Huu Tiep Lake, Hanoi. Downed during

6787:

ARVN taking the lead and U.S. ground force withdrawal

5786:..." Historian James Gibson summed up the situation: 5778:, which he partly attributed to US encouragement. As 5496: 27:

Cold War conflict in Southeast Asia from 1955 to 1975

21455:

Narrative military history by a senior U.S. general.

21142:

The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History

20950:———; Owen, Taylor (14 June 2024). 20745:

The Two Viet-Nams: A Political and Military Analysis

19746:

Where the Domino Fell: America and Vietnam 1945–1995

19272:"Amsterdam Mayor visits Hanoi-Amsterdam High School" 18793:. Pacific News Service. 28 June 2005. Archived from 17954:"Read Gabriel García Márquez's Moving Vietnam Piece" 17155:"Vietnamese woman sues Seoul for 'wartime massacre'" 17103:"Racism at the Movies: Vietnam War Films, 1968-2002" 16689:. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 186–188. 15874:. University of Massachusetts Press. pp. 13–4. 15776:. Angus & Robertson (U.K.) Ltd. pp. 92–96. 15621:"Congress Resists U.S. Aid In Evacuating Vietnamese" 13364: 13189:

on 4 April 2023 – via Office of the Historian.

12179:"Geneva Accords | history of Indochina | Britannica" 11680:"Vietnam War perspective: the unreconciled conflict" 9685:

Tracks of the bear: Soviet imprints in the seventies

9477: 9034: 8742:

Appeals is expected to rule on the lawsuit filed by

5802:

of 9 Buddhists protesting the ban on displaying the

5672:

President Kennedy meeting with Secretary of Defense

5618:

President Kennedy's news conference of 23 March 1961

21644:

On Strategy: A Critical Analysis of the Vietnam War

21493:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 21214:

America's Rasputin: Walt Rostow and the Vietnam War

20622:

The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History

20074: 14616:Sagan, Scott Douglas; Suri, Jeremi (16 June 2003). 12985:. History News Network. 12 May 2015. Archived from 12244:(Thesis). University of New Orleans. Archived from 11162:. Department of the Army. p. 6. Archived from 10837:"Vietnam Reds Said to Hold 17 From Taiwan as Spies" 10759:"Australian casualties in the Vietnam War, 1962–72" 8812:. The original statue was demolished in April 1975. 8620:granted an unconditional pardon to all Vietnam-era 8402:left Vietnam by boat as refugees or were deported. 7157: 4970: 4959:political organization which operated primarily in 21797: 21518: 21463: 21256: 21039:Crucible Vietnam: Memoir of an Infantry Lieutenant 20972: 20906: 20555: 20053: 19870: 19641: 19011:. Vol. 177, no. 4050. pp. 710–712. 18673: 18671: 18423:Newport, Frank; Carroll, Joseph (24 August 2005). 17567: 16755: 16241: 16059: 15984: 14830: 14280:The Quote Verifier: Who Said What, Where, and When 13891:Ward, Geoffrey C.; Burns, Ken (5 September 2017). 13604:. Air University Press. p. 89. Archived from 13528: 13318: 13285: 13193: 13158: 13024: 12851: 12742: 12301: 12005: 11744:The Vietnam War The Definitive Illustrated History 11289: 11125:Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique 11090:. Yale University Southeast Asia Studies. p. 11083: 10512:. Center of Military History, United States Army. 9962: 9865:Doyle, Jeff; Grey, Jeffrey; Pierce, Peter (2002). 9750:. US Army Center of Military History. p. 28. 9360:Crucible Vietnam: Memoir of an Infantry Lieutenant 8949:The "Fish" Cheer/I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die Rag 8849:One of the first major films based on the war was 7525:United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races 7503:United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races 7497:United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races 6432: 6137:rifles and other supplies, as well as forming the 5899:Gulf of Tonkin and Johnson's escalation, 1963–1969 5599: 5332:religious movement, in Can Tho Military Court 1956 4919:Resistance War against America to Save the Nation. 22022:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 21754:Vietnamese Communism: Its Origins and Development 21389:. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. 21237:Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War 20273:Describes the geopolitical situation of Cambodia. 19242:"Veterans' Diseases Associated with Agent Orange" 18153:"Vietnam War Bomb Explodes Killing Four Children" 16954: 15993:. Archived from the original on 23 February 2009. 15102:"General Won't Punish G.I.'s for Refusing Orders" 14364:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 13757:"Generations Divide Over Military Action in Iraq" 13620: 13618: 13531:Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War 13216:"Counterinsurgency in Vietnam: Lessons for Today" 12714:Vietnamese Communism: Its Origins and Development 12639:"Evolution of the War. Origins of the Insurgency" 12380:Vietnamese Communism: Its Origins and Development 11825:United States-Vietnam Relations, 1945-1967: Study 11485:"It's Called the Vietnam Syndrome, and It's Back" 9707: 9219:Shortly after the assassination of Kennedy, when 7746: 7381: 7273: 6619:to convince the Soviet Union, in accord with the 4943:Vietnam had been under French control as part of 4734:at the end of 1960 to 16,300 at the end of 1963. 26522: 26376:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 21521:America in Vietnam: The War That Couldn't Be Won 21058:The Vietnam War: A Concise International History 20580:Sky as Frontier: Adventure, Aviation, and Empire 18761:"War Resisters Remain in Canada with No Regrets" 18646:. Bend, Oregon. UPI. 27 January 1973. p. 1. 18254:Stephen Castles; Mark J. Miller (10 July 2009). 17773: 17600:"Vietnam-era unaccounted for statistical report" 15385:The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse 15069: 14864:"The "Green Beret Affair": A Brief Introduction" 13598:Setup: What the Air Force did in Vietnam and Why 13423: 13395:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 13. 13316: 13288:America in Vietnam: The War That Couldn't Be Won 11129:The Khmer Rouge genocide: A demographic analysis 10414:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 8690:, lawyers, historians and other academics as an 7549:List of war crimes § 1955–1975: Vietnam War 6606: 5827:, loyal to Diệm's younger brother Ngô Đình Nhu, 5375:referendum on the future of the State of Vietnam 24813:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 24220:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 21466:Summons of Trumpet: U.S.–Vietnam in Perspective 18668: 18182:Vietnam war shell explodes, kills two fishermen 16202: 16200: 16019:"Russians Acknowledge a Combat Role in Vietnam" 15273:Vietnam: The Politics of Bureaucratic Socialism 15133:"Vietnam: An Infantryman's View of Our Failure" 13498:"Vietnam Study, Casting Doubts, Remains Secret" 12820:History of Special Forces in Vietnam, 1961–1971 12745:The Vietnam Experience, a Collision of Cultures 11081: 10863:Vietnam Studies Allied Participation in Vietnam 10407:"North Korean Pilots in the Skies over Vietnam" 9864: 9507:"China admits 320,000 troops fought in Vietnam" 9435: 9433: 7515:in the Central Highlands, the Hindu and Muslim 7431:Bibliography of the post-Stalinist Soviet Union 6907:Four students were killed by National Guardsmen 6594:Vietnam was a major political issue during the 6378:Engagement A Virtual Surprise To US Commanders 6368:VC/PAVN Ambushes or Encircles A Moving US Unit 5556: 5179:During the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954, US 26711:Lyndon B. Johnson administration controversies 22057:the official history of the United States Army 21491:Against the Vietnam War: Writings by Activists 20253:(1966). Official documents of U.S. presidents. 20227:"Chapter I, Background to the Crisis, 1940–50" 20221:(Gravel ed.). Boston: Beacon Press. 1971. 19696:Military History Institute of Vietnam (2002). 18422: 18312:The Vietnamese Boat People, 1954 and 1975–1992 17545:. Defense Technical Center. pp. 225–234. 17507: 16057: 15803:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 84–86. 15072:"R.O.T.C. Booming as Memories of Vietnam Fade" 14455:The Tet Offensive: Intelligence Failure in War 13977:The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 4 13615: 13100:The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 2 12909: 12609:The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 3 12131:The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 1 11930: 10182: 10096: 10094: 10092: 9682: 9412:The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 1 8810:Republic of Vietnam National Military Cemetery 8584: 7989:directly correlate with the resulting damage. 7466:, amounting to 11,000 military personnel. The 7388:International participation in the Vietnam War 6956:Easter Offensive and Paris Peace Accords, 1972 6693: 6491:, Danang, all the cities, towns and main bases 4636:. While the war was officially fought between 26666:Wars involving the People's Republic of China 26621:United States Marine Corps in the Vietnam War 23709: 23582: 22818: 22117: 21964:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 6–36. 20199:Walking Point: American Narratives of Vietnam 20137: 20032: 17707: 17115: 16604: 16582:. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from 16389: 16387: 16359: 15920:1969: Millions march in US Vietnam Moratorium 15774:Giai Phong! The Fall and Liberation of Saigon 15738: 15593: 15439: 14930:United States Army Center of Military History 14763:"Ho Chi Minh Dies of Heart Attack in Hanoi". 14595:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 198. 14256:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group. 13818:"McNamara on Record, Reluctantly, on Vietnam" 13058:"A Special Supplement: Kennedy's Private War" 12961:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 74–95. 12825:United States Army Center of Military History 12583:... Yet the Vietnamese 'land reform' campaign 12501:"Newly released documents on the land reform" 11822:Defense, United States Department of (1971). 11159:Vietnam Studies Command and Control 1950–1969 10565:Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund (4 May 2021). 9208:Military Assistance Advisory Group, Indochina 8840:. In Vietnam, the diary has been compared to 8804:Stone plaque with photo of the "Thương tiếc" 8461:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 7649:argues that a relentless drive toward higher 7397: 6532:reported an infantry commander saying of the 6107:Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force 4434: 1723: 1585: 1308:254,256 combat deaths (between 1960 and 1974) 573: 478: 41:. For the documentary television series, see 26452:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 24003:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 21510:The Psychological War for Vietnam, 1960–1968 21293:Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965 20128:LeMay, Curtis E.; Kantor, MacKinlay (1965). 19743: 19535:National Archives and Records Administration 19451:National Archives and Records Administration 19246:United States Department of Veterans Affairs 19226:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 18225:"Lao PDR - Casualties and Victim Assistance" 16868:Windschuttle, Elizabeth (15 February 1976). 16867: 16682: 16207:Nick Turse; Deborah Nelson (6 August 2006). 16197: 16150:Kaminsky, Arnold P.; Long, Roger D. (2016). 16149: 15865: 15863: 15837:"CBS News Poll: U.S. involvement in Vietnam" 15596:The Vietnam Experience The Fall of the South 15408: 15043:The American Experience in Vietnam: A Reader 13895:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 13701:Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965 13317:Southworth, Samuel; Tanner, Stephen (2002). 13145:Was Kennedy Planning to Pull out of Vietnam? 12884: 12438: 12436: 12434: 12258:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 12030: 11992: 11990: 11988: 11986: 11256:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 85. 11118: 11116: 11114: 11082:Banister, Judith; Johnson, E. Paige (1993). 11035: 11033: 11031: 10972: 10970: 10968: 10966: 10964: 10314: 10312: 10310: 10308: 10306: 10304: 10302: 10300: 10298: 10296: 10294: 10292: 10290: 10288: 10286: 10284: 10282: 10280: 10278: 10276: 10274: 10272: 10270: 10268: 10266: 10264: 10262: 10260: 10258: 10256: 10254: 10252: 10250: 10248: 10246: 10244: 10242: 10240: 10238: 10236: 10234: 10232: 10230: 10069: 10067: 9958: 9956: 9954: 9952: 9950: 9948: 9946: 9430: 9385: 9315:: additional works used to build the article 9234:Third Marine Regiment, Third Marine Division 9180: 9178: 9176: 9108: 9106: 8749:The U.S. Veterans Administration has listed 7008:and a reluctant President Thiệu, signed the 6886:, following negotiations with deputy leader 6601: 6523:, the 1st Division and a regiment of the US 6443:United States news media and the Vietnam War 5919:September 1964 South Vietnamese coup attempt 5851:was conveyed to the US embassy in Saigon in 5587:was established to maintain and upgrade the 25313:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 23596: 22653:Normalization of US–Vietnam relations 21507: 20949: 20577: 20256: 20142:. Berkeley Heights, NJ: MyReportLinks.com. 20127: 18485:. Cambridge University Press. p. 242. 18373: 18371: 18369: 17922:"Hanoi Rebuts Refugees on 'Economic Zones'" 17808: 17664:. RAND Corporation. pp. 499, 512–513. 17290: 16519: 16517: 16515: 16302: 16025:. 14 April 1989. p. 13. Archived from 15767: 15765: 15514:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 193–194. 15289: 15212: 15210: 15184: 15182: 15180: 15178: 15176: 14917: 14915: 14207: 14205: 13726: 13724: 13624: 13448:The World Transformed – 1945 to the Present 12763: 12359: 12357: 12355: 12353: 12351: 12349: 12347: 12345: 12343: 12341: 12339: 12337: 12335: 12099:The Ten Thousand Day War: Vietnam 1945–1975 12038:"The History Place – Vietnam War 1945–1960" 11984: 11982: 11980: 11978: 11976: 11974: 11972: 11970: 11968: 11966: 11740: 11462:. Athens, Georgia: Univ. of Georgia Press. 11077: 11075: 11073: 10726:Vietnam Sons: For Some, the War Never Ended 10228: 10226: 10224: 10222: 10220: 10218: 10216: 10214: 10212: 10210: 10089: 8846:, and both are used in literary education. 8826:. Her diaries were published in Vietnam as 8729:and other US chemical manufacturers, but a 8314:However many South Vietnamese were sent to 7803:torture was employed to extract confessions 7661:as, in effect, "many Mỹ Lais". A report by 7583:United States war crimes § Vietnam War 6643:Propaganda leaflet urging the defection of 6596:United States presidential election in 1968 4898: 4628:on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the 37:For a full history of wars in Vietnam, see 26416:United States involvement in regime change 23971:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 23716: 23702: 23589: 23575: 22825: 22811: 22124: 22110: 22093:Archival collections about the Vietnam War 21756:. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press. 21617: 21381: 21139: 20514:Cambodia, 1975–1978: Rendezvous with Death 20140:Primary Source Accounts of the Vietnam War 19891: 19639: 19200: 19003:Rose, Hilary A.; Rose, Stephen P. (1972). 18626: 17898: 17712:, Jacqueline Desbarats; Karl D. Jackson". 17218:. The University of North Carolina Press. 16986: 16384: 14965: 14963: 14961: 14780: 14778: 14776: 14774: 14713:. U.S. Department of State. Archived from 14707:"Foundations of Foreign Policy, 1969-1972" 14457:. Cornell University Press. pp. 1–2. 14247: 14245: 14174: 14172: 14107: 14105: 14103: 14101: 14099: 14097: 14095: 14093: 14091: 14060: 14058: 13683: 12941:Military History Institute of Vietnam 2002 12879:Military History Institute of Vietnam 2002 12827:. p. 4. CMH Pub 90-23. Archived from 12740: 12734: 12621: 12373: 12371: 12333: 12331: 12329: 12327: 12325: 12323: 12321: 12319: 12317: 12315: 12091: 12089: 12063: 12061: 12059: 9921:"Spain's secret support for US in Vietnam" 9627: 9625: 9623: 9621: 9466:Military History Institute of Vietnam 2002 9402: 9400: 9398: 9396: 9394: 9353: 9351: 9236:, began landing in Vietnam to protect the 8535:US expenditures in South Vietnam (1953–74) 7953: 7188:On 7 April, three PAVN divisions attacked 6795:ARVN and US Special Forces, September 1968 6714:raped and killed civilians, and the 1969 " 6413:U.S. Forces Ambushes Moving VC/PAVN Units 6323:attacking Viet Cong emplacements only 5%. 6237:. The opponents were locked in a cycle of 5969: 5733:Ousting and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm 5164: 4441: 4427: 1730: 1716: 1682:Sino-Vietnamese border and naval conflicts 1592: 1578: 1067:48,000 per year (1965–1973, 320,000 total) 22074:comprehensive timeline of the Vietnam War 21627:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 21516: 21431: 21387:Tet! The Turning Point in the Vietnam War 20813:Vietnam and America: A Documented History 20699: 20266: 19948: 19929: 19910: 19674: 19660:(2nd ed.). New York: Penguin Books. 19333: 19331: 19329: 19327: 19325: 19323: 19047: 19042:(5). Oxford University Press: 1220–1230. 18950: 18410: 17904: 17473: 17268: 17100: 17077: 16393: 16330: 16328: 16326: 16116: 15860: 15598:. Boston Publishing Company. p. 22. 15484: 15472: 15460: 15381: 15320: 15237: 15235: 14999: 14997: 14995: 14861: 14615: 14325: 14323: 13939: 13890: 13679: 13677: 13390: 13283: 13102:. Boston: Beacon Press. pp. 669–671. 13094: 12527: 12478:. Indiana University Press. p. 340. 12431: 12402: 12125: 12123: 11590:"Research Guides: Vietnam Conflict: Maps" 11537:"The Vietnam War or Second Indochina War" 11227:"Vietnam War Allied Troop Levels 1960–73" 11122: 11111: 11039: 11028: 11004: 10961: 10927: 10925: 10761:. Australian War Memorial. Archived from 10719: 10717: 10503: 10501: 10499: 10472: 10470: 10468: 10466: 10440: 10438: 10404: 10115: 10113: 10111: 10064: 9943: 9893: 9887: 9839:"Vietnam War Allied Troop Levels 1960–73" 9619: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9611: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9603: 9601: 9571: 9569: 9567: 9565: 9563: 9173: 9103: 8398:. From 1978 to 1979, some 450,000 ethnic 8310:Vietnamese refugees fleeing Vietnam, 1984 7346:, opposed the war based on the theory of 6740: 6332:TYPE OF ENGAGEMENTS IN COMBAT NARRATIVES 5905:Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–1969 5873:commander of U.S. forces in South Vietnam 5739:Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm 5571:In March 1956, southern communist leader 5065:sought to reassert control of the country 4778:, escalating Cambodia's Civil War. After 22832: 21934: 21593:After Tet: The Bloodiest Year in Vietnam 21525:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 21295:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 21259:Historical Dictionary of the Vietnam War 21120: 21098: 21055: 21036: 20720: 20574:a Washington insider's memoir of events. 20460: 20423: 20301: 20177: 20095: 19969: 19744:Olson, James S.; Roberts, Randy (2008). 19367:. Univ of Massachusetts Press. pp. 19362: 19002: 18581: 18377: 18366: 18280: 18229:Landmine and Clustering Munition Monitor 17913: 17404: 16908: 16643: 16512: 16422: 16244:Tiger Force: a true story of men and war 15869: 15790: 15762: 15412:The Vietnam Experience Fighting for time 15275:. Cornell University Press. p. 26. 15207: 15173: 15045:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 14912: 14735: 14448: 14446: 14444: 14303: 14221:. U.S. Army Center of Military History. 14202: 13979:. Section 4, pp. 277–604. Archived from 13935: 13933: 13931: 13929: 13927: 13925: 13923: 13863: 13811: 13809: 13721: 13475:. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 249. 13258: 13106: 12915: 12673: 12443:Courtois, Stephane; et al. (1997). 12000:; Blight, James G.; Brigham, Robert K.; 11963: 11377: 11283: 11281: 11279: 11277: 11275: 11273: 11155: 11070: 10318: 10207: 10148: 10146: 10038: 9357: 9200: 8974:of the war, and have become part of the 8799: 8712: 8652: 8598: 8476: 8305: 8285: 7931:, with occasional use of the M16 rifle. 7902: 7864: 7818: 7762: 7679:Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography 7668: 7598: 7434: 7301: 7233: 7133: 7062: 7024: 7021:U.S. exit and final campaigns, 1973–1975 6959: 6842: 6790: 6710:, in which a US Army unit under Captain 6638: 6617:to race to the border of Soviet airspace 6538: 6513:executed approximately 2,800 unarmed Huế 6459:ARVN forces assault a stronghold in the 6454: 6446: 6421:Chance Engagement, Neither Side Planned 6271:The U.S. and its allies mounted complex 6247: 6173: 6119: 5985: 5833: 5667: 5613: 5431: 5320: 5294: 5240: 5084: 4984: 24542:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 22674:Opposition to United States involvement 21598: 21553: 21488: 21167: 21158: 20927: 20862:(4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 20857: 20819: 20765: 20489: 20355: 20308:. New York: Columbia University Press. 20118: 20060:. General Editor: Glenn W. LaFantasie. 19795: 19114: 18896: 18650: 18632: 18334: 18186: 18126: 18088: 17919: 17622: 17562: 16921: 16782: 16721: 16608:잠자던 진실, 30년만에 깨어나다 "한국군은 베트남에서 무엇을 했는가" 16523: 16179:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 16041:"Soviet Involvement in the Vietnam War" 15985:Bezlova, Antoaneta (21 February 2009). 15771: 15409:Lipsman, Samuel; Doyle, Edward (1983). 15295: 15188: 14958: 14921: 14880: 14818:. Oxford University Press. p. 447. 14813: 14771: 14242: 14211: 14169: 14088: 14055: 13730: 13594: 13160:"The Perfect War: Technowar in Vietnam" 13112: 13055: 12955:"The Road South: The Ho Chi Minh Trail" 12368: 12312: 12237: 12095: 12086: 12067: 12056: 11821: 11528: 11487:. Brookings Institution. Archived from 11457: 11437: 10560: 10558: 10160:, Government of Vietnam. Archived from 10036: 10034: 10032: 10030: 10028: 10026: 10024: 10022: 10020: 10018: 9482:. Time Life Education. pp. 45–49. 9391: 9348: 9312: 9164: 8649:Environmental impact of the Vietnam War 8466: 7823:A nurse treats a Vietnamese child, 1967 6968:Vietnamization was again tested by the 6901:The US incursion into Cambodia sparked 6634: 6300:and figurehead chief of state, General 6241:. Westmoreland and McNamara touted the 6038:, and prompted Congress to approve the 5949:Viet Cong Motivation and Morale Project 5729:promising to respect Laos' neutrality. 5020:, returned to Vietnam to establish the 1376:: 5,099 dead; 10,962 wounded; 4 missing 1180:232,000+ military missing (per Vietnam) 153:helicopters inserting South Vietnamese 14: 26523: 26386:Russian espionage in the United States 24658:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 22049:Timeline US – Vietnam (1947–2001) 21751: 21732: 21688: 21658: 21458: 21448: 21362: 21341: 21190: 21017: 20822:War Without Fronts: The USA in Vietnam 20791: 20679:The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam 20676: 20619: 20553: 20534: 20511: 20398: 20156: 20102:. General Editor: David S. Patterson. 20078:Volume III, Vietnam June–December 1965 20028:Foreign Relations of the United States 19766: 19652: 19342:. University of North Carolina Press. 19320: 19141: 18951:Cassandra, Bianca (17 February 2022). 18880: 18841: 18728: 18530: 18528: 18256:"Migration in the Asia-Pacific Region" 18192: 17693:. RAND Corporation. pp. 512–513. 17684: 17655: 17250:from the original on 21 September 2013 16927: 16892:"Portraits of Vietnamese Women At War" 16880:(53): 17–25 – via ro.uow.edu.au. 16526:War Without Fronts: The USA in Vietnam 16323: 16239: 16094:(in Russian). rus.ruvr. Archived from 15964:. University of North Carolina Press. 15953: 15937:. Greenwich Publishing. Archived from 15894: 15618: 15594:Dougan, Clark; Fulgham, David (1985). 15509: 15270: 15232: 15130: 14992: 14969: 14784: 14711:Foreign Relations, 1969-1976, Volume I 14523: 14492: 14477: 14404: 14320: 14251: 14193: 14178: 14111: 13967: 13965: 13963: 13961: 13940:Ward, Geoffrey C.; Burns, Ken (2017). 13843:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 193. 13838: 13801:Public Papers of the Presidents, 1965. 13703:. Cambridge University Press. p. 13684:Kahin, George; Lewis, John W. (1967). 13674: 13535:. University of North Carolina Press. 13520: 13470: 13450:. New York: Oxford. pp. 169–171. 13429: 13405: 13370: 13345: 13163:. The Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 13156: 12952: 12890: 12843: 12741:Doyle, Edward; Weiss, Stephen (1984). 12711: 12655:from the original on 12 September 2023 12603: 12601: 12599: 12597: 12595: 12473: 12377: 12363: 12273:Prados, John (January–February 2005). 12272: 12120: 11792: 11763:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans 11618: 11403: 11401: 11221: 11219: 11193: 11191: 11189: 11187: 11185: 11183: 11181: 10931: 10922: 10859: 10723: 10714: 10507: 10496: 10476: 10463: 10444: 10435: 10108: 9744:Vietnam from ceasefire to capitulation 9740: 9631: 9598: 9580:. Cambridge University Press. p. 9575: 9560: 8416: 7474:capabilities of the North Vietnamese. 7447:at US aircraft in 1965. Following the 6163: 5412: 5159:Military Assistance and Advisory Group 5070: 4782:'s inauguration in 1969, a policy of " 4754:and overwhelming firepower to conduct 1138:(Peak: 30 medical troops and advisors) 26616:United States Army in the Vietnam War 26381:Soviet espionage in the United States 24537:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 24316:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 23981:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 23697: 23570: 22806: 22105: 21827: 21792: 21770: 21309: 21287: 21254: 21230: 21211: 21144:. Auckland: Oxford University Press. 21084:. New York: Oxford University Press. 21022:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 20967: 20904: 20885: 20838: 20600: 20359:Vietnam's American War: A New History 20294: 20251:Public Papers of the Presidents, 1965 20196: 19865: 19818: 19724: 19608: 19573:American Journal of International Law 19569: 19478: 19337: 19175:Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus) (8 May 2024). 19129: 19036:International Journal of Epidemiology 18884: 18734: 18604:. Stanford University. Archived from 18309: 18163:from the original on 19 December 2013 18029:from the original on 15 November 2013 18020: 17839: 17758:from the original on 17 November 2018 17201: 17012: 16973: 16787:. Greenwood Press. pp. 318–319. 16683:Lanning, Michael; Cragg, Dan (2008). 16650:. Taylor & Francis. p. 116. 16489: 16471:from the original on 12 November 2013 16455: 16334: 16174: 15962:China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950–1975 15959: 15415:. Boston Publishing Company. p. 15241: 15218:"Vietnamization: 1970 Year in Review" 15003: 14946:from the original on 14 December 2007 14828: 14590: 14441: 14380:"Tết Mậu Thân 1968 qua những số liệu" 14329: 14304:Weinraub, Bernard (8 February 1968). 14276: 14136: 13920: 13806: 13698: 13582: 13555: 13526: 13508:from the original on 11 December 2008 13495: 13202: 12849: 12816: 12800:"Excerpts from Law 10/59, 6 May 1959" 12299: 11896: 11894: 11788: 11786: 11784: 11736: 11734: 11690:from the original on 6 September 2023 11643: 11509: 11453: 11451: 11444:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 5ff. 11433: 11431: 11373: 11371: 11315: 11313: 11287: 11270: 10143: 9918: 8808:statue, originally, installed at the 8789: 8382:The relationship between Vietnam and 7759:Cambodian Civil War § War Crimes 7577:South Vietnamese, Korean and American 6385:Defensive Posts Being Well Concealed 6115: 5878:Paramilitary officers from the CIA's 5008:French Indochina, following France's 4992:flag, which later became the flag of 4422: 4301:Bo De River, Nha Trang, Tha Cau River 1711: 1573: 1456:333,620 (1960–1974) – 392,364 (total) 26457:Soviet Union–United States relations 24808:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 22787: 22000:Detailed bibliography of Vietnam War 21955: 21894: 21865: 21711: 21595:(1992), very broad coverage of 1968. 21328: 21312:The American War: Vietnam, 1960–1975 21277: 21074: 20993: 20876: 20774: 20739: 20702:Government and Revolution in Vietnam 20655: 20558:The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam 20455:Battlefield Vietnam: A Brief History 20333: 20160:Faith of My Fathers: A Family Memoir 20112:– via Office of the Historian. 20091:– via Office of the Historian. 20070:– via Office of the Historian. 20057:Volume II, Vietnam January–June 1965 20049:– via Office of the Historian. 20020:John Jay College of Criminal Justice 19913:The Tet Offensive: A Concise History 19303:"The Vietnam War: A History in Song" 19142:Faiola, Anthony (13 November 2006). 18507:"How Much Did The Vietnam War Cost?" 18475: 18205:from the original on 17 January 2019 18193:Wright, Rebecca (6 September 2016). 17866:"Amnesty International Report, 1979" 17438: 17405:Kempster, Norman (31 January 1991). 17377: 17346: 17269:Greenberg, Jon (11 September 2014). 17213: 17134: 16753: 16058:Sarin, Oleg; Dvoretsky, Lev (1996). 15987:"China haunted by Khmer Rouge links" 15930: 15362: 15040: 15004:Heinl, Robert D. Jr. (7 June 1971). 14452: 13942:The Vietnam War: An Intimate History 13893:The Vietnam War: An Intimate History 13864:Galloway, Joseph (18 October 2010). 13815: 13445: 13292:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 12810: 12189:from the original on 28 October 2022 11912:from the original on 31 October 2023 11838: 11656:from the original on 28 January 2018 11482: 11319: 10555: 10042: 10015: 9931:from the original on 4 November 2019 9542:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 8643:Effects of U.S. chemical defoliation 8358: 8294:, its remains have been turned into 8266: 6147:three-stage protracted warfare model 5935:on 22 November 1963. Vice President 5214: 5051:in 1945, the Viet Minh launched the 26421:Soviet involvement in regime change 22391:U.S. escalation / "Americanization" 22014:primary sources on U.S. involvement 20638: 20620:Dennis, Peter; et al. (2008). 20257:Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. (1978). 19300: 18525: 18457:from the original on 4 January 2015 18453:. Gallup News Service. 8 May 2001. 18337:"McNamara Writes Vietnam Mea Culpa" 18335:Lippman, Thomas W. (9 April 1995). 17920:Chapman, William (17 August 1979). 17894:Huy, Đức. Bên Thắng Cuộc. OsinBook. 17625:Encyclopedia of world constitutions 17552:from the original on 12 April 2019. 17380:"Allies of the Republic of Vietnam" 17244:The United Nations Office at Geneva 16955:Margaret Sullivan (28 March 2021). 16814:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 16209:"Civilian Killings Went Unpunished" 16110: 15796: 15653:. Tulane University. Archived from 15070:Richard Halloran (12 August 1984). 14974:. Oxford University Press. p. 14493:Sanger, David E. (6 October 2018). 13958: 12592: 11587: 11534: 11514:. Phoenix Press. pp. 370–371. 11407: 11398: 11378:Chiarini, Giovanni (1 April 2022). 11216: 11200:The Vietnam War from the Other Side 11197: 11178: 10374:"North Korea fought in Vietnam War" 9708:Pham Thi Thu Thuy (1 August 2013). 9535: 9529: 8992:National League of POW/MIA Families 8962:Myth of the spat-on Vietnam veteran 7854: 7531:, after the fall of South Vietnam. 7363:1968 Democratic National Convention 5923:December 1964 South Vietnamese coup 5381:the poll supervised by his brother 5055:, overthrowing the Japanese-backed 5028:, namely the US, Soviet Union, and 4869:is the most commonly used title in 24: 26581:Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower 26462:Soviet Union–United States summits 23936:1947 Polish parliamentary election 23821:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 22320:1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt 22097:University of Massachusetts Boston 21508:Roberts III, Mervyn Edwin (2018). 20766:Fincher, Ernest Barksdale (1980). 20537:A Short History of South-East Asia 19955:. Texas A&M University Press. 19623:. pp. 619–694. Archived from 19621:US Army Center of Military History 19537:. 10 November 2017. Archived from 19278:. 10 December 2014. Archived from 18767:. 19 November 2005. Archived from 17821:from the original on 28 April 2019 17514:. Yale University Press. pp. 17453:10.1111/j.1949-3606.1993.tb00951.x 17059: 16605:Go Gyeong-tae (15 November 2000). 16556:. 15 December 2014. Archived from 16274:"Free Fire Zone – The Vietnam War" 16117:Pribbenow, Merle (December 2014). 15899:. Lexington Books. pp. 54–5. 15872:The Vietnam War in American Memory 15817:from the original on 30 April 2023 15512:A Short History of South-East Asia 15022:from the original on 12 April 2019 15006:"The Collapse of the Armed Forces" 14198:. Rand Corporation. pp. 72–8. 13841:A Short History of South-East Asia 13056:Stavins, Ralph L. (22 July 1971). 13036:Office of the Secretary of Defense 12558: 12498: 11891: 11879:from the original on 14 April 2024 11841:"Franklin Roosevelt and Indochina" 11828:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 11781: 11769:from the original on 15 March 2023 11731: 11677: 11448: 11428: 11368: 11310: 11251: 10702:from the original on 29 March 2019 10405:Pribbenow, Merle (November 2011). 10321:Vietnam an epic tragedy, 1945–1975 9123:Military Assistance Advisory Group 8657:U.S. helicopter spraying chemical 8005:Vietnam War body count controversy 7946:, and "home-made" versions of the 7484:Southeast Asia Treaty Organization 7338:, and for those involved with the 7318:made a mistake by sending troops. 6387:or VC/PAVN Alerted or Anticipated 6078: 5915:January 1964 South Vietnamese coup 5497:Insurgency in the South, 1954–1960 5112:. On March 12, 1947, US President 4833:. The Khmer Rouge carried out the 4741:in 1964, the US Congress passed a 1599: 1525:Aircraft losses of the Vietnam War 1019:2,709,918 serving in Vietnam total 216:Burial of civilians killed in the 25: 26722: 25223:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 25158:United States invasion of Grenada 24428:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 24369:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 22315:North Vietnamese invasion of Laos 21980: 21858: 21348:. Philadelphia, PA: Basic Books. 20305:Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War 20288:. American Experience. PBS. 1983. 19896:. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. 19479:Dwyer, Devin (10 November 2017). 18819:. 21 January 1977. Archived from 18681:. Digital History. Archived from 18262:from the original on 14 June 2018 18235:from the original on 7 April 2023 17964:from the original on 17 June 2018 17246:. United Nations. November 2011. 15843:. 28 January 2018. Archived from 15739:Leong, Ernest (31 October 2009), 15619:Finney, John W. (12 April 1975). 15193:. Random House Publishing Group. 14674: 14072:. 20 October 2014. Archived from 12277:. The VVA Veteran. Archived from 11951:from the original on 30 June 2023 11644:Burns, Robert (27 January 2018). 11417:. Routledge Press. Archived from 9973:Population and Development Review 9664:from the original on 7 March 2016 9306: 9279:criticized as invalid by authors 9185:requiring hospital care the CRS ( 9116:(DoD) and through the efforts of 9019:. On 10 November 2017, President 8529: 8427: 7721:Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre 7261:crashed through the gates of the 7219: 6737:ruled its publication was legal. 5848:United States Department of State 5563:North Vietnamese invasion of Laos 5359:. The campaign also attacked the 4644:, the north was supported by the 206:flying past the aircraft carrier 26681:Wars involving the United States 25298:United States invasion of Panama 25148:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 24788:1971 Turkish military memorandum 24751:Communist insurgency in Thailand 24721:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 24653:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 24480:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 24408:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 23926:Restatement of Policy on Germany 22786: 22777: 22776: 22767: 22766: 22669:Draft evasion in the Vietnam War 21778:. New York: Metropolitan Books. 21018:Kutler, Stanley I., ed. (1996). 20096:Humphrey, David C., ed. (1998). 19513: 19472: 19429: 19385: 19356: 19294: 19264: 19234: 19194: 19168: 19135: 19123: 19108: 19090: 19064: 19023: 18996: 18970: 18944: 18918: 18890: 18874: 18835: 18809: 18783: 18753: 18706: 18697: 18594: 18575: 18553: 18499: 18469: 18451:"Victory in Europe 56 Years Ago" 18443: 18416: 18328: 18303: 18274: 18247: 18217: 18175: 18145: 18120: 18078: 18052:Documentation Center of Cambodia 18044: 18014: 17976: 17946: 17887: 17858: 17833: 17802: 17740: 17678: 17649: 17616: 17592: 17556: 17532: 17501: 17479: 17432: 17398: 17371: 17340: 17313: 17262: 17232: 17207: 17183:from the original on 25 May 2017 17165: 17147: 17128: 17109: 17094: 17053: 17006: 16967: 16948: 16930:Studies in Comparative Communism 16902: 16884: 16861: 16847: 16821: 16801: 16776: 16747: 16715: 16676: 16664:from the original on 13 May 2023 16637: 16598: 16580:"The Man in the Snow White Cell" 16572: 16542: 16483: 16449: 16416: 16372:from the original on 10 May 2012 16353: 16296: 16266: 16233: 16168: 16143: 16084: 16051: 16033: 16011: 15978: 15924: 15913: 15888: 15851: 15829: 15732: 15699: 15669: 15643: 15612: 15587: 15528: 15503: 15489:. New York: Crown. p. 579. 15478: 15433: 15402: 15375: 15356: 15326: 15264: 15124: 15094: 15063: 15034: 14874: 14855: 14822: 14807: 14756: 14729: 14699: 14668: 14656:from the original on 7 June 2019 14609: 14584: 14542: 14517: 14486: 14471: 14398: 14372: 14297: 14270: 14187: 14130: 14116:. Univ of North Carolina Press. 14025: 13995: 13884: 13857: 13832: 13794: 13785: 13776: 13767: 13749: 13692: 13664:Vietnam War After Action Reports 13656: 13628:; Owen, Taylor (26 April 2015). 13588: 13556:Simon, Dennis M. (August 2002). 13549: 13496:Shane, Scott (31 October 2005). 13489: 13464: 13439: 13399: 13384: 13339: 13310: 13277: 13252: 13230: 13208: 13171: 13150: 13133: 13088: 13049: 13018: 13005: 12993: 12975: 12959:Rolling Thunder in a Gentle Land 12946: 12918:Rain of Fire: Air War, 1969–1973 12792: 12720:Publications. pp. 174–178. 12705: 12679: 12667: 12631: 12492: 12467: 12396: 12293: 12238:Patrick, Johnson, David (2009). 12215:. 1 January 2001. Archived from 11937:. Oxford University Press, USA. 11569:from the original on 26 May 2020 11483:Kalb, Marvin (22 January 2013). 10932:Shenon, Philip (23 April 1995). 10813:. 2 October 2013. Archived from 10785:"Overview of the war in Vietnam" 10593:from the original on 26 May 2020 10183:Joseph Babcock (29 April 2019). 10125:Datafile.chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn 10075:"Battlefield:Vietnam – Timeline" 9517:from the original on 2 July 2020 9480:The Vietnam Experience The North 9272: 9243: 9226: 9213: 9065: 9051: 9037: 9002: 8473:United States in the Vietnam War 8407:Lao People's Democratic Republic 7873:soldier being carried away, 1968 7637:killings between 1960 and 1972. 7612:Vietnam War Crimes Working Group 7591:Vietnam War Crimes Working Group 7367:Vietnam Veterans Against the War 7158:Final North Vietnamese offensive 6977:, and the offensive was halted. 6909:in May 1970 during a protest at 6682:, limited mobility force into a 6571:in a contingency plan codenamed 6393:Planned US Attack Against Known 5745:United States in the Vietnam War 5342:International Control Commission 4977:French Indochina in World War II 4971:Japanese occupation of Indochina 4590:Vietnam War Crimes Working Group 1692:FULRO insurgency against Vietnam 1535: 1439: 1423: 1409: 1395: 1381: 1366: 1351: 1337: 1330:58,281 dead (47,434 from combat) 1320: 1292: 1245: 1231: 1217: 1202: 1187: 1162: 1155: 1127: 1114: 1101: 1086: 1071: 1057: 1039: 1025: 1009: 993: 969: 956: 942: 928: 912: 896: 878: 837: 824: 811: 799: 787: 775: 758: 746: 734: 722: 704: 675: 663: 651: 639: 627: 615: 589: 575: 561: 547: 533: 520: 507: 494: 480: 467: 454: 435: 422: 408: 394: 381: 369: 353: 340: 133: 124: 113: 104: 93: 84: 26676:Wars involving the Soviet Union 26591:Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson 26018:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 25399:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 25328:Fall of the inner German border 25228:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 24878:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 24868:Spanish transition to democracy 24828:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 24455:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 23961:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 23842:Occupation of the Baltic states 22305:Vietnamese migration of 1954–55 22131: 21826:Issue no. 184, (December 2005) 21718:. University of Hawaiʻi Press. 21683:Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War 21489:Robbins, Mary Susannah (2007). 21367:. Manchester University Press. 21263:. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. 21020:Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War 20792:Gerdes, Louise I., ed. (2005). 20490:Buckley, Kevin (19 June 1972). 20233:. pp. 1–52. Archived from 19994: 18897:Peeples, Lynne (10 July 2013). 18739:. Texas Tech University Press. 18658:"Military draft ended by Laird" 18640:"Military draft system stopped" 18431:from the original on 9 May 2024 18378:Buzzanco, Bob (17 April 2000). 18131:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 17749:Nguyen Cong Hoan' testimony in 16909:Springer, James (22 May 2020). 16703:from the original on 4 May 2021 16612:... 미국 국립문서보관소 비밀해제 보고서·사진 최초공개 16429:Melbourne University Publishing 16307:. Crimes of War. Archived from 15716:. 28 April 2020. Archived from 15443:Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda 15108:. 23 March 1971. Archived from 14837:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 14556:. 16 April 2012. Archived from 14382:(in Vietnamese). Archived from 13558:"The War in Vietnam, 1965–1968" 13473:Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War 12266: 12231: 12201: 12171: 12137: 11924: 11845:The Journal of American History 11832: 11815: 11751: 11702: 11671: 11637: 11612: 11581: 11555: 11503: 11476: 11245: 11149: 10890: 10853: 10829: 10803: 10777: 10751: 10742: 10672: 10647: 10623: 10604: 10577: 10569:(Press release). Archived from 10519: 10398: 10382:. 31 March 2000. Archived from 10366: 10337: 10176: 9912: 9858: 9831: 9801: 9771: 9734: 9701: 9676: 9650: 9471: 9459: 9155: 8595:Vietnam War resisters in Sweden 8591:Vietnam War resisters in Canada 7983:Convention on Cluster Munitions 7449:dissolution of the Soviet Union 7424: 7115: 6982:1972 U.S. presidential election 6802:South Vietnamese Regional Force 6433:Tet Offensive and its aftermath 5846:during the middle of 1963. The 5838:ARVN forces capture a Viet Cong 5624:1960 U.S. presidential election 5600:Kennedy's escalation, 1961–1963 4917:officially refers to it as the 4758:operations. The US conducted a 4716:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 26671:Wars involving the Philippines 24798:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 24433:Mozambican War of Independence 23872:Indonesian National Revolution 22554:United States prisoners of war 21689:——— (1999). 21517:Schandler, Herbert Y. (2009). 21255:——— (2002). 21104:The Origins of the Vietnam War 21056:Lawrence, Mark Atwood (2008). 21003:. Cambridge University Press. 20913:. Princeton University Press. 20662:. Cambridge University Press. 20584:Texas A&M University Press 20578:Courtwright, David T. (2005). 20362:. Cambridge University Press. 20001:Central Intelligence Agency. " 19729:. New York: Barnes and Noble. 19640:Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1963). 19562: 19073:"The Children of Agent Orange" 18842:Scheer, Robert (8 July 2009). 18720:. 8 April 2016. Archived from 18258:. Migration Policy Institute. 17905:Desbarats, Jacqueline (1987). 17685:Elliot, Duong Van Mai (2010). 17656:Elliot, Duong Van Mai (2010). 17605:. 1 March 2021. Archived from 17135:Cain, Geoffrey (13 May 2011). 16831:. 8 April 2015. Archived from 16758:PAVN: People's Army of Vietnam 16360:Kevin Buckley (19 June 1972). 15565:"Ford asks for additional aid" 14814:Kiernan, Ben (February 2017). 14789:. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 14767:. 4 September 1969. p. 1. 14346:(inactive 12 September 2024). 14344:10.26459/hujos-ssh.v126i6.3770 14137:Wiest, Andrew (1 March 2018). 14039:. 12 June 2006. Archived from 13284:Schandler, Herbert Y. (2009). 13038:. pp. 1–2. Archived from 12648:. 15 January 1969. p. 6. 11048:. pp. 102–104, 120, 124. 11042:Forced Migration and Mortality 9919:Marín, Paloma (9 April 2012). 9874:Texas A&M University Press 9326: 9300: 9187:Congressional Research Service 9146: 9137: 9128: 9096: 8459:died at sea, according to the 7747:North Vietnamese and Viet Cong 7382:Involvement of other countries 7274:Opposition to U.S. involvement 7138:The capture of Hue, March 1975 7052:to prohibit any intervention. 6306:one-candidate election in 1971 5865:"winning the hearts and minds" 5842:US officials began discussing 5489:In May 1957, Diệm undertook a 5147:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 5094:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 4908:Resistance War against America 1304:Military dead: 313,000 (total) 39:List of wars involving Vietnam 13: 1: 26586:Presidency of John F. Kennedy 26396:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 25411:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 25364:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 25086:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 25051:Seven Days to the River Rhine 24783:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 24070:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 23998:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 22737:Henry Kissinger’s involvement 22080: – Texas Tech University 21937:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 21216:. New York: Hill & Wang. 20700:Duncanson, Dennis J. (1968). 20492:"Pacification's Deadly Price" 20424:Blaufarb, Douglas S. (1977). 20285:Vietnam: A Television History 19915:. Columbia University Press. 19892:Westheider, James E. (2007). 19453:. 25 May 2012. Archived from 19393:Office of the Press Secretary 18127:Farrell, Epsey Cooke (1998). 18021:Sharp, Bruce (1 April 2005). 17441:Digest of Middle East Studies 16974:Turse, Nick (19 March 2013). 16362:"Pacification's Deadly Price" 15538:. History.com. Archived from 14112:Nguyen, Lien-Hang T. (2012). 13816:Mohr, Charles (16 May 1984). 13259:Blaufarb, Douglas S. (1977). 12817:Kelly, Francis John (1989) . 12749:. Boston Publishing Company. 12689:. JFK Library. Archived from 12004:; Schandler, Herbert (1999). 9894:Blackburn, Robert M. (1994). 9783:www.footprinttravelguides.com 9291: 9257:Jr. (GA) and Representatives 8988:Until The Last Man Comes Home 8966:Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth 8832:Last Night I Dreamed of Peace 8614:posttraumatic stress disorder 8271: 7992: 7776: 7542: 7529:Socialist Republic of Vietnam 7477: 6607:Nuclear threats and diplomacy 4981:1940–1946 in French Indochina 4928: 4718:(ARVN) forces. North Vietnam 4652:, and other countries in the 2917:New Year's Day battle of 1968 1508:Non-Indochinese military dead 1302:195,000–430,000 civilian dead 1226:~1,100 dead and 4,200 wounded 1169:North Vietnam & Viet Cong 320:Socialist Republic of Vietnam 235:November 1955 – 30 April 1975 165: 26686:Wars involving South Vietnam 25389:Fall of communism in Albania 25359:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 25308:Polish Round Table Agreement 24648:1968 Polish political crisis 24465:Eritrean War of Independence 24231:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 24126:East German uprising of 1953 24058:Chinese Communist Revolution 23723: 21987:A Vietnam Diary's Homecoming 21958:"The Vietnam War in History" 21197:. Harvard University Press. 21041:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. 20979:. New York: Pantheon Books. 20457:. A PBS interactive website. 20259:Robert Kennedy and His Times 19949:Willbanks, James H. (2014). 19930:Willbanks, James H. (2009). 19911:Willbanks, James H. (2008). 19835:10.1126/science.315.5809.176 19748:(5th ed.). Malden, MA: 19017:10.1126/science.177.4050.710 16942:10.1016/0039-3592(81)90005-3 16394:Valentino, Benjamin (2005). 14007:Council on Foreign Relations 13868:. Historynet. Archived from 13222:. April 2015. Archived from 13062:The New York Review of Books 12382:. Hoover Institution Press. 11741:Umair Mirza (1 April 2017). 9319: 8976:culture of the United States 8899:(1987). Other films include 8708:Danang International Airport 8261: 7767:Interment of victims of the 7587:Winter Soldier Investigation 7553:List of massacres in Vietnam 7392: 6395:VC/PAVN Defensive Perimeter 5790:Strategic hamlets had failed 5557:North Vietnamese involvement 5491:10-day state visit to the US 5233:Land reform in North Vietnam 5225:Operation Passage to Freedom 5034:Office of Strategic Services 5032:. Beginning in 1944, the US 4632:and a major conflict of the 4624:from 1 November 1955 to the 4595:Winter Soldier Investigation 2982:Joint General Staff Compound 2972:Cholon and Phu Tho Racetrack 2314:Thayer, Irving and Thayer II 1259:Total military dead/missing: 1172:30,000–182,000 civilian dead 7: 26611:Revolution-based civil wars 26596:Presidency of Richard Nixon 25263:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 24991:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 24736:Corrective Movement (Syria) 24700:New People's Army rebellion 24695:Sino-Soviet border conflict 24423:Angolan War of Independence 24286:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 24166:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 23811:Jamaican political conflict 22345:Independence Palace bombing 21866:Appy, Christian G. (2006). 21800:The Vietnam Wars, 1945–1990 21599:Stanton, Shelby L. (2003). 21159:McMahon, Robert J. (1995). 21060:. Oxford University Press. 20858:Herring, George C. (2001). 20677:Duiker, William J. (1981). 20645:Department of Defense (DoD) 20554:Cooper, Chester L. (1970). 20535:Church, Peter, ed. (2006). 20324:Nixon a Presidency Revealed 20302:Anderson, David L. (2004). 20201:. Oxford University Press. 19769:Contemporary Southeast Asia 19203:"VA.gov | Veterans Affairs" 18536:"CQ Almanac Online Edition" 18314:. McFarland & Company. 18106:10.1080/1467271032000147041 17337:... 3.8 million in Vietnam. 16621:(in Korean). Archived from 16066:. Presidio Press. pp. 15684:, Thai Binh, archived from 15682:Thai Binh Provincial Portal 15485:Beschloss, Michael (2018). 15296:Stanton, Shelby L. (2003). 15189:Stanton, Shelby L. (2007). 14970:Daddis, Gregory A. (2017). 14738:Contemporary Southeast Asia 14482:. W.W. Norton. p. 116. 14194:Hosmer, Stephen T. (1970). 13471:Kutler, Stanley I. (1996). 13381:spoke a different language. 13263:. Free Press. p. 119. 13220:The Foreign Service Journal 12854:The Vietnam Wars: 1945–1990 12446:The Black Book of Communism 12068:Herring, George C. (2001). 11619:Meaker, Scott S.F. (2015). 11438:Westing, Arthur H. (1984). 11326:Bulletin of Peace Proposals 10527:"The Fall of South Vietnam" 10508:Clarke, Jeffrey J. (1988). 10416:. p. 1. Archived from 10050:. Oxford University Press. 9658:"Area Handbook Series Laos" 9338:Department of Defense (DoD) 9030: 8585:Impact on the U.S. military 8373:kill 1–3 million Cambodians 8278:Re-education camp (Vietnam) 7614:(VWCWG) was established by 6980:The war was central to the 6824: 6694:U.S. domestic controversies 6402:Planned US Attacks Against 6354:Are 66% Of All Engagements 6291:NLF and PAVN battle tactics 6034:The second "attack" led to 5880:Special Activities Division 5407:American Friends of Vietnam 5266:Central Intelligence Agency 4953:Indochinese Communist Party 4921:It is sometimes called the 2910:Tet Offensive and aftermath 1097:(Peak: 8,300 combat troops) 1080:32,000 per year (1965–1973) 32:Nathu La and Cho La clashes 10: 26727: 26651:Wars involving South Korea 26646:Wars involving North Korea 26641:Wars involving New Zealand 25459:Sino-Indian border dispute 25288:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 25218:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 24976:1976 Argentine coup d'état 24888:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 24838:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 24522:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 24490:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 24179:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 23946:Asian Relations Conference 22727:Canada and the Vietnam War 22396:1965 South Vietnamese coup 22204:People's Republic of China 22184:International participants 21962:The Vietnam War Reexamined 21752:Turner, Robert F. (1975). 21659:Thayer, Thomas C. (1985). 21449:Palmer, Bruce Jr. (1984). 21140:McGibbon, Ian; ed (2000). 21000:The Vietnam War Reexamined 20905:Khong, Yuen Foong (1992). 20890:. Oregon: Hellgate Press. 20886:Kelly, Michael P. (2002). 20747:(2nd ed.). New York: 20518:Princeton University Press 20469:Cambridge University Press 20407:W. W. Norton & Company 20178:Marshall, Kathryn (1987). 20138:O'Connell, Kim A. (2006). 19648:. Doubleday & Company. 19611:"The U.S. Army in Vietnam" 19609:Demma, Vincent H. (1989). 18844:"McNamara's Evil Lives On" 18582:Jim Lobe (30 March 2013). 18281:Robinson, William (1998). 17031:10.5367/000000006778008149 16870:"Women in the Vietnam War" 16423:Otterman, Michael (2007). 15870:Hagopain, Patrick (2009). 15146:(3 (Jul. 1984)): 133–139. 14886:"The Pentagon Papers Case" 14634:10.1162/016228803321951126 14528:. Harvest. pp. 11–6. 14252:Ankony, Robert C. (2009). 13640:(17). 4313. Archived from 12957:. In Wiest, Andrew (ed.). 12712:Turner, Robert F. (1975). 12565:Cambridge University Press 12474:Dommen, Arthur J. (2001). 12378:Turner, Robert F. (1975). 11338:10.1177/096701067300400105 11023:... 3.8 million in Vietnam 10869:. Department of the Army. 10445:Thayer, Thomas C. (1985). 9855:, accessed 7 November 2017 9683:O'Ballance, Edgar (1982). 9632:Tucker, Spencer C (2011). 9007:On 25 May 2012, President 8959: 8914:Born on the Fourth of July 8793: 8646: 8588: 8470: 8431: 8332:New Economic Zones program 8275: 8002: 7996: 7957: 7899:Weapons of the Vietnam War 7896: 7892: 7858: 7812: 7756: 7750: 7580: 7546: 7500: 7481: 7428: 7401: 7398:People's Republic of China 7385: 7369:. On 15 October 1969, the 7287: 7277: 7223: 7161: 7119: 6924: 6828: 6744: 6627:with the Soviet Union and 6436: 6281:Boeing B-52 Stratofortress 6180:1st Battalion, 3rd Marines 6167: 6082: 6052:attack on a U.S. Army base 5979: 5973: 5927:1965 South Vietnamese coup 5908: 5902: 5757:1963 South Vietnamese coup 5742: 5736: 5606:War in Vietnam (1959–1963) 5603: 5560: 5507:War in Vietnam (1959–1963) 5500: 5423:War in Vietnam (1954–1959) 5416: 5405:, said in a speech to the 5264:, who was director of the 5218: 5168: 5143:People's Republic of China 5081:War in Vietnam (1945–1946) 5074: 4974: 4935:French conquest of Vietnam 4932: 4722:in 1958, establishing the 4351:Lists of allied operations 1313:1,170,000 military wounded 1021:Peak: 543,000 (April 1969) 907:~200,000 (estimated, 1968) 36: 29: 26601:Presidency of Gerald Ford 26495: 26444: 26366: 26343:William Appleman Williams 26288:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 26070: 26042: 25991: 25923: 25916: 25850: 25715: 25640: 25570: 25563: 25472: 25419: 25351: 25064: 24803:Bangladesh Liberation War 24793:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 24708: 24680:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 24668:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 24331: 24106:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 24083: 23793: 23731: 23602: 23429: 22841: 22762: 22732:CIA activities in Vietnam 22714: 22661: 22618: 22580: 22504: 22328: 22262: 22229: 22148: 22139: 21956:Kort, Michael G. (2017). 21923:Olson, James Stuart, ed. 21909:10.1017/S0018246X09990185 21842:10.1017/S0305741005000536 21733:Tucker, Spencer (2011) . 21647:, Presidio press (1982), 21336:. Department of the Army. 20824:. London: Vintage Books. 20461:Brocheux, Pierre (2007). 20448:The Counterinsurgency Era 19616:American Military History 19363:Kuzmarov, Jeremy (2009). 17788:10.1080/01636608509477343 17623:Robbers, Gerhard (2007). 16896:Progressive International 16248:. Little, Brown. p. 16003:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 15895:Zimmer, Louis B. (2011). 15772:Terzani, Tiziano (1976). 14922:Stewart, Richard (2005). 14785:Currey, Cecil B. (2005). 14419:10.1017/s0305741000017653 14212:Villard, Erik B. (2008). 14183:. Atlantic Monthly Press. 13666:. BACM Research. p. 13595:Tilford, Earl L. (1991). 13391:VanDeMark, Brian (1995). 12544:10.1080/14682740500284630 12499:Vu, Tuong (25 May 2007). 12308:. Asian Publishing House. 12096:Maclear, Michael (1981). 11320:Falk, Richard A. (1973). 11156:Eckhardt, George (1991). 11123:Sliwinski, Marek (1995). 10898:"Asian Allies in Vietnam" 9809:"Hmong rebellion in Laos" 9687:. Presidio. p. 171. 9539:China's Foreign Relations 9197:gives a figure of 58,226) 9081:List of conflicts in Asia 8970:Myths play a role in the 8796:List of Vietnam War films 8520:Vietnam War POW/MIA issue 7960:Operation Rolling Thunder 7657:, which was described by 7565:, torture, and murder of 7429:For further reading, see 7201:on 21 April, he left for 6602:Vietnamization, 1969–1972 6401: 6351: 6064:Operation Rolling Thunder 6048:National Security Council 6040:Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 6004:Operation Rolling Thunder 5749:Krulak Mendenhall mission 5452:in Washington, 8 May 1957 5395:Eisenhower administration 4873:. It has been called the 4798:in April 1975, while the 4698:(VC), a South Vietnamese 4585:Viet Cong and PAVN terror 4575: 4462: 3783:Cambodia and Mekong Delta 1753: 1609: 1533: 1519:For more information see 1479: 1182:600,000+ military wounded 1145: 888:690,000 (1966, including 863: 605: 330: 227: 183:South Vietnamese general 78: 62: 57: 26626:Wars involving Australia 25118:1980 Turkish coup d'état 24953:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 24923:1978 Somali coup attempt 24883:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 24848:1973 Chilean coup d'état 24673:Revolutionary Government 24567:South African Border War 24359:1960 Turkish coup d'état 24276:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 24131:1953 Iranian coup d'état 24111:1952 Egyptian revolution 22754:Women in the Vietnam War 22686:United States news media 22631:Indochina refugee crisis 22626:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 22401:Bombing of North Vietnam 22340:Strategic Hamlet Program 22055:The U.S. Army in Vietnam 21451:The Twenty-Five Year War 21363:Nguyen, Duy Lap (2020). 21342:Nelson, Deborah (2008). 21338:official medical history 21310:Neale, Jonathan (2001). 21278:Moss, George D. (2002). 20888:Where We Were in Vietnam 20775:Ford, Harold P. (1998). 20721:Etcheson, Craig (2005). 20464:Ho Chi Minh: a biography 20356:Asselin, Pierre (2024). 18357:As recounted by McNamara 17815:The Indochina Newsletter 17776:The Washington Quarterly 17494:16 February 2017 at the 17214:Appy, Christian (1993). 17204:, Epigraph, pp. xv–xvii. 17105:. University of Vermont. 17019:South East Asia Research 16994:"Vietnam's Women of War" 16915:South China Morning Post 16607: 16400:Cornell University Press 16240:Sallah, Michael (2006). 14283:. St. Martin's Griffin. 13634:The Asia-Pacific Journal 13527:Moïse, Edwin E. (1996). 12451:Harvard University Press 11793:Kinzer, Stephen (2013). 11510:Horne, Alistair (2010). 11198:Ang, Cheng Guan (2002). 11046:National Academies Press 10860:Larsen, Stanley (1975). 9741:Le Gro, William (1985). 9576:Womack, Brantly (2006). 9513:. Reuters. 16 May 1989. 9386:Olson & Roberts 2008 8955: 8944:Country Joe and the Fish 8940:Vietnam War Song Project 8763:Diabetes mellitus type 2 8444:Indochina refugee crisis 8434:Indochina refugee crisis 8377:bloodiest genocides ever 8371:, the Khmer Rouge would 7815:Women in the Vietnam War 7808: 7702:in 1970, US congressmen 7655:Operation Speedy Express 7404:China in the Vietnam War 6903:nationwide U.S. protests 6819:5th Special Forces Group 6629:rapprochement with China 6483:, with the intention of 6475:, where the U.S. fought 6352:Planned VC/PAVN Attacks 6092:the scene of a civil war 5891:and participated in the 5722:Strategic Hamlet Program 5610:Strategic Hamlet Program 5461:." Most Vietnamese were 5189:tactical nuclear weapons 4860: 4839:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 4823:Indochina refugee crisis 4708:People's Army of Vietnam 4522:Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất 3366:DMZ Campaign (1969–1971) 3359:Vietnamization 1969–1971 2601:Malheur I and Malheur II 1496:Cambodian Civil War dead 1484:Vietnamese civilian dead 1472:Total military captured: 1178:(US estimated 1964–1974) 144:Clockwise from top left: 26661:Wars involving Thailand 26631:Wars involving Cambodia 25323:Fall of the Berlin Wall 25268:People Power Revolution 25253:Central American crisis 25193:1986 Black Sea incident 24843:1973 Afghan coup d'état 24741:Western Sahara conflict 24552:1966 Syrian coup d'état 24475:1963 Syrian coup d'état 24418:Portuguese Colonial War 24381:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 24146:1954 Syrian coup d'état 24023:Annexation of Hyderabad 23966:1947–1949 Palestine war 23597:20th century in Vietnam 22373:Gulf of Tonkin incident 22294:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 22078:Virtual Vietnam Archive 22051:in Open-Content project 21601:Vietnam order of battle 21546:Schulzinger, Robert D. 21191:Miller, Edward (2013). 21037:Lawrence, A.T. (2009). 20877:Hitchens, Christopher. 20820:Greiner, Bernd (2010). 20706:Oxford University Press 20639:DoD (6 November 1998). 20601:Crump, Laurien (2015). 20341:. London: Ebury Press. 20099:Volume IV, Vietnam 1966 20016:"Cora Weiss Collection" 19970:Woodruff, Mark (2005). 19934:. Infobase Publishing. 19725:Nalty, Bernard (1998). 19207:www.publichealth.va.gov 18062:Oxford University Press 16783:Wiesner, Louis (1988). 16731:Oxford University Press 16524:Greiner, Bernd (2010). 16175:Solis, Gary D. (2010). 15298:Vietnam order of battle 15271:Porter, Gareth (1993). 15131:Robert, Graham (1984). 13096:Galbraith, John Kenneth 12916:Morrocco, John (1985). 12850:Young, Marilyn (1991). 11539:. PRLog. Archived from 11458:Zierler, David (2011). 11288:Kolko, Gabriel (1985). 10984:British Medical Journal 9779:"The rise of Communism" 9358:Lawrence, A.T. (2009). 9118:Richard B. Fitzgibbon's 8843:The Diary of Anne Frank 8779:porphyria cutanea tarda 8292:Operation Linebacker II 7954:Extent of U.S. bombings 7929:L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle 7713:International Red Cross 7673:"The Terror of War" by 7445:surface-to-air missiles 7412:In the summer of 1962, 7248:Operation Frequent Wind 7230:Operation Frequent Wind 6999:Operation Linebacker II 6927:Operation Commando Hunt 6920: 6190:On 8 March 1965, 3,500 5976:Gulf of Tonkin incident 5970:Gulf of Tonkin incident 5753:McNamara Taylor mission 5440:and Secretary of State 5427: 5171:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 5165:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 5000:of contemporary Vietnam 4739:Gulf of Tonkin incident 4710:(PAVN) engaged in more 1879:Dương Liễu – Nhông Pass 1697:Thai–Laotian Border War 1460:Total military wounded: 1390:521 dead; 3,129 wounded 1265:Total military wounded: 1049:72,000 (Royal Army and 277:(spillover conflict in 26691:Wars involving Vietnam 25617:Neoclassical economics 25128:Gulf of Sidra incident 24685:1969 Libyan revolution 24376:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 24161:1954 Geneva Conference 23921:Turkish straits crisis 23916:Corfu Channel incident 22782:Battles and operations 22722:Awards and decorations 22636:Vietnamese boat people 22605:Impact of Agent Orange 22593:Body count controversy 22300:1954 Geneva Conference 22063:at The History Channel 22010:13 August 2012 at the 21989:Video produced by the 20963:(October 2006): 62–69. 20399:Berman, Larry (1989). 20330:television documentary 20197:Myers, Thomas (1988). 20036:Volume I, Vietnam 1964 19679:(memo). Archived from 19181:Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus) 18735:Lepre, George (2011). 18476:Dacy, Douglas (1986). 18094:Critical Asian Studies 17347:Lind, Michael (1999). 16874:Australian Left Review 16754:Pike, Douglas (1996). 16644:Pedahzur, Ami (2006). 16490:McCoy, Alfred (2006). 16339:. Metropolitan Books. 15897:The Vietnam War Debate 15510:Church, Peter (2006). 15440:Susan E. Cook (2004). 15382:Sutsakhan, S. (1987). 15340:. 2010. Archived from 15246:. NYU Press. pp. 15242:Wiest, Andrew (2007). 14677:"Nixon's Nuclear Ploy" 14622:International Security 14591:Johns, Andrew (2010). 14524:Sorley, Lewis (1999). 14478:Berman, Larry (1991). 13839:Church, Peter (2006). 13446:Hunt, Michael (2016). 13346:Warner, Roger (1996). 13242:Vietnam War Dictionary 13157:Gibson, James (1986). 13113:Sheehan, Neil (1989). 12300:Murti, B.S.N. (1964). 11839:Hess, Gary R. (1972). 11797:. Macmillan. pp. 11512:Kissinger's Year: 1973 11384:Cork Online Law Review 11135:. pp. 42–43, 48. 10845:. 1964. Archived from 10319:Hastings, Max (2018). 9813:Members.ozemail.com.au 8828:Đặng Thùy Trâm's Diary 8813: 8722: 8666: 8604: 8490: 8457:Vietnamese boat people 8438:Vietnamese boat people 8349: 8336:Gabriel García Márquez 8311: 8299: 7999:Vietnam War casualties 7972:CIA activities in Laos 7968:Operation Freedom Deal 7908: 7874: 7824: 7771: 7686: 7640:US forces established 7607: 7440: 7314: 7239: 7139: 7126:Battle of Ban Me Thuot 7079: 7075:, a NVA soldier and a 7030: 6965: 6915:Operation Freedom Deal 6870:In March 1970, Prince 6848: 6835:Operation Freedom Deal 6796: 6784: 6767:Battle of FSB Mary Ann 6741:Collapsing U.S. morale 6655: 6544: 6521:ARVN Airborne Division 6501:U.S. Embassy in Saigon 6464: 6452: 6404:VC/PAVN Represent 14% 6253: 6187: 6129: 6036:retaliatory airstrikes 6006: 5839: 5800:Huế Phật Đản shootings 5796: 5714:John Kenneth Galbraith 5677: 5619: 5453: 5377:in October 1955, Diệm 5333: 5319: 5300: 5249: 5247:1954 Geneva Conference 5229:Land reform in Vietnam 5221:1954 Geneva Conference 5101: 5001: 4819:Vietnamese boat people 4688:1954 Geneva Conference 4656:, while the south was 2987:Bien Hoa and Long Binh 1662:Khmer Rouge–Vietnamese 1521:Vietnam War casualties 1502:Laotian Civil War dead 606:Commanders and leaders 26656:Wars involving Taiwan 26556:Civil wars in Vietnam 26467:Russia–NATO relations 26348:Jonathan Reed Winkler 25632:Democratic capitalism 25627:Supply-side economics 25595:American conservatism 25394:Breakup of Yugoslavia 25283:Bougainville conflict 25198:South Yemen civil war 25133:Martial law in Poland 24996:Nicaraguan Revolution 24971:Dirty War (Argentina) 24778:1971 JVP insurrection 24592:Years of Lead (Italy) 24470:North Yemen civil war 24388:Berlin Crisis of 1961 24364:Albanian–Soviet split 24296:1959 Tibetan uprising 24261:Syrian Crisis of 1957 24116:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 23976:1948 Arab–Israeli War 22491:1975 spring offensive 22450:ARVN campaign in Laos 22446:Vietnamization policy 22037:30 April 2011 at the 21949:10.1525/vs.2009.4.3.1 21712:Tran, Nu-Anh (2022). 21681:Tucker, Spencer. ed. 21563:. New York: Vintage. 21314:. London: Bookmarks. 21212:Milne, David (2008). 21168:McNeill, Ian (1993). 20952:"Bombs over Cambodia" 20725:. New York: Praeger. 20157:McCain, John (1999). 18310:Nghia, M. Vo (2006). 18285:. Zed Books. p. 17990:. 21 September 1977. 17840:Nghia, M. Vo (2004). 17576:Yale University Press 16494:. Macmillan. p. 15338:National Park Service 14277:Keyes, Ralph (2006). 14179:Bowden, Mark (2017). 13735:. Allen & Unwin. 13731:McNeill, Ian (1993). 12953:Prados, John (2006). 12891:Prados, John (1999). 12611:. Beacon Press. 1971. 12505:Vietnam Studies Group 12149:The Wars for Viet Nam 12002:Biersteker, Thomas J. 11252:Li, Xiaobing (2010). 10724:Kueter, Dale (2007). 9114:Department of Defense 9023:issued an additional 8902:Good Morning, Vietnam 8803: 8783:peripheral neuropathy 8716: 8665:, South Vietnam, 1969 8656: 8647:Further information: 8602: 8554:Total (2015 dollars) 8480: 8353:security council veto 8344: 8309: 8289: 8276:Further information: 7906: 7868: 7822: 7766: 7677:, which won the 1973 7672: 7602: 7438: 7308:March on the Pentagon 7305: 7237: 7137: 7122:1975 spring offensive 7066: 7050:Case–Church Amendment 7028: 6984:as Nixon's opponent, 6963: 6941:Operation Lam Son 719 6935:Operation Lam Son 719 6911:Kent State University 6846: 6794: 6775: 6745:Further information: 6642: 6542: 6458: 6450: 6251: 6211:U. S. Grant Sharp Jr. 6177: 6123: 5989: 5980:Further information: 5909:Further information: 5837: 5788: 5671: 5617: 5435: 5324: 5314: 5298: 5270:psychological warfare 5244: 5088: 5042:Franklin D. Roosevelt 4988: 4915:Government of Vietnam 4841:. In response, China 4800:1975 spring offensive 4188:Tan Son Nhut Air Base 3524:Montgomery Rendezvous 3407:Massachusetts Striker 2977:Tan Son Nhut Air Base 1911:American intervention 1672:Cambodian–Thai border 1560:and was supported by 1516:: 1,326,494–3,447,494 1490:Vietnamese total dead 1146:Casualties and losses 1082:(in Vietnam and Laos) 1005:1,500,000 (1974–1975) 204:Douglas A-4C Skyhawks 25888:Non-Aligned Movement 25510:Peaceful coexistence 25464:North Borneo dispute 25379:German reunification 25374:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 25072:Salvadoran Civil War 25021:Grand Mosque seizure 25016:Yemenite War of 1979 24908:Mozambican Civil War 24863:Carnation Revolution 24818:Yemenite War of 1972 24756:1970 Polish protests 24587:1967 Hong Kong riots 24562:Argentine Revolution 24512:Guatemalan Civil War 24440:Cuban Missile Crisis 24354:Bay of Pigs Invasion 24226:1956 Poznań protests 24204:Geneva Summit (1955) 23806:Hukbalahap Rebellion 23785:Non-Aligned Movement 23284:Dwight D. Eisenhower 22610:Environmental impact 22482:Battle of Phước Long 22247:Cold War (1962–1979) 22072:Vietnam war timeline 21541:The Time of Illusion 20879:The Vietnam Syndrome 20839:Healy, Gene (2009). 20796:. Greenhaven Press. 20446:Blaufarb Douglas S. 19750:Blackwell Publishing 19276:VOV Online Newspaper 17687:"The End of the War" 17658:"The End of the War" 17079:10.1353/ff.2017.0006 17013:Healy, Dana (2006). 16459:(15 December 2003). 16335:Turse, Nick (2013). 16047:on 22 February 2012. 15960:Qiang, Zhai (2000). 15041:Sevy, Grace (1991). 15013:Armed Forces Journal 14829:Stein, Jeff (1992). 14480:Lyndon Johnson's War 13763:on 21 November 2022. 13699:Moyar, Mark (2006). 13350:. Steerforth Press. 13015:, Basic Books, 2002. 12858:. Harper Perennial. 12823:. Washington, D.C.: 12772:Argument Without End 10477:Rummel, R.J (1997), 9883:on 10 November 2022. 9259:Lucius Mendel Rivers 9249:They were: Senators 8871:Francis Ford Coppola 8499:Harold Keith Johnson 8467:In the United States 8384:Democratic Kampuchea 8322:"50,000 to 80,000" ( 7683:a nine-year-old girl 7539:as border sentries. 7472:signals intelligence 7214:Tan Son Nhut Airport 7170:Ho Chi Minh Campaign 7164:Ho Chi Minh Campaign 7130:Hue–Da Nang Campaign 6975:Operation Linebacker 6872:Sihanouk was deposed 6635:Hanoi's war strategy 6525:1st Cavalry Division 6505:intelligence failure 6473:Khe Sanh combat base 6207:William Westmoreland 5648:Bay of Pigs Invasion 5636:Cuban Missile Crisis 5543:coalition government 5438:Dwight D. Eisenhower 5201:Dwight D. Eisenhower 4895:Kháng chiến chống Mỹ 4875:Second Indochina War 4745:that gave President 4712:conventional warfare 4677:Cambodian civil wars 4482:U.S. Embassy bombing 2363:Tan Son Nhut airbase 1741:Military engagements 1564:for much of the war. 1454:Total military dead: 1315:≈ 1,000,000 captured 1176:666,000–950,765 dead 831:William Westmoreland 753:Dwight D. Eisenhower 187:summarily executing 18:Second Indochina War 26636:Wars involving Laos 26551:Cambodian Civil War 26333:Alex von Tunzelmann 26323:Vladimir Tismăneanu 26248:Thomas J. McCormick 26243:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 26143:Robert Hugh Ferrell 26006:Crusade for Freedom 25803:Illiberal democracy 25687:Ho Chi Minh Thought 25490:Eisenhower Doctrine 25343:Peaceful Revolution 25338:Romanian Revolution 25318:Revolutions of 1989 25303:1988 Polish strikes 25213:Operation INFEKTION 25208:1987 Lieyu massacre 25113:Eritrean Civil Wars 25096:Peruvian Revolution 25046:1979 Herat uprising 25036:Sino-Vietnamese War 25001:Uganda–Tanzania War 24981:Egyptian–Libyan War 24948:Third Indochina War 24943:Sino-Albanian split 24933:Ethiopian Civil War 24833:Eritrean Civil Wars 24773:Ping-pong diplomacy 24746:Cambodian Civil War 24572:Korean DMZ Conflict 24557:Cultural Revolution 24527:Dominican Civil War 24505:Tlatelolco massacre 24291:1959 Mosul uprising 24281:1958 Lebanon crisis 24008:Al-Wathbah uprising 23931:First Indochina War 23901:Iran crisis of 1946 23645:First Indochina War 23389:General Secretary: 23375:General Secretary: 22690:In popular culture 22643:Sino-Vietnamese War 22473:Paris Peace Accords 22286:First Indochina War 22275:Japanese occupation 22242:Cambodian Civil War 21830:The China Quarterly 21603:. Stackpole Books. 21418:(7659): 1482–1486. 21106:. Harlow: Longman. 20656:Dror, Olga (2018). 20651:on 20 October 2013. 20605:. Oxon: Routledge. 20582:. College Station: 20453:Brigham, Robert K. 20328:The History Channel 19932:Vietnam War almanac 19541:on 17 November 2017 19457:on 14 November 2017 19338:Milam, Ron (2009). 19149:The Washington Post 18904:The Huffington Post 18588:Inter Press Service 18540:library.cqpress.com 18347:on 28 December 2019 18341:The Washington Post 18159:. 3 December 2012. 18157:The Huffington Post 17927:The Washington Post 17629:Infobase Publishing 17378:Friedman, Herbert. 17066:Feminist Formations 16221:on 15 December 2012 15847:on 1 February 2023. 15300:. Stackpole Books. 14896:(1). Archived from 14407:The China Quarterly 13944:. Alfred A. Knopf. 13585:, pp. 97, 261. 13502:The New York Times] 13412:... winning the war 13375:W. Averell Harriman 13141:John Bartlow Martin 12989:on 7 February 2023. 12831:on 12 February 2014 12133:. pp. 391–404. 11998:McNamara, Robert S. 11491:on 24 December 2022 11202:. RoutledgeCurzon. 10991:(7659): 1482–1486. 10765:on 14 February 2023 10643:on 24 January 2014. 10616:26 May 2020 at the 10344:James F. Dunnigan; 10195:on 10 November 2022 10164:on 17 December 2018 10158:Ministry of Defence 10011:on 12 October 2013. 9789:on 17 November 2010 9767:on 2 February 2023. 9536:Roy, Denny (1998). 9447:on 1 September 2019 9344:on 20 October 2013. 9206:Prior to this, the 9091:Third Indochina War 8771:soft-tissue sarcoma 8755:respiratory cancers 8538: 8496:Army Chief of Staff 8422:Unexploded ordnance 8417:Unexploded ordnance 8396:Sino-Vietnamese War 8328:The Washington Post 8016: 7936:First Indochina War 7708:William R. Anderson 7519:, and the Buddhist 7470:helped develop the 7464:Soviet Armed Forces 7263:Independence Palace 7102:attacked Phước Long 7098:Phước Long Province 7010:Paris Peace Accords 6896:Operation Chenla II 6839:Cambodian Civil War 6653:Republic of Vietnam 6651:to the side of the 6561:National Press Club 6554:Phase III Offensive 6407:Of All Engagements 6328: 6164:American ground war 6158:Battle of Đồng Xoài 6126:Battle of Dong Xoai 6068:Operation Arc Light 5996:F-105 Thunderchiefs 5821:ARVN Special Forces 5529:In September 1960, 5483:land reform program 5479:political prisoners 5413:Diệm era, 1954–1963 5328:, commander of the 5268:, then initiated a 5100:(left), 1 June 1946 5077:First Indochina War 5071:First Indochina War 5004:In September 1940, 4996:, prototype of the 4877:since it spread to 4807:enormous human cost 4788:Paris Peace Accords 4658:supported by the US 3835:Paris Peace Accords 3615:Pennsylvania Square 3269:Phase III Offensive 3164:Landing Zone Center 2278:Baton Rouge Victory 1646:Cambodian Civil War 1492:: 966,000–3,010,000 1486:: 405,000–2,000,000 26561:Cold War conflicts 26487:Russian Revolution 26283:Mary Elise Sarotte 26268:William B. Pickett 26193:Patrick J. Hearden 26173:Gabriel Gorodetsky 26168:Timothy Garton Ash 26153:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 25748:Ethnic nationalism 25500:Hallstein Doctrine 25384:Yemeni unification 25173:1985 Geneva Summit 25138:Casamance conflict 25041:New Jewel Movement 25026:Iranian Revolution 25011:Chadian–Libyan War 24958:Cambodian conflict 24938:Lebanese Civil War 24928:Western Sahara War 24903:June 1976 protests 24898:Cambodian genocide 24663:17 July Revolution 24617:Nigerian Civil War 24532:Rhodesian Bush War 24517:Colombian conflict 24460:Ramadan Revolution 24199:Bandung Conference 24075:Operation Valuable 23956:Partition of India 23268:Christmas Bombings 22464:Christmas bombings 22437:Cambodian campaign 22018:Fallout of the War 21995:History Detectives 21927:(Greenwood, 1993) 21897:Historical Journal 21641:Summers, Harry G. 21619:Stuart-Fox, Martin 21539:Schell, Jonathan. 21081:America in Vietnam 20843:. Cato Institute. 20520:. pp. 13–35. 20335:Appy, Christian G. 20295:Additional sources 20163:. Harper Collins. 20130:Mission with LeMay 20008:The World Factbook 19675:Kissinger (1975). 19658:Vietnam: A History 19644:Mandate for Change 19627:on 20 January 2020 19619:. Washington, DC: 19049:10.1093/ije/dyl038 18932:. 18 December 2022 17988:The New York Times 17353:The New York Times 17173:"Fully Integrated" 17122:The New York Times 17101:Sara Pike (2008). 17002:. 10 January 2003. 16817:. 4 November 2015. 16762:. Presidio Press. 16368:. pp. 42–43. 16311:on 19 October 2016 16284:on 5 February 2023 16098:on 17 January 2013 16023:The New York Times 15941:on 11 January 2013 15625:The New York Times 15542:on 20 January 2013 15228:on 31 August 2011. 15106:The New York Times 15076:The New York Times 14900:on 12 January 2008 14862:Bob Seals (2007). 14681:nsarchive2.gwu.edu 14499:The New York Times 14310:The New York Times 14143:The New York Times 14037:www.historynet.com 13822:The New York Times 13139:Live interview by 13034:. Washington, DC: 12718:Hoover Institution 12559:Vu, Tuong (2010). 12405:Far Eastern Survey 12183:www.britannica.com 12102:. Thames. p. 11588:Marlatt, Greta E. 11565:. 15 August 2016. 11296:. Pantheon Books. 11166:on 19 October 2017 10939:The New York Times 10842:The New York Times 10589:, 15 August 2016, 10543:on 29 January 2023 10449:. Westview Press. 10323:. Harper Collins. 10048:America in Vietnam 9418:on 19 October 2017 9313:Additional sources 9255:Richard B. Russell 8814: 8806:(Mourning Soldier) 8790:In popular culture 8723: 8667: 8605: 8571:$ 1 trillion 8568:$ 135 billion 8559:$ 111 billion 8537:Direct costs only 8534: 8491: 8316:re-education camps 8312: 8300: 8009: 7979:The New York Times 7909: 7875: 7825: 7772: 7725:2nd Marine Brigade 7692:Benjamin Valentino 7687: 7608: 7571:military necessity 7537:Vietnamese Rangers 7441: 7371:Vietnam Moratorium 7342:. Others, such as 7315: 7294:Fulbright Hearings 7240: 7140: 7087:ceasefire period. 7080: 7031: 6966: 6892:Cambodian Campaign 6849: 6814:small unit tactics 6797: 6731:The New York Times 6716:Green Beret Affair 6656: 6545: 6471:and at the Marine 6465: 6453: 6337:Total Engagements 6326: 6277:Battle of Ia Drang 6273:search and destroy 6254: 6188: 6154:Battle of Bình Giã 6130: 6116:The 1964 offensive 6096:Laotian government 6062:to North Vietnam. 6009:On 2 August 1964, 6007: 5998:dropping bombs on 5958:, whom journalist 5943:... must be joined 5931:President Kennedy 5840: 5678: 5658:The New York Times 5620: 5454: 5442:John Foster Dulles 5334: 5301: 5258:John Foster Dulles 5250: 5102: 5049:surrender of Japan 5002: 4951:, established the 4835:Cambodian genocide 4756:search and destroy 4706:in the south. The 4682:After the fall of 4612:was a conflict in 4567:Cai Lậy schoolyard 3949:Fall of Phnom Penh 3608:Cambodian campaign 1667:Cambodian Conflict 1449:9 dead; 64 wounded 164:troops in action, 26576:Laotian Civil War 26518: 26517: 26505:List of conflicts 26353:Rudolph Winnacker 26298:Giles Scott-Smith 26273:Ronald E. Powaski 26228:Melvyn P. Leffler 26158:John Lewis Gaddis 26133:Robert D. English 26098:Warren H. Carroll 26088:Michael Beschloss 26057:Nuclear arms race 26038: 26037: 25944:Neues Deutschland 25846: 25845: 25828:White nationalism 25798:Liberal democracy 25535:Ulbricht Doctrine 25525:Brezhnev Doctrine 25333:Velvet Revolution 25077:Soviet–Afghan War 24893:Angolan Civil War 24690:Goulash Communism 24547:ASEAN Declaration 24500:Mexican Dirty War 24398:Annexation of Goa 24349:1960 U-2 incident 24323:Sino-Soviet split 24301:Laotian Civil War 24141:Bricker Amendment 24121:Mau Mau rebellion 24065:Malayan Emergency 24053:Chinese Civil War 24013:Tito–Stalin split 23867:Division of Korea 23691: 23690: 23686: 23685: 23634:World War II 23564: 23563: 23302:Lyndon B. Johnson 23080:Buddhist Uprising 22800: 22799: 22517:Ho Chi Minh trail 22410:Buddhist Uprising 22368:Coup against Minh 22359:Coup against Diem 22282:(1949–1955) 22237:Laotian Civil War 22230:Related conflicts 22209:Republic of China 21879:978-0-0919-1011-2 21872:. London: Ebury. 21815:978-0-06-092107-1 21794:Young, Marilyn B. 21785:978-0-8050-8691-1 21763:978-0-8179-6431-3 21744:978-1-85109-960-3 21704:978-1-85728-921-3 21674:978-0-8133-7132-0 21634:978-0-521-59235-2 21624:A History of Laos 21610:978-0-8117-0071-9 21591:Spector, Ronald. 21570:978-0-679-72414-8 21532:978-0-7425-6697-2 21500:978-0-7425-5914-1 21481:978-0-89141-550-3 21396:978-0-8018-6703-3 21374:978-1-5261-4396-9 21355:978-0-465-00527-7 21321:978-1-898876-67-0 21302:978-0-521-86911-9 21270:978-0-8108-4183-3 21247:978-0-8078-2300-2 21223:978-0-374-10386-6 21183:978-1-86373-282-6 21174:Allen & Unwin 21151:978-0-19-558376-2 21132:978-0-521-83720-0 21113:978-0-582-31918-9 21100:Logevall, Fredrik 21091:978-0-19-502732-7 21067:978-0-19-531465-6 21048:978-0-7864-4517-2 21029:978-0-13-276932-7 20986:978-0-394-74761-3 20942:978-0-300-14434-5 20920:978-0-691-07846-5 20897:978-1-55571-625-7 20869:978-0-07-253618-8 20850:978-1-933995-19-9 20831:978-0-09-953259-0 20803:978-0-7377-2531-5 20758:978-0-9991417-9-3 20732:978-0-275-98513-4 20692:978-0-89158-794-1 20631:978-0-19-551784-2 20612:978-1-315-73254-1 20593:978-1-58544-384-0 20569:978-0-396-06241-7 20546:978-0-470-82181-7 20527:978-0-691-07807-6 20516:. Princeton, NJ: 20482:978-0-521-85062-9 20439:978-0-02-903700-3 20416:978-0-393-02636-8 20379:Harper's Magazine 20348:978-0-09-191011-2 20315:978-0-231-11492-9 20237:on 18 August 2018 20182:. Little, Brown. 20149:978-1-59845-001-9 19985:978-0-89141-866-5 19974:. Arlington, VA: 19962:978-1-62349-117-8 19941:978-0-8160-7102-9 19922:978-0-231-12841-4 19903:978-0-313-33755-0 19884:978-0-394-53028-4 19829:(5809): 176–179. 19759:978-1-4051-8222-5 19736:978-0-7607-1697-7 19667:978-0-14-026547-7 19378:978-1-55849-705-4 19349:978-0-8078-3712-2 19301:Brummer, Justin. 18797:on 12 August 2014 18746:978-0-89672-715-1 18679:"The War's Costs" 18513:. 22 January 2014 18492:978-0-521-30327-9 18385:The Baltimore Sun 18321:978-0-7864-2345-3 18296:978-1-85649-610-0 18071:978-0-19-997731-4 17851:978-0-7864-1714-8 17700:978-0-8330-4754-0 17671:978-0-8330-4754-0 17642:978-0-8160-6078-8 17585:978-0-300-10262-8 17578:. p. xxiii. 17525:978-0-300-04813-1 17411:Los Angeles Times 17225:978-0-8078-6011-3 17060:Ly, Lynn (2017). 16999:Los Angeles Times 16794:978-0-313-26306-4 16769:978-0-89141-243-4 16740:978-0-19-062730-0 16696:978-1-60344-059-2 16657:978-0-415-77029-3 16535:978-0-09-953259-0 16528:. Vintage Books. 16505:978-0-8050-8041-4 16442:978-0-522-85333-9 16409:978-0-8014-7273-2 16346:978-0-8050-8691-1 16305:"Free Fire Zones" 16303:Lewis M. Simons. 16259:978-0-316-15997-5 16190:978-1-139-48711-5 16161:978-1-351-99742-3 16077:978-0-89141-421-6 15971:978-0-8078-4842-5 15906:978-0-7391-3769-7 15881:978-1-55849-693-4 15797:Bui, Tin (1999). 15605:978-0-939526-16-1 15575:on 11 August 2018 15521:978-0-470-82181-7 15496:978-0-307-40960-7 15426:978-0-939526-07-9 15398:on 12 April 2019. 15307:978-0-8117-0071-9 15282:978-0-8014-2168-6 15257:978-0-8147-9451-7 15200:978-0-307-41734-3 15056:978-0-8061-2390-5 14985:978-0-19-069110-3 14939:978-0-16-072541-8 14884:(February 1997). 14848:978-0-312-07037-3 14800:978-1-57488-742-6 14602:978-0-8131-7369-6 14464:978-0-8014-8209-0 14290:978-0-312-34004-9 14263:978-0-7618-3281-2 14228:978-1-5142-8522-0 14123:978-1-4696-2835-6 13951:978-0-307-70025-4 13906:978-1-5247-3310-0 13850:978-0-470-82481-8 13742:978-1-86373-282-6 13714:978-0-521-86911-9 13542:978-0-8078-2300-2 13482:978-0-13-276932-7 13457:978-0-19-937102-0 13393:Into the Quagmire 13357:978-1-883642-36-5 13332:978-0-306-81165-4 13325:. Da Capo Press. 13303:978-0-7425-6697-2 13270:978-0-02-903700-3 13126:978-0-679-72414-8 12968:978-1-84603-020-8 12865:978-0-06-092107-1 12646:National Archives 12574:978-1-139-48901-0 12485:978-0-253-33854-9 12460:978-0-674-07608-2 12389:978-0-8179-6431-3 12113:978-0-312-79094-3 12079:978-0-07-253618-8 12023:978-1-891620-87-4 11944:978-0-19-530959-1 11906:en.wikisource.org 11808:978-1-4299-5352-8 11630:978-1-312-93158-9 11594:Libguides.nps.edu 11521:978-0-7538-2700-0 11469:978-0-8203-3827-9 11303:978-0-394-74761-3 11263:978-0-8131-7386-3 11209:978-0-7007-1615-9 11142:978-2-7384-3525-5 11101:978-0-938692-49-2 11055:978-0-309-07334-9 10876:978-1-5176-2724-9 10735:978-1-4259-6931-8 10573:on 29 April 2023. 10456:978-0-8133-7132-0 10359:978-0-312-25282-3 10330:978-0-06-240567-8 10057:978-0-19-987423-1 9757:978-1-4102-2542-9 9694:978-0-89141-133-8 9643:978-1-85109-960-3 9591:978-0-521-61834-2 9578:China and Vietnam 9553:978-0-8476-9013-8 9489:978-0-939526-21-5 9369:978-0-7864-4517-2 9086:Soviet–Afghan War 8908:Casualties of War 8896:Full Metal Jacket 8731:US District Court 8626:Proclamation 4483 8575: 8574: 8562:$ 16 billion 8524:missing in action 8509:coined the term " 8411:velvet revolution 8359:Laos and Cambodia 8282:Mayaguez incident 8267:In Southeast Asia 8239: 8238: 7737:Binh Tai Massacre 7733:Bình Hòa massacre 7729:Điện Bàn District 7073:Central Highlands 7039:Nobel Peace Prize 6931:Laotian Civil War 6700:anti-war movement 6534:Battle of Bến Tre 6430: 6429: 6209:informed Admiral 6194:were landed near 6170:Buddhist Uprising 6085:Laotian Civil War 5937:Lyndon B. Johnson 5857:Henry Cabot Lodge 5780:Robert F. Kennedy 5701:Kennedy advisors 5687:counterinsurgency 5628:Nikita Khrushchev 5589:Ho Chi Minh trail 5567:Ho Chi Minh trail 5514:Châu Đốc massacre 5336:According to the 5215:Transition period 5209:Geneva Conference 5175:Operation Vulture 5096:led by president 5057:Empire of Vietnam 5053:August Revolution 5030:Republic of China 4855:Watergate scandal 4760:strategic bombing 4747:Lyndon B. Johnson 4732:military advisors 4724:Ho Chi Minh trail 4667:. This made it a 4603: 4602: 4416: 4415: 3962:Mayaguez incident 3656:Firebase O'Reilly 3538:Campbell Streamer 3248:Pocahontas Forest 2119:Buddhist Uprising 2015:Masher/White Wing 1705: 1704: 1641:Laotian Civil War 1568: 1567: 1498:: 275,000–310,000 1110:Peak: 552 in 1968 986:≈1,420,000 (1968) 782:Lyndon B. Johnson 326: 325: 310:Reunification of 160:North Vietnamese 16:(Redirected from 26718: 26706:1970s in Vietnam 26701:1960s in Vietnam 26696:1950s in Vietnam 26263:David S. Painter 26188:John Earl Haynes 26118:Nicholas J. Cull 26103:Adrian Cioroianu 26083:Thomas A. Bailey 26030:Voice of America 25921: 25920: 25833:White separatism 25813:Social democracy 25808:Guided democracy 25788:Authoritarianism 25738:Ultranationalism 25728:Anti-imperialism 25655:Marxism–Leninism 25568: 25567: 25555:Kinmen Agreement 25520:Johnson Doctrine 25505:Kennedy Doctrine 25421:Frozen conflicts 25404:1991 August Coup 25293:Afghan Civil War 25188:Reykjavík Summit 25183:Somali Rebellion 25123:Ugandan Bush War 25101:Gdańsk Agreement 24622:Protests of 1968 24602:War of Attrition 24311:Cuban Revolution 24247:We will bury you 24214:Cyprus Emergency 24194:Kashmir Princess 24184:Jebel Akhdar War 24033:Western betrayal 23718: 23711: 23704: 23695: 23694: 23612:World War I 23605: 23604: 23591: 23584: 23577: 23568: 23567: 23353:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 23271: 23270: 23264: 23257: 23256: 23246: 23239: 23238: 23228: 23221: 23220: 23212: 23205: 23204: 23198: 23191: 23190: 23188:Easter Offensive 23184: 23177: 23176: 23166: 23159: 23158: 23150: 23143: 23142: 23135: 23128: 23127: 23119: 23112: 23111: 23105: 23098: 23097: 23090: 23083: 23082: 23076: 23069: 23068: 23058: 23051: 23050: 23042: 23035: 23034: 23024: 23017: 23016: 23008: 23001: 23000: 22992: 22985: 22984: 22978: 22971: 22970: 22960: 22953: 22952: 22942: 22935: 22934: 22926: 22919: 22918: 22910: 22903: 22902: 22895: 22888: 22887: 22879: 22872: 22871: 22865: 22858: 22857: 22855:Battle of Saigon 22851: 22827: 22820: 22813: 22804: 22803: 22790: 22789: 22780: 22779: 22770: 22769: 22527:Operation Popeye 22459:Easter Offensive 22280:State of Vietnam 22270:French Indochina 22252:Cold War in Asia 22160:Việt Minh / PAVN 22126: 22119: 22112: 22103: 22102: 21975: 21952: 21920: 21891: 21853: 21824:China Quarterly. 21819: 21803: 21789: 21767: 21748: 21729: 21708: 21678: 21638: 21614: 21574: 21536: 21524: 21513: 21504: 21485: 21469: 21454: 21445: 21435: 21424:10.1136/bmj.a137 21400: 21378: 21359: 21337: 21325: 21306: 21283: 21274: 21262: 21251: 21227: 21208: 21187: 21164: 21155: 21136: 21117: 21095: 21071: 21052: 21033: 21014: 20995:Kort, Michael G. 20990: 20978: 20964: 20956: 20946: 20924: 20912: 20901: 20882: 20873: 20854: 20835: 20816: 20807: 20788: 20771: 20762: 20741:Fall, Bernard B. 20736: 20717: 20696: 20673: 20652: 20647:. Archived from 20635: 20616: 20597: 20573: 20561: 20550: 20531: 20508: 20506: 20504: 20486: 20443: 20420: 20395: 20393: 20391: 20373: 20352: 20319: 20289: 20272: 20262: 20246: 20244: 20242: 20222: 20212: 20193: 20174: 20153: 20133: 20124: 20113: 20092: 20071: 20050: 20023: 19989: 19966: 19945: 19926: 19907: 19888: 19877:. Random House. 19876: 19862: 19815: 19799:ASIL Proceedings 19792: 19763: 19740: 19721: 19692: 19690: 19688: 19671: 19649: 19647: 19636: 19634: 19632: 19605: 19586:10.2307/20456664 19556: 19550: 19548: 19546: 19526:Federal Register 19517: 19511: 19510: 19508: 19506: 19501:on 10 April 2023 19497:. Archived from 19476: 19470: 19466: 19464: 19462: 19442:Federal Register 19433: 19427: 19426: 19424: 19422: 19413:. Archived from 19389: 19383: 19382: 19360: 19354: 19353: 19335: 19318: 19317: 19315: 19313: 19298: 19292: 19291: 19289: 19287: 19282:on 28 April 2019 19268: 19262: 19261: 19259: 19257: 19248:. 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Archived from 18332: 18326: 18325: 18307: 18301: 18300: 18278: 18272: 18271: 18269: 18267: 18251: 18245: 18244: 18242: 18240: 18221: 18215: 18214: 18212: 18210: 18190: 18184: 18179: 18173: 18172: 18170: 18168: 18149: 18143: 18142: 18124: 18118: 18117: 18082: 18076: 18075: 18048: 18042: 18041: 18036: 18034: 18018: 18012: 18011: 18009: 18007: 17998:. Archived from 17980: 17974: 17973: 17971: 17969: 17950: 17944: 17943: 17941: 17939: 17930:. 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Archived from 17344: 17338: 17336: 17332: 17330: 17328: 17317: 17311: 17309: 17307: 17305: 17294: 17288: 17287: 17285: 17283: 17266: 17260: 17259: 17257: 17255: 17236: 17230: 17229: 17211: 17205: 17199: 17193: 17192: 17190: 17188: 17169: 17163: 17162: 17161:. 27 April 2020. 17151: 17145: 17144: 17132: 17126: 17125: 17113: 17107: 17106: 17098: 17092: 17091: 17081: 17057: 17051: 17050: 17010: 17004: 17003: 16990: 16984: 16983: 16971: 16965: 16964: 16952: 16946: 16945: 16925: 16919: 16918: 16906: 16900: 16899: 16888: 16882: 16881: 16865: 16859: 16858: 16851: 16845: 16844: 16842: 16840: 16825: 16819: 16818: 16805: 16799: 16798: 16780: 16774: 16773: 16761: 16751: 16745: 16744: 16719: 16713: 16712: 16710: 16708: 16680: 16674: 16673: 16671: 16669: 16641: 16635: 16634: 16632: 16630: 16611: 16602: 16596: 16595: 16593: 16591: 16576: 16570: 16569: 16567: 16565: 16546: 16540: 16539: 16521: 16510: 16509: 16487: 16481: 16480: 16478: 16476: 16461:"Moving Targets" 16453: 16447: 16446: 16420: 16414: 16413: 16391: 16382: 16381: 16379: 16377: 16357: 16351: 16350: 16332: 16321: 16320: 16318: 16316: 16300: 16294: 16293: 16291: 16289: 16280:. Archived from 16270: 16264: 16263: 16247: 16237: 16231: 16230: 16228: 16226: 16217:. Archived from 16204: 16195: 16194: 16172: 16166: 16165: 16147: 16141: 16140: 16138: 16136: 16131:on 12 April 2019 16130: 16124:. Archived from 16123: 16114: 16108: 16107: 16105: 16103: 16088: 16082: 16081: 16065: 16055: 16049: 16048: 16037: 16031: 16030: 16029:on 7 April 2023. 16015: 16009: 16008: 16002: 15994: 15982: 15976: 15975: 15957: 15951: 15950: 15948: 15946: 15928: 15922: 15917: 15911: 15910: 15892: 15886: 15885: 15867: 15858: 15855: 15849: 15848: 15833: 15827: 15826: 15824: 15822: 15794: 15788: 15787: 15769: 15760: 15759: 15758: 15756: 15747:, archived from 15745:Voice of America 15736: 15730: 15729: 15727: 15725: 15714:official website 15703: 15697: 15696: 15695: 15693: 15673: 15667: 15666: 15664: 15662: 15647: 15641: 15640: 15638: 15636: 15627:. Archived from 15616: 15610: 15609: 15591: 15585: 15584: 15582: 15580: 15571:. Archived from 15561: 15552: 15551: 15549: 15547: 15532: 15526: 15525: 15507: 15501: 15500: 15482: 15476: 15470: 15464: 15458: 15452: 15451: 15450:on 9 April 2023. 15437: 15431: 15430: 15406: 15400: 15399: 15397: 15390: 15379: 15373: 15372: 15360: 15354: 15353: 15351: 15349: 15330: 15324: 15318: 15312: 15311: 15293: 15287: 15286: 15268: 15262: 15261: 15239: 15230: 15229: 15224:. Archived from 15214: 15205: 15204: 15186: 15171: 15170: 15168: 15162:. Archived from 15140:Military Affairs 15137: 15128: 15122: 15121: 15119: 15117: 15098: 15092: 15091: 15089: 15087: 15082:on 15 April 2023 15078:. Archived from 15067: 15061: 15060: 15038: 15032: 15031: 15029: 15027: 15021: 15010: 15001: 14990: 14989: 14967: 14956: 14955: 14953: 14951: 14919: 14910: 14909: 14907: 14905: 14878: 14872: 14871: 14866:. Archived from 14859: 14853: 14852: 14836: 14826: 14820: 14819: 14811: 14805: 14804: 14782: 14769: 14768: 14760: 14754: 14753: 14733: 14727: 14726: 14724: 14722: 14703: 14697: 14696: 14694: 14692: 14683:. Archived from 14675:Evans, Michael. 14672: 14666: 14665: 14663: 14661: 14613: 14607: 14606: 14588: 14582: 14581:Issue 18, p. 15. 14579:Command Magazine 14576: 14570: 14569: 14567: 14565: 14546: 14540: 14539: 14521: 14515: 14514: 14512: 14510: 14505:on 14 March 2023 14501:. Archived from 14490: 14484: 14483: 14475: 14469: 14468: 14450: 14439: 14438: 14402: 14396: 14395: 14393: 14391: 14376: 14370: 14369: 14363: 14355: 14327: 14318: 14317: 14316:on 9 April 2023. 14312:. Archived from 14301: 14295: 14294: 14274: 14268: 14267: 14249: 14240: 14239: 14237: 14231:. Archived from 14220: 14209: 14200: 14199: 14191: 14185: 14184: 14176: 14167: 14166: 14164: 14162: 14157:on 16 April 2023 14153:. Archived from 14134: 14128: 14127: 14109: 14086: 14085: 14083: 14081: 14062: 14053: 14052: 14050: 14048: 14029: 14023: 14022: 14020: 14018: 14009:. Archived from 13999: 13993: 13992: 13990: 13988: 13969: 13956: 13955: 13937: 13918: 13917: 13914: 13888: 13882: 13881: 13879: 13877: 13872:on 22 March 2023 13861: 13855: 13854: 13836: 13830: 13829: 13828:on 4 April 2023. 13824:. Archived from 13813: 13804: 13798: 13792: 13789: 13783: 13780: 13774: 13771: 13765: 13764: 13753: 13747: 13746: 13728: 13719: 13718: 13696: 13690: 13689: 13681: 13672: 13671: 13660: 13654: 13653: 13651: 13649: 13644:on 26 March 2023 13622: 13613: 13612: 13611:on 4 April 2023. 13610: 13603: 13592: 13586: 13580: 13574: 13573: 13571: 13569: 13564:on 26 April 2009 13560:. Archived from 13553: 13547: 13546: 13534: 13524: 13518: 13517: 13515: 13513: 13493: 13487: 13486: 13468: 13462: 13461: 13443: 13437: 13435: 13427: 13421: 13419: 13415: 13411: 13403: 13397: 13396: 13388: 13382: 13368: 13362: 13361: 13343: 13337: 13336: 13324: 13314: 13308: 13307: 13291: 13281: 13275: 13274: 13256: 13250: 13249: 13248:on 5 April 2023. 13244:. Archived from 13234: 13228: 13227: 13226:on 7 April 2023. 13212: 13206: 13200: 13191: 13190: 13185:. Archived from 13175: 13169: 13168: 13162: 13154: 13148: 13137: 13131: 13130: 13110: 13104: 13103: 13092: 13086: 13085: 13083: 13081: 13072:. Archived from 13053: 13047: 13046: 13044: 13033: 13022: 13016: 13013:A Grand Delusion 13009: 13003: 12997: 12991: 12990: 12979: 12973: 12972: 12950: 12944: 12938: 12932: 12931: 12913: 12907: 12906: 12888: 12882: 12876: 12870: 12869: 12857: 12847: 12841: 12840: 12838: 12836: 12814: 12808: 12807: 12806:on 23 July 2008. 12802:. Archived from 12796: 12790: 12789: 12767: 12761: 12760: 12748: 12738: 12732: 12731: 12709: 12703: 12702: 12700: 12698: 12683: 12677: 12671: 12665: 12664: 12662: 12660: 12654: 12643: 12635: 12629: 12619: 12613: 12612: 12605: 12590: 12589: 12586: 12582: 12555: 12531:Cold War History 12524: 12518: 12516: 12511:on 20 April 2011 12507:. Archived from 12496: 12490: 12489: 12471: 12465: 12464: 12440: 12429: 12428: 12400: 12394: 12393: 12375: 12366: 12361: 12310: 12309: 12307: 12297: 12291: 12290: 12288: 12286: 12270: 12264: 12263: 12257: 12249: 12248:on 9 April 2023. 12235: 12229: 12228: 12226: 12224: 12205: 12199: 12198: 12196: 12194: 12175: 12169: 12168: 12166: 12164: 12159:on 7 August 2011 12155:. Archived from 12141: 12135: 12134: 12127: 12118: 12117: 12093: 12084: 12083: 12065: 12054: 12053: 12051: 12049: 12044:on 12 March 2023 12040:. Archived from 12034: 12028: 12027: 12011: 11994: 11961: 11960: 11958: 11956: 11928: 11922: 11921: 11919: 11917: 11898: 11889: 11888: 11886: 11884: 11836: 11830: 11829: 11819: 11813: 11812: 11790: 11779: 11778: 11776: 11774: 11765:. 15 July 2020. 11755: 11749: 11748: 11738: 11729: 11728: 11723: 11721: 11712:. Archived from 11706: 11700: 11699: 11697: 11695: 11678:Miller, Edward. 11675: 11669: 11668: 11663: 11661: 11641: 11635: 11634: 11616: 11610: 11609: 11607: 11605: 11596:. Archived from 11585: 11579: 11578: 11576: 11574: 11559: 11553: 11552: 11550: 11548: 11543:on 25 April 2023 11532: 11526: 11525: 11507: 11501: 11500: 11498: 11496: 11480: 11474: 11473: 11455: 11446: 11445: 11435: 11426: 11425: 11424:on 27 July 2010. 11423: 11416: 11405: 11396: 11395: 11375: 11366: 11365: 11317: 11308: 11307: 11295: 11285: 11268: 11267: 11249: 11243: 11242: 11240: 11238: 11233:on 2 August 2016 11229:. Archived from 11223: 11214: 11213: 11195: 11176: 11175: 11173: 11171: 11153: 11147: 11146: 11120: 11109: 11108: 11089: 11079: 11068: 11067: 11064: 11037: 11026: 11025: 11022: 11008: 10997:10.1136/bmj.a137 10974: 10959: 10958: 10953: 10951: 10942:. Archived from 10929: 10920: 10919: 10917: 10915: 10909: 10902: 10894: 10888: 10887: 10885: 10879:. Archived from 10868: 10857: 10851: 10850: 10849:on 7 March 2023. 10833: 10827: 10826: 10824: 10822: 10817:on 18 April 2023 10807: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10796: 10781: 10775: 10774: 10772: 10770: 10755: 10749: 10746: 10740: 10739: 10721: 10712: 10711: 10709: 10707: 10687: 10676: 10670: 10669: 10667: 10660: 10651: 10645: 10644: 10642: 10635: 10627: 10621: 10608: 10602: 10601: 10600: 10598: 10581: 10575: 10574: 10562: 10553: 10552: 10550: 10548: 10542: 10536:. Archived from 10531: 10523: 10517: 10516: 10505: 10494: 10493: 10492:on 13 March 2023 10491: 10485:, archived from 10474: 10461: 10460: 10442: 10433: 10432: 10430: 10428: 10422: 10411: 10402: 10396: 10395: 10393: 10391: 10386:on 12 March 2023 10370: 10364: 10363: 10341: 10335: 10334: 10316: 10205: 10204: 10202: 10200: 10191:. Archived from 10180: 10174: 10173: 10171: 10169: 10150: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10136: 10127:. Archived from 10117: 10106: 10098: 10087: 10086: 10081:. Archived from 10071: 10062: 10061: 10040: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10004:. Archived from 9969: 9960: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9936: 9916: 9910: 9909: 9891: 9885: 9884: 9882: 9876:. Archived from 9871: 9862: 9856: 9854: 9852: 9850: 9845:on 2 August 2016 9841:. Archived from 9835: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9824: 9815:. Archived from 9805: 9799: 9798: 9796: 9794: 9785:. Archived from 9775: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9760:. Archived from 9749: 9738: 9732: 9731: 9729: 9727: 9722:on 24 April 2015 9718:. Archived from 9705: 9699: 9698: 9680: 9674: 9673: 9671: 9669: 9654: 9648: 9647: 9629: 9596: 9595: 9573: 9558: 9557: 9533: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9522: 9503: 9494: 9493: 9475: 9469: 9463: 9457: 9456: 9454: 9452: 9437: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9423: 9404: 9389: 9383: 9374: 9373: 9355: 9346: 9345: 9340:. Archived from 9330: 9285: 9276: 9270: 9267:Leslie C. Arends 9247: 9241: 9238:Da Nang Air Base 9230: 9224: 9217: 9211: 9204: 9198: 9182: 9171: 9168: 9162: 9159: 9153: 9150: 9144: 9141: 9135: 9132: 9126: 9110: 9075: 9070: 9069: 9061: 9056: 9055: 9054: 9047: 9042: 9041: 9040: 8926:We Were Soldiers 8856:The Green Berets 8767:B-cell lymphomas 8759:multiple myeloma 8700:monstrous births 8638: 8633:Victor H. Krulak 8565:$ 7 billion 8539: 8533: 8511:Vietnam Syndrome 8351:The US used its 8321: 8017: 8014: 8011:Military deaths 8008: 7871:African-American 7855:Black servicemen 7787:Đắk Sơn massacre 7781: 7778: 7704:Augustus Hawkins 7567:prisoners of war 7507:FULRO insurgency 7376:end of the draft 7290:Russell Tribunal 7284:Protests of 1968 7035:War of the flags 7016: 6970:Easter Offensive 6853:Norodom Sihanouk 6781: 6649:North Vietnamese 6582:On 10 May 1968, 6577:Creighton Abrams 6507:on the scale of 6494: 6329: 6325: 6302:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 6286:Operation Masher 6200:Da Nang Air Base 6184:Da Nang Air Base 6144: 5946: 5942: 5933:was assassinated 5882:trained and led 5793: 5785: 5763:Battle of Ấp Bắc 5551:Marilyn B. Young 5444:greet President 5368:battle in Saigon 5135:communist states 5127:State of Vietnam 4957:Marxist–Leninist 4949:Nguyen Sinh Cung 4945:French Indochina 4939:French Indochina 4912: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4887:Vietnam Conflict 4851:Vietnam syndrome 4847:border conflicts 4813:, 20,000–62,000 4805:The war exacted 4776:counter-invasion 4684:French Indochina 4492:Bình An/Tây Vinh 4457: 4443: 4436: 4429: 4420: 4419: 4223:Naval operations 4150:Proud Deep Alpha 3843:War of the flags 3827:The Vinh wiretap 3777:Easter Offensive 3512:Pipestone Canyon 3475:Washington Green 3180:Concordia Square 3120:Burlington Trail 3059:Truong Cong Dinh 1748: 1742: 1732: 1725: 1718: 1709: 1708: 1687:Hmong insurgency 1604: 1594: 1587: 1580: 1571: 1570: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1429: 1427: 1426: 1415: 1413: 1412: 1401: 1399: 1398: 1387: 1385: 1384: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1346:15,000 army dead 1343: 1341: 1340: 1326: 1324: 1323: 1298: 1296: 1295: 1251: 1249: 1248: 1237: 1235: 1234: 1223: 1221: 1220: 1207: 1206: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1014: 1013: 1012: 998: 997: 996: 974: 973: 972: 961: 960: 959: 947: 946: 945: 933: 932: 931: 917: 916: 915: 908: 901: 900: 899: 883: 882: 881: 852: 844:Creighton Abrams 842: 841: 833: 829: 828: 816: 815: 804: 803: 792: 791: 780: 779: 763: 762: 751: 750: 739: 738: 729:Nguyễn Văn Thiệu 727: 726: 709: 708: 690: 680: 679: 678: 668: 667: 656: 655: 644: 643: 632: 631: 620: 619: 595: 593: 592: 585: 581: 579: 578: 567: 565: 564: 557: 552: 551: 550: 538: 537: 536: 526: 524: 523: 513: 511: 510: 500: 498: 497: 490: 486: 484: 483: 472: 471: 470: 460: 458: 457: 441: 439: 438: 428: 426: 425: 414: 412: 411: 404: 399: 398: 397: 386: 385: 384: 374: 373: 372: 358: 357: 356: 346: 344: 343: 298:North Vietnamese 275:Gulf of Thailand 229: 228: 185:Nguyễn Ngọc Loan 174:American marines 170: 167: 137: 128: 117: 108: 97: 88: 55: 54: 21: 26726: 26725: 26721: 26720: 26719: 26717: 26716: 26715: 26546:1970s conflicts 26541:1960s conflicts 26536:1950s conflicts 26521: 26520: 26519: 26514: 26491: 26482:Second Cold War 26440: 26368: 26362: 26338:Odd Arne Westad 26328:Patrick Vaughan 26313:Athan Theoharis 26293:Ellen Schrecker 26278:Yakov M. Rabkin 26253:Timothy Naftali 26198:Tvrtko Jakovina 26183:Jussi Hanhimäki 26066: 26044: 26034: 26012:Paix et Liberté 25987: 25931:Active measures 25912: 25842: 25823:White supremacy 25783:Totalitarianism 25711: 25636: 25559: 25545:Reagan Doctrine 25540:Carter Doctrine 25480:Truman Doctrine 25468: 25415: 25347: 25242:Soviet reaction 25153:Ndogboyosoi War 25060: 25031:Saur Revolution 24858:1973 oil crisis 24823:Munich massacre 24731:Alcora Exercise 24726:Black September 24704: 24450:Sino-Indian War 24344:Simba rebellion 24327: 24171:Capture of the 24079: 24018:Berlin Blockade 23951:May 1947 crises 23941:Truman Doctrine 23906:Greek Civil War 23895:Blacklist Forty 23862:Gouzenko Affair 23849:Cursed soldiers 23801:Morgenthau Plan 23789: 23727: 23722: 23692: 23687: 23682: 23671: 23660: 23649: 23638: 23627: 23616: 23598: 23595: 23565: 23560: 23559: 23558: 23557: 23556: 23555: 23554: 23549: 23548: 23543: 23542: 23537: 23536: 23531: 23530: 23525: 23524: 23519: 23518: 23513: 23512: 23507: 23506: 23501: 23500: 23495: 23494: 23489: 23488: 23483: 23482: 23477: 23476: 23471: 23470: 23465: 23464: 23459: 23458: 23453: 23452: 23447: 23446: 23441: 23440: 23435: 23434: 23428: 23427: 23426: 23425: 23414: 23413: 23412: 23400: 23399: 23398: 23397: 23385: 23384: 23383: 23367: 23366: 23365: 23364: 23357: 23356: 23355: 23348: 23347: 23346: 23339: 23338: 23337: 23325: 23324: 23323: 23322: 23315: 23314: 23313: 23306: 23305: 23304: 23297: 23296: 23295: 23293:John F. Kennedy 23288: 23287: 23286: 23274: 23273: 23272: 23266: 23265: 23262: 23259: 23258: 23253: 23251: 23248: 23247: 23244: 23241: 23240: 23235: 23233: 23230: 23229: 23226: 23223: 23222: 23217: 23214: 23213: 23210: 23207: 23206: 23200: 23199: 23196: 23193: 23192: 23186: 23185: 23182: 23179: 23178: 23173: 23171: 23168: 23167: 23164: 23161: 23160: 23155: 23152: 23151: 23148: 23145: 23144: 23137: 23136: 23133: 23130: 23129: 23124: 23121: 23120: 23117: 23114: 23113: 23107: 23106: 23103: 23100: 23099: 23092: 23091: 23088: 23085: 23084: 23078: 23077: 23074: 23071: 23070: 23066: 23063: 23060: 23059: 23056: 23053: 23052: 23048: 23044: 23043: 23040: 23037: 23036: 23031: 23029: 23026: 23025: 23022: 23019: 23018: 23013: 23010: 23009: 23006: 23003: 23002: 22997: 22994: 22993: 22990: 22987: 22986: 22980: 22979: 22976: 22973: 22972: 22967: 22965: 22962: 22961: 22958: 22955: 22954: 22949: 22947: 22944: 22943: 22940: 22937: 22936: 22932: 22928: 22927: 22924: 22921: 22920: 22915: 22912: 22911: 22908: 22905: 22904: 22897: 22896: 22893: 22890: 22889: 22884: 22881: 22880: 22877: 22874: 22873: 22867: 22866: 22863: 22860: 22859: 22853: 22852: 22849: 22837: 22831: 22801: 22796: 22758: 22743:Pentagon Papers 22710: 22657: 22614: 22576: 22500: 22354:Buddhist crisis 22324: 22310:1955 referendum 22258: 22225: 22144: 22135: 22130: 22061:The Vietnam War 22039:Wayback Machine 22012:Wayback Machine 21983: 21978: 21972: 21880: 21861: 21856: 21816: 21806:HarperPerennial 21786: 21764: 21745: 21726: 21705: 21675: 21663:. Boulder, CO: 21635: 21611: 21577:Sorley, Lewis, 21571: 21533: 21501: 21482: 21460:Palmer, Dave R. 21397: 21383:Oberdorfer, Don 21375: 21356: 21322: 21303: 21282:(4th ed.). 21271: 21248: 21232:Moïse, Edwin E. 21224: 21205: 21184: 21172:. St Leonards: 21152: 21133: 21114: 21092: 21068: 21049: 21030: 21011: 20987: 20954: 20943: 20921: 20898: 20870: 20851: 20832: 20804: 20768:The Vietnam War 20759: 20733: 20693: 20670: 20632: 20613: 20594: 20570: 20547: 20528: 20502: 20500: 20483: 20440: 20417: 20389: 20387: 20383: 20370: 20349: 20316: 20297: 20292: 20282: 20269:Foreign Affairs 20240: 20238: 20225: 20224: 20218:Pentagon Papers 20215: 20209: 20190: 20171: 20150: 20110: 20089: 20068: 20047: 20014: 19997: 19992: 19986: 19963: 19942: 19923: 19904: 19894:The Vietnam War 19885: 19781:10.1355/cs29-1h 19760: 19737: 19727:The Vietnam War 19710: 19686: 19684: 19668: 19654:Karnow, Stanley 19630: 19628: 19565: 19560: 19559: 19544: 19542: 19519: 19518: 19514: 19504: 19502: 19477: 19473: 19460: 19458: 19435: 19434: 19430: 19420: 19418: 19417:on 9 April 2023 19395:(25 May 2017). 19390: 19386: 19379: 19361: 19357: 19350: 19336: 19321: 19311: 19309: 19299: 19295: 19285: 19283: 19270: 19269: 19265: 19255: 19253: 19240: 19239: 19235: 19219: 19218: 19211: 19209: 19199: 19195: 19185: 19183: 19173: 19169: 19159: 19157: 19156:on 11 July 2007 19140: 19136: 19128: 19124: 19118: 19113: 19109: 19096: 19095: 19091: 19081: 19079: 19069: 19065: 19028: 19024: 19001: 18997: 18987: 18985: 18976: 18975: 18971: 18961: 18959: 18949: 18945: 18935: 18933: 18924: 18923: 18919: 18909: 18907: 18895: 18891: 18879: 18875: 18865: 18863: 18862:on 4 April 2023 18840: 18836: 18826: 18824: 18823:on 4 April 2023 18815: 18814: 18810: 18800: 18798: 18789: 18788: 18784: 18774: 18772: 18759: 18758: 18754: 18747: 18733: 18729: 18724:on 20 May 2023. 18712: 18711: 18707: 18702: 18698: 18688: 18686: 18677: 18676: 18669: 18656: 18655: 18651: 18638: 18637: 18633: 18627:Westheider 2007 18625: 18621: 18611: 18609: 18600: 18599: 18595: 18580: 18576: 18559: 18558: 18554: 18544: 18542: 18534: 18533: 18526: 18516: 18514: 18511:The Vietnam War 18505: 18504: 18500: 18493: 18482: 18474: 18470: 18460: 18458: 18449: 18448: 18444: 18434: 18432: 18427:. Gallup, Inc. 18421: 18417: 18409: 18405: 18395: 18393: 18376: 18367: 18358: 18350: 18348: 18333: 18329: 18322: 18308: 18304: 18297: 18279: 18275: 18265: 18263: 18252: 18248: 18238: 18236: 18223: 18222: 18218: 18208: 18206: 18191: 18187: 18180: 18176: 18166: 18164: 18151: 18150: 18146: 18139: 18125: 18121: 18083: 18079: 18072: 18064:. p. 238. 18049: 18045: 18032: 18030: 18019: 18015: 18005: 18003: 18002:on 9 April 2023 17982: 17981: 17977: 17967: 17965: 17952: 17951: 17947: 17937: 17935: 17934:on 14 June 2023 17918: 17914: 17903: 17899: 17892: 17888: 17878: 17876: 17872: 17864: 17863: 17859: 17852: 17838: 17834: 17824: 17822: 17807: 17803: 17769: 17761: 17759: 17750: 17745: 17741: 17726:10.2307/2759306 17714:Pacific Affairs 17705: 17701: 17683: 17679: 17672: 17654: 17650: 17643: 17621: 17617: 17609: 17602: 17598: 17597: 17593: 17586: 17561: 17557: 17549: 17542: 17538: 17537: 17533: 17526: 17506: 17502: 17496:Wayback Machine 17484: 17480: 17472: 17468: 17437: 17433: 17423: 17421: 17403: 17399: 17389: 17387: 17386:on 7 March 2012 17376: 17372: 17362: 17360: 17359:on 7 March 2023 17345: 17341: 17334: 17326: 17324: 17323:. 23 April 2008 17319: 17318: 17314: 17303: 17301: 17296: 17295: 17291: 17281: 17279: 17267: 17263: 17253: 17251: 17238: 17237: 17233: 17226: 17212: 17208: 17200: 17196: 17186: 17184: 17171: 17170: 17166: 17153: 17152: 17148: 17133: 17129: 17114: 17110: 17099: 17095: 17058: 17054: 17011: 17007: 16992: 16991: 16987: 16972: 16968: 16961:Washington Post 16953: 16949: 16926: 16922: 16907: 16903: 16898:. 9 March 2021. 16890: 16889: 16885: 16866: 16862: 16853: 16852: 16848: 16838: 16836: 16827: 16826: 16822: 16807: 16806: 16802: 16795: 16781: 16777: 16770: 16752: 16748: 16741: 16733:. p. 444. 16720: 16716: 16706: 16704: 16697: 16681: 16677: 16667: 16665: 16658: 16642: 16638: 16628: 16626: 16625:on 7 April 2023 16613: 16609: 16603: 16599: 16589: 16587: 16586:on 13 June 2007 16578: 16577: 16573: 16563: 16561: 16560:on 9 April 2023 16548: 16547: 16543: 16536: 16522: 16513: 16506: 16488: 16484: 16474: 16472: 16454: 16450: 16443: 16421: 16417: 16410: 16392: 16385: 16375: 16373: 16358: 16354: 16347: 16333: 16324: 16314: 16312: 16301: 16297: 16287: 16285: 16278:The Vietnam War 16272: 16271: 16267: 16260: 16238: 16234: 16224: 16222: 16205: 16198: 16191: 16173: 16169: 16162: 16148: 16144: 16134: 16132: 16128: 16121: 16115: 16111: 16101: 16099: 16090: 16089: 16085: 16078: 16056: 16052: 16039: 16038: 16034: 16017: 16016: 16012: 15996: 15995: 15983: 15979: 15972: 15958: 15954: 15944: 15942: 15929: 15925: 15918: 15914: 15907: 15893: 15889: 15882: 15868: 15861: 15856: 15852: 15835: 15834: 15830: 15820: 15818: 15811: 15795: 15791: 15784: 15770: 15763: 15754: 15752: 15751:on 4 April 2023 15737: 15733: 15723: 15721: 15720:on 4 April 2023 15705: 15704: 15700: 15691: 15689: 15688:on 9 April 2023 15674: 15670: 15660: 15658: 15657:on 9 April 2023 15649: 15648: 15644: 15634: 15632: 15631:on 9 April 2023 15617: 15613: 15606: 15592: 15588: 15578: 15576: 15563: 15562: 15555: 15545: 15543: 15534: 15533: 15529: 15522: 15508: 15504: 15497: 15483: 15479: 15471: 15467: 15459: 15455: 15438: 15434: 15427: 15407: 15403: 15395: 15388: 15380: 15376: 15365:Foreign Affairs 15361: 15357: 15347: 15345: 15332: 15331: 15327: 15319: 15315: 15308: 15294: 15290: 15283: 15269: 15265: 15258: 15240: 15233: 15216: 15215: 15208: 15201: 15187: 15174: 15169:on 5 June 2023. 15166: 15152:10.2307/1987487 15135: 15129: 15125: 15115: 15113: 15112:on 9 April 2023 15100: 15099: 15095: 15085: 15083: 15068: 15064: 15057: 15039: 15035: 15025: 15023: 15019: 15008: 15002: 14993: 14986: 14968: 14959: 14949: 14947: 14940: 14920: 14913: 14903: 14901: 14879: 14875: 14860: 14856: 14849: 14827: 14823: 14812: 14808: 14801: 14783: 14772: 14762: 14761: 14757: 14734: 14730: 14720: 14718: 14705: 14704: 14700: 14690: 14688: 14687:on 7 April 2023 14673: 14669: 14659: 14657: 14614: 14610: 14603: 14589: 14585: 14577: 14573: 14563: 14561: 14560:on 9 April 2023 14548: 14547: 14543: 14536: 14522: 14518: 14508: 14506: 14491: 14487: 14476: 14472: 14465: 14451: 14442: 14403: 14399: 14389: 14387: 14386:on 7 April 2023 14378: 14377: 14373: 14357: 14356: 14328: 14321: 14302: 14298: 14291: 14275: 14271: 14264: 14250: 14243: 14238:on 5 June 2023. 14235: 14229: 14218: 14210: 14203: 14192: 14188: 14177: 14170: 14160: 14158: 14135: 14131: 14124: 14110: 14089: 14079: 14077: 14076:on 9 April 2023 14064: 14063: 14056: 14046: 14044: 14043:on 9 April 2023 14031: 14030: 14026: 14016: 14014: 14001: 14000: 13996: 13986: 13984: 13983:on 26 June 2019 13971: 13970: 13959: 13952: 13938: 13921: 13912: 13907: 13889: 13885: 13875: 13873: 13862: 13858: 13851: 13837: 13833: 13814: 13807: 13799: 13795: 13790: 13786: 13781: 13777: 13772: 13768: 13755: 13754: 13750: 13743: 13729: 13722: 13715: 13697: 13693: 13682: 13675: 13662: 13661: 13657: 13647: 13645: 13623: 13616: 13608: 13601: 13593: 13589: 13581: 13577: 13567: 13565: 13554: 13550: 13543: 13525: 13521: 13511: 13509: 13494: 13490: 13483: 13469: 13465: 13458: 13444: 13440: 13433: 13428: 13424: 13417: 13413: 13409: 13404: 13400: 13389: 13385: 13369: 13365: 13358: 13344: 13340: 13333: 13315: 13311: 13304: 13282: 13278: 13271: 13257: 13253: 13236: 13235: 13231: 13214: 13213: 13209: 13201: 13194: 13177: 13176: 13172: 13155: 13151: 13138: 13134: 13127: 13111: 13107: 13093: 13089: 13079: 13077: 13076:on 6 April 2023 13054: 13050: 13042: 13031: 13023: 13019: 13010: 13006: 12998: 12994: 12981: 12980: 12976: 12969: 12951: 12947: 12939: 12935: 12928: 12914: 12910: 12903: 12889: 12885: 12877: 12873: 12866: 12848: 12844: 12834: 12832: 12815: 12811: 12798: 12797: 12793: 12786: 12768: 12764: 12757: 12739: 12735: 12728: 12710: 12706: 12696: 12694: 12693:on 26 June 2012 12685: 12684: 12680: 12672: 12668: 12658: 12656: 12652: 12641: 12637: 12636: 12632: 12622:Eisenhower 1963 12620: 12616: 12607: 12606: 12593: 12584: 12580: 12575: 12567:. p. 103. 12556: 12525: 12514: 12512: 12497: 12493: 12486: 12472: 12468: 12461: 12441: 12432: 12417:10.2307/3024603 12401: 12397: 12390: 12376: 12369: 12362: 12313: 12304:Vietnam Divided 12298: 12294: 12284: 12282: 12271: 12267: 12251: 12250: 12236: 12232: 12222: 12220: 12207: 12206: 12202: 12192: 12190: 12177: 12176: 12172: 12162: 12160: 12143: 12142: 12138: 12129: 12128: 12121: 12114: 12094: 12087: 12080: 12072:. McGraw-Hill. 12066: 12057: 12047: 12045: 12036: 12035: 12031: 12024: 11995: 11964: 11954: 11952: 11945: 11929: 11925: 11915: 11913: 11900: 11899: 11892: 11882: 11880: 11857:10.2307/1890195 11837: 11833: 11820: 11816: 11809: 11791: 11782: 11772: 11770: 11757: 11756: 11752: 11739: 11732: 11719: 11717: 11708: 11707: 11703: 11693: 11691: 11676: 11672: 11659: 11657: 11650:Concord Monitor 11642: 11638: 11631: 11617: 11613: 11603: 11601: 11600:on 5 April 2023 11586: 11582: 11572: 11570: 11561: 11560: 11556: 11546: 11544: 11533: 11529: 11522: 11508: 11504: 11494: 11492: 11481: 11477: 11470: 11456: 11449: 11436: 11429: 11421: 11414: 11406: 11399: 11376: 11369: 11318: 11311: 11304: 11286: 11271: 11264: 11250: 11246: 11236: 11234: 11225: 11224: 11217: 11210: 11196: 11179: 11169: 11167: 11154: 11150: 11143: 11121: 11112: 11102: 11080: 11071: 11062: 11056: 11038: 11029: 11020: 10975: 10962: 10949: 10947: 10930: 10923: 10913: 10911: 10907: 10900: 10896: 10895: 10891: 10886:on 6 June 2023. 10883: 10877: 10866: 10858: 10854: 10835: 10834: 10830: 10820: 10818: 10809: 10808: 10804: 10794: 10792: 10791:on 26 July 2013 10783: 10782: 10778: 10768: 10766: 10757: 10756: 10752: 10747: 10743: 10736: 10728:. AuthorHouse. 10722: 10715: 10705: 10703: 10696: 10685: 10678: 10677: 10673: 10668:on 14 May 2023. 10665: 10658: 10652: 10648: 10640: 10633: 10629: 10628: 10624: 10618:Wayback Machine 10609: 10605: 10596: 10594: 10583: 10582: 10578: 10563: 10556: 10546: 10544: 10540: 10529: 10525: 10524: 10520: 10506: 10497: 10489: 10475: 10464: 10457: 10443: 10436: 10426: 10424: 10420: 10409: 10403: 10399: 10389: 10387: 10379:BBC News Online 10372: 10371: 10367: 10360: 10342: 10338: 10331: 10317: 10208: 10198: 10196: 10189:Pulitzer Centre 10181: 10177: 10167: 10165: 10152: 10151: 10144: 10134: 10132: 10131:on 4 April 2023 10119: 10118: 10109: 10099: 10090: 10085:on 4 June 2023. 10073: 10072: 10065: 10058: 10041: 10016: 10008: 9986:10.2307/2137774 9967: 9961: 9944: 9934: 9932: 9917: 9913: 9906: 9892: 9888: 9880: 9869: 9863: 9859: 9848: 9846: 9837: 9836: 9832: 9822: 9820: 9819:on 4 April 2023 9807: 9806: 9802: 9792: 9790: 9777: 9776: 9772: 9764: 9758: 9747: 9739: 9735: 9725: 9723: 9706: 9702: 9695: 9681: 9677: 9667: 9665: 9656: 9655: 9651: 9644: 9630: 9599: 9592: 9574: 9561: 9554: 9534: 9530: 9520: 9518: 9505: 9504: 9497: 9490: 9476: 9472: 9464: 9460: 9450: 9448: 9439: 9438: 9431: 9421: 9419: 9406: 9405: 9392: 9384: 9377: 9370: 9356: 9349: 9332: 9331: 9327: 9322: 9294: 9289: 9288: 9277: 9273: 9251:John C. Stennis 9248: 9244: 9231: 9227: 9218: 9214: 9205: 9201: 9183: 9174: 9169: 9165: 9160: 9156: 9151: 9147: 9142: 9138: 9133: 9129: 9111: 9104: 9099: 9071: 9064: 9057: 9052: 9050: 9043: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9005: 8968: 8958: 8891:Stanley Kubrick 8866:The Deer Hunter 8819:Girl from Hanoi 8798: 8792: 8751:prostate cancer 8651: 8645: 8636: 8597: 8587: 8536: 8532: 8489:, 3 August 1965 8475: 8469: 8440: 8432:Main articles: 8430: 8419: 8361: 8319: 8284: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8012: 8007: 8001: 7995: 7974: 7956: 7901: 7895: 7863: 7857: 7837:sexual violence 7817: 7811: 7779: 7761: 7755: 7749: 7642:free-fire zones 7605:My Lai massacre 7603:Victims of the 7597: 7579: 7555: 7547:Main articles: 7545: 7509: 7501:Main articles: 7499: 7490: 7480: 7433: 7427: 7406: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7384: 7356:Thích Quảng Đức 7352:Norman Morrison 7300: 7286: 7278:Main articles: 7276: 7232: 7224:Main articles: 7222: 7166: 7160: 7132: 7118: 7084:1973 oil crisis 7023: 7014: 7006:Nguyễn Thị Bình 6990:Henry Kissinger 6986:George McGovern 6958: 6937: 6925:Main articles: 6923: 6878:prime minister 6841: 6829:Main articles: 6827: 6789: 6779: 6749: 6743: 6729:were leaked to 6727:Pentagon Papers 6708:My Lai Massacre 6704:silent majority 6696: 6686:and mechanized 6637: 6609: 6604: 6569:nuclear weapons 6492: 6477:The Hill Fights 6445: 6437:Main articles: 6435: 6319:Pentagon Papers 6314:credibility gap 6172: 6166: 6142: 6118: 6087: 6081: 6079:Bombing of Laos 6073:Rolling Thunder 5984: 5982:Credibility gap 5978: 5972: 5944: 5940: 5929: 5907: 5901: 5889:Phoenix Program 5812:Buddhist crisis 5791: 5783: 5759: 5741: 5735: 5612: 5604:Main articles: 5602: 5569: 5559: 5539:Memot, Cambodia 5509: 5501:Main articles: 5499: 5436:U.S. President 5430: 5425: 5417:Main articles: 5415: 5399:John F. Kennedy 5364:organized crime 5338:Pentagon Papers 5239: 5237:1954 in Vietnam 5219:Main articles: 5217: 5177: 5169:Main articles: 5167: 5145:recognized the 5118:Truman Doctrine 5114:Harry S. Truman 5083: 5075:Main articles: 5073: 4983: 4975:Main articles: 4973: 4941: 4933:Main articles: 4931: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4863: 4843:invaded Vietnam 4821:and the larger 4792:Phnom Penh fell 4728:John F. Kennedy 4606: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4571: 4458: 4449: 4447: 4417: 4412: 4339:Paracel Islands 4034:Rolling Thunder 3702:Toan Thang 1/71 3676:Jefferson Glenn 3552:Nantucket Beach 3283:Champaign Grove 3213:Mameluke Thrust 3077:My Lai Massacre 2731:Wheeler/Wallowa 2519:The Hill Fights 2246:John Paul Jones 2240:Minh Thanh Road 2038:Suoi Bong Trang 1843:Quyet Thang 202 1757:Guerrilla phase 1749: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1706: 1701: 1677:Sino-Vietnamese 1605: 1600: 1598: 1536: 1534: 1529: 1504:: 20,000–62,000 1473: 1470: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1440: 1438: 1433: 1424: 1422: 1410: 1408: 1396: 1394: 1382: 1380: 1367: 1365: 1359:Khmer Republic: 1352: 1350: 1338: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1321: 1319: 1314: 1312: 1311: 1303: 1301: 1293: 1291: 1284: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1246: 1244: 1232: 1230: 1218: 1216: 1201: 1188: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1163: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1141: 1137: 1128: 1126: 1115: 1113: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1058: 1056: 1048: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1032:Khmer Republic: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1018: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1002: 994: 992: 981: 970: 968: 957: 955: 951: 943: 941: 937: 929: 927: 923: 921: 913: 911: 906: 905: 897: 895: 887: 879: 877: 871:≈860,000 (1967) 859: 850: 836: 823: 822: 810: 806:Robert McNamara 798: 786: 774: 765:John F. Kennedy 757: 745: 733: 721: 703: 697: 688: 676: 674: 662: 650: 638: 626: 614: 601: 590: 588: 576: 574: 562: 560: 548: 546: 545: 534: 532: 521: 519: 508: 506: 495: 493: 481: 479: 468: 466: 455: 453: 447: 436: 434: 423: 421: 409: 407: 395: 393: 392: 382: 380: 370: 368: 354: 352: 341: 339: 306: 289: 288: 270:South China Sea 236: 223: 218:Massacre at Huế 168: 142: 141: 140: 139: 138: 130: 129: 120: 119: 118: 110: 109: 100: 99: 98: 90: 89: 49: 44:The Vietnam War 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 26724: 26714: 26713: 26708: 26703: 26698: 26693: 26688: 26683: 26678: 26673: 26668: 26663: 26658: 26653: 26648: 26643: 26638: 26633: 26628: 26623: 26618: 26613: 26608: 26603: 26598: 26593: 26588: 26583: 26578: 26573: 26571:Indochina Wars 26568: 26563: 26558: 26553: 26548: 26543: 26538: 26533: 26516: 26515: 26513: 26512: 26507: 26502: 26496: 26493: 26492: 26490: 26489: 26484: 26479: 26474: 26469: 26464: 26459: 26454: 26448: 26446: 26442: 26441: 26439: 26438: 26433: 26428: 26423: 26418: 26413: 26408: 26403: 26398: 26393: 26388: 26383: 26378: 26372: 26370: 26364: 26363: 26361: 26360: 26355: 26350: 26345: 26340: 26335: 26330: 26325: 26320: 26315: 26310: 26308:Timothy Snyder 26305: 26300: 26295: 26290: 26285: 26280: 26275: 26270: 26265: 26260: 26255: 26250: 26245: 26240: 26238:Vojtech Mastny 26235: 26233:Geir Lundestad 26230: 26225: 26223:Walter Laqueur 26220: 26218:Walter LaFeber 26215: 26210: 26205: 26200: 26195: 26190: 26185: 26180: 26175: 26170: 26165: 26160: 26155: 26150: 26148:André Fontaine 26145: 26140: 26135: 26130: 26125: 26120: 26115: 26110: 26105: 26100: 26095: 26090: 26085: 26080: 26078:Gar Alperovitz 26074: 26072: 26068: 26067: 26065: 26064: 26059: 26054: 26048: 26046: 26040: 26039: 26036: 26035: 26033: 26032: 26027: 26021: 26020: 26015: 26008: 26003: 25995: 25993: 25989: 25988: 25986: 25985: 25978: 25973: 25966: 25959: 25954: 25947: 25940: 25933: 25927: 25925: 25918: 25914: 25913: 25911: 25910: 25905: 25900: 25895: 25890: 25885: 25880: 25875: 25870: 25865: 25860: 25854: 25852: 25848: 25847: 25844: 25843: 25841: 25840: 25835: 25830: 25825: 25820: 25818:Third-Worldism 25815: 25810: 25805: 25800: 25795: 25790: 25785: 25780: 25775: 25770: 25765: 25760: 25755: 25750: 25745: 25740: 25735: 25730: 25725: 25719: 25717: 25713: 25712: 25710: 25709: 25704: 25699: 25694: 25689: 25684: 25677: 25672: 25667: 25662: 25657: 25652: 25646: 25644: 25638: 25637: 25635: 25634: 25629: 25624: 25619: 25614: 25609: 25607:Libertarianism 25604: 25599: 25598: 25597: 25587: 25585:Chicago school 25582: 25576: 25574: 25565: 25561: 25560: 25558: 25557: 25552: 25547: 25542: 25537: 25532: 25530:Nixon Doctrine 25527: 25522: 25517: 25512: 25507: 25502: 25497: 25492: 25487: 25482: 25476: 25474: 25473:Foreign policy 25470: 25469: 25467: 25466: 25461: 25456: 25451: 25446: 25441: 25436: 25431: 25425: 25423: 25417: 25416: 25414: 25413: 25408: 25407: 25406: 25396: 25391: 25386: 25381: 25376: 25371: 25366: 25361: 25355: 25353: 25349: 25348: 25346: 25345: 25340: 25335: 25330: 25325: 25320: 25315: 25310: 25305: 25300: 25295: 25290: 25285: 25280: 25275: 25270: 25265: 25260: 25258:Operation RYAN 25255: 25250: 25245: 25235: 25230: 25225: 25220: 25215: 25210: 25205: 25200: 25195: 25190: 25185: 25180: 25175: 25170: 25165: 25163:Able Archer 83 25160: 25155: 25150: 25145: 25140: 25135: 25130: 25125: 25120: 25115: 25110: 25109: 25108: 25098: 25093: 25088: 25079: 25074: 25068: 25066: 25062: 25061: 25059: 25058: 25053: 25048: 25043: 25038: 25033: 25028: 25023: 25018: 25013: 25008: 25003: 24998: 24993: 24988: 24983: 24978: 24973: 24968: 24960: 24955: 24950: 24945: 24940: 24935: 24930: 24925: 24920: 24915: 24913:Oromo conflict 24910: 24905: 24900: 24895: 24890: 24885: 24880: 24875: 24870: 24865: 24860: 24855: 24853:Yom Kippur War 24850: 24845: 24840: 24835: 24830: 24825: 24820: 24815: 24810: 24805: 24800: 24795: 24790: 24785: 24780: 24775: 24770: 24763: 24758: 24753: 24748: 24743: 24738: 24733: 24728: 24723: 24718: 24712: 24710: 24706: 24705: 24703: 24702: 24697: 24692: 24687: 24682: 24677: 24676: 24675: 24665: 24660: 24655: 24650: 24645: 24636: 24631: 24630: 24629: 24619: 24614: 24609: 24604: 24599: 24594: 24589: 24584: 24579: 24574: 24569: 24564: 24559: 24554: 24549: 24544: 24539: 24534: 24529: 24524: 24519: 24514: 24509: 24508: 24507: 24497: 24492: 24487: 24485:Aden Emergency 24482: 24477: 24472: 24467: 24462: 24457: 24452: 24447: 24442: 24437: 24436: 24435: 24430: 24425: 24415: 24410: 24405: 24403:Papua conflict 24400: 24395: 24390: 24385: 24384: 24383: 24373: 24372: 24371: 24361: 24356: 24351: 24346: 24341: 24335: 24333: 24329: 24328: 24326: 24325: 24320: 24319: 24318: 24308: 24306:Kitchen Debate 24303: 24298: 24293: 24288: 24283: 24278: 24273: 24268: 24266:Sputnik crisis 24263: 24258: 24250: 24243: 24238: 24236:Polish October 24233: 24228: 24223: 24216: 24211: 24206: 24201: 24196: 24191: 24186: 24181: 24176: 24168: 24163: 24158: 24153: 24148: 24143: 24138: 24136:Pact of Madrid 24133: 24128: 24123: 24118: 24113: 24108: 24103: 24098: 24093: 24091:Bamboo Curtain 24087: 24085: 24081: 24080: 24078: 24077: 24072: 24067: 24062: 24061: 24060: 24050: 24045: 24040: 24035: 24030: 24025: 24020: 24015: 24010: 24005: 24000: 23995: 23990: 23985: 23984: 23983: 23978: 23973: 23963: 23958: 23953: 23948: 23943: 23938: 23933: 23928: 23923: 23918: 23913: 23908: 23903: 23898: 23890: 23882: 23874: 23869: 23864: 23859: 23851: 23846: 23845: 23844: 23839: 23831: 23818: 23813: 23808: 23803: 23797: 23795: 23791: 23790: 23788: 23787: 23782: 23777: 23772: 23767: 23762: 23757: 23752: 23747: 23740: 23732: 23729: 23728: 23721: 23720: 23713: 23706: 23698: 23689: 23688: 23684: 23683: 23681: 23680: 23674: 23672: 23670: 23669: 23667:Subsidy period 23663: 23661: 23659: 23658: 23652: 23650: 23648: 23647: 23641: 23639: 23637: 23636: 23630: 23628: 23626: 23625: 23619: 23617: 23615: 23614: 23608: 23603: 23600: 23599: 23594: 23593: 23586: 23579: 23571: 23562: 23561: 23552: 23550: 23546: 23544: 23540: 23538: 23534: 23532: 23528: 23526: 23522: 23520: 23516: 23514: 23510: 23508: 23504: 23502: 23498: 23496: 23492: 23490: 23486: 23484: 23480: 23478: 23474: 23472: 23468: 23466: 23462: 23460: 23456: 23454: 23450: 23448: 23444: 23442: 23438: 23436: 23432: 23430: 23423:Nguyễn Hữu Thọ 23417: 23416: 23415: 23410:Nguyễn Hữu Thọ 23404: 23403: 23402: 23401: 23388: 23387: 23386: 23371: 23370: 23369: 23368: 23362:Trần Văn Hương 23360: 23359: 23358: 23351: 23350: 23349: 23342: 23341: 23340: 23329: 23328: 23327: 23326: 23318: 23317: 23316: 23309: 23308: 23307: 23300: 23299: 23298: 23291: 23290: 23289: 23278: 23277: 23276: 23275: 23261: 23260: 23243: 23242: 23225: 23224: 23209: 23208: 23195: 23194: 23181: 23180: 23163: 23162: 23147: 23146: 23132: 23131: 23116: 23115: 23102: 23101: 23094:Sihanouk Trail 23087: 23086: 23073: 23072: 23055: 23054: 23039: 23038: 23021: 23020: 23005: 23004: 22989: 22988: 22982:Palace Bombing 22975: 22974: 22957: 22956: 22939: 22938: 22923: 22922: 22907: 22906: 22892: 22891: 22876: 22875: 22862: 22861: 22848: 22847: 22846: 22845: 22844: 22843: 22842: 22839: 22838: 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Novato, CA: 21456: 21446: 21401: 21395: 21379: 21373: 21360: 21354: 21339: 21330:Neel, Spurgeon 21326: 21320: 21307: 21301: 21285: 21275: 21269: 21252: 21246: 21228: 21222: 21209: 21203: 21188: 21182: 21165: 21156: 21150: 21137: 21131: 21118: 21112: 21096: 21090: 21072: 21066: 21053: 21047: 21034: 21028: 21015: 21009: 20991: 20985: 20969:Kolko, Gabriel 20965: 20947: 20941: 20925: 20919: 20902: 20896: 20883: 20874: 20868: 20855: 20849: 20836: 20830: 20817: 20808: 20802: 20789: 20772: 20763: 20757: 20737: 20731: 20718: 20697: 20691: 20683:Westview Press 20674: 20668: 20653: 20636: 20630: 20617: 20611: 20598: 20592: 20575: 20568: 20562:. Dodd, Mead. 20551: 20545: 20532: 20526: 20509: 20487: 20481: 20458: 20451: 20444: 20438: 20421: 20415: 20396: 20374: 20368: 20353: 20347: 20331: 20320: 20314: 20298: 20296: 20293: 20291: 20290: 20280: 20274: 20264: 20254: 20248: 20213: 20207: 20194: 20188: 20175: 20169: 20154: 20148: 20135: 20125: 20121:Selected Works 20116: 20115: 20114: 20108: 20093: 20087: 20072: 20066: 20051: 20045: 20025: 20012: 19998: 19996: 19993: 19991: 19990: 19984: 19976:Presidio Press 19967: 19961: 19946: 19940: 19927: 19921: 19908: 19902: 19889: 19883: 19869:, ed. (1984). 19867:Terry, Wallace 19863: 19816: 19806:(1): 380–385. 19793: 19775:(1): 172–195. 19764: 19758: 19741: 19735: 19722: 19708: 19693: 19672: 19666: 19650: 19637: 19606: 19580:(3): 662–664. 19566: 19564: 19561: 19558: 19557: 19531:Washington, DC 19512: 19471: 19447:Washington, DC 19428: 19407:Washington, DC 19402:whitehouse.gov 19384: 19377: 19355: 19348: 19319: 19293: 19263: 19233: 19193: 19167: 19134: 19122: 19107: 19089: 19063: 19022: 18995: 18984:. 7 April 2021 18969: 18943: 18917: 18889: 18873: 18834: 18808: 18782: 18752: 18745: 18727: 18705: 18696: 18667: 18662:The Times-News 18649: 18631: 18619: 18593: 18574: 18552: 18524: 18498: 18491: 18468: 18442: 18415: 18411:Kissinger 1975 18403: 18392:on 5 June 2008 18365: 18327: 18320: 18302: 18295: 18273: 18246: 18216: 18185: 18174: 18144: 18137: 18119: 18100:(4): 585–597. 18077: 18070: 18043: 18013: 17975: 17945: 17912: 17897: 17886: 17857: 17850: 17832: 17801: 17782:(4): 169–182. 17739: 17720:(2): 303–310. 17699: 17677: 17670: 17648: 17641: 17615: 17591: 17584: 17555: 17531: 17524: 17500: 17478: 17474:Willbanks 2008 17466: 17431: 17397: 17370: 17339: 17312: 17289: 17276:Politifact.com 17261: 17231: 17224: 17206: 17194: 17164: 17146: 17127: 17108: 17093: 17052: 17025:(2): 231–259. 17005: 16985: 16966: 16947: 16920: 16901: 16883: 16860: 16846: 16835:on 24 May 2022 16820: 16800: 16793: 16775: 16768: 16746: 16739: 16714: 16695: 16675: 16656: 16636: 16597: 16571: 16541: 16534: 16511: 16504: 16482: 16465:The New Yorker 16457:Hersh, Seymour 16448: 16441: 16415: 16408: 16402:. p. 84. 16383: 16352: 16345: 16322: 16295: 16265: 16258: 16232: 16196: 16189: 16167: 16160: 16142: 16109: 16083: 16076: 16050: 16032: 16010: 15977: 15970: 15952: 15923: 15912: 15905: 15887: 15880: 15859: 15850: 15828: 15809: 15789: 15782: 15761: 15731: 15698: 15668: 15642: 15611: 15604: 15586: 15553: 15527: 15520: 15502: 15495: 15477: 15475:, p. 118. 15473:Willbanks 2014 15465: 15461:Willbanks 2014 15453: 15432: 15425: 15401: 15374: 15355: 15344:on 28 May 2010 15325: 15323:, p. 110. 15321:Willbanks 2009 15313: 15306: 15288: 15281: 15263: 15256: 15231: 15206: 15199: 15172: 15123: 15093: 15062: 15055: 15033: 14991: 14984: 14957: 14938: 14911: 14873: 14870:on 9 May 2008. 14854: 14847: 14821: 14806: 14799: 14770: 14755: 14744:(3): 231–245. 14728: 14717:on 13 May 2023 14698: 14667: 14628:(4): 150–183. 14608: 14601: 14583: 14571: 14541: 14534: 14516: 14485: 14470: 14463: 14440: 14397: 14371: 14319: 14296: 14289: 14269: 14262: 14241: 14227: 14201: 14186: 14168: 14129: 14122: 14087: 14054: 14024: 14013:on 5 June 2023 13994: 13957: 13950: 13919: 13905: 13883: 13856: 13849: 13831: 13805: 13793: 13784: 13775: 13766: 13748: 13741: 13720: 13713: 13691: 13688:. Delta Books. 13673: 13655: 13614: 13587: 13575: 13548: 13541: 13519: 13488: 13481: 13463: 13456: 13438: 13422: 13398: 13383: 13363: 13356: 13338: 13331: 13309: 13302: 13276: 13269: 13251: 13238:"Pacification" 13229: 13207: 13192: 13170: 13149: 13132: 13125: 13105: 13087: 13048: 13045:on 4 May 2015. 13017: 13011:Mann, Robert. 13004: 12992: 12974: 12967: 12945: 12933: 12926: 12908: 12901: 12883: 12871: 12864: 12842: 12809: 12791: 12784: 12778:. p. 35. 12762: 12756:978-0939526123 12755: 12733: 12727:978-0817964313 12726: 12704: 12678: 12666: 12630: 12614: 12591: 12573: 12538:(4): 395–426. 12491: 12484: 12466: 12459: 12430: 12411:(8): 113–126. 12395: 12388: 12367: 12311: 12292: 12281:on 27 May 2006 12265: 12230: 12200: 12170: 12153:Vassar College 12136: 12119: 12112: 12085: 12078: 12055: 12029: 12022: 11962: 11943: 11923: 11890: 11851:(2): 353–368. 11831: 11814: 11807: 11780: 11750: 11730: 11716:on 27 May 2023 11701: 11670: 11636: 11629: 11611: 11580: 11554: 11527: 11520: 11502: 11475: 11468: 11447: 11427: 11397: 11367: 11309: 11302: 11269: 11262: 11244: 11215: 11208: 11177: 11148: 11141: 11110: 11100: 11069: 11054: 11027: 10960: 10946:on 27 May 2023 10921: 10910:on 21 May 2023 10889: 10875: 10852: 10828: 10802: 10776: 10750: 10741: 10734: 10713: 10694: 10671: 10646: 10631:America's Wars 10622: 10603: 10576: 10554: 10518: 10495: 10462: 10455: 10434: 10423:on 5 June 2023 10397: 10365: 10358: 10346:Albert A. Nofi 10336: 10329: 10206: 10175: 10142: 10107: 10088: 10063: 10056: 10014: 9942: 9911: 9904: 9886: 9857: 9830: 9800: 9770: 9756: 9733: 9700: 9693: 9675: 9649: 9642: 9597: 9590: 9559: 9552: 9528: 9495: 9488: 9470: 9458: 9429: 9390: 9375: 9368: 9347: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9317: 9316: 9310: 9304: 9293: 9290: 9287: 9286: 9271: 9263:Gerald R. Ford 9242: 9225: 9221:McGeorge Bundy 9212: 9199: 9172: 9163: 9154: 9145: 9136: 9127: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9094: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9077: 9076: 9062: 9048: 9045:Vietnam portal 9032: 9029: 9004: 9001: 8972:historiography 8957: 8954: 8876:Apocalypse Now 8861:Michael Cimino 8794:Main article: 8791: 8788: 8644: 8641: 8586: 8583: 8579:budget deficit 8573: 8572: 8569: 8566: 8563: 8560: 8556: 8555: 8552: 8549: 8546: 8543: 8542:Military costs 8531: 8530:Financial cost 8528: 8471:Main article: 8468: 8465: 8429: 8428:Refugee crisis 8426: 8418: 8415: 8360: 8357: 8296:a war monument 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8237: 8236: 8233: 8230: 8226: 8225: 8222: 8219: 8215: 8214: 8211: 8208: 8204: 8203: 8200: 8197: 8193: 8192: 8189: 8186: 8182: 8181: 8178: 8175: 8171: 8170: 8167: 8164: 8160: 8159: 8156: 8153: 8149: 8148: 8145: 8142: 8138: 8137: 8134: 8131: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8120: 8116: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8105: 8104: 8101: 8098: 8094: 8093: 8090: 8087: 8083: 8082: 8079: 8076: 8072: 8071: 8068: 8065: 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2938: 2936:Ban Houei Sane 2926: 2919: 2906: 2905: 2898: 2891: 2884: 2877: 2870: 2863: 2854: 2847: 2844:Kien Giang 9-1 2840: 2833: 2826: 2819: 2812: 2805: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2782: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2763: 2756: 2749: 2742: 2735: 2726: 2719: 2712: 2705: 2698: 2693: 2686: 2679: 2672: 2665: 2658: 2653: 2646: 2639: 2632: 2625: 2618: 2611: 2604: 2597: 2590: 2589: 2588: 2581: 2574: 2567: 2560: 2553: 2546: 2528: 2521: 2516: 2509: 2502: 2495: 2488: 2485:Francis Marion 2481: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2447: 2440: 2435: 2428: 2421: 2414: 2407: 2400: 2391: 2378: 2377: 2372: 2365: 2360: 2353: 2350:Paul Revere IV 2346: 2339: 2332: 2325: 2318: 2309: 2302: 2295: 2288: 2281: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2256: 2249: 2242: 2237: 2230: 2223: 2216: 2209: 2204: 2197: 2190: 2183: 2176: 2169: 2162: 2155: 2148: 2141: 2134: 2127: 2122: 2115: 2108: 2101: 2094: 2087: 2080: 2075: 2068: 2061: 2054: 2047: 2040: 2035: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2010: 2003: 1996: 1983: 1982: 1975: 1968: 1961: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1925: 1907: 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834: 820: 808: 796: 784: 772: 755: 743: 731: 719: 700: 698: 696: 695: 684: 672: 660: 658:Võ Nguyên Giáp 648: 636: 624: 611: 608: 607: 603: 602: 600: 599: 586: 571: 558: 554:Khmer Republic 543: 530: 517: 504: 491: 476: 464: 450: 448: 446: 445: 432: 419: 405: 390: 378: 366: 350: 336: 333: 332: 328: 327: 324: 323: 308: 302: 301: 295: 291: 290: 287: 286: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 246: 245: 243: 239: 238: 233: 225: 224: 222: 221: 214: 200: 193:Nguyễn Văn Lém 181: 171: 158: 146: 132: 131: 123: 122: 121: 112: 111: 103: 102: 101: 92: 91: 83: 82: 81: 80: 79: 76: 75: 65:Indochina Wars 60: 59: 53: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 26723: 26712: 26709: 26707: 26704: 26702: 26699: 26697: 26694: 26692: 26689: 26687: 26684: 26682: 26679: 26677: 26674: 26672: 26669: 26667: 26664: 26662: 26659: 26657: 26654: 26652: 26649: 26647: 26644: 26642: 26639: 26637: 26634: 26632: 26629: 26627: 26624: 26622: 26619: 26617: 26614: 26612: 26609: 26607: 26604: 26602: 26599: 26597: 26594: 26592: 26589: 26587: 26584: 26582: 26579: 26577: 26574: 26572: 26569: 26567: 26564: 26562: 26559: 26557: 26554: 26552: 26549: 26547: 26544: 26542: 26539: 26537: 26534: 26532: 26529: 26528: 26526: 26511: 26508: 26506: 26503: 26501: 26498: 26497: 26494: 26488: 26485: 26483: 26480: 26478: 26475: 26473: 26472:War on terror 26470: 26468: 26465: 26463: 26460: 26458: 26455: 26453: 26450: 26449: 26447: 26443: 26437: 26434: 26432: 26429: 26427: 26424: 26422: 26419: 26417: 26414: 26412: 26409: 26407: 26404: 26402: 26399: 26397: 26394: 26392: 26389: 26387: 26384: 26382: 26379: 26377: 26374: 26373: 26371: 26367:Espionage and 26365: 26359: 26356: 26354: 26351: 26349: 26346: 26344: 26341: 26339: 26336: 26334: 26331: 26329: 26326: 26324: 26321: 26319: 26318:Andrew Thorpe 26316: 26314: 26311: 26309: 26306: 26304: 26301: 26299: 26296: 26294: 26291: 26289: 26286: 26284: 26281: 26279: 26276: 26274: 26271: 26269: 26266: 26264: 26261: 26259: 26256: 26254: 26251: 26249: 26246: 26244: 26241: 26239: 26236: 26234: 26231: 26229: 26226: 26224: 26221: 26219: 26216: 26214: 26213:Gabriel Kolko 26211: 26209: 26206: 26204: 26201: 26199: 26196: 26194: 26191: 26189: 26186: 26184: 26181: 26179: 26178:Fred Halliday 26176: 26174: 26171: 26169: 26166: 26164: 26163:Lloyd Gardner 26161: 26159: 26156: 26154: 26151: 26149: 26146: 26144: 26141: 26139: 26136: 26134: 26131: 26129: 26126: 26124: 26123:Norman Davies 26121: 26119: 26116: 26114: 26111: 26109: 26108:John Costello 26106: 26104: 26101: 26099: 26096: 26094: 26091: 26089: 26086: 26084: 26081: 26079: 26076: 26075: 26073: 26069: 26063: 26060: 26058: 26055: 26053: 26050: 26049: 26047: 26043:Technological 26041: 26031: 26028: 26026: 26023: 26022: 26019: 26016: 26014: 26013: 26009: 26007: 26004: 26002: 26001: 25997: 25996: 25994: 25990: 25984: 25983: 25979: 25977: 25974: 25972: 25971: 25967: 25965: 25964: 25960: 25958: 25955: 25953: 25952: 25948: 25946: 25945: 25941: 25939: 25938: 25934: 25932: 25929: 25928: 25926: 25924:Pro-communist 25922: 25919: 25915: 25909: 25906: 25904: 25901: 25899: 25896: 25894: 25891: 25889: 25886: 25884: 25881: 25879: 25876: 25874: 25871: 25869: 25866: 25864: 25861: 25859: 25856: 25855: 25853: 25851:Organizations 25849: 25839: 25836: 25834: 25831: 25829: 25826: 25824: 25821: 25819: 25816: 25814: 25811: 25809: 25806: 25804: 25801: 25799: 25796: 25794: 25791: 25789: 25786: 25784: 25781: 25779: 25776: 25774: 25771: 25769: 25766: 25764: 25761: 25759: 25756: 25754: 25751: 25749: 25746: 25744: 25741: 25739: 25736: 25734: 25731: 25729: 25726: 25724: 25721: 25720: 25718: 25714: 25708: 25705: 25703: 25700: 25698: 25695: 25693: 25690: 25688: 25685: 25683: 25682: 25678: 25676: 25673: 25671: 25668: 25666: 25665:Eurocommunism 25663: 25661: 25658: 25656: 25653: 25651: 25648: 25647: 25645: 25643: 25639: 25633: 25630: 25628: 25625: 25623: 25620: 25618: 25615: 25613: 25610: 25608: 25605: 25603: 25600: 25596: 25593: 25592: 25591: 25588: 25586: 25583: 25581: 25578: 25577: 25575: 25573: 25569: 25566: 25562: 25556: 25553: 25551: 25548: 25546: 25543: 25541: 25538: 25536: 25533: 25531: 25528: 25526: 25523: 25521: 25518: 25516: 25513: 25511: 25508: 25506: 25503: 25501: 25498: 25496: 25495:Domino theory 25493: 25491: 25488: 25486: 25483: 25481: 25478: 25477: 25475: 25471: 25465: 25462: 25460: 25457: 25455: 25452: 25450: 25449:South Ossetia 25447: 25445: 25442: 25440: 25437: 25435: 25432: 25430: 25427: 25426: 25424: 25422: 25418: 25412: 25409: 25405: 25402: 25401: 25400: 25397: 25395: 25392: 25390: 25387: 25385: 25382: 25380: 25377: 25375: 25372: 25370: 25367: 25365: 25362: 25360: 25357: 25356: 25354: 25350: 25344: 25341: 25339: 25336: 25334: 25331: 25329: 25326: 25324: 25321: 25319: 25316: 25314: 25311: 25309: 25306: 25304: 25301: 25299: 25296: 25294: 25291: 25289: 25286: 25284: 25281: 25279: 25276: 25274: 25271: 25269: 25266: 25264: 25261: 25259: 25256: 25254: 25251: 25249: 25246: 25243: 25239: 25236: 25234: 25233:8888 Uprising 25231: 25229: 25226: 25224: 25221: 25219: 25216: 25214: 25211: 25209: 25206: 25204: 25201: 25199: 25196: 25194: 25191: 25189: 25186: 25184: 25181: 25179: 25178:Iran–Iraq War 25176: 25174: 25171: 25169: 25166: 25164: 25161: 25159: 25156: 25154: 25151: 25149: 25146: 25144: 25143:Falklands War 25141: 25139: 25136: 25134: 25131: 25129: 25126: 25124: 25121: 25119: 25116: 25114: 25111: 25107: 25104: 25103: 25102: 25099: 25097: 25094: 25092: 25089: 25087: 25083: 25080: 25078: 25075: 25073: 25070: 25069: 25067: 25063: 25057: 25054: 25052: 25049: 25047: 25044: 25042: 25039: 25037: 25034: 25032: 25029: 25027: 25024: 25022: 25019: 25017: 25014: 25012: 25009: 25007: 25006:NDF Rebellion 25004: 25002: 24999: 24997: 24994: 24992: 24989: 24987: 24986:German Autumn 24984: 24982: 24979: 24977: 24974: 24972: 24969: 24967: 24966: 24961: 24959: 24956: 24954: 24951: 24949: 24946: 24944: 24941: 24939: 24936: 24934: 24931: 24929: 24926: 24924: 24921: 24919: 24916: 24914: 24911: 24909: 24906: 24904: 24901: 24899: 24896: 24894: 24891: 24889: 24886: 24884: 24881: 24879: 24876: 24874: 24873:Metapolitefsi 24871: 24869: 24866: 24864: 24861: 24859: 24856: 24854: 24851: 24849: 24846: 24844: 24841: 24839: 24836: 24834: 24831: 24829: 24826: 24824: 24821: 24819: 24816: 24814: 24811: 24809: 24806: 24804: 24801: 24799: 24796: 24794: 24791: 24789: 24786: 24784: 24781: 24779: 24776: 24774: 24771: 24769: 24768: 24764: 24762: 24759: 24757: 24754: 24752: 24749: 24747: 24744: 24742: 24739: 24737: 24734: 24732: 24729: 24727: 24724: 24722: 24719: 24717: 24714: 24713: 24711: 24707: 24701: 24698: 24696: 24693: 24691: 24688: 24686: 24683: 24681: 24678: 24674: 24671: 24670: 24669: 24666: 24664: 24661: 24659: 24656: 24654: 24651: 24649: 24646: 24644: 24642: 24637: 24635: 24634:Prague Spring 24632: 24628: 24625: 24624: 24623: 24620: 24618: 24615: 24613: 24612:Al-Wadiah War 24610: 24608: 24605: 24603: 24600: 24598: 24595: 24593: 24590: 24588: 24585: 24583: 24580: 24578: 24577:12-3 incident 24575: 24573: 24570: 24568: 24565: 24563: 24560: 24558: 24555: 24553: 24550: 24548: 24545: 24543: 24540: 24538: 24535: 24533: 24530: 24528: 24525: 24523: 24520: 24518: 24515: 24513: 24510: 24506: 24503: 24502: 24501: 24498: 24496: 24493: 24491: 24488: 24486: 24483: 24481: 24478: 24476: 24473: 24471: 24468: 24466: 24463: 24461: 24458: 24456: 24453: 24451: 24448: 24446: 24443: 24441: 24438: 24434: 24431: 24429: 24426: 24424: 24421: 24420: 24419: 24416: 24414: 24411: 24409: 24406: 24404: 24401: 24399: 24396: 24394: 24391: 24389: 24386: 24382: 24379: 24378: 24377: 24374: 24370: 24367: 24366: 24365: 24362: 24360: 24357: 24355: 24352: 24350: 24347: 24345: 24342: 24340: 24337: 24336: 24334: 24330: 24324: 24321: 24317: 24314: 24313: 24312: 24309: 24307: 24304: 24302: 24299: 24297: 24294: 24292: 24289: 24287: 24284: 24282: 24279: 24277: 24274: 24272: 24269: 24267: 24264: 24262: 24259: 24257: 24256: 24251: 24248: 24244: 24242: 24239: 24237: 24234: 24232: 24229: 24227: 24224: 24221: 24217: 24215: 24212: 24210: 24207: 24205: 24202: 24200: 24197: 24195: 24192: 24190: 24187: 24185: 24182: 24180: 24177: 24175: 24174: 24169: 24167: 24164: 24162: 24159: 24157: 24156:Domino theory 24154: 24152: 24151:Petrov Affair 24149: 24147: 24144: 24142: 24139: 24137: 24134: 24132: 24129: 24127: 24124: 24122: 24119: 24117: 24114: 24112: 24109: 24107: 24104: 24102: 24099: 24097: 24094: 24092: 24089: 24088: 24086: 24082: 24076: 24073: 24071: 24068: 24066: 24063: 24059: 24056: 24055: 24054: 24051: 24049: 24046: 24044: 24041: 24039: 24036: 24034: 24031: 24029: 24028:Madiun Affair 24026: 24024: 24021: 24019: 24016: 24014: 24011: 24009: 24006: 24004: 24001: 23999: 23996: 23994: 23991: 23989: 23988:Marshall Plan 23986: 23982: 23979: 23977: 23974: 23972: 23969: 23968: 23967: 23964: 23962: 23959: 23957: 23954: 23952: 23949: 23947: 23944: 23942: 23939: 23937: 23934: 23932: 23929: 23927: 23924: 23922: 23919: 23917: 23914: 23912: 23909: 23907: 23904: 23902: 23899: 23897: 23896: 23891: 23889: 23888: 23883: 23881: 23880: 23875: 23873: 23870: 23868: 23865: 23863: 23860: 23858: 23857: 23852: 23850: 23847: 23843: 23840: 23838: 23837: 23832: 23830: 23829: 23824: 23823: 23822: 23819: 23817: 23814: 23812: 23809: 23807: 23804: 23802: 23799: 23798: 23796: 23792: 23786: 23783: 23781: 23778: 23776: 23773: 23771: 23768: 23766: 23763: 23761: 23758: 23756: 23753: 23751: 23748: 23746: 23745: 23741: 23739: 23738: 23737:United States 23734: 23733: 23730: 23726: 23719: 23714: 23712: 23707: 23705: 23700: 23699: 23696: 23679: 23676: 23675: 23673: 23668: 23665: 23664: 23662: 23657: 23654: 23653: 23651: 23646: 23643: 23642: 23640: 23635: 23632: 23631: 23629: 23624: 23621: 23620: 23618: 23613: 23610: 23609: 23607: 23606: 23601: 23592: 23587: 23585: 23580: 23578: 23573: 23572: 23569: 23424: 23420: 23411: 23407: 23396: 23395:Tôn Đức Thắng 23393:/ President: 23392: 23382: 23379:/ President: 23378: 23374: 23363: 23354: 23345: 23336: 23335:Ngô Đình Diệm 23332: 23321: 23312: 23311:Richard Nixon 23303: 23294: 23285: 23281: 23269: 23255: 23237: 23219: 23203: 23202:Paris Accords 23189: 23175: 23157: 23140: 23126: 23110: 23109:Tet Offensive 23095: 23081: 23065: 23047: 23046:Laos bombings 23033: 23015: 22999: 22983: 22969: 22951: 22931: 22917: 22900: 22886: 22870: 22856: 22840: 22835: 22828: 22823: 22821: 22816: 22814: 22809: 22808: 22805: 22793: 22785: 22783: 22775: 22773: 22765: 22764: 22761: 22755: 22752: 22750: 22747: 22745: 22744: 22740: 22738: 22735: 22733: 22730: 22728: 22725: 22723: 22720: 22719: 22717: 22713: 22705: 22702: 22700: 22697: 22695: 22692: 22691: 22689: 22687: 22684: 22680: 22677: 22676: 22675: 22672: 22670: 22667: 22666: 22664: 22660: 22654: 22651: 22649: 22646: 22644: 22641: 22637: 22634: 22633: 22632: 22629: 22627: 22624: 22623: 22621: 22617: 22611: 22608: 22606: 22603: 22599: 22598:POW/MIA issue 22596: 22594: 22591: 22590: 22589: 22586: 22585: 22583: 22579: 22572: 22568: 22564: 22560: 22557: 22555: 22552: 22550: 22547: 22543: 22540: 22538: 22535: 22534: 22533: 22530: 22528: 22525: 22523: 22520: 22518: 22515: 22513: 22510: 22509: 22507: 22503: 22497: 22494: 22492: 22488: 22485: 22483: 22479: 22476: 22474: 22470: 22467: 22465: 22462: 22460: 22456: 22453: 22451: 22447: 22443: 22440: 22438: 22434: 22431: 22428: 22424: 22420: 22419:Tet Offensive 22416: 22413: 22411: 22407: 22404: 22402: 22399: 22397: 22394: 22392: 22388: 22385: 22383: 22382:December coup 22380: 22378: 22374: 22371: 22369: 22365: 22362: 22360: 22357: 22355: 22351: 22348: 22346: 22343: 22341: 22337: 22334: 22333: 22331: 22327: 22321: 22318: 22316: 22313: 22311: 22308: 22306: 22303: 22301: 22298: 22295: 22291: 22287: 22284: 22281: 22278: 22276: 22273: 22271: 22268: 22267: 22265: 22261: 22253: 22250: 22249: 22248: 22245: 22243: 22240: 22238: 22235: 22234: 22232: 22228: 22220: 22217: 22215: 22212: 22210: 22207: 22205: 22202: 22200: 22197: 22195: 22192: 22190: 22189:United States 22187: 22186: 22185: 22182: 22179: 22175: 22174:South Vietnam 22172: 22169: 22165: 22161: 22157: 22156:North Vietnam 22154: 22153: 22151: 22147: 22143: 22138: 22134: 22127: 22122: 22120: 22115: 22113: 22108: 22107: 22104: 22098: 22094: 22091: 22089: 22085: 22082: 22079: 22076: 22073: 22070: 22068: 22065: 22062: 22059: 22056: 22053: 22050: 22047: 22045: 22042: 22040: 22036: 22033: 22030: 22028: 22025: 22023: 22019: 22016: 22013: 22009: 22006: 22003: 22001: 21998: 21996: 21992: 21988: 21985: 21984: 21973: 21967: 21963: 21959: 21954: 21950: 21946: 21942: 21938: 21933: 21930: 21926: 21922: 21918: 21914: 21910: 21906: 21902: 21898: 21893: 21889: 21885: 21881: 21875: 21871: 21870: 21864: 21863: 21851: 21847: 21843: 21839: 21835: 21831: 21825: 21821: 21817: 21811: 21807: 21802: 21801: 21795: 21791: 21787: 21781: 21777: 21773: 21769: 21765: 21759: 21755: 21750: 21746: 21740: 21736: 21731: 21727: 21725:9780824887865 21721: 21717: 21716: 21710: 21706: 21700: 21696: 21692: 21687: 21684: 21680: 21676: 21670: 21666: 21662: 21657: 21654: 21653:0-89141-563-7 21650: 21646: 21645: 21640: 21636: 21630: 21626: 21625: 21620: 21616: 21612: 21606: 21602: 21597: 21594: 21590: 21588: 21587:0-15-601309-6 21584: 21580: 21576: 21572: 21566: 21562: 21561: 21556: 21555:Sheehan, Neil 21552: 21549: 21545: 21542: 21538: 21534: 21528: 21523: 21522: 21515: 21511: 21506: 21502: 21496: 21492: 21487: 21483: 21477: 21473: 21468: 21467: 21461: 21457: 21452: 21447: 21443: 21439: 21434: 21429: 21425: 21421: 21417: 21413: 21412: 21407: 21402: 21398: 21392: 21388: 21384: 21380: 21376: 21370: 21366: 21361: 21357: 21351: 21347: 21346: 21340: 21335: 21331: 21327: 21323: 21317: 21313: 21308: 21304: 21298: 21294: 21290: 21286: 21281: 21276: 21272: 21266: 21261: 21260: 21253: 21249: 21243: 21239: 21238: 21233: 21229: 21225: 21219: 21215: 21210: 21206: 21204:9780674072985 21200: 21196: 21195: 21189: 21185: 21179: 21175: 21171: 21166: 21162: 21157: 21153: 21147: 21143: 21138: 21134: 21128: 21124: 21119: 21115: 21109: 21105: 21101: 21097: 21093: 21087: 21083: 21082: 21077: 21076:Lewy, Guenter 21073: 21069: 21063: 21059: 21054: 21050: 21044: 21040: 21035: 21031: 21025: 21021: 21016: 21012: 21010:9781107110199 21006: 21002: 21001: 20996: 20992: 20988: 20982: 20977: 20976: 20970: 20966: 20962: 20961: 20953: 20948: 20944: 20938: 20934: 20930: 20926: 20922: 20916: 20911: 20910: 20903: 20899: 20893: 20889: 20884: 20880: 20875: 20871: 20865: 20861: 20856: 20852: 20846: 20842: 20837: 20833: 20827: 20823: 20818: 20814: 20809: 20805: 20799: 20795: 20790: 20786: 20782: 20778: 20773: 20769: 20764: 20760: 20754: 20750: 20746: 20742: 20738: 20734: 20728: 20724: 20719: 20715: 20711: 20707: 20703: 20698: 20694: 20688: 20684: 20680: 20675: 20671: 20669:9781108556163 20665: 20661: 20660: 20654: 20650: 20646: 20642: 20637: 20633: 20627: 20623: 20618: 20614: 20608: 20604: 20599: 20595: 20589: 20585: 20581: 20576: 20571: 20565: 20560: 20559: 20552: 20548: 20542: 20538: 20533: 20529: 20523: 20519: 20515: 20510: 20499: 20498: 20493: 20488: 20484: 20478: 20474: 20470: 20466: 20465: 20459: 20456: 20452: 20449: 20445: 20441: 20435: 20431: 20427: 20422: 20418: 20412: 20408: 20404: 20403: 20397: 20386: 20381: 20380: 20375: 20371: 20369:9781009229302 20365: 20361: 20360: 20354: 20350: 20344: 20340: 20336: 20332: 20329: 20325: 20321: 20317: 20311: 20307: 20306: 20300: 20299: 20287: 20286: 20281: 20278: 20275: 20270: 20265: 20260: 20255: 20252: 20249: 20236: 20232: 20228: 20220: 20219: 20214: 20210: 20208:0-19-505351-6 20204: 20200: 20195: 20191: 20189:0-316-54707-7 20185: 20181: 20176: 20172: 20170:0-06-095786-7 20166: 20162: 20161: 20155: 20151: 20145: 20141: 20136: 20131: 20126: 20122: 20117: 20111: 20109:0-16-048812-5 20105: 20101: 20100: 20094: 20090: 20088:0-16-045129-9 20084: 20080: 20079: 20073: 20069: 20067:0-16-045126-4 20063: 20059: 20058: 20052: 20048: 20046:0-16-032358-4 20042: 20038: 20037: 20031: 20030: 20029: 20026: 20021: 20017: 20013: 20010: 20009: 20004: 20000: 19999: 19987: 19981: 19977: 19973: 19968: 19964: 19958: 19954: 19953: 19947: 19943: 19937: 19933: 19928: 19924: 19918: 19914: 19909: 19905: 19899: 19895: 19890: 19886: 19880: 19875: 19874: 19868: 19864: 19860: 19856: 19852: 19848: 19844: 19840: 19836: 19832: 19828: 19824: 19823: 19817: 19813: 19809: 19805: 19801: 19800: 19794: 19790: 19786: 19782: 19778: 19774: 19770: 19765: 19761: 19755: 19751: 19747: 19742: 19738: 19732: 19728: 19723: 19719: 19715: 19711: 19709:0-7006-1175-4 19705: 19701: 19700: 19694: 19683:on 9 May 2008 19682: 19678: 19673: 19669: 19663: 19659: 19655: 19651: 19646: 19645: 19638: 19626: 19622: 19618: 19617: 19612: 19607: 19603: 19599: 19595: 19591: 19587: 19583: 19579: 19575: 19574: 19568: 19567: 19554: 19540: 19536: 19532: 19528: 19527: 19522: 19516: 19500: 19496: 19492: 19491:New York City 19488: 19487: 19482: 19475: 19469: 19456: 19452: 19448: 19444: 19443: 19438: 19432: 19416: 19412: 19408: 19404: 19403: 19398: 19394: 19388: 19380: 19374: 19370: 19366: 19359: 19351: 19345: 19341: 19334: 19332: 19330: 19328: 19326: 19324: 19308: 19307:History Today 19304: 19297: 19281: 19277: 19273: 19267: 19252:on 9 May 2010 19251: 19247: 19243: 19237: 19229: 19223: 19208: 19204: 19197: 19182: 19178: 19171: 19155: 19151: 19150: 19145: 19138: 19131: 19126: 19117:, p. 380 19116: 19111: 19103: 19099: 19093: 19078: 19074: 19067: 19059: 19055: 19050: 19045: 19041: 19037: 19033: 19026: 19018: 19014: 19010: 19006: 18999: 18983: 18979: 18973: 18958: 18954: 18947: 18931: 18927: 18921: 18906: 18905: 18900: 18893: 18886: 18882: 18877: 18861: 18857: 18853: 18849: 18845: 18838: 18822: 18818: 18812: 18796: 18792: 18786: 18770: 18766: 18762: 18756: 18748: 18742: 18738: 18731: 18723: 18719: 18715: 18709: 18700: 18685:on 5 May 2008 18684: 18680: 18674: 18672: 18663: 18659: 18653: 18645: 18641: 18635: 18629:, p. 78. 18628: 18623: 18608:on 8 May 2012 18607: 18603: 18597: 18589: 18585: 18578: 18570: 18566: 18562: 18556: 18541: 18537: 18531: 18529: 18512: 18508: 18502: 18494: 18488: 18481: 18480: 18472: 18456: 18452: 18446: 18430: 18426: 18419: 18412: 18407: 18391: 18387: 18386: 18381: 18374: 18372: 18370: 18362: 18346: 18342: 18338: 18331: 18323: 18317: 18313: 18306: 18298: 18292: 18288: 18284: 18277: 18261: 18257: 18250: 18234: 18230: 18226: 18220: 18204: 18200: 18196: 18189: 18183: 18178: 18162: 18158: 18154: 18148: 18140: 18138:90-411-0473-9 18134: 18130: 18123: 18115: 18111: 18107: 18103: 18099: 18095: 18091: 18086: 18081: 18073: 18067: 18063: 18059: 18053: 18047: 18040: 18028: 18024: 18017: 18001: 17997: 17993: 17989: 17985: 17979: 17963: 17959: 17958:Rolling Stone 17955: 17949: 17933: 17929: 17928: 17923: 17916: 17908: 17901: 17895: 17890: 17871: 17867: 17861: 17853: 17847: 17844:. McFarland. 17843: 17836: 17820: 17816: 17812: 17805: 17797: 17793: 17789: 17785: 17781: 17777: 17772: 17757: 17753: 17748: 17743: 17735: 17731: 17727: 17723: 17719: 17715: 17711: 17702: 17696: 17692: 17688: 17681: 17673: 17667: 17663: 17659: 17652: 17644: 17638: 17634: 17630: 17626: 17619: 17608: 17601: 17595: 17587: 17581: 17577: 17572: 17571: 17565: 17559: 17548: 17541: 17535: 17527: 17521: 17517: 17513: 17512: 17504: 17497: 17493: 17490: 17487: 17482: 17476:, p. 32. 17475: 17470: 17462: 17458: 17454: 17450: 17446: 17442: 17435: 17420: 17416: 17412: 17408: 17401: 17385: 17381: 17374: 17358: 17354: 17350: 17343: 17322: 17316: 17299: 17293: 17278: 17277: 17272: 17265: 17249: 17245: 17241: 17240:"Disarmament" 17235: 17227: 17221: 17217: 17210: 17203: 17198: 17182: 17178: 17174: 17168: 17160: 17156: 17150: 17142: 17138: 17131: 17123: 17119: 17112: 17104: 17097: 17089: 17085: 17080: 17075: 17071: 17067: 17063: 17056: 17048: 17044: 17040: 17036: 17032: 17028: 17024: 17020: 17016: 17009: 17001: 17000: 16995: 16989: 16981: 16977: 16970: 16962: 16958: 16951: 16943: 16939: 16935: 16931: 16924: 16916: 16912: 16905: 16897: 16893: 16887: 16879: 16875: 16871: 16864: 16856: 16850: 16834: 16830: 16824: 16816: 16815: 16810: 16804: 16796: 16790: 16786: 16779: 16771: 16765: 16760: 16759: 16750: 16742: 16736: 16732: 16728: 16724: 16718: 16702: 16698: 16692: 16688: 16687: 16679: 16663: 16659: 16653: 16649: 16648: 16640: 16624: 16620: 16619: 16614: 16601: 16585: 16581: 16575: 16559: 16555: 16551: 16545: 16537: 16531: 16527: 16520: 16518: 16516: 16507: 16501: 16497: 16493: 16486: 16470: 16466: 16462: 16458: 16452: 16444: 16438: 16434: 16430: 16426: 16419: 16411: 16405: 16401: 16397: 16390: 16388: 16371: 16367: 16363: 16356: 16348: 16342: 16338: 16331: 16329: 16327: 16310: 16306: 16299: 16283: 16279: 16275: 16269: 16261: 16255: 16251: 16246: 16245: 16236: 16220: 16216: 16215: 16210: 16203: 16201: 16192: 16186: 16182: 16178: 16171: 16163: 16157: 16154:. Routledge. 16153: 16146: 16127: 16120: 16113: 16097: 16093: 16087: 16079: 16073: 16069: 16064: 16063: 16054: 16046: 16042: 16036: 16028: 16024: 16020: 16014: 16006: 16000: 15992: 15988: 15981: 15973: 15967: 15963: 15956: 15940: 15936: 15935: 15927: 15921: 15916: 15908: 15902: 15898: 15891: 15883: 15877: 15873: 15866: 15864: 15854: 15846: 15842: 15838: 15832: 15816: 15812: 15810:9780824822330 15806: 15802: 15801: 15793: 15785: 15779: 15775: 15768: 15766: 15750: 15746: 15742: 15735: 15719: 15715: 15713: 15708: 15702: 15687: 15683: 15679: 15672: 15656: 15652: 15646: 15630: 15626: 15622: 15615: 15607: 15601: 15597: 15590: 15574: 15570: 15566: 15560: 15558: 15541: 15537: 15531: 15523: 15517: 15513: 15506: 15498: 15492: 15488: 15481: 15474: 15469: 15463:, p. 89. 15462: 15457: 15449: 15445: 15444: 15436: 15428: 15422: 15418: 15414: 15413: 15405: 15394: 15387: 15386: 15378: 15370: 15366: 15359: 15343: 15339: 15335: 15329: 15322: 15317: 15309: 15303: 15299: 15292: 15284: 15278: 15274: 15267: 15259: 15253: 15249: 15245: 15238: 15236: 15227: 15223: 15219: 15213: 15211: 15202: 15196: 15192: 15185: 15183: 15181: 15179: 15177: 15165: 15161: 15157: 15153: 15149: 15145: 15141: 15134: 15127: 15111: 15107: 15103: 15097: 15081: 15077: 15073: 15066: 15058: 15052: 15048: 15044: 15037: 15018: 15014: 15007: 15000: 14998: 14996: 14987: 14981: 14977: 14973: 14966: 14964: 14962: 14945: 14941: 14935: 14931: 14927: 14926: 14918: 14916: 14899: 14895: 14891: 14887: 14883: 14877: 14869: 14865: 14858: 14850: 14844: 14840: 14835: 14834: 14825: 14817: 14810: 14802: 14796: 14792: 14788: 14781: 14779: 14777: 14775: 14766: 14759: 14751: 14747: 14743: 14739: 14732: 14716: 14712: 14708: 14702: 14686: 14682: 14678: 14671: 14655: 14651: 14647: 14643: 14639: 14635: 14631: 14627: 14623: 14619: 14612: 14604: 14598: 14594: 14587: 14580: 14575: 14559: 14555: 14554:Wilson Center 14551: 14545: 14537: 14535:0-15-601309-6 14531: 14527: 14520: 14504: 14500: 14496: 14489: 14481: 14474: 14466: 14460: 14456: 14453:Witz (1994). 14449: 14447: 14445: 14436: 14432: 14428: 14424: 14420: 14416: 14412: 14408: 14401: 14385: 14381: 14375: 14367: 14361: 14353: 14349: 14345: 14341: 14337: 14333: 14326: 14324: 14315: 14311: 14307: 14300: 14292: 14286: 14282: 14281: 14273: 14265: 14259: 14255: 14248: 14246: 14234: 14230: 14224: 14217: 14216: 14208: 14206: 14197: 14190: 14182: 14175: 14173: 14156: 14152: 14148: 14144: 14140: 14133: 14125: 14119: 14115: 14108: 14106: 14104: 14102: 14100: 14098: 14096: 14094: 14092: 14075: 14071: 14070:Wilson Center 14067: 14061: 14059: 14042: 14038: 14034: 14028: 14012: 14008: 14004: 13998: 13982: 13978: 13974: 13968: 13966: 13964: 13962: 13953: 13947: 13943: 13936: 13934: 13932: 13930: 13928: 13926: 13924: 13916: 13908: 13902: 13898: 13894: 13887: 13871: 13867: 13860: 13852: 13846: 13842: 13835: 13827: 13823: 13819: 13812: 13810: 13802: 13797: 13788: 13779: 13770: 13762: 13758: 13752: 13744: 13738: 13734: 13727: 13725: 13716: 13710: 13706: 13702: 13695: 13687: 13680: 13678: 13669: 13665: 13659: 13643: 13639: 13635: 13631: 13627: 13621: 13619: 13607: 13600: 13599: 13591: 13584: 13579: 13563: 13559: 13552: 13544: 13538: 13533: 13532: 13523: 13507: 13503: 13499: 13492: 13484: 13478: 13474: 13467: 13459: 13453: 13449: 13442: 13431: 13426: 13407: 13402: 13394: 13387: 13380: 13376: 13372: 13367: 13359: 13353: 13349: 13342: 13334: 13328: 13323: 13322: 13313: 13305: 13299: 13295: 13290: 13289: 13280: 13272: 13266: 13262: 13255: 13247: 13243: 13239: 13233: 13225: 13221: 13217: 13211: 13204: 13199: 13197: 13188: 13184: 13180: 13174: 13166: 13161: 13153: 13146: 13142: 13136: 13128: 13122: 13118: 13117: 13109: 13101: 13097: 13091: 13075: 13071: 13067: 13063: 13059: 13052: 13041: 13037: 13030: 13029: 13021: 13014: 13008: 13001: 12996: 12988: 12984: 12978: 12970: 12964: 12960: 12956: 12949: 12943:, p. xi. 12942: 12937: 12929: 12927:9780939526147 12923: 12919: 12912: 12904: 12902:9780471254652 12898: 12894: 12887: 12881:, p. 68. 12880: 12875: 12867: 12861: 12856: 12855: 12846: 12830: 12826: 12822: 12821: 12813: 12805: 12801: 12795: 12787: 12785:1-891620-22-3 12781: 12777: 12776:PublicAffairs 12773: 12766: 12758: 12752: 12747: 12746: 12737: 12729: 12723: 12719: 12715: 12708: 12692: 12688: 12682: 12675: 12674:Woodruff 2005 12670: 12651: 12647: 12640: 12634: 12627: 12623: 12618: 12610: 12604: 12602: 12600: 12598: 12596: 12588: 12576: 12570: 12566: 12562: 12553: 12549: 12545: 12541: 12537: 12533: 12532: 12523: 12510: 12506: 12502: 12495: 12487: 12481: 12477: 12470: 12462: 12456: 12452: 12448: 12447: 12439: 12437: 12435: 12426: 12422: 12418: 12414: 12410: 12406: 12399: 12391: 12385: 12381: 12374: 12372: 12365: 12360: 12358: 12356: 12354: 12352: 12350: 12348: 12346: 12344: 12342: 12340: 12338: 12336: 12334: 12332: 12330: 12328: 12326: 12324: 12322: 12320: 12318: 12316: 12306: 12305: 12296: 12280: 12276: 12269: 12261: 12255: 12247: 12243: 12242: 12234: 12219:on 2 May 2023 12218: 12214: 12213:Wilson Center 12210: 12204: 12188: 12184: 12180: 12174: 12158: 12154: 12150: 12146: 12140: 12132: 12126: 12124: 12115: 12109: 12105: 12101: 12100: 12092: 12090: 12081: 12075: 12071: 12064: 12062: 12060: 12043: 12039: 12033: 12025: 12019: 12015: 12014:PublicAffairs 12010: 12009: 12003: 11999: 11993: 11991: 11989: 11987: 11985: 11983: 11981: 11979: 11977: 11975: 11973: 11971: 11969: 11967: 11950: 11946: 11940: 11936: 11935: 11927: 11911: 11907: 11903: 11897: 11895: 11878: 11874: 11870: 11866: 11862: 11858: 11854: 11850: 11846: 11842: 11835: 11827: 11826: 11818: 11810: 11804: 11800: 11796: 11789: 11787: 11785: 11768: 11764: 11760: 11754: 11746: 11745: 11737: 11735: 11727: 11715: 11711: 11705: 11689: 11685: 11681: 11674: 11667: 11655: 11651: 11647: 11640: 11632: 11626: 11622: 11615: 11599: 11595: 11591: 11584: 11568: 11564: 11558: 11542: 11538: 11531: 11523: 11517: 11513: 11506: 11490: 11486: 11479: 11471: 11465: 11461: 11454: 11452: 11443: 11442: 11434: 11432: 11420: 11413: 11412: 11404: 11402: 11393: 11389: 11385: 11381: 11374: 11372: 11363: 11359: 11355: 11351: 11347: 11343: 11339: 11335: 11331: 11327: 11323: 11316: 11314: 11305: 11299: 11294: 11293: 11284: 11282: 11280: 11278: 11276: 11274: 11265: 11259: 11255: 11248: 11232: 11228: 11222: 11220: 11211: 11205: 11201: 11194: 11192: 11190: 11188: 11186: 11184: 11182: 11165: 11161: 11160: 11152: 11144: 11138: 11134: 11130: 11126: 11119: 11117: 11115: 11107: 11103: 11097: 11093: 11088: 11087: 11078: 11076: 11074: 11066: 11057: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11036: 11034: 11032: 11024: 11016: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10985: 10980: 10973: 10971: 10969: 10967: 10965: 10957: 10945: 10941: 10940: 10935: 10928: 10926: 10906: 10899: 10893: 10882: 10878: 10872: 10865: 10864: 10856: 10848: 10844: 10843: 10838: 10832: 10816: 10812: 10806: 10790: 10786: 10780: 10764: 10760: 10754: 10745: 10737: 10731: 10727: 10720: 10718: 10701: 10697: 10695:1-4172-2920-9 10691: 10684: 10683: 10675: 10664: 10657: 10650: 10639: 10632: 10626: 10619: 10615: 10612: 10607: 10592: 10588: 10587: 10580: 10572: 10568: 10561: 10559: 10539: 10535: 10528: 10522: 10515: 10511: 10504: 10502: 10500: 10488: 10484: 10480: 10473: 10471: 10469: 10467: 10458: 10452: 10448: 10441: 10439: 10419: 10415: 10408: 10401: 10385: 10381: 10380: 10375: 10369: 10361: 10355: 10352:. Macmillan. 10351: 10347: 10340: 10332: 10326: 10322: 10315: 10313: 10311: 10309: 10307: 10305: 10303: 10301: 10299: 10297: 10295: 10293: 10291: 10289: 10287: 10285: 10283: 10281: 10279: 10277: 10275: 10273: 10271: 10269: 10267: 10265: 10263: 10261: 10259: 10257: 10255: 10253: 10251: 10249: 10247: 10245: 10243: 10241: 10239: 10237: 10235: 10233: 10231: 10229: 10227: 10225: 10223: 10221: 10219: 10217: 10215: 10213: 10211: 10194: 10190: 10186: 10179: 10163: 10159: 10155: 10149: 10147: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10116: 10114: 10112: 10104: 10097: 10095: 10093: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10070: 10068: 10059: 10053: 10049: 10045: 10044:Lewy, Guenter 10039: 10037: 10035: 10033: 10031: 10029: 10027: 10025: 10023: 10021: 10019: 10007: 10003: 9999: 9995: 9991: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9975: 9974: 9966: 9959: 9957: 9955: 9953: 9951: 9949: 9947: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9915: 9907: 9905:0-89950-931-2 9901: 9898:. McFarland. 9897: 9890: 9879: 9875: 9868: 9861: 9844: 9840: 9834: 9818: 9814: 9810: 9804: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9774: 9763: 9759: 9753: 9746: 9745: 9737: 9721: 9717: 9716: 9711: 9704: 9696: 9690: 9686: 9679: 9663: 9659: 9653: 9645: 9639: 9635: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9620: 9618: 9616: 9614: 9612: 9610: 9608: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9593: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9572: 9570: 9568: 9566: 9564: 9555: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9540: 9532: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9502: 9500: 9491: 9485: 9481: 9474: 9467: 9462: 9446: 9442: 9436: 9434: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9403: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9395: 9388:, p. 67. 9387: 9382: 9380: 9371: 9365: 9362:. McFarland. 9361: 9354: 9352: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9329: 9325: 9314: 9311: 9308: 9305: 9302: 9299: 9298: 9297: 9282: 9281:Gareth Porter 9275: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9252: 9246: 9239: 9235: 9229: 9222: 9216: 9209: 9203: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9181: 9179: 9177: 9167: 9158: 9149: 9140: 9131: 9124: 9119: 9115: 9109: 9107: 9102: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9078: 9074: 9068: 9063: 9060: 9049: 9046: 9035: 9028: 9026: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9010: 9003:Commemoration 9000: 8999:controversy. 8998: 8993: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8977: 8973: 8967: 8963: 8953: 8951: 8950: 8945: 8941: 8936: 8934: 8933: 8928: 8927: 8922: 8921: 8916: 8915: 8910: 8909: 8904: 8903: 8898: 8897: 8892: 8888: 8887: 8882: 8878: 8877: 8872: 8868: 8867: 8862: 8858: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8845: 8844: 8839: 8838: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8820: 8811: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8787: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8747: 8745: 8740: 8736: 8735:appeals court 8732: 8728: 8720: 8715: 8711: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8695: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8664: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8640: 8634: 8629: 8627: 8623: 8622:draft evaders 8619: 8615: 8609: 8601: 8596: 8592: 8582: 8580: 8570: 8567: 8564: 8561: 8558: 8557: 8553: 8550: 8547: 8544: 8541: 8540: 8527: 8525: 8521: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8507:Ronald Reagan 8503: 8500: 8497: 8488: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8464: 8462: 8458: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8439: 8435: 8425: 8423: 8414: 8412: 8408: 8403: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8380: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8356: 8354: 8348: 8343: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8317: 8308: 8304: 8297: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8279: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8234: 8231: 8228: 8227: 8223: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8212: 8209: 8206: 8205: 8201: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8190: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8179: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8168: 8165: 8162: 8161: 8157: 8154: 8151: 8150: 8146: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8129: 8128: 8124: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8113: 8110: 8107: 8106: 8102: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8091: 8088: 8085: 8084: 8080: 8077: 8074: 8073: 8069: 8066: 8063: 8062: 8058: 8055: 8052: 8051: 8047: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8036: 8033: 8030: 8029: 8025: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8015: 8006: 8000: 7990: 7986: 7984: 7980: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7951: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7932: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7905: 7900: 7890: 7886: 7884: 7880: 7879:Wallace Terry 7872: 7867: 7862: 7852: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7833: 7831: 7821: 7816: 7806: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7795:Hỏa Lò Prison 7792: 7788: 7783: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7754: 7744: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7717: 7714: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7696: 7693: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7671: 7667: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7623:US war crimes 7620: 7617: 7613: 7610:In 1968, the 7606: 7601: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7574: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7554: 7550: 7540: 7538: 7532: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7508: 7504: 7494: 7489: 7485: 7475: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7456: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7437: 7432: 7422: 7419: 7418:anti-aircraft 7415: 7410: 7405: 7389: 7379: 7377: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7359: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7344:Stephen Spiro 7341: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7319: 7313: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7298:Chicago Seven 7295: 7291: 7285: 7281: 7271: 7269: 7264: 7260: 7255: 7253: 7252:Graham Martin 7249: 7245: 7236: 7231: 7227: 7217: 7215: 7211: 7206: 7204: 7200: 7195: 7191: 7186: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7171: 7165: 7155: 7151: 7149: 7145: 7136: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7113: 7110: 7105: 7103: 7099: 7093: 7090: 7085: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7065: 7061: 7059: 7053: 7051: 7047: 7042: 7040: 7036: 7027: 7018: 7011: 7007: 7002: 7000: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6978: 6976: 6971: 6962: 6953: 6950: 6945: 6942: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6899: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6868: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6857:Sihanoukville 6854: 6845: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6822: 6820: 6815: 6809: 6807: 6806:Popular Force 6803: 6793: 6783: 6774: 6771: 6768: 6763: 6757: 6755: 6748: 6747:G.I. movement 6738: 6736: 6735:Supreme Court 6732: 6728: 6725:In 1971, the 6723: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6712:Ernest Medina 6709: 6705: 6701: 6691: 6689: 6688:combined arms 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6641: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6621:madman theory 6618: 6614: 6599: 6597: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6580: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6565: 6562: 6557: 6555: 6551: 6550:May Offensive 6541: 6537: 6535: 6531: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6517:Battle of Huế 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6496: 6490: 6486: 6485:Văn Tiến Dũng 6482: 6481:Tet Offensive 6478: 6474: 6470: 6462: 6457: 6449: 6444: 6440: 6439:Tet Offensive 6426: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6408: 6405: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6315: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6298:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ 6294: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6269: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6250: 6246: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6223: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6208: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6185: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6150: 6148: 6140: 6136: 6127: 6122: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6103: 6099: 6097: 6093: 6086: 6076: 6074: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6044: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6005: 6001: 6000:North Vietnam 5997: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5977: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5952: 5950: 5938: 5934: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5906: 5896: 5895:(MAC-V SOG). 5894: 5890: 5885: 5881: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5849: 5845: 5844:regime change 5836: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5825:Lê Quang Tung 5822: 5817: 5816:Ngô Đình Thục 5813: 5809: 5805: 5804:Buddhist flag 5801: 5795: 5787: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5768:Huỳnh Văn Cao 5764: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5730: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5708: 5704: 5699: 5697: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5675: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5632:met in Vienna 5629: 5625: 5616: 5611: 5607: 5597: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5581: 5579: 5574: 5568: 5564: 5554: 5552: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5515: 5508: 5504: 5494: 5492: 5487: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5475:Gabriel Kolko 5470: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5451: 5450:South Vietnam 5447: 5446:Ngô Đình Diệm 5443: 5439: 5434: 5424: 5420: 5419:Ngo Dinh Diem 5410: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5391:domino theory 5387: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5311: 5310:Phạm Văn Đồng 5305: 5297: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5286:Ngô Đình Diệm 5283: 5282:Seventh Fleet 5279: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5254:17th parallel 5248: 5243: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5212: 5210: 5205: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5193:Richard Nixon 5190: 5186: 5182: 5176: 5172: 5162: 5160: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5123: 5122:anticommunist 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5082: 5078: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5006:Japan invaded 4999: 4998:national flag 4995: 4994:North Vietnam 4991: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4936: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4780:Richard Nixon 4777: 4773: 4772:1970 deposing 4769: 4765: 4764:Tet Offensive 4761: 4757: 4753: 4752:air supremacy 4748: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4704:guerrilla war 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4642:South Vietnam 4639: 4638:North Vietnam 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4574: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4477:Xá Lợi Pagoda 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4451:Mass killings 4444: 4439: 4437: 4432: 4430: 4425: 4424: 4421: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4328: 4327: 4326:Custom Tailor 4323: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4271: 4270: 4266: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4217: 4216: 4215:Frequent Wind 4212: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4174:Linebacker II 4170: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4126: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4115:Commando Hunt 4112: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4028: 4027: 4023: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4014: 4013: 4009: 4007: 4006: 4002: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3993: 3992: 3988: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3970: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3916: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3888:Iron Triangle 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3840: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3828: 3825: 3821: 3820:2nd Quang Trị 3818: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3803:Mỹ Chánh Line 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3788:1st Quang Trị 3786: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3773: 3772: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3747: 3746:Caroline Hill 3743: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3733: 3729: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3720: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3671: 3670: 3669:Imperial Lake 3666: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3624: 3623: 3622:Clinch Valley 3619: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3580:Randolph Glen 3577: 3575: 3574: 3573: 3572:Toan Thang IV 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3560: 3559:Fulton Square 3556: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3422: 3421:Purple Martin 3418: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3402: 3401: 3400:Iron Mountain 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3389: 3388: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3346: 3345: 3344:Taylor Common 3341: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3224: 3223: 3222: 3221:Toan Thang II 3217: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3149: 3148:May Offensive 3145: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3115: 3114: 3113: 3108: 3106: 3105: 3104:Cochise Green 3101: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3013: 3012: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2958: 2957: 2956:Tet Offensive 2953: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2862: 2861: 2860: 2855: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2767:Shenandoah II 2764: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2734: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2697: 2696:Suoi Chau Pha 2694: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2664: 2663: 2662:Hong Kil Dong 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2651: 2647: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2617: 2616: 2615:Barking Sands 2612: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2463:2nd Prek Klok 2461: 2459: 2458:1st Prek Klok 2455: 2454: 2453: 2452:Junction City 2448: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2439: 2438:Tra Binh Dong 2436: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2392: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2383: 2382: 2376: 2375:Firebase Bird 2373: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2317: 2316: 2315: 2310: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2154: 2153: 2149: 2147: 2146: 2145:Davy Crockett 2142: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2053: 2052: 2048: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2008: 2004: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1974: 1973: 1972:Bushmaster II 1969: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1947: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1874:Camp Holloway 1872: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1844: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1733: 1728: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1603: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1554:North Vietnam 1551: 1550:South Vietnam 1548:against both 1547: 1543: 1532: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1468: 1467:FARK and FANK 1463: 1457: 1448: 1445: 1436: 1431: 1420: 1417: 1406: 1403: 1392: 1389: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1348: 1345: 1334: 1328: 1317: 1307: 1306: 1300: 1289: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1262: 1253: 1242: 1239: 1238:Soviet Union: 1228: 1225: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1184: 1170: 1153: 1152: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1136:100–130 total 1135: 1125: 1122: 1112: 1109: 1099: 1094: 1084: 1079: 1069: 1065: 1055: 1052: 1047: 1037: 1033: 1023: 1017: 1007: 1001: 991: 990: 988: 987: 983: 977: 967: 964: 963:Soviet Union: 954: 952:48,000 (1970) 950: 940: 938:70,000 (1972) 936: 926: 924:320,000 total 920: 910: 904: 894: 891: 886: 876: 875: 873: 872: 868: 867: 862: 856: 855: 847: 845: 840: 835: 832: 827: 821: 819: 814: 809: 807: 802: 797: 795: 794:Richard Nixon 790: 785: 783: 778: 773: 771: 770: 766: 761: 756: 754: 749: 744: 742: 741:Nguyễn Cao Kỳ 737: 732: 730: 725: 720: 718: 717: 712: 711:Ngô Đình Diệm 707: 702: 701: 699: 694: 693: 685: 683: 673: 671: 670:Phạm Văn Đồng 666: 661: 659: 654: 649: 647: 642: 637: 635: 634:Tôn Đức Thắng 630: 625: 623: 618: 613: 612: 610: 609: 604: 598: 587: 584: 572: 570: 559: 555: 544: 541: 531: 529: 518: 516: 505: 503: 492: 489: 477: 475: 474:United States 465: 463: 462:South Vietnam 452: 451: 449: 444: 433: 431: 420: 417: 406: 402: 391: 389: 379: 377: 367: 365: 361: 351: 349: 348:North Vietnam 338: 337: 335: 334: 329: 321: 317: 316:South Vietnam 313: 312:North Vietnam 309: 304: 303: 299: 296: 293: 292: 284: 280: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 255:North Vietnam 253: 251: 250:South Vietnam 248: 247: 244: 241: 240: 234: 231: 230: 226: 219: 215: 212: 211: 205: 201: 198: 197:Tet Offensive 194: 190: 186: 182: 179: 175: 172: 163: 159: 156: 152: 148: 147: 145: 136: 127: 116: 107: 96: 87: 77: 74: 70: 66: 61: 56: 51: 47: 45: 40: 33: 19: 26477:Brinkmanship 26369:intelligence 26258:Marius Oprea 26208:Harvey Klehr 26138:Herbert Feis 26128:Willem Drees 26093:Archie Brown 26010: 25998: 25980: 25970:Trybuna Ludu 25968: 25961: 25957:Radio Moscow 25949: 25942: 25935: 25763:Anti-Zionism 25679: 25602:Keynesianism 25590:Conservatism 25454:Transnistria 25434:China-Taiwan 25091:Gera Demands 24964: 24765: 24640: 24445:El Porteñazo 24339:Congo Crisis 24254: 24208: 24189:Algerian War 24172: 24048:Western Bloc 24043:Eastern Bloc 24038:Iron Curtain 23894: 23886: 23878: 23855: 23835: 23827: 23744:Soviet Union 23742: 23735: 23655: 23333:Presidents: 22833: 22741: 22715:Other topics 22537:Agent Orange 22486: 22477: 22468: 22454: 22441: 22432: 22414: 22405: 22386: 22363: 22349: 22335: 22149:Participants 22132: 21961: 21940: 21936: 21924: 21900: 21896: 21868: 21833: 21829: 21823: 21804:. 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23344:Instability 23282:President: 22901:established 22869:ARVN formed 22834:Vietnam War 22219:New Zealand 22214:South Korea 22133:Vietnam War 21943:(3): 1–16. 21772:Turse, Nick 21655:(225 pages) 21289:Moyar, Mark 20241:9 September 19563:Works cited 19545:20 November 19505:13 November 19461:11 November 19421:13 November 19411:White House 19256:4 September 19160:8 September 19082:23 February 18957:The Leaflet 18910:4 September 18881:Palmer 2007 18866:28 February 18775:26 February 18085:Ben Kiernan 17825:1 September 17762:2 September 17072:: 136–160. 16629:8 September 16475:20 November 16214:latimes.com 15569:history.com 13430:Karnow 1997 13406:Karnow 1997 13371:Karnow 1997 13119:. Vintage. 12364:Karnow 1997 12254:cite thesis 11916:19 December 11883:19 December 11773:19 December 11694:6 September 11660:28 February 11133:L'Harmattan 10950:24 February 9935:18 February 9521:24 December 9451:5 September 9097:Annotations 8932:Rescue Dawn 8889:(1986) and 8853:'s pro-war 8744:Tran To Nga 8448:boat people 8340:Nobel Prize 8013:(1955–1975) 7940:Warsaw Pact 7881:whose book 7849:Lai Đại Hàn 7780: 1973 7651:body counts 7627:Tiger Force 7595:Tiger Force 7513:Montagnards 7336:imperialism 7244:Martial law 7089:Gerald Ford 7056:memoirs of 7046:Schlesinger 6949:air assault 6884:Khmer Rouge 6778:frustration 6718:", where 8 6684:high-mobile 6584:peace talks 6128:, June 1965 6060:state visit 5823:of Colonel 5710:recommended 5707:Walt Rostow 5691:Third World 5689:warfare in 5652:Berlin Wall 5640:nuclear war 5526:September. 5467:Virgin Mary 5280:and the US 5278:French Navy 5098:Hồ Chí Minh 5018:Ho Chi Minh 4955:in 1930, a 4867:Vietnam War 4796:Khmer Rouge 4730:, from 900 4610:Vietnam War 4580:Tiger Force 4542:Thanh Phong 4455:Vietnam War 4453:during the 4276:Stable Door 4262:Game Warden 4256:Vung Ro Bay 4250:Market Time 4122:Giant Lance 4108:Igloo White 4063:Tiger Hound 4042:Steel Tiger 4005:Barrel Roll 3930:Hue–Da Nang 3915:Spring 1975 3863:Trung Nghia 3837:(1973–1974) 3814:Thunderhead 3725:Finney Hill 3717:Lam Son 719 3600:FSB Ripcord 3587:Green River 3505:Lamar Plain 3489:Apache Snow 3454:Geneva Park 3440:Atlas Wedge 3323:Meade River 3255:Quyet Chien 3159:West Saigon 3141:Allen Brook 3127:Scotland II 3071:Quyet Thang 3033:Coronado XI 2881:Yellowstone 2816:Coronado IX 2723:Dragon Fire 2709:Coronado IV 2683:Coronado II 2557:Prairie III 2525:Beaver Cage 2418:Sam Houston 2396:Cedar Falls 2388:Deckhouse V 2213:Nathan Hale 2166:Crazy Horse 2159:Paul Revere 2072:Silver City 2058:Cocoa Beach 1746:Vietnam War 1744:during the 1474:≈1,000,000+ 1465:(excluding 1462:≈1,340,000+ 1434:17 captured 1374:South Korea 1276:Khmer Rouge 1270:(excluding 1210:Pathet Lao: 949:Pathet Lao: 622:Hồ Chí Minh 583:Philippines 556:(1970–1975) 542:(1967–1970) 515:New Zealand 488:South Korea 443:North Korea 418:(1965–1973) 403:(1970–1975) 388:Khmer Rouge 305:Territorial 195:during the 169: 1966 58:Vietnam War 46:(TV series) 26606:Proxy wars 26525:Categories 26071:Historians 26062:Space Race 25963:Rudé právo 25917:Propaganda 25773:Neo-Nazism 25743:Chauvinism 25697:Trotskyism 25612:Monetarism 25580:Liberalism 25572:Capitalism 25564:Ideologies 25515:Ostpolitik 25238:Solidarity 25203:Toyota War 25106:Solidarity 24963:Operation 24918:Ogaden War 24607:Dhofar War 24495:Shifta War 24253:Operation 24101:Korean War 23893:Operation 23885:Operation 23877:Operation 23854:Operation 23834:Operation 23826:Operation 23408:Chairman: 23125:withdrawal 22588:Casualties 22559:War crimes 22542:Land mines 22377:Resolution 22263:Background 21888:1302551584 21693:. London: 20960:The Walrus 20471:. p. 20430:Free Press 20223:5 volumes. 19130:Crook 2008 19077:ProPublica 18885:Stone 2007 18848:The Nation 18689:3 November 17631:. p. 17363:17 January 17202:Terry 1984 16936:: 165–90. 16431:. p. 16376:30 October 15991:Asia Times 15931:Bob Fink. 15783:0207957126 15755:14 January 15724:14 January 15692:15 January 15546:17 October 15371:: 582–583. 14691:8 February 14660:8 February 13583:Nalty 1998 13203:Demma 1989 13080:2 December 12624:, p. 12193:28 October 11573:8 December 11170:31 October 10914:18 October 10390:18 October 9980:(4): 783. 9668:1 November 9292:References 8997:Swift boat 8960:See also: 8851:John Wayne 8837:Don't Burn 8824:Quảng Ngãi 8688:Olof Palme 8671:defoliants 8659:defoliants 8589:See also: 8365:Phnom Penh 8272:In Vietnam 8218:After 1975 8003:See also: 7993:Casualties 7958:See also: 7917:M1 carbine 7869:A wounded 7841:war crimes 7757:See also: 7723:where the 7681:, showing 7647:Nick Turse 7619:task force 7581:See also: 7559:war crimes 7543:War crimes 7521:Khmer Krom 7488:Many Flags 7482:See also: 7478:Pro-Saigon 7414:Mao Zedong 7402:See also: 7354:emulating 7332:unilateral 7288:See also: 7194:last stand 7120:See also: 7069:Montagnard 6994:Lê Đức Thọ 6672:small-unit 6262:Many Flags 6243:body count 6239:escalation 6168:See also: 6020:Turner Joy 5743:See also: 5630:when they 5593:Pathet Lao 5561:See also: 5361:Bình Xuyên 5151:Korean War 4929:Background 4811:Cambodians 4743:resolution 4288:Sea Dragon 4208:Eagle Pull 4182:Homecoming 4070:Shed Light 3991:Ranch Hand 3908:Phước Long 3898:Thượng Đức 3883:Svay Rieng 3868:Ap Da Bien 3752:Long Khánh 3629:Elk Canyon 3594:Texas Star 3433:Maine Crag 3414:Wayne Grey 3296:Thượng Đức 2967:US Embassy 2949:Coronado X 2867:Manchester 2739:Coronado V 2690:Hood River 2656:The Slopes 2585:Kingfisher 2564:Prairie IV 2550:Prairie II 2432:Enterprise 2336:Shenandoah 2194:Lam Son II 2138:Birmingham 1546:insurgency 1544:fought an 1514:Total dead 1388:Australia: 1280:Pathet Lao 1261:≈1,100,000 1093:Australia: 903:Viet Cong: 854:and others 692:and others 376:Pathet Lao 26358:Ken Young 26203:Tony Judt 26052:Arms race 26025:Red Scare 25893:NN States 25838:Apartheid 25793:Autocracy 25702:Stalinism 25670:Guevarism 25660:Castroism 25650:Communism 25642:Socialism 25168:Star Wars 24761:Koza riot 23887:Beleaguer 23879:Masterdom 23250:Cambodian 23218:Offensive 23154:Cambodian 23123:US begins 22899:HCM trail 22662:Reactions 22619:Aftermath 22290:Việt Minh 22199:Australia 22168:Viet Cong 22020:from the 21917:161303298 21850:154831743 21695:UCL Press 21385:(2001) . 21284:textbook. 20539:. Wiley. 19859:161597245 19602:140810853 18856:0027-8378 18801:12 August 18461:2 January 18266:11 August 18114:143971159 17996:0362-4331 17461:1060-4367 17419:0458-3035 17327:5 January 17088:149380700 16618:Hankyoreh 16315:5 October 15999:cite news 15945:18 August 15579:11 August 14765:The Times 14642:1531-4804 14509:8 October 14435:154919829 14427:0305-7410 14352:2588-1213 14151:0362-4331 13070:0028-7504 12895:. Wiley. 12659:8 October 12552:153956945 11865:0021-8723 11720:18 August 11684:USA TODAY 11535:Factasy. 11362:144885326 11346:0007-5035 9994:0098-7921 9726:3 October 9422:17 August 9320:Citations 9301:Citations 9265:(MI) and 9253:(MS) and 9152:1964–1968 9143:1963–1969 9134:1955–1963 9011:issued a 8946:recorded 8775:chloracne 8679:defoliate 8262:Aftermath 8031:1956–1959 7925:M16 rifle 7921:M14 rifle 7913:M1 Garand 7801:), where 7635:democidal 7563:terrorism 7451:in 1991, 7393:Pro-Hanoi 7259:2nd Corps 7175:Nha Trang 7077:T-54 tank 6888:Nuon Chea 6645:Viet Cong 6231:attrition 6058:was on a 6018:USS 6011:USS 5994:and four 5853:Cable 243 5727:agreement 5585:Group 559 5535:Viet Cong 5503:Viet Cong 5477:, 40,000 5401:, then a 5022:Viet Minh 4990:Viet Minh 4961:Hong Kong 4696:Viet Cong 4692:Viet Minh 4686:with the 4669:proxy war 4562:Highway 1 4547:Sơn Thắng 4333:End Sweep 4076:Thanh Hoa 4049:Arc Light 4026:Iron Hand 3977:Farm Gate 3936:Phan Rang 3873:Quang Duc 3758:Chenla II 3531:Utah Mesa 3302:Maui Peak 3026:Hop Tac I 2999:Quảng Trị 2888:Muscatine 2809:Lancaster 2786:MacArthur 2773:Ong Thanh 2650:Concordia 2608:Kole Kole 2532:Con Thien 2513:Manhattan 2322:Attleboro 2201:Hawthorne 2180:Hardihood 2152:Austin IV 2125:Xa Cam My 2007:Van Buren 1904:Dong Xoai 1837:Kien Long 1832:Long Dinh 1777:Đồng Khởi 1615:Masterdom 1558:Viet Cong 1556:with the 1402:Thailand: 1078:Thailand: 502:Australia 360:Viet Cong 318:into the 210:Kearsarge 189:Viet Cong 149:American 26510:Timeline 26500:Category 26445:See also 25937:Izvestia 25778:Islamism 25675:Hoxhaism 25550:Rollback 25429:Abkhazia 25369:Gulf War 25273:Glasnost 24643:incident 24413:Sand War 24271:Ifni War 23780:Rio Pact 23725:Cold War 23623:Interwar 23156:Campaign 23067:deployed 23032:Incident 22968:expanded 22916:Invasion 22885:defeated 22836:timeline 22772:Category 22679:Protests 22648:Veterans 22505:Conflict 22423:Khe Sanh 22194:Thailand 22088:Mashable 22035:Archived 22008:Archived 21796:(1991). 21774:(2013). 21621:(1997). 21557:(1989). 21462:(1978). 21442:18566045 21332:(1991). 21291:(2006). 21234:(1996). 21102:(2001). 21078:(1978). 20997:(2017). 20971:(1985). 20931:(2008). 20785:39333058 20743:(1967). 20503:5 August 20497:Newsweek 20337:(2006). 20231:Volume 1 19851:17218503 19843:20035179 19812:25660031 19789:25798819 19656:(1997). 19594:20456664 19486:ABC News 19312:6 August 19222:cite web 19058:16543362 18982:NBC News 18765:ABC News 18565:Fox News 18455:Archived 18429:Archived 18351:28 March 18260:Archived 18233:Archived 18203:Archived 18167:21 March 18161:Archived 18027:Archived 18006:27 April 17968:25 April 17962:Archived 17879:26 March 17819:Archived 17796:11618274 17771:see also 17756:Archived 17566:(2004). 17547:Archived 17492:Archived 17304:2 August 17248:Archived 17181:Archived 17047:30828054 17039:23750856 16839:8 August 16725:(2017). 16701:Archived 16662:Archived 16554:Newsweek 16469:Archived 16370:Archived 16366:Newsweek 15841:CBS News 15815:Archived 15348:26 April 15017:Archived 14944:Archived 14904:27 April 14750:25797906 14654:Archived 14650:57564244 13506:Archived 12650:Archived 12187:Archived 11949:Archived 11910:Archived 11877:Archived 11767:Archived 11688:Archived 11654:Archived 11604:11 April 11567:Archived 11354:44480206 11015:18566045 10700:Archived 10614:Archived 10591:archived 10547:11 April 10534:Rand.org 10348:(2000). 10135:11 April 10046:(1978). 9929:Archived 9849:2 August 9823:11 April 9662:Archived 9515:Archived 9031:See also 8935:(2007). 8923:(1994), 8917:(1989), 8911:(1989), 8905:(1987), 8879:(1979), 8869:(1978), 8684:mangrove 8481:A young 8452:refugees 8388:Phu Quoc 8324:Le Monde 7663:Newsweek 7348:Just War 7340:New Left 7190:Xuân Lộc 7179:Cam Ranh 6859:and the 6825:Cambodia 6762:fragging 6205:General 5674:McNamara 5578:Tchepone 5463:Buddhist 5459:nepotism 5181:carriers 5110:Cold War 4963:and the 4883:Cambodia 4827:mangrove 4815:Laotians 4634:Cold War 4622:Cambodia 4552:Thạnh Mỹ 4502:Bình Hòa 4497:Bình Tai 4467:Châu Đốc 4344:East Sea 4313:Đồng Hới 4307:Sealords 4240:stations 4201:New Life 4194:Babylift 4095:Yen Vien 3942:Xuân Lộc 3878:Tri Phap 3853:Hồng Ngự 3848:Cửa Việt 3793:Loc Ninh 3683:Tailwind 3662:Chenla I 3329:Hat Dich 3290:Vinh Loc 3186:Kham Duc 3134:Delaware 3090:Carentan 3018:Lo Giang 2941:Lang Vei 2930:Khe Sanh 2874:Saratoga 2851:Napoleon 2830:Santa Fe 2676:Coronado 2643:Billings 2622:Union II 2594:Crockett 2578:Kentucky 2473:Suoi Tre 2425:Pershing 2357:Geronimo 2285:Amarillo 2271:Long Tan 2260:Colorado 2234:Hastings 2207:Hill 488 2112:Jackstay 2105:Fillmore 2051:Harrison 2044:New York 1993:Marauder 1965:Ia Drang 1952:Gang Toi 1922:Starlite 1884:Qui Nhơn 1868:Binh Gia 1857:Nam Dong 1820:Hiep Hoa 1771:Biên Hòa 1562:Cambodia 1510:: 65,494 1404:351 dead 1267:≈604,200 1053:militia) 864:Strength 569:Thailand 540:Cambodia 283:Thailand 260:Cambodia 242:Location 191:officer 176:using a 69:Cold War 67:and the 26000:Amerika 25883:Comecon 25768:Fascism 25758:Zionism 25707:Titoism 25248:Contras 24716:Détente 23993:Comecon 23678:Đổi Mới 23391:Lê Duẩn 23377:Lê Duẩn 23320:G. Ford 23096:created 23028:Gulf of 22996:Buddhis 22950:Attempt 22883:Hòa Hảo 22792:Commons 22581:Impacts 22571:Đắk Sơn 22532:Weapons 22142:Outline 21993:Series 21929:excerpt 21836:: 851. 21691:Vietnam 21550:(1997). 21543:(1976). 21433:2440905 21280:Vietnam 20749:Praeger 20390:11 June 20326:(2007) 19822:Science 19687:11 June 19553:Alt URL 19468:Alt URL 19286:17 June 19102:Reuters 19009:Science 18988:21 June 18962:21 June 18936:21 June 18827:11 June 18545:14 June 18396:11 June 18239:17 July 18033:15 July 17938:30 June 17734:2759306 16707:12 June 16668:25 July 16590:20 June 16564:20 June 16288:20 June 15821:25 July 15222:UPI.com 15160:1987487 15116:13 June 15086:14 June 15026:14 June 14950:22 June 14882:USA.gov 14413:: 135. 14017:12 June 13987:12 June 12697:26 June 12515:15 July 12425:3024603 12163:20 July 12048:11 June 11955:6 March 11873:1890195 11799:195–196 11547:29 June 11495:12 June 11392:4072727 11131:]. 11061:regime. 11006:2440905 10821:10 June 10795:29 June 10769:29 June 10597:29 July 10427:3 March 10199:28 June 10168:11 June 10002:2137774 9925:El País 9715:NK News 9015:of the 8886:Platoon 8692:ecocide 8661:in the 8487:Da Nang 8400:Chinese 8392:Tho Chu 8369:Pol Pot 8202:31,219 8191:27,901 8180:39,587 8169:22,738 8158:23,346 8147:21,833 8136:27,915 8125:12,716 8114:11,953 8103:11,242 7893:Weapons 7791:Tuy Hòa 7675:Nick Ut 7453:Russian 7324:drafted 7148:Kon Tum 7071:of the 6880:Lon Nol 6874:by his 6851:Prince 6625:détente 6284:during 6196:Da Nang 6186:, 1965. 6002:during 5990:A U.S. 5622:In the 5573:Lê Duẩn 5519:wildcat 5403:senator 5353:Hòa Hảo 5349:Cao Đài 5330:Hòa Hảo 5137:of the 5090:Bảo Đại 4913:). The 4902: 4871:English 4845:, with 4831:ecocide 4794:to the 4673:Laotian 4614:Vietnam 4557:Đức Dục 4537:Sơn Trà 4512:Đắk Sơn 4507:Thủy Bồ 4403:1973–74 4101:Niagara 3984:Chopper 3903:Phú Lộc 3893:Duc Duc 3565:LZ Kate 3518:Binh Ba 3427:Ben Het 3394:2nd Tet 3275:Duc Lap 3235:Binh An 3097:Pegasus 3047:Patrick 3040:Houston 3004:Bến Tre 2962:Da Nang 2859:Phoenix 2802:Osceola 2753:Bolling 2629:Dragnet 2571:Buffalo 2543:Hickory 2492:Lejeune 2411:Gadsden 2369:Fairfax 2343:Atlanta 2253:Prairie 2187:Wahiawa 2173:El Paso 2131:Georgia 2098:Lincoln 2032:Mastiff 1940:Plei Me 1935:An Ninh 1929:Piranha 1894:Sông Bé 1815:Go Cong 1795:Sunrise 1783:Chopper 1432:25 dead 1430:Taiwan: 1418:37 dead 1361:Unknown 1254:14 dead 1240:16 dead 1212:Unknown 1197:Unknown 646:Lê Duẩn 322:in 1976 307:changes 300:victory 25951:Pravda 25753:Racism 25692:Maoism 25444:Kosovo 24965:Condor 24641:Pueblo 24627:May 68 24255:Gladio 24173:Tuapse 23836:Jungle 23828:Priboi 23254:widens 23236:Saigon 23216:Spring 23141:formed 23064:Forces 23030:Tonkin 22998:Crisis 22933:formed 22567:My Lai 22329:Events 21968: 21915: 21886: 21876: 21848: 21812: 21782: 21760: 21741: 21722: 21701: 21671: 21651: 21631: 21607: 21585: 21567: 21529: 21497: 21478: 21440: 21430: 21393: 21371: 21352: 21318: 21299: 21267: 21244: 21220: 21201: 21180: 21148: 21129: 21110: 21088: 21064: 21045: 21026: 21007: 20983: 20939: 20917: 20894: 20866: 20847: 20828: 20800: 20783: 20755: 20729: 20714:411221 20712: 20689: 20666: 20628: 20609: 20590: 20566: 20543: 20524: 20479: 20436: 20413: 20366: 20345: 20312: 20205: 20186: 20167: 20146: 20106: 20085: 20064: 20043: 19982: 19959: 19938: 19919: 19900: 19881: 19857: 19849: 19841: 19810: 19787: 19756: 19733: 19716: 19706: 19664: 19600: 19592: 19375: 19346: 19186:14 May 19120:time." 19056: 18854: 18743: 18612:29 May 18517:17 May 18489: 18359: 18318: 18293: 18135: 18112: 18068: 17994: 17848: 17794: 17732: 17697: 17668: 17639: 17582: 17522: 17459: 17424:3 June 17417: 17335: 17222: 17187:11 May 17159:DW.COM 17086: 17045: 17037: 16791: 16766: 16737: 16693: 16654: 16610: 16532: 16502: 16439: 16406: 16343: 16256: 16187: 16183:–303. 16158: 16135:1 June 16102:26 May 16074: 15968: 15903: 15878: 15807: 15780: 15661:4 July 15635:4 July 15602: 15518: 15493: 15423: 15304: 15279: 15254: 15250:–140. 15197: 15158: 15053: 14982: 14936: 14845: 14797: 14748: 14721:4 July 14648: 14640: 14599: 14564:1 June 14532: 14461: 14433: 14425: 14390:1 June 14350: 14287: 14260: 14225: 14161:1 June 14149: 14120: 14080:1 June 14047:1 June 13948: 13913: 13903: 13847: 13739: 13711: 13539: 13512:4 July 13479: 13454: 13434: 13418: 13414: 13410: 13354: 13329: 13300: 13267: 13123: 13068: 12965: 12924: 12899: 12862: 12835:14 May 12782: 12753: 12724: 12585: 12581: 12571: 12550: 12482: 12457: 12423: 12386: 12285:11 May 12223:20 May 12110: 12076: 12020: 11941: 11871: 11863: 11805: 11627: 11518: 11466: 11390: 11360: 11352: 11344: 11300: 11260: 11237:1 June 11206: 11139: 11098: 11063: 11052: 11021: 11013: 11003: 10873: 10732: 10706:11 May 10692: 10453: 10356: 10327: 10054: 10000: 9992: 9902: 9793:31 May 9754: 9691: 9640: 9588: 9550: 9486: 9366: 9261:(SC), 8739:dioxin 8721:, 2004 8637: 8483:Marine 8320: 8232:58,220 8144:11,780 8133:16,899 8122:11,363 8092:7,457 8081:5,665 8070:4,457 8059:4,004 8048:2,223 7970:, and 7923:, and 7593:, and 7551:, and 7296:, and 7203:Taiwan 7183:Da Lat 7128:, and 7109:Pleiku 7015: 6933:, and 6837:, and 6780: 6676:sapper 6493: 6469:Đắk Tô 6341:Notes 6235:morale 6221:areas. 6143: 6025:Maddox 6013:Maddox 5945: 5941: 5925:, and 5871:, the 5792: 5784: 5755:, and 5379:rigged 5357:Ba Cụt 5326:Ba Cut 5290:cadres 5235:, and 5131:Saigon 5026:Allies 4889:, and 4885:, the 4770:. The 4665:allies 4620:, and 4532:Mỹ Lai 4234:& 4231:Yankee 4089:Popeye 3808:Kontum 3798:An Lộc 3764:Nui Le 3169:An Bao 3154:Dai Do 3083:Walker 3053:Tam Kỳ 3011:Coburg 2923:McLain 2902:Auburn 2823:Neosho 2793:Dak To 2760:Medina 2702:Benton 2444:Bribie 2404:Desoto 2306:Seward 2266:Duc Co 2084:Oregon 1899:Ba Gia 1889:Ka Nak 1862:An Lao 1809:Ấp Bắc 1802:Shufly 1632:Second 1428: 1414: 1400: 1386: 1342: 1325: 1297: 1250: 1236: 1224:China: 1222: 1134:Spain: 965:~3,000 919:China: 851: 713: 689: 597:Taiwan 594: 580: 566: 525: 512: 499: 485: 459: 440: 427: 413: 345: 294:Result 281:, and 220:, 1968 213:, 1964 199:, 1968 180:, 1967 26436:Stasi 25903:SAARC 25898:ASEAN 25863:SEATO 25716:Other 25681:Juche 25439:Korea 25352:1990s 25065:1980s 24709:1970s 24332:1960s 24084:1950s 23794:1940s 23775:NEATO 23770:SEATO 23760:ANZUS 23049:begin 22749:SEATO 22704:Songs 22699:Games 21913:S2CID 21846:S2CID 20955:(PDF) 19855:S2CID 19839:JSTOR 19808:JSTOR 19785:JSTOR 19714:JSTOR 19598:S2CID 19590:JSTOR 18930:IJLLR 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