486:
721:
497:, driven by economic interests and strategic considerations. In addition to exploiting Vietnam's resources, the French saw the region as a strategic buffer to facilitate access to resources in China. France, however, used the pretext of protecting Christians, who were persecuted by the Nguyen, as a justification for their invasion of Vietnam. While
908:, who were the Khmer Rouge's political ally, launched a punitive invasion of Vietnam. Fighting was short but intense. The Chinese advanced about forty kilometers into Vietnam, occupying the city of Lang Son on 6 March. There, they claimed the gate to Hanoi was open, declared their punitive mission achieved, and withdrew.
805:
The North
Vietnamese never intended to abide by the agreement. Fighting continued sporadically through 1973 and 1974, while the North Vietnamese planned a major offensive, tentatively scheduled for 1976. The North Vietnamese Army in South Vietnam had been ravaged during the Easter offensive in 1973,
774:
resulted in a military victory for South
Vietnam and the United States, with virtually complete destruction of the NLF forces combat capability, it was, by the intensity of the combats, the contradiction it implied with recent reports of withdrawals of US troops and status of the war, also a turning
586:
broke out in 1945 causing 2 million deaths, after French and
Japanese colonial administration continued to export food to France in a post war economy, the Viet Minh arranged a massive relief effort, consolidating popular support for their nationalist cause. Ho Chi Minh was elected Prime Minister of
881:
As
Kampuchean forces soon resumed their attacks across the border, the Vietnamese launched another limited counter-attack in June, forcing the Kampucheans to retreat. Again the Vietnamese withdrew and the Kampucheans resumed their attacks. The Vietnamese had had enough; in December 1978, Vietnam
630:
organized crime group. The French re-installed Bảo Đại as the head of state of
Vietnam, which now comprised central and southern Vietnam. The ensuing war, between the French-controlled South and the independent communist-allied North, is known as the First Indochina War. It ended in a resounding
594:
expelled the
Japanese colonial army and gave control of the country to Viet Minh. The Japanese surrendered to the Chinese Nationalists in North Vietnam. Emperor Bảo Đại abdicated power to the Viet Minh, on August 25, 1945. In a popular move, Ho Chi Minh made Bảo Đại "supreme adviser" to the Viet
869:
In August 1975, Vietnam returned the island of Koh Wai to
Kampuchea and both governments started making peaceful noises, but behind the scenes tensions were mounting. On 30 April 1977, Kampuchea started attacking Vietnamese villages. In September, six divisions crossed the border, advancing 10
813:
made major budget cuts in military aid to the South
Vietnamese. The ARVN, which had been trained by American troops to use American tactics, quickly fell into disarray. Although it remained an effective fighting force throughout 1973 and 1974, by January 1975 it had disintegrated. The North
528:), beginning a colonial occupation that was to last almost a century. By 1884, the French had complete control over the country, which now formed the largest part of French Indochina. It took the Vietnamese people almost a century to expel the last colonial influence in their country.
765:
For the United States, the political and combat goals were ambiguous: success and progress were ill-defined and, along with the large numbers of casualties, the
Vietnam War raised moral issues that made the war increasingly unpopular at home. U.S. news reports of the 1968
462:
from 1965 to 1989. They received backing from Laos and
Vietnam from 1975 to 1979 but were expelled from their bases and lost most of their supply lines after they sided with the Cambodian-Chinese aligned forces, rather than the pro-Soviet Vietnamese and Laotian
328:
Viet Cong and PAVN. The North benefited from military and financial support from China and the Soviet Union, members of the communist bloc. Fighting also occurred during this time in Cambodia between the US-backed government, the PAVN, and the communist-backed
320:(PAVN), known in the West as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA). The conflict began in 1955 and lasted until 1975 when the North Vietnamese conquered South Vietnam. The United States, which had supported France during the first Indochina war, backed the
421:
lasted until most Hmong insurgents surrendered in 2007, though some resistance cells remained active for several years after. Thailand, which supported the Lao insurgents, as well as the anti-Vietnamese forces in the Third Indochina War, fought a
873:
In December, in an effort to force the Kampuchean government to negotiate, the Vietnamese forces invaded Kampuchea, easily defeating the Kampuchean army. On 6 January 1978, Vietnamese forces were only 38 kilometers (24 mi) from
513:, admiring ancient Chinese culture. They forbade Catholic proselytism and resisted European and American attempts to establish colonial trade posts, which France tried to impose. This was seen by colonial powers as "provocative".
959:
Guillemot, François (2004). "Au coeur de la fracture vietnamienne : l'élimination de l'opposition nationaliste et anticolonialiste dans le Nord du Vietnam (1945–1946)". In Goscha, Christopher E.; de Tréglodé, Benoît (eds.).
233:, which acted as the precursor to the First Indochina War. The conflict officially began in 1946 and lasted until the French defeat in 1954. After a long campaign of unsuccessful resistance against the French and the Japanese,
762:(known to the Vietnamese as the Truong Son Trail, after the Truong Son mountains), which ran through Laos and Cambodia. As a result, the areas of these nations bordering Vietnam would see heavy combat during the war.
823:
The fighting that took place between North and South Vietnam following United States withdrawal is sometimes called the Third Indochina War; this term usually refers to a later 1979 conflict, however (see below).
889:
In 1984, Vietnam unveiled a plan for the disengagement of its army from Kampuchea. In 1988, the Vietnamese Government began withdrawing forces in earnest; the last men left in September 1989.
870:
kilometers (6.2 mi) into Tay Ninh Province. Angered by the scale of the attacks, the Vietnam People's Army assembled eight divisions to launch a retaliatory strike against Kampuchea.
987:
McHale, Shawn (2004). "Freedom, Violence, and the Struggle over the Public Arena in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 1945–1958". In Goscha, Christopher E.; de Tréglodé, Benoît (eds.).
604:
674:
and the Soviet Union, fought to gain their independence from the French, supported initially by the remaining troops of the Japanese Army after its surrender to Britain, also by the
878:; however, the Kampuchean government remained defiant and the Vietnamese leadership realised they would not secure their political objective and decided to withdraw their troops.
1153:
614:
In 1948, France tried to regain its colonial control over Vietnam. In South Vietnam, the Japanese had surrendered to British forces, who had supported the
40:
443:
751:
as the Viet Cong, meaning 'Communists Traitor to Vietnam') against United States troops and the United States-backed by South Vietnamese Government
249:, British forces temporarily occupied the South with the objective of disarming Japanese forces, starting from 13 September 1945, only to restore
1096:
549:
1201:
Asselin, Pierre (2023). "The Indochinese Communist Party's Unfinished Revolution of 1945 and the Origins of Vietnam's 30-Year Civil War".
582:, Ho Chi Minh had de-emphasised his communist ties and dissolved the Indochinese Communist Party, in order to unite the country. When the
130:
1180:
Vu, Tuong (2019). "In the Service of World Revolution: Vietnamese Communists' Radical Ambitions through the Three Indochina Wars".
798:- although the North Vietnamese were permitted to continue to occupy those regions of South Vietnam they had conquered in the 1972
33:
686:. This war of independence lasted from December 1946 until July 1954, with most of the fighting taking place in areas surrounding
1069:
1133:
911:
On 23 October 1991, the Cambodian-Vietnamese War was officially declared over as a result of negotiations and the signing of
545:
405:
253:
control in 1946. Meanwhile, the communist Viet Minh sought to consolidate power by terrorizing and purging rival Vietnamese
201:, the French, American, Laotian royalist, Cambodian and Chinese communist forces). The term "Indochina" referred to former
423:
308:(called the Vietnam War in the USA and the American War in Vietnam) began as a conflict between the United States-backed
120:
26:
809:
The withdrawal had catastrophic effects on the South Vietnamese Army (ARVN). Shortly after the Paris Peace Accords, the
364:
following the Second Indochina War. The conflict began in 1975 and lasted until 1991, in which several wars were fought:
115:
1149:
786:
The United States began withdrawing troops from Vietnam in 1970, with the last troops returning in January, 1973. The
1237:
1106:
1079:
1052:
1025:
996:
971:
1257:
1247:
1123:
537:
459:
217:. In current usage, it applies largely to a geographic region, rather than to a political area. The wars included:
140:
783:, for 77 days, occurred during that period, making it one of the biggest single battles at that point in the war.
1267:
752:
770:, especially from CBS, were unfavorable in regard to the lack of progress in ending the war. Although the 1968
600:
246:
230:
62:
862:. Vietnamese forces quickly counter-attacked, regaining their territory and invading the Kampuchean island of
1242:
820:, the capital of South Vietnam, was taken by the PAVN on April 30, 1975, and the Second Indochina War ended.
1262:
855:
837:
553:
372:
110:
1252:
912:
636:
489:
The creation of different French (and proximate British) colonial entities in Indochina, with dates shown
455:
317:
145:
182:
277:, the French demanded return of their former Indochina colony prior to agreeing to participate in the
961:
583:
404:
in revenge for the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, and withdrew a month later to prewar positions.
939:
736:
1232:
691:
427:
174:
858:, started on 1 May 1975 when the Kampuchean Revolutionary Army invaded the Vietnamese island of
563:
810:
695:
579:
298:
266:
254:
250:
341:, 1967–1975) and in Laos between the US-backed government, the PAVN, and the communist-backed
806:
and it was projected that it would take until 1976 to rebuild their logistical capabilities.
258:
190:
1013:
814:
Vietnamese hurriedly attacked the much weakened South, and were met with little resistance.
520:, so that they were not able to resist military power of a French invasion. In August 1858,
567:
225:(called the Indochina War in France and the French War in Vietnam) began after the end of
8:
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launched a full-scale invasion. Phnom Penh was captured in January 1979, the ruling
1210:
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675:
485:
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439:
202:
194:
627:
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281:
alliance (founded in 1949) opposing Soviet expansion beyond the countries of the
242:
758:
During the War, the North Vietnamese transported most of their supplies via the
297:, ultimately forcing the NATO-backed French out of North Vietnam as a result of
270:
262:
623:
1226:
1098:
Disunion: Anticommunist Nationalism and the Making of the Republic of Vietnam
795:
771:
767:
679:
640:
502:
309:
274:
198:
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521:
510:
493:
The French colonization and occupation of Vietnam were a result of secular
294:
226:
739:(VPA or PAVN, but also known as the North Vietnamese Army or NVA) and the
289:. The Viet Minh coalition continued fighting the French with support from
1214:
1193:
883:
732:
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571:
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330:
305:
282:
80:
559:
312:
government and its opponents, both the North Vietnamese-based communist
929:
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342:
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were driven from power and a pro-Vietnamese government was installed.
740:
667:
575:
325:
313:
234:
178:
794:, and prohibited the North Vietnamese from sending more troops into
859:
776:
683:
498:
286:
214:
158:
1125:
The second Indochina War: a concise political and military history
605:
Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
578:
national independence coalition in 1941. A founding member of the
379:
Khmer Rouge regime. The war lasted from May 1975 to December 1989.
1018:
Dynamics of the Cold War in Asia: Ideology, Identity, and Culture
901:
863:
748:
525:
397:
206:
18:
516:
Isolationist and chauvinist policy led the Vietnamese to refuse
817:
574:, who returned to Vietnam from France and helped to create the
524:
ordered the landing of French forces at Tourane, (present-day
392:
was a four-week war fought in February–March 1979 between the
905:
897:
775:
point in American voter opposition to U.S. support for their
724:
A truck-mounted Quad .50 at Khe Sanh Combat Base, during the
687:
671:
596:
393:
334:
290:
278:
245:
forces surrendered to the Allies on 15 August 1945. In the
210:
618:
in fighting the Viet Minh, along with the armed religious
904:. Shortly after the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, the
361:
720:
599:, which asserted its independence on September 2 as the
417:
After the triumph of the Pathet Lao, an anti-communist
896:, which was fought in February–March 1979 between the
1074:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–63, 81–85.
1047:. University of California Press. pp. 383–441.
375:
began when Vietnam invaded Cambodia and deposed the
558:A continuous thread of local resistance began with
1014:"The Early South Vietnamese Critique of Communism"
989:Naissance d'un État-Parti: Le Viêt Nam depuis 1945
963:Naissance d'un État-Parti: Le Viêt Nam depuis 1945
444:United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races
1121:
1224:
731:The Second Indochina War, commonly known as the
531:
1101:. University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 24–30.
1044:Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946)
966:. Paris: Les Indes savantes. pp. 175–216.
991:. Paris: Les Indes savantes. pp. 81–99.
694:and French withdrawal from Vietnam after the
34:
1016:. In Vu, Tuong; Wongsurawat, Wasana (eds.).
741:National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam
173:) were a series of wars which were waged in
892:The Third Indochina War also refers to the
735:, pitted the recently successful Communist
1150:"Tet Offensive shakes Cold War confidence"
1128:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. xiv.
131:Sino-Vietnamese border and naval conflicts
41:
27:
958:
690:. It ended with the French defeat at the
747:fighters allied with the PAVN, known in
719:
550:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
484:
16:Wars in Southeast Asia from 1946 to 1991
1200:
701:
205:, which included the current states of
1225:
1020:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 17–32.
986:
827:
651:
631:defeat of the French Colonial Troops (
501:tolerated Catholicism, his successors
333:, which also fought alongside deposed
1011:
546:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
316:(National Liberation Front) and the
22:
1094:
1067:
1040:
185:) against the opponents (mainly the
474:
424:few skirmishes with Vietnam in 1984
408:would continue until November 1991.
335:King Sihanouk's government in exile
13:
1179:
1172:
1156:from the original on July 21, 2015
48:
14:
1279:
607:. In 1946, Vietnam had its first
755:(Republic of Vietnam soldiers).
538:French Indochina in World War II
428:short conflict with Laos in 1987
324:government in opposition to the
237:forces claimed a victory in the
141:FULRO insurgency against Vietnam
1142:
1115:
1088:
1061:
1034:
1005:
980:
952:
601:Democratic Republic of Vietnam
509:were orthodox, fundamentalist
1:
945:
902:Socialist Republic of Vietnam
590:When World War II ended, the
532:Indochina during World War II
469:
398:Socialist Republic of Vietnam
7:
1203:Journal of Cold War Studies
1182:Journal of Cold War Studies
918:
913:1991 Paris Peace Agreements
456:Communist Party of Thailand
406:Skirmishes along the border
189:, Vietnamese nationalists,
181:forces (mainly ones led by
10:
1284:
1122:William S. Turley (2009).
1071:The Vietnam War Reexamined
906:People's Republic of China
898:People's Republic of China
831:
705:
672:People's Republic of China
655:
646:
535:
478:
394:People's Republic of China
247:War in Vietnam (1945–1946)
231:War in Vietnam (1945–1946)
1068:Kort, Michael G. (2017).
400:. The Chinese launched a
285:(founded in 1955) in the
58:
1238:20th century in Cambodia
940:Indochina refugee crisis
856:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
854:, commonly known as the
838:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
637:People's Army of Vietnam
554:War in Vietnam (1945–46)
518:industrial modernization
373:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
318:People's Army of Vietnam
1258:Wars involving Cambodia
1248:20th century in Vietnam
1041:Marr, David G. (2013).
779:Vietnamese allies. The
692:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
595:Minh-led government in
587:the Viet Minh in 1945.
146:Thai–Laotian Border War
1268:Wars involving Vietnam
811:United States Congress
728:
580:French Communist Party
490:
299:1954 Geneva Conference
177:from 1946 to 1991, by
171:Chiến tranh Đông Dương
170:
111:Khmer Rouge–Vietnamese
1095:Tran, Nu-Anh (2022).
737:Vietnam People's Army
723:
488:
479:Further information:
183:Vietnamese communists
121:Cambodian–Thai border
1243:20th century in Laos
1215:10.1162/jcws_a_01120
1194:10.1162/jcws_a_00905
1012:Hoang, Tuan (2009).
702:Second Indochina War
682:in the frame of the
306:Second Indochina War
265:, and through their
259:Trotskyist activists
1263:Wars involving Laos
1152:. History Channel.
894:Sino-Vietnamese War
852:Third Indochina War
842:Sino-Vietnamese War
834:Third Indochina War
828:Third Indochina War
788:Paris Peace Accords
712:Cambodian Civil War
678:, and later by the
670:, supported by the
664:First Indochina War
658:First Indochina War
652:First Indochina War
603:(DRV) and issued a
402:punitive expedition
390:Sino-Vietnamese War
358:Third Indochina War
339:Cambodian Civil War
322:Republic of Vietnam
223:First Indochina War
199:Republic of Vietnam
95:Cambodian Civil War
1253:Cold War conflicts
846:Insurgency in Laos
781:Battle of Khe Sanh
729:
726:Battle of Khe Sanh
633:Troupes coloniales
491:
419:insurgency in Laos
362:prolonged conflict
255:nationalist groups
116:Cambodian Conflict
1135:978-0-7425-5526-6
935:Sino-Soviet split
925:Chinese Civil War
760:Ho Chi Minh Trail
716:Laotian Civil War
592:August Revolution
584:Vietnamese famine
347:Laotian Civil War
239:August Revolution
187:Empire of Vietnam
154:
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90:Laotian Civil War
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800:Easter Offensive
743:(Vietnamese NLF
676:State of Vietnam
481:French Indochina
475:French Indochina
440:FULRO insurgency
360:was a period of
310:South Vietnamese
203:French Indochina
195:State of Vietnam
136:Hmong insurgency
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