Second Temple period

1563: 2338: 4287: 4659:

rid of the Seleucid colony of royalist Jews (with, presumably, gentile officials and garrison) in Jerusalem. However, in the last years before its fall, the Hasmonaeans were already strong enough to acquire, partly by negotiation, partly by conquest, a little territory north and south of Judaea and a corridor on the west to the coast at Jaffa/Joppa. This was briefly taken from them by Antiochus Sidetes, but soon regained, and in the half century from Sidetes' death in 129 to Alexander Jannaeus' death in 76 they overran most of Palestine and much of western and northern Transjordan. First John Hyrcanus took over the hills of southern and central Palestine (Idumaea and the territories of Shechem, Samaria and Scythopolis) in 128–104; then his son, Aristobulus I, took Galilee in 104–103, and Aristobulus' brother and successor, Jannaeus, in about eighteen years of warfare (103–96, 86–76) conquered and reconquered the coastal plain, the northern Negev, and western edge of Transjordan.

1231: 2151: 2169: 1964: 6227:

whole city was in Roman hands – and in ruins. In recompense for the ferocious fighting they had been required to endure, the soldiers were given free rein to loot and kill, until eventually Titus ordered that the city be razed to the ground, "leaving only the loftiest of the towers, Phasael, Hippicus and Mariamme, and the portion of the wall enclosing the city on the west: the latter as an encampment for the garrison that was to remain, and the towers to indicate to posterity the nature of the city and of the strong defences which had yet yielded to Roman prowess. All the rest of the wall encompassing the city was so completely levelled to the ground as to leave future visitors to the spot no ground for believing that it had ever been inhabited."

1110:, an ancient tablet on which is written a declaration in the name of Cyrus referring to restoration of temples and repatriation of exiled peoples, has often been taken as corroboration of the authenticity of the biblical decrees attributed to Cyrus, but other scholars point out that the cylinder's text is specific to Babylon and Mesopotamia and makes no mention of Judah or Jerusalem. Professor Lester L. Grabbe asserted that the "alleged decree of Cyrus" regarding Judah, "cannot be considered authentic", but that there was a "general policy of allowing deportees to return and to re-establish cult sites". He also stated that archaeology suggests that the return was a "trickle" taking place over decades, rather than a single event. 1147:, the second had the status of governor and a royal mission to restore the walls of the city. The Bible mentions tension between the returnees and those who had remained in Judah, the former rebuffing the attempt of the "peoples of the land" to participate in the rebuilding of the Temple; this attitude was based partly on the exclusivism which the exiles had developed while in Babylon and, probably, partly on disputes over property. The careers of Ezra and Nehemiah in the 5th century BCE were thus a kind of religious colonisation in reverse, an attempt by one of the many Jewish factions in Babylon to create a self-segregated, ritually pure society inspired by the prophesies of 6443:

no one came to retrieve precious legal documents, or bury the dead. Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 CE, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction

1155: 3283: 28: 1067: 3473: 2315:, 70 CE (August 30), Roman forces finally overwhelmed the defenders and set fire to the Temple. Resistance continued for another month, but eventually the upper and lower parts of the city were taken as well, and the city was burned to the ground. Titus spared only the three towers of the Herodian citadel as a testimony to the city's former might. Josephus wrote that over a million people perished in the siege and the subsequent fighting. While contemporary studies dispute this figure, all agree that the siege had a major toll on human life, with many people being killed and enslaved, and large parts of the city destroyed. 4207: 2422:, 580,000 Jews perished in the war and many more died of hunger and disease, 50 fortresses and 985 villages were destroyed. In addition, many Judean war captives were sold into slavery. Some modern historians assert that Dio's numbers were somewhat exaggerated, but based on the archeological evidence, virtually all scholars support Dio's claim of massive depopulation. The revolt put an end to Jewish aspirations for the reconstruction of Jerusalem and the Temple as well as, more concretely, for Jewish settlement in the district of Judea. The province of Judaea was renamed 4385: 1052: 1943: 2559:, was founded in the second third of the second century BCE. The sect serves as a useful illustration of the profound impact these years had on the emergence of new patterns, beliefs, and lifestyles. The sect members' flight into the desert was a direct protest against what was taking place in Jerusalem at the time. The emergence of a new leadership in the city, a leadership that would shape the course of Jewish history for more than a century, is what led to the cult's estrangement and alienation. 1981: 6531: 72: 3001: 3776:, before the onset of modernity." Historian David Goodblatt also supports the view that premodern groups can meet the criteria for a nation, with the Jews being a prime example. Agreeing with Smith, Goodblatt proposes dropping the qualifier "religious" in the definition of Jewish nationalism during this period, noting that according to Smith, a religious component in national memories and culture is common even in the modern era. This perspective is echoed by political scientist 4219: 2160: 6409:

destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it.

1208:—had a population of around 1500. Together with the surrounding farms and unwalled settled areas, Jerusalem's population was around 3000 people. The rest of the population lived in small, unwalled towns and villages. The Israel of the Persian period consisted of descendants of the inhabitants of the former Kingdom of Judah, returnees from the Babylonian exile community, Mesopotamians who had joined them or had been exiled themselves to Samaria at a far earlier period, 2264: 4427:, Rujm el-Fihjeh and Khirbet el Jof. The great similarity between these tombs and the Jerusalem tombs and the lack of a local Hellenistic prototype have led the researchers to the assumption that the decorated tombs in western Samaria and the western Hebron Hills are not the result of an internal development of the burial system there but rather the result of a deliberate copying of the Jerusalem tombs, at the special request of local, affluent families. 1774:. The warrying brothers, who saw a mighty army camped near them, appealed to Pompey to decide between them. Three delegations then appeared before Pompey: one sent by Aristobulus, one sent by Hyrcanus, and another from "the people" who demanded to abolish the Hasmonean dynasty, which had transformed the rule of the priests into the rule of kings. Pompey heard the delegations but refrained from deciding. Eventually, in 63 BCE, Pompey invaded Judea, 3016: 666: 3093: 1624: 4329:, these tombs were built along ancient roads that have since disappeared. Scholars believe these tombs were built by individuals seeking to elevate themselves and their families in the eyes of Jews in both the Land of Israel and the Diaspora by employing temple-like architectural designs. One of the most well known sites of the period, also built near Jerusalem, is the rock-cut funerary complex known as the " 3314: 3873:, an Alexandrian possibly of Egyptian descent, spoke of the closeness between Jews and Egyptians and the inherent enmity between Jews and Greeks. Apion believed that Jews were descended from Egyptians, a claim Josephus denied. Philo noted that both Jews and Egyptians practiced circumcision and were passionate about their nationalistic and religious beliefs, though the majority of each population did not hold 2012:. Herod's death in 4 BCE caused the release of built up frustrations of the people who were suppressed by his brutality. Many people were impoverished because of Herod's high taxes and spending. When he died, his building projects that once allowed for job opportunities were stopped, and many people lost their jobs. This built up frustrations that ultimately contributed to the causes of the 6608:. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. "It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name - one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus - Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land." 834:(140–37 BCE). While it initially exercised governance semi-autonomously under Seleucid hegemony, the Hasmoneans' kingdom increasingly exercised total self-governance as it undertook military campaigns to push the weakening Seleucids out of the region, establishing itself as the last Jewish kingdom and preceding an almost 2000-year-long hiatus in 4098:'s brief reign, the region was not under Jewish rule for most of the Second Temple period. The coast was home to mostly Hellenistic-pagan settlements during Josephus' day, some of which were particularly significant from an economic, cultural, and political standpoint. Joppa was the only Jewish city on the coast and remained so up until the 2469:(centered in the Land of Israel and Babylon) almost entirely ignores the Hellenized Diaspora in its writings. It is unknown whether Hellenized Judaism ultimately vanished as its adherents assmiliated into the Christianized Greco-Roman society, or if it persisted as a distinct, bible-oriented community that later affected the development of 1645:) assumed the title of king for the first time and combined it with the office of high priest. People were now more open to Hellenistic influences that had been demonized as un-Jewish during the war; the Hasmonean kingship bore clear Hellenistic monarchy traits, but combined these with theocratic elements. Aristobulus conquered and annexed 4435:

period—possibly the end of the first century or the beginning of the second century CE. Magen also posits a connection between the construction of these tombs and the influx of Jewish artisans who fled Jerusalem during or shortly before its siege in 70 CE, when job opportunities in the city diminished, leaving many quarrymen unemployed.

6090:"According to Levine, because the new area encompassed by the Third Wall was not densely populated, assuming that it contained half the population of the rest of the city, there were between 60,000 and 70,000 people living in Jerusalem.", Rocca, "Herod's Judaea: A Mediterranean State in the Classical World", p. 333 (2008). Mohr Siebeck. 1562: 2480:, to which Jews were exiled after the Babylonian conquest as well as after the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE, already held a speedily growing population of an estimated one million Jews, which increased to an estimated two million between the years 200 CE and 500 CE, both by natural growth and by immigration of more Jews from the 4607:

Samaria and Galilee and the consolidation of Jewish settlement in Trans-Jordan was completed. Alexander Jannai, continuing the work of his predecessors, expanded Judean rule to the entire coastal plain, from the Carmel to the Egyptian border... and to additional areas in Trans-Jordan, including some of the Greek cities there.

3437:. It reflects a living Hebrew that is not just an artificial language reserved for Jewish scholars, despite the fact that this language has been fixed in rabbinic discussions. The Qumran group continued to use Late Biblical Hebrew, which was still a literary language, while fusing it with their own unique linguistic traits. 4258:. Ossuaries, which were cut from local limestone, were either kept on the floor or on shelves in specially carved niches in the walls of the tomb. It was common for the ossuaries to be decorated with ornaments that included typical motifs of the period. In Jerusalem, for example, palm branches and flowers, especially the 1476:, returned from exile in Rome, deposed Antiochus V, and ascended to the Seleucid throne. Demetrios continued the war against the Maccabees and backed their Jewish opponents. Around this time Judas was able to make a treaty with the Romans. Around 161 BCE, a Roman–Jewish Treaty was signed. In 160 BCE, the Seleucid general 3518:, featuring a grand beach picnic. The festival honored the translation as a divine gift and commemorated the site where, according to tradition, the translation was completed. This celebration reflected the profound importance of the Greek version for Diaspora Jews who could not access the original Hebrew texts. 3818:

donated money to support city projects. Trebilco refers to them as "former Judeans" rather than "former Jews," implying that they were being referred to as a group whose origins were in Judea but who were now devoted to their current city of residency and even made contributions to public enterprises. Jews in

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The Jewish community strove to recover from the catastrophic results of the Bar Kokhva revolt (132–135 CE). Although some of these attempts were relatively successful, the Jews never fully recovered. During the Late Roman and Byzantine periods, many Jews emigrated to thriving centres in the diaspora,

6442:

These texts, combined with the relics of those who hid in caves along the western side of the Dead Sea, tells us a great deal. What is clear from the evidence of both skeletal remains and artefacts is that the Roman assault on the Jewish population of the Dead Sea was so severe and comprehensive that

6226:

The capitulation of the rest of Jerusalem was rapid. Those parts of the lower city already under Roman control were deliberately set on fire. The erection of new towers to break down the walls of the upper city was completed on 7 Elul (in mid-August), and the troops forced their way in. By 8 Elul the

4606:

The expansion of Hasmonean Judea took place gradually. Under Jonathan, Judea annexed southern Samaria and began to expand in the direction of the coast plain... The main ethnic changes were the work of John Hyrcanus... it was in his days and those of his son Aristobulus that the annexation of Idumea,

4153:

Although McGinn cautions that it is nearly impossible to estimate Judaea's carrying capacity, he estimates that Palestine's agricultural population at the same time period may have reached up to one million people, not all of whom were Jews. Also, he suggested a maximum population range for Jerusalem

3594:

An ethnonym, a common proper name, that identifies and conveys the "essence" of its community. In antiquity, three proper names were used to refer to the Jewish ethnos, namely: "Hebrew", "Israel", and "Jews". In Second Temple period texts, the term "Hebrew" was used to describe an individual from the

1670:

wars, primarily against the Hellenistic cities surrounding Judea. Unlike his predecessors, who were focused on the concentration of the Jewish population in one country, his military efforts were motivated by a desire to control key economic points such as ports and trade routes. On the same time, he

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and a particular new type of oil lamps in the latter first century BCE and early first century CE to further distinguish and identify themselves. However, in the affluent neighborhoods of Jerusalem, the wealthy adopted the use of decorated tableware, Italian cooking utensils, foreign eating customs,

1199:

Yehud's population significantly decreased during the Persian era; it is likely that it never exceeded 30,000. This represents a 70% decrease when compared to the late First Temple period. Jerusalem's area was also smaller compared with the late First Temple period. The city shrank to its pre-eighth

4658:

These changes accompanied and were partially caused by the great extension of the Judaeans' contacts with the peoples around them. Many historians have chronicled the Hasmonaeans' territorial acquisitions. In sum, it took them twenty-five years to win control of the tiny territory of Judaea and get

4574:

The ensuing power struggle left Hyrcanus with a free hand in Judea, and he quickly reasserted Jewish sovereignty... Hyrcanus then engaged in a series of military campaigns aimed at territorial expansion. He first conquered areas in the Transjordan. He then turned his attention to Samaria, which had

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influences at the same time. She suggests dating these tombs to a period preceding the destruction of the Temple in 70 CE, although she acknowledges the possibility that the Jerusalem style of decoration persisted beyond this time. This phenomenon indicates that the ornate tombs of the Jewish elite

4135:

Broshi estimated that there were not much more than 1 million people living in Palestine during Roman and Byzantine times, by multiplying the estimated population of the 26 towns that were known during the Roman-Byzantine period (based on projected population density) by three, using the assumption

3804:

context, apart from the political unrest of the time. Jewish texts from the Persian period show no political aspirations for independence, and in the early Hellenistic period, Jews viewed the Hellenistic rulers favorably. However, the circumstances leading up to the Maccabean revolt in the 170s and

4700:

From the beginning of the Second Temple period until the Muslim conquest—the land was part of imperial space. This was true from the early Persian period, as well as the time of Ptolemy and the Seleucids. The only exception was the Hasmonean Kingdom, with its sovereign Jewish rule—first over Judah

3400:

Hebrew was still a spoken language during the Second Temple period at least in some areas of Judea. It continued to be used up until 200 CE, and possibly even after. It is thought that the Hebrew spoken during the Second Temple period evolved from Biblical Hebrew, possibly from a distinct dialect.

4438:

Peleg-Barkat suggests distinguishing between the rock-cut tombs of western Samaria and those of the western Hebron Hills. According to her analysis, the tombs in western Samaria closely emulate the style seen in Jerusalem, mimicking its architectural features. Conversely, the tombs in the Hebron

4126:

The number of Jews residing in the world and in Judea in ancient times is almost impossible to determine, as it is with other ancient populations, and research in that area has fallen out of scholarly favor in recent years. Nonetheless, a few academics have offered estimates over the years using

3817:

The homeland remained the common symbolic tie for Diaspora Jews, seen as the center of the universe, even though most Jews living abroad would not return and many loved both their native Greco-Roman cities and Jerusalem, the city of the temple. It is possible that the Jews of Smyrna, Asia Minor,

2720:

which are not considered as canonical by any church. The Pseudepigrapha ('false superscription') include books attributed to well-known biblical figures, including Enoch, Abraham, Moses and others. The Dead Sea Scrolls are generally believed to be the library of a mystic sectarian community that

4761:

Until the modern period, the destruction of the Temple was the most cataclysmic moment in the history of the Jewish people. Without the Temple, the Sadducees no longer had any claim to authority, and they faded away. The sage Yochanan ben Zakkai, with permission from Rome, set up the outpost of

3838:

for quite a long time. Because his fellow nationals had lived in Alexandria for many generations, Philo appears to have thought of it as his city. But on the same time, Philo wrote that while the Diaspora Jews refer to the place where they were born and raised as their fatherland, they consider

1743:, her younger son, was more energetic and determined to become king. Aristobulus gathered an army to attack Jerusalem, forcing Hyrcanus to abdicate the crown. The abdication was formally carried out in the temple, and Aristobulus' son, Alexander, married Hyrcanus' daughter, Alexandra. However, 1456:

to defeat several small Seleucid armies while Antiochus IV was fighting a war in the east. The conflict was heavily religiously charged because, in order to distinguish themselves from their Jewish opponents, the Maccabees presented themselves as radical Jews and carried out large-scale forced

2805:

As for ourselves, therefore, we neither inhabit a maritime country, nor do we delight in merchandise, nor in such a mixture with other men as arises from it; but the cities we dwell in are remote from the sea, and having a fruitful country for our habitation, we take pains in cultivating that

6408:

were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been

5630:

In the second century BCE, the Holy Land was ruled by the Seleucids (Syrian-Greeks), who tried to force the people of Israel to accept Greek culture and beliefs instead of mitzvah observance and belief in G‑d. Against all odds, a small band of faithful but poorly armed Jews, led by Judah the

4434:

date to the same period as their Jerusalem counterparts, Yuval Magen offers a contrasting view, proposing that differences in design quality and craftsmanship indicate a chronological gap between them. Magen suggests dating the tombs of Western Samaria and the Western Hebron Hills to a later

3944:

around 104–103 BCE. This conquest encouraged a significant Jewish influx into Galilee. After the Roman conquest of Judaea in 63 BCE, a second, larger wave of Jewish immigration settled in the region. During the end of the first century BCE and the beginning of the first century CE, large and

3843:...they hold the Holy City where the sacred Temple of the most high God to be their mother city, yet those which are an inheritance from their fathers, grandfathers, and ancestors even farther back, are in each case, accounted by them to be their fatherland in which they were born are reared. 4183:

As archeological evidence reveals, Jewish communities in Judea, Galilee, and Gaulanitis were quite divided by cultural attitudes but were interconnected by religious customs and, likely, beliefs. Workshops for kitchen pottery, standardized oil jars, and household or community ritual baths

3393:". This later form of Biblical Hebrew is particularly notables in the Book of Chronicles since it occasionally rewrites sections from Samuel and Kings and modifies parts to conform to post-exilic usage. However, not all of the Second Temple literature exhibits the language traits of late 2378:

in Judaea, both of which ended in catastrophic failure. The Diaspora Revolt, which erupted between 115 and 117 CE, was driven by messianic expectations and the local tensions and violence experienced by Jews in the diaspora. This revolt saw Jewish communities in the Roman provinces of

6778:מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת "עם ישראל – תולדות 4000 שנה – מימי האבות ועד חוזה השלום", ע"מ 95. (Translation: Mordechai Vermebrand and Betzalel S. Ruth – "The People of Israel – the history of 4000 years – from the days of the Forefathers to the Peace Treaty", 1981, p. 95) 2957:

in the sum of 20,665 modia, or around 135.5 tons of wheat for Joppa. A levy of 135.5 tons of wheat was absurdly low considering Joppa was the main Jewish port, indicating that the city only exported a little amount of goods. According to Josephus, the main commercial hubs were the

1705:, as army commander, and pursued a moderate, mostly defensive policy that included the formation of a large and deterring army. Her nine-year reign is described as one of peace and economic prosperity, during which the country recovered from wars. The queen clearly supported the 3496:. Although the Jews of Egypt used Aramaic in the early Ptolemaic period, it was quickly abandoned in favor of Greek. It is only in the early Byzantine period that Egyptian Jewish communities communicated with one another in Hebrew, which again served as the official language. 1675:

because its inhabitants refused to convert. During his reign, the Hasmonean kingdom expanded to its greatest extent, now including the coastal plain, the northern Negev, and western parts of Transjordan. Jannaeus' dual role as king and high priest, his inclination towards the

4174:

asserted that there were 8 million Jews in the first century, based on Bar Hebraeus' estimate of 7 million Jews living inside the Roman Empire and adding an estimated million people living outside the empire. However, these figures are much disputed by contemporary scholars.

957:

The destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple in 70 CE is considered one of the most cataclysmic events in Jewish history. The loss of mother-city and temple necessitated a reshaping of Jewish culture to ensure its survival. Judaism's Temple-based sects disappeared.

4243:

In contrast to earlier and later Jewish burial practices, the two acceptable types of burial during the late Second Temple period (1st–2nd centuries BCE and CE) were primary burial in coffins and secondary burial in ossuaries. For primary burial, coffins were placed in

2464:

After the destruction of the Second Temple, Judaism separated into a linguistically Greek and a Hebrew / Aramaic sphere. The theology and religious texts of each community were distinctively different. Hellenized Judaism never developed yeshivas to study the Oral Law.

5631:

Maccabee, defeated one of the mightiest armies on earth, drove the Greeks from the land, reclaimed the Holy Temple in Jerusalem and rededicated it to the service of G‑d. ... To commemorate and publicize these miracles, the sages instituted the festival of Chanukah.

4575:

long separated Judea from the northern Jewish settlements in Lower Galilee. In the south, Adora and Marisa were conquered; (Aristobulus') primary accomplishment was annexing and Judaizing the region of Iturea, located between the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains

1872:, Aristobulus II's youngest son, as king. Phasael committed suicide, and Hyrcanus II was taken as a prisoner to Babylon after having his ear severed in order to prevent him from ever acting as high priest again. Herod, who fled the Parthians, found his way to 8208:

Peleg-Barkat, O., 2015. “Decorated Tomb Façades in Early Roman Jerusalem and their Influence on the Decoration of Tombs in Judaea and Samaria,” in: Ben-Arieh, Y. et. al (eds.), Study of Jerusalem through the Ages, Jerusalem: Yad Yitzhak Ben Zvi, pp. 73−121.

3968:

The little excavations that have been done there show that Jewish habitation there continued after the First Jewish Revolt, was abandoned or destroyed during the Bar Kokhba Revolt, and then there was a settlement gap throughout the Late Roman period.

3868:

Philo of Alexandria considered the ethnic distinctions between Egyptians and Jews to be more significant than those between Greeks and Jews, viewing native Egyptians as the lowest-class residents who practiced ridiculous habits. Around the same time,

1649:. The Galilee, which had previously been sparsely inhabited, mostly by pagan populations, but also by Jewish communities, experienced an influx of Jewish settlement following these conquests. Josephus writes that he had also subjugated and Judaized 3748:

In the centuries following the First Jewish–Roman War and the destruction of the Second Temple, Jewish identity gradually transformed from an ethnos with a distinct religious identity to a religious community that also considered itself a nation.

3444:

asserts that he addressed the people of Jerusalem in Hebrew. But as usual, his testimony is ambiguous and at odds with the Aramaic transcriptions he uses to describe Jewish traditions. Spoken Hebrew saw a brief resurgence in interest during the

3676:. There were significant overlaps between the religion, languages, customs, and other cultural aspects shared by ancient Jews; moreover, religion cannot be separated from other cultural aspects, especially in ancient times. The worship of the 1499:. Both turned to Jonathan, attempting to win him over with concessions, and Alexander Balas even elevated him to the position of high priest. Alexander Balas was eventually able to assert himself, but he was quickly defeated by Demetrios' son 4008:, and others, indicate a very diverse population that inhabited the district during the late Persian period, with about 32% Arab names, 27% Idumean names, 25% general West Semitic names, 10% Judahite names, and 5% Phoenician names. 3861:). According to Kasher, Alexandria could only be considered a homeland in this case since it was where a Jewish "colony" was founded. The colony was organized as a distinct ethnic union with a recognized political and legal status ( 5762:

The destruction of the Samaritan temple, Josephus argues, had taken place at the beginning of the reign of John Hyrcanus (135-104 BCE), rather than at the end of his reign. From the coinage, a dating later than 111 BCE is the more

4150:, "at this point we do not have exact information regarding the population of Provincia Judaea during the Roman period". He asserts that there were more people living in Palestine than the one million people suggested by Broshi. 2842:

were also grown. Legumes were especially important, because they could be stored for a long time and frequently flourished in years when other crops failed. Sources from the late first and early second centuries CE indicate that

1697:), Jannaeus' widow, ascended to power following her husband's death. Under her rule, the priesthood was separated from the other powers of government for the first time since the rise of the Hasmoneans. Salome appointed her son, 4278:. This tomb, described in 1 Maccabees and by Josephus, featured seven pyramids for his family members, surrounded by great columns adorned with suits of armor and carved ships, intended to be visible to all who sailed the sea. 3590:. Van Maaren demonstrates why Jews of the late Second Temple period may be regarded as an ethnic group in modern terms by using the six characteristics that co-ethnics share as outlined by Hutchinson and Smith. Those include: 2962:

coastal cities. They took part in international trade in the Mediterranean sea and reportedly served as the main ports for the Land of Israel's meager import and export requirements. Some of those cities were conquered by the

3780:, who writes that "something strangely like modern nationalism is documented for many peoples in medieval times and in classical times as well," citing the ancient Jews as one of several "obvious examples", alongside the 1352:

or a revolt whose nature was lost to time. Antiochus IV issued decrees forbidding many traditional Jewish practices and began a campaign of persecution against devout Jews. This triggered a revolt against his rule, the

1285:

Between 301 and 219 BCE the Ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace. Jews often found themselves working in the Ptolemaic administration and army, which led to the rise of a Hellenized Jewish elite class (e.g. the

6595:, page 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature." 3290:

Despite the fact that Aramaic has become the most widely spoken language, there are few Aramaic texts that provide information on the language spoken in the region during the Second Temple period. Three books of the

3799:

applied the term "ethnic-religious nationalism" to both ancient Jews and ancient Greeks. According to Israel Levine, early Hellenistic Greek observers described the Jews as eastern philosophers living in a utopian

3833:

Philo of Alexandria, writing in the early 1st century CE, provides valuable insight into the connection of Diaspora Jews with Judea. By Philo's time, Jews had long been present in the Diaspora and particularly in

2971:

remained an independent city, and Joppa continued to function as a small harbor city. The Phoenician coastal cities prospered once more and resumed their status as economic hubs after the Romans seized Palestine.

1910:. As a close and loyal ally to the Romans, Herod extended his rule as far as Arabia and the Hauran. Herod undertook many colossal building projects, including fully rebuilding the Second Temple and expanding the 1712:

Hasmonean kings attempted to revive the Judah described in the Bible: a Jewish monarchy ruled from Jerusalem and including all territories once ruled by David and Solomon. In order to carry out this project, the

2337: 4143:, the most responsible estimates put the pre-modern sustainable population of Palestine at about one million, a figure that was attained in the middle of the first century, with about half of them being Jews. 2941:

inscription demonstrates that there was some exchange of goods among the local communities, and there may have even been some export. it is also possible that the area served as a form of commerce enclave, as

885:

ceased during the early Second Temple period; this left the Jews without their version of divine guidance when they felt most in need of support and direction. Under Hellenistic rule, the growing influence of

3707:, which need not be physically occupied by the ethnic group in order for it to have symbolic attachment to their ancestral homeland, as is the case for diaspora populations. In the Jewish case, this is the 3230:

and higher levels of administration, had almost no impact on the linguistic landscape. It is less common in texts and archaeology. Only a few Latin papyri were discovered in the region; those discovered at

1441:, he declared, "Let everyone who is zealous for the law and supports the covenant come out with me!", and fled with his sons and followers to the wilderness of Judea. These events signaled the start of the 3449:(132–135 CE). The Mishna, however, was written down circa 200 CE because it could no longer be memorized and could no longer be transmitted orally due to the lack of Hebrew speakers who could memorize it. 5791:

John Hyrcanus I, who embarked upon further territorial conquests, forcing the non-Jewish populations of the conquered regions to adopt the Jewish way of life and destroying the Samaritan temple on Mount

7288: 3607:, or eschatological Israel. Members of the contemporary ethnos were usually referred to as "Jews," and the name can also apply to a geographically confined subgroup or to the descendants of the earlier 3173:

is debated; opinions differ on whether speakers express themselves equally in Hebrew or Aramaic, or whether one language is preferred over the other depending on region. Aramaic became widely spoken in

1191:

is widely seen as a product of the Persian period (probably 450–350 BCE). This consensus echoes a traditional Jewish view which gives Ezra a pivotal role in its promulgation. It has been suggested that

7868: 6955: 6803:לוין, ישראל ל' (1995). "המאבק הפוליטי בין הפרושים לצדוקים בתקופה החשמונאית" [The political struggle between the Pharisees and Sadducees during the Hasmonean period]. In שוורץ, דניאל (ed.). 2065:

Jerusalem reached a peak in size and population during the late Second Temple period. The majority of scholars estimate that city's population at that time to have been between 70,000 and 100,000.

3965:. Based on the database of the Jordanian Antiquities Department, Sagiv's research of Jewish Transjordan revealed 160 settlement sites in Peraea with Late Hellenistic and/or Early Roman potsherds. 1196:' reform of the empire's administrative structures, which included the collection, codification, and administration of local law codes, was the driving force behind the Jewish Torah's redaction. 4372:

Tablet, which says "Hither were brought the bones of Uzziah, king of Judah. Not to be opened", might indicate that king Uzziah's tomb was relocated beyond the city's walls during this period.

2810:

It is believed that the majority of Judaea's farmland was used to grow grain, predominantly wheat but also hardier but less popular barley in drier areas. Archaeologists have found numerous

3503:. From the third century BCE onward, almost all inscriptions in the Southern Levant were written in Greek, with the exception of tombs and ossuaries, as well as those in synagogues. Many 1282:

gradually spread to varied degrees on all sides in the region through a variety of contacts, but especially as a result of the development of commerce and the arrival of Greek settlers.

3621:

Shared memories of the past, including historical events and heroes. Jewish sacred scriptures provide a fundamental collection of those historical stories. The community reading of the

3772:

than perhaps anywhere else in the ancient world." He adds that this observation "must make us wary of pronouncing too readily against the possibility of the nation, and even a form of

4193:

and the construction of lavish display tombs, all of which reflect foreign, classicizing practices and attitudes. These findings are rare in Judea, the Jewish Galilee, and Gaulantis.

3464:. These documents provide a glimpse of everyday Hebrew, without indicating which regions they pertain to. Judean Desert examples tend to indicate that it is a southern dialect. 2299:. The first two walls of Jerusalem were breached in three weeks, but the Roman Army was unable to breach the third and thickest wall due to a stubborn rebel standoff. According to 3389:

were written. The majority of researchers, however, agree that they were composed during the Second Temple period. Most of these books were written in what linguistics call "Late

3507:

of the period bear inscriptions in Greek, either indicating the tombs of families descended from the Diaspora or assisting authorities in identifying the tombs. According to the

7103: 1559:; Hyrcanus was relieved of his burden, establishing the now de facto independent Hasmonean state of Judea, minting coins for the first time, and doubling the state's territory. 1187:

The Persian era, and especially the period between 538 and 400 BCE, laid the foundations for the unified Judaic religion and the beginning of a scriptural canon. The final

2937:

3:4, and the rabbis' ruling that imported pottery and glass were ritually impure also seems to suggest that these products were brought into the region. The Hellenistic-period

894:

faith; this was a major catalyst for the Maccabean revolt. In the latter years of the period, Jewish society was deeply polarized along ideological lines, and the sects of the

3847:

In an effort to explain the situation of the Jews in terms that Greek readers would comprehend, Philo portrayed the Jews in the Diaspora as immigrants who founded colonies (

2136:, a contemporary Jewish historian who fought as the commander of Jewish forces in Galilee but later defected to the Roman side, chronicled the events of the war in his book 5027: 2953:

But, when looking at the overall economic picture, the scale of imports and exports was insignificant. For instance, the Romans imposed a yearly land tax and harbor tax on

4188:

show that Jews began to incorporate explicitly religious practices and attitudes into their homes and everyday lives as early as the first century BCE. They started using

3182:, while Judea continued to use Hebrew. Although Aramaic had eventually surpassed Hebrew as the most widely spoken language in the region, many people learned Hebrew as a 2517:

ceased during the early Second Temple period; this left the Jews without their version of divine guidance at a time when they felt most in need of support and direction.

3719:. For both the local Jews and those residing in the diaspora, the land held symbolic value. It endures despite the frequently shifting, occasionally nonexistent borders. 3696:, etc.) were major aspects of Jewishness at the period. Despite the fact that not all Jews spoke the same language, because many of the sacred writings were written in 4625: 3625:

and other texts in synagogues helped to further ingrain the stories and characters they contain in the collective Jewish identity. That includes figures such as the

2395:, involving local populations joining the Roman forces, which led to widespread devastation and the near-total expulsion or annihilation of Jews from these regions. 7542: 4286: 2391:

rise in rebellion, characterized by attacks on local populations, temples, public structures, and roads. The Roman suppression was marked by severe retaliation and

4306: 4262:, were typical motives. Funerary inscriptions with names etched or inscribed in Hebrew or Greek ossuaries are commonly found on ossuaries and sometimes on tombs. 3259:

are written in Aramaic. The formulas for the Aramaic texts of the ketubot have been preserved since the Persian period, even though they were modified during the

3032:

Jerusalem during the late Second Temple period was a significant center of consumption at this time. This economic center developed to meet the needs of both the

1294:, which first developed in the Jewish diaspora of Alexandria and Antioch, and then spread to Judea. The major literary product of this cultural syncretism is the 5545:

Jews and Hellenistic cities in Eretz-Israel: Relations of the Jews in Eretz-Israel with the Hellenistic cities during the Second Temple Period (332 BCE – 70 CE)

3945:

important towns were founded in Galilee. The Jewish population in Galilee continued to prosper after the Second Temple period and especially as a result of the

3618:; moreover, the purported descent from Abraham was exploited by the Hasmoneans to broaden definitions of Jewishness, although this claim was disputed by others. 3529:, a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, was not limited to Jews in the Diaspora - it was also used in Judea, as evidenced by the discovery of fragments at 8426: 3216:

during the Persian period, though the transition was not complete until the Hellenistic period and traces of the previous script were still in use until the

2738: 2291:

In early 70 CE, Titus moved to besiege Jerusalem, the center of rebel resistance in Judaea. The city had been taken over by several rebel factions following

1551:

led a large army into Judea, forcing Hyrcanus to surrender as a vassal ruler in Jerusalem after a two-year siege. However, following Antiochus' death in the

835: 594: 2429:

Jewish presence in Judaea significantly dwindled after the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt. Nevertheless, there was a continuous small Jewish presence and

1849:

attempted to install Aristobulus on the throne; however, Aristobulus was poisoned, and his son Alexander, who was preparing to support him, was beheaded at

1361:

sometimes refer to Antiochus' reign as the 'Antiochene crises' for the Jews, and as a period of civil war between Hellenized and orthodox forms of Judaism.

4360:, burial was only allowed beyond the city's walls and fifty cubits away. When the city expanded, the cemeteries were removed (except for the graves of the 1810:

was ruler in practice and managed the kingdom's affairs. Some cities which were conquered by the Hasmoneans were removed from Judaean rule, including

1709:, even allowing them to persecute and punish the Sadducees. Her rule had a distinct Hellenistic flavor, as there was no tradition of female rule in Judea. 4439:

Hills show less direct imitation of the facade decorations of the Jerusalem tombs, but are influenced by them to a certain degree, and display Judean and

3925:

conquest, with the majority of its inhabitants concentrated in fortified centers on the margins of the western and central valleys. During that time, the

1461:. Judas eventually succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and purifying the allegedly desecrated temple. This event is commemorated by the Jewish festival of 914:

were formed. Important Jewish writings were also composed during the Second Temple period, including portions of the Hebrew Bible, such as the books of

2797:

Almost all of the national Jewish economy's needs during the Second Temple period were met domestically; there was very little exporting or importing.

6404:

Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the

1406:

and Phoenicia after his successful invasion of Ptolemaic Egypt (170 to 168 BCE) was turned back by the intervention of the Roman Republic. He sacked

2461:. Jewish historians occasionally refers to this time period, which corresponds with the world's late antiquity, as the Rabbinic or Talmudic period. 6733:

especially Iraq, whereas some converted to Christianity and others continued to live in the Holy Land, especially in Galilee and the coastal plain.

5855: 2555:

were formed, according to most scholars, around the mid 2nd century BCE. It is thought that the mystic sect of the Judaean desert, most likely the

2110:

should have lived, primarily in Galilee, under the reign of Herod Antipas. It is therefore considered in specifically Jewish history as being when

5969:, p. 50: "With many other scholars, I conclude that the fixing of a canonical list was almost certainly the achievement of the Hasmonean dynasty." 1880:, who controlled the western part, the two decided to appoint Herod as king of Judaea, and sent him with an army to seize the throne. In 37 BCE, 8129:"Ancient Jerusalem's Funerary Customs and Tombs: Part Three, L. Y. Rahmani, The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 45, No. 1 (Winter, 1982), pp. 43-53 1357:. These decrees were a departure from typical Seleucid practice, which did not attempt to suppress local religions in their empire. Scholars of 8234: 7355: 6264: 6187: 3417:, used a combination of Biblical Hebrew and Mishnaic Hebrew as their literary language, with Mishnaic Hebrew dominating. The literature of the 4066:

Samaritans and Jews had a hostile relationship; Josephus describes one instance in which Jews from the Galilee were attacked by Samaritans in

3514:

The Jews of Alexandria celebrated the translation of the Scriptures into Greek with an annual festival on the island of Pharos, known for its

2639: 1680:, the high cost of the wars in both money and lives threatened the governmental balance and sparked opposition to his rule, resulting in the 4776: 9152: 2649:, which led to a departure from Jewish customs, and, after the fall of Jerusalem which ended the Temple-based Judaism, Christianity slowly 609: 9023: 8919: 8826: 8660: 2498:

During the 600 years of the Second Temple period, multiple religious currents emerged and extensive religious developments occurred. The

1996:

After Herod's death in 4 BCE, the kingdom was partitioned to several parts to each of his three sons (initially four parts), forming the

694: 9288: 4548:

Helyer, Larry R.; McDonald, Lee Martin (2013). "The Hasmoneans and the Hasmonean Era". In Green, Joel B.; McDonald, Lee Martin (eds.).

2410:. The revolt was brutally suppressed by the Romans and resulted in the extensive depopulation of Judea proper, more so than during the 1329:

finally brought the region into the Seleucid empire, with Jerusalem falling under his control in 198 BCE. The Seleucids, like the

7910: 6790:

Dr. Solomon Gryazel, "History of the Jews – From the destruction of Judah in 586 BC to the present Arab Israeli conflict", p. 137

3452:

Archaeology provides evidence of the usage of Mishnaic Hebrew in the Second Temple period. It can be found in texts found in the

8848: 4473: 2296: 579: 7388:

Tom Garvin, “Ethnic Markers, Modern Nationalisms, and the Nightmare of History,” in Kruger, ed., ¨ Ethnicity and Nationalism, p. 67.

6664: 3961:

Historical accounts and archaeological discoveries from the late Second Temple period provide evidence of the Jewish settlements in

3599:

of Jewish history. The term "Israel" was used as a timeless designation of the ethnos or to refer to members who were a part of the

985:(132–135 CE) erupted; its brutal suppression by the Romans further dwindled the Jewish population in Judea and enhanced the role of 8904: 8761: 8431: 8398: 2150: 1468:

The Maccabean cause was aided further in 164 BCE when Antiochus IV died and his generals fought over guardianship of his young son

1230: 797:), the returned Jewish population restored the city and rebuilt the Temple in Jerusalem. In 332 BCE, the Achaemenid Empire fell to 5477: 2168: 1751:

noble who served as Hyrcanus' advisor, convinced him that giving up the throne was a mistake that needed to be undone. Along with

1609:

was destroyed. Archaeological evidence places these events between 111 and 110 BCE. Hyrcanus also launched a military campaign in

8984: 8909: 8899: 8655: 4463: 4274:, a Hasmonean leader who ruled Judea from 143 to 134 BCE. Simon constructed an now-lost elaborate tomb complex for his family in 3071:

in the Transjordan came in second. Qerouthim (Keruthim) and Hatoulim were the main producers of wine, followed by Beit Rima (now

2950:

from the Jericho area were sold outside the area and it is obvious that the locals there were not self-sufficient in other ways.

2365: 1421:

Antiochus' actions enraged the elites but also the rural population, who had remained mostly untouched by Hellenism. In 167 BCE,

974: 495: 7543:"'Edomite', 'Negbite'and 'Midianite' pottery from the Negev desert and Jordan: instrumental neutron activation analysis results" 5507: 2684:

The Apocrypha ('hidden books') were accepted as canonical scripture by various Christian denominations, and includes books like

1507:, which strengthened Jonathan's position even more. This did not change when Tryphon was able to capture and murder Jonathan in 9594: 9315: 3489: 8312: 7333:. Ethnonationalism in comparative perspective (Reprint ed.). Reno Las Vegas: University of Nevada Press. pp. 48–50. 5625: 5412: 2967:, while they may not have been completely abandoned, their economic situation and prestige degraded. During this period, only 1518:, the last of Mattathias' sons, took over as rebellion leader and high priest. He was eventually successful in destroying the 9404: 9074: 8814: 8809: 8355: 8301: 8263: 7888: 7788: 7373: 7338: 7308: 7218: 7170: 7123: 7007: 6975: 6763: 6717: 6647: 6397: 6359: 6334: 6304: 6211: 6120: 5941: 5899: 5747: 5717: 5560: 5274: 5163: 5037: 5010: 4853: 4685: 4645: 4559: 3114: 2499: 1718: 870: 8361: 2933:

There are several sources that do suggest there may have been a limited amount of importing. Wheat imports are mentioned in

2754:

A fourth category would be some parts of the Hebrew Bible that were composed during the Second Temple period, including the

1963: 8831: 8542: 4301:

A number of especially lavish tombs were built around Jerusalem during the early Roman period. Examples are the so-called "

3722:

A sense of solidary on the part of at least some sections of the ethnic population. The strength of this sentiment varies.

2650: 1717:

forcibly converted neighbor nations to Judaism. Some scholars argue that the Hasmonean dynasty institutionalized the final

1018: 869:

developed, multiple religious currents emerged and extensive cultural, religious, and political developments occurred. The

514: 17: 6014: 3540:

Greek names like Jason, Menelaus, and Alexander were popular among Jews throughout most of the Second Temple period. Some

3521:

Greek was widely used in Judaea, at least in a certain social stratum. Greek was also used in legal documents such as the

1102:) and Joshua the Priest (a descendant of the line of the former High Priests of the Temple) and their construction of the 9222: 9057: 9013: 8494: 8476: 4458: 3989:". This settlement process was continuous, and it was carried out using both peaceful penetration and military invasion. 3646: 3600: 2847:

was introduced to Palestine by Jewish farmers during the early Roman period. The local crop was fine, large-kernel rice.

1201: 536: 204: 172: 6284: 5736:

Hjelm, Ingrid (2010). "Mt. Gerizim and Samaritans in Recent Research". In Mor, Menachem; Reiterer, Friedrich V. (eds.).

5707: 5254: 1837:, Aristobulus II's son, raised a large army and seized Jerusalem, forcing Hyrcanus to leave the city. The Roman general 770:. This exilic period lasted for nearly five decades, ending after the Neo-Babylonian Empire itself was conquered by the 9574: 8514: 7271: 6868: 6568: 6248: 6155: 2677:. The first two categories were preserved by Christians, while the third one was discovered in the 20th century in the 5029:

A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud - A History of the Persian Province of Judah v. 1

4086:

as it was known since the Hellenistic period, did not have a Jewish majority. With the exception of a brief period of

2801:

played a significant role in economic life. Josephus explains why earlier texts did not mention Jews by stating that:

970:, eventually evolved out of the Pharisaic school and became the mainstream form of the religion. During the same era, 8282: 8168: 8049: 7928: 7599: 7431: 6912: 6816: 6613: 6592: 6435: 6057: 5784: 5388: 5204: 4941: 4746: 4599: 3140: 1315: 7988:"Jewish Funerary Customs During the Second Temple Period, in the Light of the Excavations at the Jericho Necropolis" 7499:

Sagiv, N. 2013. “Jewish Finds from Peraea (Transjordan) from the Second Temple Period until the Bar-Kokhba Revolt.”

5925:

Settlement and History in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Galilee: An Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Galilee

5883:

Settlement and History in Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Galilee: An Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Galilee

3953:. Judaism reached its political and cultural pinnacle in Galilee during the late second and early third century CE. 3122: 9620: 9379: 9069: 8997: 7723:"Flavius Josephus and His Portrayal of the Coast (Paralia) of Contemporary Roman Palestine: Geography and Ideology" 3397:

to the same degree; some of it is written in a manner that is strikingly reminiscent of classical Biblical Hebrew.

7422:

Fitzpatrick-McKinley, Ann (2002). "Synagogue communities in the Graeco-Roman cities". In Bartlett, John R. (ed.).

4403:

Elaborate rock-cut tombs with designs resembling those found in Jerusalem were found in multiple sites in western

1132:

and a Persian-appointed governor, frequently Jewish, charged with keeping order and seeing that tribute was paid.

9660: 8819: 8766: 8756: 8670: 8451: 6490:"Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account?" 4701:

and later, in Alexander Jannaeus's prime, extending to the coast, the north, and the eastern banks of the Jordan.

4189: 3809:-zealot tradition that continued to play a key role in national life until the Bar Kokhba revolt in the 130s CE. 3201:. Even under Roman rule, the administrative language in the eastern provinces, including Judaea, remained Greek. 2784:. However, these books are not typically included in scholarship as part of the Second Temple period literature. 2588: 911: 687: 7452:"'Colony' and 'metropolis' in Philo. Examples of Mimicry and Hybridity in Philo's writing back from the Empire?" 3768:, wrote that the Jews of the late Second Temple period provide "a closer approximation to the ideal type of the 3734:

joined the city in fighting the Jewish rebels because they had weaker sense of solidarity for the Jewish ethnos.

3161:'s linguistic situation during the Second Temple period is defined by the co-existence of two spoken languages: 1259: 9283: 9081: 5988: 5348: 4330: 4295: 4023:

in the late second century BCE, the Edomites converted to Judaism and were assimilated into the Jewish people.

3268: 3118: 2030:

In 6 CE, the country fell into unrest, and the Herodian ruler of Judea was deposed in favor of forming the new

556: 9655: 9327: 8665: 2607: 2603: 5575: 862:(66–73 CE), resulting in the destruction of Jerusalem and its Temple, which ended the Second Temple period. 9506: 9251: 8836: 8675: 8421: 8391: 5187:

Lipschits, Oded; Tal, Oren (2007). "The Settlement Archaeology of the Province of Judah: A Case Study". In

2370:

The failure of the First Jewish Revolt eventually led to two subsequent Jewish uprisings against Rome: the

2334:

of the Sicarii rebels and resident Jewish families, though the historicity of the mass suicide is debated.

7295:, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 202–203, 5438: 4632:, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 192–249, 3949:, when it replaced the depopulated Judea as the spiritual, demographic and cultural center of Jews in the 9364: 9212: 9086: 8977: 8685: 8680: 8524: 8504: 7519: 3933:

coast. According to the Book of Maccabees, Jewish communities were already present in Galilee during the

3909:

constituted a band of nearly continuous Jewish settlement. Central and northern Samaria was inhabited by

3604: 2318:

After the fall of Jerusalem, Titus returned to Rome, leaving the remaining Jewish strongholds, including

2100: 1953: 1491:

took over as the leader of the revolt. He benefited from another internal Seleucid struggle between King

1251: 763: 755: 524: 234: 214: 7875:, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 23–52, 6962:, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 38–39, 5341:

Judaism and Hellenism : Studies in Their Encounter in Palestine During the Early Hellenistic Period

3282: 9418: 9369: 8466: 8461: 6753: 4483: 4099: 4083: 3727: 3477: 3301:("The Scroll of Fasting") was written in Aramaic around the first century CE. This is also true of the 3036:

and pilgrims, as well as those of the locals who did not work in agriculture. Doves were raised in the

2725:. Together with the works from the first two categories, it also contains other writings including the 2458: 2411: 2280: 2129: 2123: 2013: 1881: 1841:

invaded Judea in retaliation, sent Hyrcanus back to Jerusalem, and reinstated him as high priest. When

1775: 1552: 1154: 859: 740: 736: 680: 589: 478: 51: 6350:

Kerkeslager, Allen (2006). "The Jews in Egypt and Cyrenaica, 66–c. 235 CE". In Katz, Steven T. (ed.).

3472: 2905:

A few small areas in the province dedicated to the cultivation of cash crops. A famous example is the

2248:

before it fell to treachery; the city was razed, many people were killed, and the rest were enslaved.

1066: 9579: 9489: 9332: 9064: 8608: 8190:

Raviv D., 2013, "Magnificent Tombs from the Second Temple Period in Western Samaria - New Insights",

4444:

in Jerusalem influenced the burial practices of local elites across towns and rural areas in Judaea.

4275: 2257: 1430: 1279: 847: 771: 541: 7777:

McGing, Brian (2002). "Population and Proselytism: How many Jews were there in the ancient world?".

3985:

and began to settle in the southern parts of Judea, which came to be known in classical sources as "

2189:

thought to have been thrown by Roman legionaries during the destruction of the Second Temple (right)

27: 9200: 9157: 9120: 5155:

A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud, the Persian Province of Judah

4430:

While most scholars agree that the tombs of the elaborate tombs of western Samaria and the western

3515: 3244: 3103: 1739:, her older son, was entitled to assume the throne and was already acting as high priest. However, 1033: 830:

against Seleucid rule led to the establishment of a nominally independent Jewish kingdom under the

787: 584: 574: 261: 159: 85: 7514: 9564: 9389: 9278: 9265: 9130: 9091: 8776: 8441: 8436: 8384: 8071: 6849:

J. Collins, John (2019). "The Literature of the Second Temple Period". In Goodman, Martin (ed.).

5494: 4468: 3247:, Aramaic was the civil administration language. The contract texts were written in Aramaic. The 3107: 2580: 2232:, as well as by the armies of various local allies including that of king Agrippa II. During the 2025: 1869: 1410:

and the Temple, suppressing Jewish and Samaritan religious and cultural observances, and imposed

855: 652: 614: 529: 317: 2087:. Agrippa surrendered Chalcis to his brother Herod and ruled in Philip's stead. On the death of 9539: 9462: 9435: 9310: 8970: 8802: 8603: 7675: 6672: 6354:. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 4th. Cambridge University Press. pp. 61–62. 4918:"Part II: Christian Origins and Development – Paul and the Development of Gentile Christianity" 4440: 4302: 3654: 3425:

of the Land of Israel and Babylonia is written in Mishnaic Hebrew, which is later found in the

3361:, are explicitly dated to the Second Temple period. The first and second verses of the book of 3252: 3043:

The locations from which the Temple received high-quality agricultural items are listed in the

2685: 2521: 2345:, the last stronghold of the First Jewish-Roman War. The Roman siege ramp appears to the right. 2203: 1919: 1815: 1807: 1767: 1744: 1567: 1434: 947: 8081: 7945: 6860: 6560: 6425: 6145: 6049: 5860:

Between Hellenistic Monarchy and Jewish Theocracy. The Contested Legitimacy of Hasmonean Rule.

4917: 2544:

became a source of dissent for some Jews; this was a major catalyst for the Maccabean revolt.

9589: 9534: 9467: 9354: 9305: 8874: 8853: 8792: 8787: 8613: 8547: 8158: 8099:[Pilgrims, roads and tombs on the way to Jerusalem during the Second Temple period]. 6072:

Wilkinson, "Ancient Jerusalem, Its Water Supply and Population", PEFQS 106, pp. 33–51 (1974).

5540: 5253:

Halpern-Zylberstein, Marie-Christine (1990-03-22), Davies, W. D.; Finkelstein, Louis (eds.),

4478: 4453: 4079: 3773: 3213: 2661:

The religious literature of the Second Temple period can be split into three categories: the

2584: 2493: 2303:, a contemporary historian and the main source for the war, the city was ravaged by murder, 2292: 2233: 1876:, who then controlled the eastern part of the Roman Republic. In agreement with his co-ruler 1842: 1548: 1358: 1349: 1275: 1177: 1129: 866: 747: 647: 7451: 4998: 4206: 9559: 9457: 9273: 9234: 8519: 4353: 4171: 3796: 3742: 3650: 3366: 3072: 2811: 2229: 1823: 1586: 1500: 1143:, returned to Judah in 456 BCE. The first was empowered by the Persian king to enforce the 767: 599: 419: 6850: 6550: 6549:

Schwartz, Seth (2009). "Historiography on the Jews in the 'Talmudic Period' (70–640 ce)".

6535: 6530: 4384: 8: 9479: 9452: 9399: 9246: 9239: 9207: 9125: 9103: 9052: 8879: 8719: 8552: 8219:

Magen, Y. (2008). "Tombs Ornamented in Jerusalem Style in Samaria and the Hebron Hills".

7196: 6171: 4397: 4322: 4229: 4044: 4040: 3765: 3761: 3681: 3664:

One or more elements of shared culture, which need not be specified, but usually include

3642: 3567: 3561: 3346: 3295:

contain passages in Aramaic: Ezra 4:8 to 6:18 and 7:12 to 26 and Daniel 2:4 to 7:28. The

3076: 2975:

Importing food was important at times of drought or famine, as it was during the time of

2819: 2670: 2591: 2541: 2433:

became its religious center. Jewish communities also continued to reside in the southern

2055: 1834: 1730: 1477: 1469: 1348:, possibly due to a dispute over leadership of the Temple in Jerusalem and the office of 1291: 1247: 1235: 951: 887: 798: 759: 732: 546: 500: 374: 8273:

Frei, Peter (2001). "Persian Imperial Authorization: A Summary". In Watts, James (ed.).

7813: 6534: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the 4716:

The Jewish Backgrounds of the New Testament: Second Commonwealth Judaism in Recent Study

3189:

During the two centuries of Persian rule (538–332 BCE), the administrative language was

786:, encouraging the exiles to return to their homeland after the Persians raised it as an 9554: 9516: 9501: 9384: 9183: 9169: 8894: 8509: 8489: 8228: 8112: 8030:"A Burial Complex and Ossuaries of the Second Temple Period on Mount Scopus, Jerusalem" 7849: 7841: 7750: 7703: 7558: 6519: 6258: 4785: 4357: 4334: 3997: 3893:

During the late Second Temple period and up until the Bar Kokhba revolt, Judea proper,

3853: 3801: 3716: 3626: 3545: 3260: 3198: 2980: 2742: 2717: 2701: 2576: 2536:. An important advocate of the symbiosis of Jewish theology and Hellenistic thought is 2507: 2214: 1770:

of Pontus, Pompey conquered the Seleucid Kingdom, which became a Roman province called

1656: 1522:, a fortified complex in Jerusalem that was the last symbol of Seleucid rule in Judea. 1255: 1221: 1051: 878: 858:. Growing dissatisfaction with Roman rule and civil disturbances eventually led to the 604: 386: 303: 7247:

Van Maaren, John (2022-05-23), "The Ethnic Boundary Making Model: Preliminary Marks",

5923: 5881: 1094:

in 538 BCE, the year after he captured Babylon. The exile ended with the return under

9613: 9526: 9394: 9359: 9342: 9195: 9115: 9005: 8926: 8797: 8712: 8635: 8598: 8562: 8351: 8297: 8278: 8259: 8164: 8116: 8045: 8007: 7965: 7924: 7884: 7833: 7794: 7784: 7742: 7707: 7695: 7651: 7595: 7582:; Stern, Ian (2007). "Idumea in the Late Persian Period (Fourth Century b.c.e.)". In 7469: 7464: 7427: 7369: 7334: 7304: 7267: 7214: 7176: 7166: 7119: 7013: 7003: 6999:

Tilling the Hateful Earth: Agricultural Production and Trade in the Late Antique East

6971: 6918: 6908: 6864: 6812: 6759: 6723: 6713: 6643: 6609: 6588: 6564: 6523: 6511: 6431: 6393: 6355: 6330: 6300: 6244: 6217: 6207: 6151: 6126: 6116: 6053: 5984: 5937: 5895: 5780: 5753: 5743: 5713: 5556: 5511: 5384: 5344: 5303: 5270: 5200: 5169: 5159: 5033: 5006: 4937: 4898: 4859: 4849: 4824: 4752: 4742: 4691: 4681: 4641: 4595: 4565: 4555: 4326: 4318: 4103: 4087: 3946: 3922: 3874: 3738: 3587: 3446: 3354: 3334: 3276: 3217: 2964: 2759: 2730: 2399: 2375: 2361: 2308: 2207: 1997: 1970: 1949: 1915: 1628: 1617: 1593:

and took it after a six-month siege. After this victory, he turned north and invaded

1580: 1531: 1492: 1473: 1453: 1426: 1330: 1006: 982: 831: 802: 322: 281: 113: 98: 60: 7853: 6901:

Safrai, Zeev (2003). "Trade in the Land of Israel during the Second Temple period".

2402:(132-136 CE) erupted. One reason seems to be the re-establishment of Jerusalem as a 9544: 9496: 9374: 8707: 8593: 8588: 8567: 8499: 8446: 8323: 8104: 8077: 8037: 7999: 7957: 7916: 7876: 7825: 7734: 7687: 7641: 7587: 7554: 7459: 7361: 7296: 7111: 6963: 6856: 6556: 6501: 6385: 6292: 5929: 5887: 5295: 5262: 5192: 4890: 4816: 4633: 4424: 4259: 4225: 4070:

while traveling to a festival in Jerusalem, resulting in the death of one of them.

4056: 3934: 3789: 3781: 3757: 3658: 3608: 3322: 3190: 2984: 2778:(24–7, 56–66), all dating from the Persian period, along extensive portions of the 2674: 2466: 2442: 2423: 2407: 2392: 2059: 2051: 1907: 1893: 1687: 1681: 1555:

in 129 BCE, the Seleucids were soon too weak to pursue an active policy outside of

1504: 1442: 1384: 1370: 1354: 1307: 1193: 1091: 959: 935: 923: 919: 827: 751: 439: 381: 364: 298: 291: 224: 123: 108: 103: 7880: 7614:

Eshel, E. and Stern, I. 2017. Divination Texts of Maresha – Archeology and Texts.

7300: 6967: 6296: 5266: 4637: 4031:

The majority of Samaria's people in the first century CE are thought to have been

3614:

A myth of common ancestry. In the Jewish case, of descent from eponymous ancestor

3460:

found in Qumran and the Bar Kokhba letters and other writings found in caves near

3267:'s Jewish community has adopted Aramaic, and it was the main language used in the 2256:, fell after a one-month siege. Following a lull in military operations caused by 2106:

The era from roughly 4 BCE to 33 CE is also notable as being the time period when

1759:, these two formed an alliance and together they attacked and besieged Jerusalem. 1274:. Under the Hellenistic kingdoms, Judea was ruled by the hereditary office of the 9629: 9584: 9569: 9549: 9511: 9484: 9430: 8869: 8699: 8647: 8623: 8618: 8345: 8253: 7115: 5378: 4960: 4715: 4408: 4314: 4147: 4091: 4060: 3697: 3500: 3402: 3394: 3390: 3358: 3297: 3205: 3183: 3170: 3166: 2976: 2767: 2755: 2525: 2470: 2454: 2453:. Over the next centuries, more Jews emigrated to flourishing communities in the 2403: 2371: 2355: 2327: 2245: 2080: 2031: 2001: 1934:. The Herodian kingdom under Herod experienced a period of growth and expansion. 1899: 1865: 1858: 1519: 1496: 1488: 1481: 1449: 1314:. The reason for the production of this translation seems to be that many of the 1303: 1271: 1267: 1087: 990: 986: 843: 813: 779: 775: 642: 473: 429: 353: 93: 7987: 6755:

Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 1

6081:

Estimating the Population of Ancient Jerusalem, Magen Broshi, BAR 4:02, Jun 1978

1861:

gained status and power at the expense of the Hasmonean dynasty's waning power.

9147: 9140: 8889: 8557: 8456: 8407: 8160:

Reading and Writing in the Time of Jesus: Understanding the Bible and Its World

8029: 8003: 7961: 7583: 6022: 5839: 5188: 4894: 4052: 4035:. Samaria was also inhabited by Jews (in southern and central Samaria), native 3950: 3848: 3731: 3708: 3677: 3571: 3453: 3350: 3342: 3338: 2899: 2895: 2775: 2763: 2726: 2709: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2666: 2627: 2481: 2284: 2138: 2039: 1838: 1819: 1791: 1779: 1740: 1702: 1239: 1107: 1029: 927: 881:

can be traced back to the Second Temple period. According to Jewish tradition,

839: 783: 728: 716: 632: 408: 349: 118: 32: 8041: 7180: 6727: 6506: 6489: 6221: 6130: 5933: 5891: 5757: 4878: 4863: 4756: 4695: 1311: 9649: 9634: 9322: 9028: 8914: 8108: 8011: 7969: 7837: 7746: 7699: 7691: 7655: 7473: 7365: 7211:

Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora: from Alexander to Trajan (323 BCE–117 CE)

7017: 6922: 6515: 6175: 5336: 5307: 5173: 4925: 4902: 4828: 4820: 4569: 4310: 4291: 4233: 4140: 4095: 4036: 4020: 3941: 3926: 3457: 3378: 3374: 3318: 3064: 3033: 2918: 2827: 2734: 2705: 2312: 2276: 2268: 2253: 2241: 2088: 1846: 1766:

was in the midst of a campaign in the Eastern Mediterranean. After defeating

1672: 1635: 1606: 1537: 1437:; he then killed a Seleucid official who ordered the sacrifice. According to 1411: 1326: 1103: 720: 670: 468: 404: 36: 7798: 5588:

Martyrium, Gewalt, Unsterblichkeit. Die Ursprünge eines religiösen Syndroms.

4804: 4624:

Smith, Morton (1999), Sturdy, John; Davies, W. D.; Horbury, William (eds.),

2445:, central Jewish texts, were composed during the 2nd to 4th centuries CE in 1942: 1620:

to convert to Judaism, by threat of exile or death, depending on the source.

1172:: Bearded head wearing crown, possibly representing the Persian Great King. 9162: 8951: 8572: 7541:

Jan Gunneweg; Th. Beier; U. Diehl; D. Lambrecht; H. Mommsen (August 1991).

7289:"The destruction of the Jerusalem Temple: its meaning and its consequences" 6811:] (in Hebrew). ירושלים: מרכז זלמן שזר לתולדות ישראל. pp. 287–290. 6379: 5863: 5552: 5536: 4431: 4420: 4412: 4389: 4361: 4271: 4163: 4115: 3902: 3622: 3575: 3370: 3330: 3292: 3000: 2883: 2771: 2678: 2434: 2388: 2331: 2186: 2111: 2043: 2035: 1911: 1903: 1787: 1667: 1515: 1508: 1388: 1345: 1299: 1205: 1117: 1114: 1083: 971: 915: 851: 551: 400: 7920: 7873:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

7293:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

6997: 6960:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

6389: 6112:

For the Freedom of Zion: The Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66–74 CE

5153: 4999:""We All Returned as One!": Critical Notes on the Myth of the Mass Return" 4845:

For the Freedom of Zion: The Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66-74 CE

4136:

that the urban population made up around a third of the total population.

3940:

Much of the Galilee was conquered and annexed by the first Hasmonean king

3480:, one of two tablets found. This Greek inscription served as a warning to 2236:, many towns surrendered without a fight, and others were taken by force. 1566:

Stone bowl fragment with the name “Hyrcanus,” which was discovered in the

9229: 8341: 7778: 7579: 7540: 4551:

The World of the New Testament: Cultural, Social, and Historical Contexts

4048: 4001: 3981:

were driven from their ancestral homeland and former kingdom east of the

3534: 3461: 3386: 3264: 3209: 3194: 3006: 2987:, trading at this time was often a characteristic of the coastal cities. 2954: 2798: 2623: 2419: 2380: 2159: 2076: 1873: 1803: 1771: 1736: 1698: 1556: 1438: 1403: 1380: 1376: 1322: 1225: 1042: 967: 271: 190: 8275:

Persia and Torah: The Theory of Imperial Authorization of the Pentateuch

7646: 7629: 5548: 4984:, ed. by Achtemeier, etc., Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1985, p. 103 4789: 3992:

Ostraca dating from the 4th century BCE from sites in Idumaea including

3885:

This section refers to the late Second Temple period, unless specified.

2484:, making up about one-sixth of the world Jewish population at that era. 2263: 1980: 9033: 8931: 8484: 7869:"Political, social, and economic life in the Land of Israel, 66–c. 235" 7845: 7754: 7722: 7676:"Samaritans, Galileans, and Judeans in Josephus and the Gospel of John" 6956:"Political, social, and economic life in the Land of Israel, 66–c. 235" 6174:

and Second Temples is still mourned annually during the Jewish fast of

4349: 4218: 4055:, and mercenaries "of the neighboring populations" who were brought to 4032: 3977:

Even before the final collapse of the kingdom of Judah in 586 BCE, the

3910: 3835: 3806: 3777: 3638: 3596: 3526: 3493: 3434: 3227: 3022: 2934: 2875: 2871: 2646: 2533: 2529: 2514: 2225: 1756: 1752: 1602: 1484:

in 160 BCE; Judas' death during the battle dealt a blow to the rebels.

1458: 1422: 1334: 1295: 1209: 1121: 1098:

the Prince (so-called because he was a descendant of the royal line of

1095: 891: 882: 719:

denotes the approximately 600 years (516 BCE – 70 CE) during which the

483: 186: 128: 71: 7160: 6707: 6201: 6110: 5830:, with CD-ROM, Second Edition. (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2005), 93 5737: 4843: 4736: 4675: 4212:

Second Temple period ossuaries discovered in Jerusalem, Israel Museum.

4154:

and Caesarea, of 70,000 to 100,000 and 38,000 to 47,500 respectively.

3197:

became the official language of administration and was used to spread

2520:

During the Hellenistic period, currents of Judaism were influenced by

2128:

In 66 CE, the Jews of Judea rose in revolt against Rome, sparking the

1918:

as a major port city. Herod also constructed the enclosure around the

1321:

At the turn of the 2nd-century BCE, a successful military campaign in

8724: 8628: 8313:"Moses Outside the Torah and the Construction of a Diaspora Identity" 8192:

In the Highland's Depth - Ephraim Range and Binyamin Research Studies

6902: 6405: 6099:

Cousland, "The Crowds in the Gospel of Matthew", p. 60 (2002). Brill.

4933: 4549: 4012: 3930: 3700:, it also served as a symbol for Jews who did not speak the language. 3673: 3541: 3414: 3406: 3305:, or Aramaic paraphrases of the Bible, but dating them is difficult. 3037: 2959: 2947: 2922: 2891: 2851: 2835: 2815: 2662: 2552: 2548: 2503: 2477: 2450: 2384: 2323: 2195: 2047: 1827: 1714: 1706: 1677: 1597:, which had long separated Judea from Jewish settlements in Galilee. 1407: 1125: 1002: 963: 931: 899: 895: 874: 724: 7829: 7738: 3092: 1906:. The kingdom of Judea during his period is also referred to as the 1623: 1113:

The Persians may have experimented initially with ruling Judah as a

9445: 9298: 9135: 8884: 8744: 7814:"The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period" 5981:

Ancient Israel: From Abraham to the Roman Destruction of the Temple

4507: 4167: 4111: 3993: 3741:

defines Jewish identity in the late Second Temple period as being "

3723: 3704: 3669: 3665: 3549: 3481: 3441: 3048: 3015: 2968: 2938: 2887: 2823: 2635: 2619: 2446: 2415: 2319: 2300: 2133: 2096: 2068: 1986: 1931: 1877: 1783: 1462: 1341:: they respected Jewish culture and protected Jewish institutions. 1140: 1072: 939: 8962: 7249:

The Boundaries of Jewishness in the Southern Levant 200 BCE–132 CE

7143:

Bickerman, Elias J. "The Warning Inscriptions of Herod's Temple"'

6626:

Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society

5592:

Sterben für Gott – Töten für Gott? Religion, Martyrium und Gewalt.

4630:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 3: The Early Roman Period

3760:, an historical sociologist considered one of the founders of the 3255:(divorce certificate), and other legal documents mentioned in the 938:. Among the major sources for the time period are the writings of 9474: 9217: 9040: 8739: 8734: 8376: 4404: 4393: 4373: 4345: 4341: 4255: 4170:

census, which was conducted in the middle of the 1st century CE.

4005: 3937:

and before the area was incorporated into the Hasmonean kingdom.

3906: 3894: 3823: 3819: 3693: 3689: 3522: 3508: 3504: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3410: 3362: 3248: 3179: 3175: 3162: 3052: 3044: 2910: 2780: 2722: 2643: 2556: 2438: 2430: 2092: 2084: 2072: 2009: 1854: 1850: 1646: 1598: 1594: 1399: 1287: 1148: 998: 994: 978: 907: 903: 637: 490: 144: 6825: 6809:

Studies in the history of Israel during the Second Temple period

4677:

Identity and Territory: Jewish Perceptions of Space in Antiquity

3313: 1503:. The battle for the throne was now between him and the general 1124:, but by the mid–5th century BCE Judah had become in practice a 9440: 9293: 9045: 8993: 8841: 8749: 8729: 6577: 4929: 4369: 4365: 4246: 3982: 3769: 3685: 3530: 3382: 3302: 3256: 3232: 3060: 3056: 3051:. The highest quality fine flour was transported from farms in 3009:, a partially reconstructed village of the Second Temple period 2943: 2906: 2863: 2859: 2839: 2746: 2713: 2615: 2611: 2342: 2304: 2237: 2178: 2005: 1927: 1923: 1811: 1763: 1650: 1614: 1610: 1590: 505: 149: 135: 7630:"The Religion of Idumea and Its Relationship to Early Judaism" 5380:

T&T Clark Encyclopedia of Second Temple Judaism Volume One

4762:

Yavneh to continue develop of Pharisaic, or rabbinic, Judaism.

4250:. After a while, bones were collected for secondary burial in 2079:

until his death in 34 CE when he was succeeded as tetrarch by

1671:

carried on his predecessors' conversion policy, and destroyed

981:

religion. A few decades after the First Jewish-Roman War, the

6115:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 3–5. 5928:. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 321–324, 362–371, 396–400, 414–416. 5594:. Herder Verlag, Freiburg i. Br. 2015, 122–147, hier: S. 136. 5458: 4879:"The Broken Axis: Rabbinic Judaism and the Fall of Jerusalem" 4848:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 3–5. 4774:

Alföldy, Géza (1995). "Eine Bauinschrift aus dem Colosseum".

4416: 4107: 4102:(66–73 CE), when there were significant Jewish minorities in 4067: 4016: 3962: 3898: 3870: 3785: 3712: 3634: 3630: 3615: 3430: 3272: 3223: 3158: 3068: 2914: 2631: 2595: 2568: 2537: 2249: 2221: 2182: 2114:

arose as a messianic sect from within Second Temple Judaism.

2107: 1786:", a title inferior to the title "king". Judea then became a 1653:, but this claim is not supported by archeological evidence. 1338: 1263: 1188: 1160: 1144: 1099: 943: 890:

became a source of dissent for those Jews who clung to their

774:, which annexed Babylonian territorial possessions after the 154: 7946:"Jewish Life Before the Revolt: The Archaeological Evidence" 6283:

Zeev, Miriam Pucci Ben (2006-06-22), Katz, Steven T. (ed.),

5705: 3929:

was home to a predominantly pagan populace with ties to the

2878:, unusually for the time period, included a daily ration of 8073:

The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Daily Life in Roman Palestine

8070:

Fine, Steven (2010-08-19). "Death, Burial, and Afterlife".

7162:

Cambridge History of Judaism: The Hellenistic Age (1st ed.)

7110:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 112–160, 6291:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 93–106, 5472: 5470: 5121: 3978: 2879: 2867: 2855: 2844: 2831: 2599: 2326:, to the Roman Legions. The war ended in 73-74 CE with the 2272: 2199: 1748: 1136: 1057: 4512:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. pp. 7–11, 30, 226. 4047:, colonists who flocked there under the Roman governor of 2866:(albeit these foods made up a small portion of the diet), 7360:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–12. 6786: 6784: 4019:

settled in Maresha. During the reign of Hasmonean leader

3826:

made donations to their city and referred to it as their

2572:("pairs of") leaders headed the Jews' spiritual affairs. 6772: 6456:

The Second Jewish Revolt: The Bar Kokhba War, 132-136 CE

5712:. Vol. 5. Concept Publishing Company. p. 287. 5547:. Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum. Vol. 21. 5467: 4376:'s cemetery was also located outside the town's limits. 3684:

and other cultic sites, and the following of particular

3325:, written in Hebrew during the late Second Temple period 2260:, Vespasian was summoned to Rome and appointed Emperor. 1005:, while smaller Jewish communities persisted across the 7783:. John R. Bartlett. London: Routledge. pp. 88–95. 7512: 4961:"Second Temple Period (538 BCE. to 70 CE) Persian Rule" 4270:

The earliest known Jewish burial monument was built by

2890:, though not in great quantities. The Galilean city of 2818:, indicating the importance of these products as well. 2414:

of 70 CE. Some scholars have described these events as

2095:

also, and in 41 CE, as a mark of favour by the Emperor

1525: 842:

conquered the kingdom. In 37 BCE, the Romans appointed

7165:. Cambridge University Press. 1990. pp. 101–102. 6781: 6243:(First Vintage books ed.). New York. p. 11. 6203:

Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations

2398:

Two generations after the First Jewish-Roman War, the

8097:"עולי רגל, דרכים וקברים בדרך לירושלים בימי הבית השני" 7818:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

7101: 7002:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 109–110. 5261:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 7, 3511:, Greek was even present in the Temple of Jerusalem. 1536:

After Simon was assassinated and replaced by his son

1429:-lineage Jewish priest, killed a Jew in his hometown 7421: 3484:

visitors to the Second Temple not to go any further.

3409:, who are believed to be the precursors of both the 3286:

Funerary inscription in Aramaic: "Yehosef bar Aglon"

2602:

preacher and religious leader. After his death, his

2510:

can all be traced back to the Second Temple period.

2198:, an experienced Roman general, was sent by emperor 1797: 1782:, imprisoned Aristobulus, and declared Hyrcanus an " 8347:

Jesus the Jew: A Historian's Reading of the Gospels

7102:Sáenz-Badillos, Angel; Elwolde, John, eds. (1993), 6327:

The Jews under Roman Rule from Pompey to Diocletian

5828:

Jewish Literature Between The Bible And The Mishnah

5377:Stuckenbruck, Loren T.; Gurtner, Daniel M. (2019). 5376: 5252: 3456:from the first and second centuries, including the 2330:. According to Josephus, the siege resulted in the 2132:(66-73 CE), also known as the Great Jewish Revolt. 1806:assumed the role of ethnarch; however, his advisor 1398:) moved to assert strict control over the Seleucid 1215: 7287:Goldenberg, Robert (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), 6751: 6448: 3812: 3570:, the Jewish people were constantly identified by 2457:. Others remained in the Land of Israel, and some 1318:had lost the ability to speak Hebrew and Aramaic. 7985: 7594:. Penn State University Press. pp. 139–143. 7592:Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E 6712:. Leeds, UK: Arc Humanities Press. pp. 3–4. 6598: 6181: 5197:Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E 5109: 3067:served as the Temple's main source of olive oil. 2579:developed during the later Second Temple period. 2566:170 BCE to 30 CE, five successive generations of 2046:extended over parts of the former regions of the 2000:. The central part of the Tetrarchy was given to 1853:at the command of Pompey. Antipater and his sons 1585:Around 110 BCE, Hyrcanus launched an invasion of 1472:; this turmoil ended when Antiochus IV's nephew, 1364: 1164:) minted in the Persian province of Yehud, dated 850:. In 6 CE, Judea was fully incorporated into the 801:, and the region was later incorporated into the 9647: 6238: 6021:. The University of South Dakota. Archived from 5699: 5431: 4166:claimed that 6,944,000 Jews were counted in the 2524:developed from the 3rd century BCE, notably the 1574: 1176:: Falcon facing, head right, with wings spread; 8027: 7621: 7266:. University of California Press. p. 137. 6285:"The uprisings in the Jewish Diaspora, 116–117" 6019:The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces 5199:. Penn State University Press. pp. 33–37. 4011:Around the mid-third century BCE, a Hellenized 2913:. Josephus also indicates that in his day, the 1023: 754:; the Judeans lost their independence upon the 8028:Kloner, Amos; Whetstone, Sherry (2016-01-01), 7867:Schwartz, Seth (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), 6954:Schwartz, Seth (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), 6606:The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine 6552:The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies 6108: 5739:Samaritans - Past and Present: Current Studies 5452: 5001:. In Lipschitz, Oded; Oeming, Manfred (eds.). 4841: 4711: 4709: 4547: 3212:) had probably already started to replace the 2476:By the first century, the Jewish community in 1433:who stepped forward to offer sacrifice to the 1200:century BCE size, and its inhabited areas—the 8978: 8392: 8194:, Vol. 3, Ariel-Talmon ,pp. 109-142. (Hebrew) 7680:Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 7553:(2). Oxford, UK: Oxford University: 239–253. 5133: 4228:, discovered in south Jerusalem. It mentions 3921:The Galilee was sparsely populated up to the 3865:, with Jerusalem serving as its mother-city. 3275:, a native of the Galilee, and his disciples 2925:was occasionally sold to neighboring cities. 688: 8221:Judea and Samaria Researches and Discoveries 6671:. University of South Dakota. Archived from 6637: 6624:Oppenheimer, A'haron and Oppenheimer, Nili. 6278: 6276: 6274: 5983:. Biblical Archeology Society. p. 273. 5777:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion 5768: 5370: 5186: 4718:, Wheaton College, Previously published in 4508:Jonathan Stökl, Caroline Waerzegger (2015). 1802:After Pompey's conquest of Judea in 63 BCE, 8258:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. xiii. 8255:Alexander The Great and the Hellenistic Age 7578: 7104:"Hebrew in the period of the Second Temple" 6709:The Islamization of the Holy Land, 634-1800 6349: 6013:Lehmann, Clayton Miles (22 February 2007). 5868:The Splendors and Miseries of Ruling Alone. 5343:(1st English ed.). London: SCM Press. 5005:. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. p. 8. 5003:Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period 4883:Journal of the American Academy of Religion 4706: 4673: 3857:), with Jerusalem being their mother-city ( 3121:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3079:), and Kefar Signa (in the lower Galilee). 1884:, and Antigonus was captured and executed. 1868:invaded the area in 40 BCE, they installed 1452:took over as leader of the revolt. He used 1278:as a Hellenistic vassal. At the same time, 1258:. After his death in 322 BCE, his generals 993:, the Jewish demographic center shifted to 8985: 8971: 8399: 8385: 8233:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8184: 8034:Viewing Ancient Jewish Art and Archaeology 7534: 7286: 7246: 6907:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 125–128. 6848: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6663:Lehmann, Clayton Miles (18 January 2007). 6487: 6427:The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea 6263:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5870:Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 2013, S. 231–259. 4992: 4990: 4955: 4953: 4909: 4876: 4777:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 4589: 4073: 3429:. Among the earliest are the tractates of 695: 681: 43:Period in Jewish history, c. 516 BCE–70 CE 8123: 8094: 7986:Hachlili, Rachel; Killebrew, Ann (1983). 7720: 7645: 7513:Prof. Itzhaq Beit-Arieh (December 1996). 7506: 7463: 7353: 7213:. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. p. 424. 6505: 6419: 6417: 6324: 6271: 6006: 5531: 5529: 5331: 5329: 5255:"The Archeology of Hellenistic Palestine" 5158:. London: T&T Clark. pp. 28–30. 5019: 4626:"The Gentiles in Judaism 125 BCE - 66 CE" 4594:. Harvard University Press. p. 226. 4526:. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). p. 27. 4474:Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period 4043:who settled in the city of Samaria under 3525:Archives and the Bar Kokhba letters. The 3141:Learn how and when to remove this message 2117: 1634:Following the death of Hyrcanus, his son 8150: 8076:. Oxford University Press. p. 443. 7866: 7780:Jews in the Hellenistic and Roman cities 7424:Jews in the Hellenistic and Roman Cities 6953: 6548: 6471:, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, ç2017, p.80 6150:. Oxford University Press. p. 212. 5779:. Oxford University Press. p. 330. 5696:. München 1978, S. 229–273, hier S. 267. 5675:. München 1978, S. 229–273, hier S. 265. 5654:. München 1978, S. 229–273, hier S. 262. 5615:. München 1978, S. 229–273, hier S. 259. 5319: 5317: 5236: 5234: 4802: 4680:. Univ of California Press. p. 13. 4510:Exile and Return: The Babylonian Context 4383: 4285: 3499:The use of Greek was not limited to the 3471: 3369:. There are varying opinions about when 3312: 3281: 2532:, culminating in the compilation of the 2336: 2262: 1622: 1561: 1344:This policy was drastically reversed by 1246:In 332 BCE, the region was conquered by 1229: 1153: 778:. Soon after the conquest, Persian king 26: 8204: 8202: 8200: 8156: 8082:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199216437.013.0025 7772: 7770: 7768: 7766: 7764: 7669: 7667: 7665: 7572: 7445: 7443: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7208: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7083: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6880: 6861:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199280322.013.0004 6852:The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies 6844: 6842: 6840: 6738: 6705: 6662: 6561:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199280322.013.0005 6199: 6037: 6012: 5921: 5879: 5846:. Harvard University Press, 2005: p. 15 5706:William Smith; John Mee Fuller (2004). 5694:Von den Anfängen bis zum 7. Jahrhundert 5673:Von den Anfängen bis zum 7. Jahrhundert 5652:Von den Anfängen bis zum 7. Jahrhundert 5613:Von den Anfängen bis zum 7. Jahrhundert 4996: 4987: 4950: 4805:"A History of the Jewish War, AD 66–74" 4773: 4585: 4583: 4464:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire 4118:and other settlements along the coast. 3063:flour came in second. Olive trees near 2917:was extensively grown in some parts of 2366:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire 2258:civil war and political turmoil in Rome 2091:in 39 CE Herod Agrippa became ruler of 1735:After Salome Alexander died in 67 BCE, 14: 9648: 8340: 8291: 8223:. Vol. 6. Jerusalem. p. 163. 8023: 8021: 7981: 7979: 7943: 7908: 7811: 7776: 7673: 7449: 7357:Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism 7155: 7153: 6995: 6900: 6831: 6798: 6796: 6693: 6488:Raviv, Dvir; David, Chaim Ben (2021). 6483: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6423: 6414: 6373: 6371: 6143: 6043: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5774: 5688:. In: Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson (Hrsg.): 5667:. In: Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson (Hrsg.): 5646:. In: Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson (Hrsg.): 5607:. In: Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson (Hrsg.): 5535: 5526: 5459:Louis H. Feldman, Steve Mason (1999). 5335: 5326: 5294: 5248: 5246: 5151: 5025: 4734: 4669: 4667: 4162:In the 13th century, Christian writer 3488:Greek was the primary language of the 2983:. Nonetheless, as is evident from the 2202:to crush the rebellion. He arrived at 1902:was appointed king of the Jews by the 1762:During the same period, Roman general 1724: 1684:, which Jannaeus brutally suppressed. 1290:). This period also saw the rise of a 766:, part of the subjugated populace was 8966: 8380: 8322:. 8, article 15: 2–12. Archived from 8310: 8277:. Atlanta, GA: SBL Press. p. 6. 8251: 8218: 7627: 7397: 7328: 7280: 7261: 6805:מחקרים בתולדות ישראל בתקופת הבית השני 5978: 5735: 5731: 5729: 5709:Encyclopaedic dictionary of the Bible 5410: 5365:Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews 5314: 5231: 5147: 5145: 5127: 4915: 4623: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 2500:development of the Hebrew Bible canon 2252:, the major Jewish stronghold in the 1589:. His army laid siege to the city of 1266:became a frontier region between the 871:development of the Hebrew Bible canon 762:was destroyed. After the Babylonians 731:and subsequent reconstruction of the 8543:Timeline of the Second Temple period 8272: 8197: 8069: 7761: 7662: 7440: 7406: 7402:. New York: Harper. pp. 7, 215. 7227: 7147:, vol. 37, no. 4, 1947, pp. 387–405. 7137: 7080: 6942: 6877: 6837: 6802: 6282: 6048:. Canaan Publishing House. pp. 5115: 4730: 4728: 4580: 4265: 3401:This form of Hebrew is now known as 3119:adding citations to reliable sources 3086: 2928: 1526:Hasmonean vassal state (140–110 BCE) 1075:Views the Ruins of Jerusalem's Walls 1019:Timeline of the Second Temple period 950:, Greek and Roman writers and later 930:and writings that are a part of the 8992: 8364:from the original on 8 October 2020 8018: 7976: 7150: 6793: 6669:Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces 6474: 6377: 6368: 5908: 5873: 5243: 4924:. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). 4674:Ben-Eliyahu, Eyal (30 April 2019). 4664: 4459:History of ancient Israel and Judah 4178: 3490:Jews of Hellenistic and Roman Egypt 3440:The first century Jewish historian 2083:, who had previously been ruler of 1887: 1826:, which formed the semi-autonomous 788:autonomous Jewish-governed province 782:issued a proclamation known as the 24: 9153:National parks and nature reserves 8427:Jewish history in Israel/Palestine 8406: 8101:Judea and Samaria Research Studies 7559:10.1111/j.1475-4754.1991.tb00701.x 6587:, Harvard University Press, 1976, 6424:Taylor, J. E. (15 November 2012). 6193: 6102: 5726: 5413:"The Maccabees and the Hellenists" 5142: 4835: 4796: 4612: 4554:. Baker Academic. pp. 45–47. 4530: 4368:). It has been suggested that the 4309:, and the monumental tombs of the 3839:Jerusalem to be their mother city: 3169:. The meaning of the population's 2297:short-lived provisional government 2054:. It was created in 6 CE with the 1989:, a palace fortress built by Herod 1701:, as high priest and his brother, 1613:, capturing Marisa and Adora. The 25: 9672: 8095:עבאדי, עומרי; זיסו, בועז (2019). 5628:. Chabad-Lubavitch Media Center. 5411:Ponet, James (22 December 2005). 4725: 4720:Archaeology of the Biblical World 4379: 2894:, located along the shore of the 2721:lived at Qumran, most likely the 2220:. There he was joined by his son 1882:Jerusalem was taken after a siege 1833:Hyrcanus II's rule was unstable. 1798:Early Roman period (63 BCE–70 CE) 1601:was reduced to a village and the 8350:. Philadelphia: First Fortress. 8212: 8141: 8132: 8088: 8063: 7950:Journal for the Study of Judaism 7937: 7902: 7860: 7805: 7714: 7608: 7493: 7480: 7465:10.4000/etudesplatoniciennes.621 7391: 7382: 7347: 7322: 7255: 7202: 7187: 7108:A History of the Hebrew Language 7071: 7062: 7050: 7037: 7024: 6989: 6929: 6752:Mark Avrum Ehrlich, ed. (2009). 6529: 6289:The Cambridge History of Judaism 6239:Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2012). 6147:A Dictionary of the Roman Empire 5259:The Cambridge History of Judaism 5219:Becking in Albertz 2003b, p. 19. 5032:. T & T Clark. p. 355. 4333:", which may be associated with 4217: 4205: 4121: 3830:, "home city" or "native town". 3235:belonged to the Roman garrison. 3091: 3014: 2999: 2287:and other Second Temple vessels. 2167: 2158: 2149: 1979: 1962: 1941: 1216:Hellenistic period (333–110 BCE) 1135:A second group of 5,000, led by 1065: 1050: 975:gradually separated from Judaism 836:Jewish sovereignty in the Levant 664: 70: 8757:Talmudic academies in Babylonia 8515:Judah's revolts against Babylon 8245: 7992:Palestine Exploration Quarterly 7674:Pummer, Reinhard (2020-01-31). 7400:Modern Nationalism and Religion 6699: 6687: 6656: 6631: 6618: 6542: 6461: 6343: 6318: 6232: 6164: 6137: 6093: 6084: 6075: 6066: 5997: 5972: 5959: 5950: 5849: 5833: 5820: 5807: 5798: 5690:Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes 5678: 5669:Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes 5657: 5648:Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes 5636: 5618: 5609:Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes 5597: 5580: 5569: 5500: 5488: 5404: 5357: 5302:. Fortress Press. p. 216. 5288: 5222: 5213: 5180: 5100: 5091: 5082: 5073: 5064: 5055: 5046: 4975: 4870: 4803:Westwood, Ursula (2017-04-01). 4281: 4236:fame, high priest from 18-36 CE 4039:Semitic people, descendants of 3813:Jewish identity in the Diaspora 3329:Some of the later books of the 2513:According to Jewish tradition, 2185:(center); stone piles near the 2019: 1692: 1661: 1640: 1542: 1393: 1106:in the period 521–516 BCE. The 7912:The Economy of Roman Palestine 6904:The Economy of Roman Palestine 6585:A History of the Jewish People 6352:The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period 5052:Niehr in Becking 1999, p. 231. 4767: 4592:A History of the Jewish People 4516: 4501: 4325:. As a common practice in the 3752: 3562:Jewish identity § History 3269:Elephantine papyri and ostraca 2792: 2437:and on the coastal plain. The 2283:. The procession includes the 2099:, succeeded the Roman prefect 1487:After Judas died, his brother 1480:defeated the Maccabees at the 1448:When Mattathias died, his son 1365:Maccabean Revolt (167–141 BCE) 342:Late Antiquity and Middle Ages 13: 1: 8163:. A&C Black. p. 88. 7881:10.1017/chol9780521772488.003 7515:"Edomites Advance into Judah" 7450:Seland, Torrey (2010-01-01). 7426:. Routledge. pp. 70–86. 7301:10.1017/chol9780521772488.009 6968:10.1017/chol9780521772488.003 6469:The Bar Kokhba War AD 132-136 6297:10.1017/chol9780521772488.005 5886:. Mohr Siebeck. p. 336. 5590:In: Jan-Heiner Tück (Hrsg.): 5439:"The Revolt of the Maccabees" 5300:Judaism from Cyrus to Hadrian 5267:10.1017/chol9780521219297.002 4920:. In Esler, Philip F. (ed.). 4638:10.1017/chol9780521243773.008 4489: 4110:, and to a lesser degree, in 3880: 2656: 2563: 1575:Hasmonean period (110–63 BCE) 1415: 817: 806: 791: 756:Babylonian siege of Jerusalem 9070:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 8837:Expulsion of Jews from Spain 8320:Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 7721:Rosenfeld, Ben-Zion (2000). 7264:The Beginnings of Jewishness 7209:Barclay, John M. G. (1998). 7116:10.1017/cbo9781139166553.006 6494:Journal of Roman Archaeology 6170:The destruction of both the 6109:Maclean Rogers, Guy (2021). 5686:Die Zeit des Zweiten Tempels 5665:Die Zeit des Zweiten Tempels 5644:Die Zeit des Zweiten Tempels 5605:Die Zeit des Zweiten Tempels 5541:"2: The Early Hasmonean Era" 5463:. Brill Academic Publishers. 4842:Maclean Rogers, Guy (2021). 4494: 4290:The monumental tombs of the 4157: 4130: 3544:, too, had Greek names like 2349: 1024:Persian period (538–332 BCE) 7: 9405:Water supply and sanitation 8294:Handbook of Decision Making 8036:, BRILL, pp. 193–270, 7727:The Jewish Quarterly Review 7628:Levin, Yigal (2020-09-24). 7520:Biblical Archaeology Review 7262:Cohen, Shaye J. D. (2001). 7145:The Jewish Quarterly Review 6628:. Mohr Siebeck, 2005, p. 2. 6555:. Oxford. pp. 79–114. 6430:. Oxford University Press. 6384:. BRILL. pp. 483–484. 6378:Mor, Menahem (2016-04-18). 6325:Smallwood, E. Mary (1976). 4877:Goldenberg, Robert (1977). 4447: 3578:, and Jewish authors as an 3555: 3153: 3082: 2540:. The growing influence of 2487: 2181:stood (left); the ruins of 1954:Holyland Model of Jerusalem 1060:Reads the Law to the People 1001:was compiled, and later to 977:, becoming a predominantly 764:annexed Judah as a province 10: 9677: 9082:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 8004:10.1179/peq.1983.115.2.109 7962:10.1163/157006305774482669 7590:; Albertz, Rainer (eds.). 7501:Jerusalem and Eretz-Israel 7329:Smith, Anthony D. (1993). 6855:. Oxford. pp. 53–78. 6834:, pp. 20, 26, 27, 29. 6638:Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (1996). 6329:. SBL Press. p. 397. 6003:Ben-Sasson (1976), p. 246. 5844:The Middle East Under Rome 5826:George W. E. Nickelsburg. 5195:; Albertz, Rainer (eds.). 5152:Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). 5026:Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). 4484:Timeline of Jewish history 4294:, photographed in 1862 by 4026: 3972: 3916: 3888: 3559: 3478:Temple Warning inscription 3238: 2902:: ταρίχη, "pickled fish". 2787: 2581:Christianity first emerged 2491: 2359: 2353: 2293:a period of massive unrest 2240:, a fortified town in the 2121: 2023: 2004:, including Judea proper, 1891: 1728: 1578: 1529: 1368: 1219: 1027: 1016: 1012: 964:communal synagogue worship 9607: 9525: 9426: 9417: 9350: 9341: 9264: 9191: 9182: 9111: 9102: 9004: 8942: 8862: 8775: 8698: 8646: 8581: 8533: 8475: 8414: 8147:Tosefta, Bava Batra, 1:11 8042:10.1163/9789004306592_011 7354:Goodblatt, David (2006). 6706:Ehrlich, Michael (2022). 6642:. Routledge. p. 58. 6507:10.1017/S1047759421000271 5742:. De Gruyer. p. 35. 5383:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 5106:Albertz 1994, pp. 437–38. 5097:Blenkinsopp 2009, p. 229. 4982:Harper's Bible Dictionary 4922:The Early Christian World 4809:Journal of Jewish Studies 4590:Ben-Sasson, H.H. (1976). 4196: 3308: 2459:converted to Christianity 772:Achaemenid Persian Empire 8767:Revolt against Heraclius 8495:Ancient Israel and Judah 8477:Ancient Israel and Judah 8138:Mishnah, Bava Batra, 2:9 7692:10.1163/17455197-2019002 7366:10.1017/cbo9780511499067 7077:Mishnah, Menachot, 8:1-6 6996:Decker, Michael (2009). 6381:The Second Jewish Revolt 6241:Jerusalem: The Biography 6200:Goodman, Martin (2008). 6144:Bunson, Matthew (1995). 6044:Har-El, Menashe (1977). 5956:Davies 1992, pp. 149–50. 5508:"Livy's History of Rome" 5139:Blenkinsopp 1988, p. 64. 4895:10.1093/jaarel/xlv.3.353 4735:Karesh, Sara E. (2006). 4722:, 1/2 (1991), pp. 40–49. 4388:The funerary complex of 3956: 3492:, particularly those of 3467: 3365:were written during the 3193:. Beginning in 333 BCE, 3040:and sent to the Temple. 2990: 2669:; the literature of the 1242:(2nd or 1st century BCE) 1034:Yehud (Persian province) 741:Roman siege of Jerusalem 229:10th century BCE–587 BCE 219:10th century BCE–720 BCE 173:Ancient Israel and Judah 160:Late Bronze Age collapse 9390:Tel Aviv Stock Exchange 8452:Expulsions and exoduses 8292:Morçöl, Göktuğ (2006). 8157:Millard, Allan (2005). 7944:Berlin, Andrea (2005). 7398:Baron, Salo W. (1947). 7251:, De Gruyter, p. 5 7032:Antiquities of the Jews 6640:Atlas of Jewish History 6206:. Penguin. p. 25. 5815:Antiquities of the Jews 5070:Grabbe 2004, pp. 154–5. 4738:Encyclopedia of Judaism 4469:Intertestamental period 4074:Coastal plain (Paralia) 3762:interdisciplinary field 3730:broke out, the Jews of 3643:covenant at Mount Sinai 2671:Greek-speaking diaspora 2177:The hill where ancient 2026:Judaea (Roman province) 1870:Antigonus II Mattathias 1643: 104–103 BCE 1545: 134–104 BCE 1387:, the Seleucid Emperor 199:12th–10th centuries BCE 9661:Ancient Jewish history 9380:Science and technology 9284:Intelligence Community 8803:Invasion of Banu Nadir 8604:First Jewish-Roman War 8311:Romer, Thomas (2008). 7909:Safrai, Ze'ev (1994). 7812:Broshi, Magen (1979). 7503:8–9: 191–210. (Hebrew) 7068:Mishnah, Hagigah 3:3–4 5775:Berlin, Adele (2011). 5441:. Simpletoremember.com 4821:10.18647/3311/jjs-2017 4400: 4352:tractate), due to the 4303:Tombs of the Sanhedrin 4298: 4127:different approaches. 4100:First Jewish-Roman war 3845: 3728:First Jewish–Roman War 3726:reports that when the 3657:persecutions, and the 3485: 3326: 3287: 3226:, the language of the 2808: 2651:separated from Judaism 2522:Hellenistic philosophy 2412:First Jewish–Roman War 2346: 2295:and the collapse of a 2288: 2130:First Jewish–Roman War 2124:First Jewish–Roman War 2118:First Jewish–Roman War 2014:First Jewish–Roman War 1920:Cave of the Patriarchs 1822:and several cities in 1664: 103–76 BCE 1631: 1571: 1553:Seleucid-Parthian Wars 1243: 1184: 1128:, ruled by hereditary 948:Books of the Maccabees 860:First Jewish–Roman War 790:. Under the Persians ( 737:First Jewish–Roman War 40: 39:, early 1st century CE 9306:Israel Defense Forces 9065:Arab–Israeli conflict 8854:Medieval antisemitism 8793:Siege of Banu Qaynuqa 8788:Siege of Banu Qurayza 8762:Revolt against Gallus 8548:Second Temple Judaism 7921:10.4324/9780203204863 7486:Philo of Alexandria, 7456:Études platoniciennes 6390:10.1163/9789004314634 5979:Cohen, Shaye (1999). 5922:Leibner, Uzi (2009). 5880:Leibner, Uzi (2009). 5130:, p. 2 and fn.3. 4997:Becking, Bob (2006). 4916:Klutz, Todd (2002) . 4524:Encyclopaedia Judaica 4479:Second Temple Judaism 4454:Archaeology of Israel 4419:, and in the Western 4387: 4354:sanctity of Jerusalem 4289: 3841: 3774:religious nationalism 3637:, and events such as 3475: 3316: 3285: 3251:(marriage contract), 2886:, probably generally 2850:The main products of 2803: 2494:Second Temple Judaism 2360:Further information: 2340: 2266: 1719:Jewish biblical canon 1695: 76–67 BCE 1626: 1565: 1412:Hellenistic practices 1359:Second Temple Judaism 1276:High Priest of Israel 1233: 1157: 1120:under descendants of 989:. During the ensuing 867:Second Temple Judaism 748:Neo-Babylonian Empire 735:, and ended with the 723:stood in the city of 585:Historical literature 580:Historical population 542:Arab–Israeli conflict 30: 9656:Second Temple period 9595:World Heritage Sites 9252:System of government 9019:Second Temple period 8815:Sephardic Golden Age 8609:Battle of Beth Horon 8535:Second Temple period 8520:Babylonian captivity 8109:10.26351/JSRS/28-2/2 7616:Archaeology and Text 6458:. Brill, 2016. P471/ 6015:"Palestine: History" 5965:Philip R. Davies in 5363:Tchrikover, Victor. 5088:Miller 1986, p. 458. 5079:Soggin 1998, p. 311. 4936:. pp. 178–190. 4358:impurity of the dead 4172:Salo Wittmayer Baron 3805:160s BCE fostered a 3651:Babylonian captivity 3645:, the heyday of the 3597:pre-monarchic period 3115:improve this section 3073:Bani Zeid al-Gharbia 2898:, got its name from 2830:further reveal that 2826:' writings, and the 2642:. It soon attracted 2606:and their followers 2598:was a first-century 2585:Second Temple Judaic 2542:Hellenism in Judaism 2246:besieged for 47 days 2230:Legio XV Apollinaris 1666:) waged a series of 1333:before them, held a 1325:led by the Seleucid 888:Hellenism in Judaism 746:In 587/586 BCE, the 727:. It began with the 709:Second Temple period 557:Iran–Israel conflict 420:Kingdom of Jerusalem 401:Early Islamic period 375:Byzantine Palaestina 253:Second Temple period 18:Second Temple Period 8553:Hellenistic Judaism 8462:Political movements 7647:10.3390/rel11100487 5626:"What Is Hanukkah?" 4398:Qarawat Bani Hassan 4323:Tomb of Benei Hezir 4230:Joseph ben Caiaphas 4045:Alexander the Great 3766:nationalism studies 3682:Temple in Jerusalem 3568:classical antiquity 3385:, and possibly the 3214:paleo-Hebrew script 3199:Hellenistic culture 3184:liturgical language 3077:al-Lubban al-Gharbi 3075:), Beit Lavan (now 2909:plantations around 2870:, and food for the 2820:Rabbinic literature 2640:initial persecution 2592:Hellenistic Judaism 2224:, who arrived from 2206:along with legions 2103:as ruler of Judea. 2056:Census of Quirinius 1898:In 37-36 BCE, 1776:conquered Jerusalem 1731:Hasmonean Civil War 1725:Hasmonean civil war 1511:through treachery. 1298:translation of the 1292:Hellenistic Judaism 1248:Alexander the Great 1236:Alexander the Great 1151:and his followers. 952:Rabbinic literature 799:Alexander the Great 758:, during which the 733:Temple in Jerusalem 35:as depicted on the 9507:Standard of living 8510:Assyrian Captivity 8490:Origins of Judaism 8432:Population history 5934:20.500.12657/43969 5892:20.500.12657/43969 5555:. pp. 55–65. 5478:"Maccabean Revolt" 5061:Wylen 1996, p. 25. 4401: 4335:Helena of Adiabene 4331:Tombs of the Kings 4299: 3703:A connection to a 3694:Sabbath observance 3680:, the work of the 3582:, one of the many 3546:Antigonus of Sokho 3486: 3327: 3288: 3261:Hellenistic period 2743:Thanksgiving Hymns 2718:Prayer of Manasseh 2702:Letter of Jeremiah 2589:in the 1st century 2508:Jewish eschatology 2406:under the name of 2347: 2289: 1948:Reconstruction of 1926:, the fortress at 1843:Caesar's civil war 1657:Alexander Jannaeus 1632: 1572: 1568:Givati Parking Lot 1327:Antiochus III 1260:divided the empire 1256:Hellenistic period 1254:, ushering in the 1244: 1222:Hellenistic period 1185: 962:, centered around 912:early Christianity 879:Jewish eschatology 856:province of Judaea 821: 200–167 BCE 810: 301–200 BCE 795: 539–332 BCE 713:post-exilic period 272:Hellenistic period 86:Prehistoric Levant 41: 9643: 9642: 9603: 9602: 9413: 9412: 9333:West Bank barrier 9260: 9259: 9213:Foreign relations 9178: 9177: 8960: 8959: 8952:WP:Jewish history 8810:Under Muslim rule 8798:Battle of Khaybar 8713:Synagogal Judaism 8694: 8693: 8636:Bar Kokhba revolt 8599:Jewish-Roman Wars 8563:Hasmonean kingdom 8505:Kingdom of Israel 8357:978-0-8006-1443-0 8303:978-1-57444-548-0 8265:978-0-7538-2413-9 8252:Green, P (2008). 7890:978-0-521-77248-8 7790:978-0-203-44634-8 7588:Knoppers, Gary N. 7375:978-0-521-86202-8 7340:978-0-87417-204-1 7331:National Identity 7310:978-0-521-77248-8 7220:978-0-567-08651-8 7172:978-1-139-05512-3 7125:978-0-521-55634-7 7009:978-0-19-956528-3 6977:978-0-521-77248-8 6765:978-1-85109-873-6 6719:978-1-64189-222-3 6649:978-0-415-08800-8 6583:H.H. Ben-Sasson, 6399:978-90-04-31463-4 6361:978-0-521-77248-8 6336:978-90-04-50204-8 6306:978-1-139-05513-0 6213:978-0-14-029127-8 6122:978-0-300-26256-8 6046:This Is Jerusalem 5943:978-3-16-151460-9 5901:978-3-16-151460-9 5749:978-3-11-021283-9 5719:978-81-7268-095-4 5562:978-3-16-145241-3 5514:on 19 August 2017 5296:Grabbe, Lester L. 5276:978-0-521-21929-7 5193:Knoppers, Gary N. 5165:978-0-567-21617-5 5039:978-0-567-08998-4 5012:978-1-57506-104-7 4855:978-0-300-26256-8 4741:. Facts On File. 4687:978-0-520-29360-1 4647:978-0-521-24377-3 4561:978-0-8010-9861-1 4327:Greco-Roman world 4319:Tomb of Zechariah 4266:Monumental burial 3947:Bar Kokhba revolt 3875:Roman citizenship 3739:Shaye J. D. Cohen 3588:Greco-Roman world 3447:Bar Kokhba revolt 3335:Ezra and Nehemiah 3218:Bar-Kokhba revolt 3151: 3150: 3143: 3055:and Zonicha (now 3049:Menachot tractate 2929:Import and export 2882:. There was also 2836:garden vegetables 2731:Damascus Document 2694:Wisdom of Solomon 2596:Jesus of Nazareth 2547:The sects of the 2400:Bar Kokhba Revolt 2376:Bar Kokhba Revolt 2362:Bar Kokhba revolt 2281:fall of Jerusalem 2108:Jesus of Nazareth 2052:Herodian kingdoms 1971:Caesarea Maritima 1916:Caesarea Maritima 1778:, desecrated the 1629:Hasmonean kingdom 1581:Hasmonean dynasty 1532:Hasmonean dynasty 1493:Demetrius I Soter 1454:guerrilla tactics 1082:According to the 1041:Illustrations by 983:Bar-Kokhba Revolt 838:. In 63 BCE, the 832:Hasmonean dynasty 803:Ptolemaic Kingdom 768:exiled to Babylon 705: 704: 671:Israel portal 520: 465: 448: 447: 333: 332: 323:Jewish-Roman Wars 282:Hasmonean dynasty 243: 242: 215:Kingdom of Israel 140: 90: 16:(Redirected from 9668: 9623: 9616: 9575:National symbols 9424: 9423: 9370:Diamond industry 9348: 9347: 9189: 9188: 9109: 9108: 8987: 8980: 8973: 8964: 8963: 8948: 8784:Mohammedan Wars 8708:Rabbinic Judaism 8661:Byzantine Empire 8614:Galilee campaign 8594:Judean Civil War 8589:Maccabean Revolt 8582:Wars and revolts 8579: 8578: 8568:Herodian kingdom 8525:Babylonian Yehud 8500:Kingdom of Judah 8437:Military history 8401: 8394: 8387: 8378: 8377: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8337: 8335: 8334: 8328: 8317: 8307: 8288: 8269: 8239: 8238: 8232: 8224: 8216: 8210: 8206: 8195: 8188: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8177: 8154: 8148: 8145: 8139: 8136: 8130: 8127: 8121: 8120: 8092: 8086: 8085: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8059: 8058: 8025: 8016: 8015: 7983: 7974: 7973: 7941: 7935: 7934: 7906: 7900: 7899: 7898: 7897: 7864: 7858: 7857: 7809: 7803: 7802: 7774: 7759: 7758: 7733:(1/2): 143–183. 7718: 7712: 7711: 7671: 7660: 7659: 7649: 7625: 7619: 7612: 7606: 7605: 7576: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7538: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7510: 7504: 7497: 7491: 7484: 7478: 7477: 7467: 7447: 7438: 7437: 7419: 7404: 7403: 7395: 7389: 7386: 7380: 7379: 7351: 7345: 7344: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7318: 7317: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7259: 7253: 7252: 7244: 7225: 7224: 7206: 7200: 7191: 7185: 7184: 7157: 7148: 7141: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7132: 7099: 7078: 7075: 7069: 7066: 7060: 7057:Testament of Job 7054: 7048: 7041: 7035: 7028: 7022: 7021: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6951: 6940: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6898: 6875: 6874: 6846: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6800: 6791: 6788: 6779: 6776: 6770: 6769: 6749: 6736: 6735: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6685: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6660: 6654: 6653: 6635: 6629: 6622: 6616: 6602: 6596: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6546: 6540: 6533: 6527: 6509: 6485: 6472: 6465: 6459: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6421: 6412: 6411: 6375: 6366: 6365: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6322: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6313: 6280: 6269: 6268: 6262: 6254: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6106: 6100: 6097: 6091: 6088: 6082: 6079: 6073: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6025:on 10 March 2008 6010: 6004: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5976: 5970: 5967:The Canon Debate 5963: 5957: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5919: 5906: 5905: 5877: 5871: 5853: 5847: 5837: 5831: 5824: 5818: 5811: 5805: 5802: 5796: 5794: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5733: 5724: 5723: 5703: 5697: 5682: 5676: 5661: 5655: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5622: 5616: 5601: 5595: 5584: 5578: 5576:1 Maccabees 2:27 5573: 5567: 5566: 5533: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5510:. Archived from 5504: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5474: 5465: 5464: 5461:Flavius Josephus 5456: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5374: 5368: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5333: 5324: 5321: 5312: 5311: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5250: 5241: 5238: 5229: 5226: 5220: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5149: 5140: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5104: 5098: 5095: 5089: 5086: 5080: 5077: 5071: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5053: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5023: 5017: 5016: 4994: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4957: 4948: 4947: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4732: 4723: 4713: 4704: 4703: 4671: 4662: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4621: 4610: 4609: 4587: 4578: 4577: 4545: 4528: 4527: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4505: 4425:Khirbat al-Simia 4313:, including the 4226:Caiaphas ossuary 4221: 4209: 4179:Material culture 3935:Maccabean Revolt 3782:classical Greeks 3758:Anthony D. Smith 3745:" in character. 3659:Maccabean revolt 3609:kingdom of Judah 3605:northern kingdom 3516:famed lighthouse 3442:Flavius Josephus 3367:Babylonian exile 3323:Dead Sea Scrolls 3298:Megillat Ta'anit 3191:Imperial Aramaic 3146: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3126: 3095: 3087: 3065:Teqoa of Galilee 3018: 3003: 2985:Testament of Job 2675:Dead Sea Scrolls 2594:in Roman Judea. 2565: 2467:Rabbinic Judaism 2441:and part of the 2424:Syria Palaestina 2408:Aelia Capitolina 2393:ethnic cleansing 2279:celebrating the 2234:Galilee campaign 2171: 2162: 2153: 2134:Flavius Josephus 2060:Syria Palaestina 2058:and merged into 1983: 1966: 1945: 1908:Herodian kingdom 1894:Herodian dynasty 1888:Herodian dynasty 1696: 1694: 1688:Salome Alexandra 1682:Judean Civil War 1665: 1663: 1644: 1642: 1546: 1544: 1505:Diodotos Tryphon 1495:and an usurper, 1443:Maccabean Revolt 1417: 1397: 1395: 1371:Maccabean Revolt 1355:Maccabean Revolt 1316:Alexandrian Jews 1308:Biblical Aramaic 1238:, discovered in 1167: 1092:Babylonian exile 1069: 1054: 960:Rabbinic Judaism 936:Dead Sea Scrolls 828:Maccabean Revolt 822: 819: 811: 808: 796: 793: 752:Kingdom of Judah 697: 690: 683: 669: 668: 667: 590:Economic history 518: 463: 440:Mamluk Sultanate 365:Syria Palaestina 346: 345: 292:Herodian dynasty 258: 257: 225:Kingdom of Judah 209:10th century BCE 178: 177: 139: 89: 74: 64: 46: 45: 21: 9676: 9675: 9671: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9666: 9665: 9646: 9645: 9644: 9639: 9626: 9619: 9612: 9599: 9580:Public holidays 9521: 9409: 9337: 9256: 9174: 9098: 9053:British mandate 9000: 8991: 8961: 8956: 8946: 8938: 8927:Israeli history 8870:Jewish question 8858: 8771: 8700:Rabbinic period 8690: 8642: 8624:Diaspora revolt 8619:Siege of Masada 8577: 8529: 8471: 8442:Genetic history 8410: 8405: 8367: 8365: 8358: 8332: 8330: 8326: 8315: 8304: 8285: 8266: 8248: 8243: 8242: 8226: 8225: 8217: 8213: 8207: 8198: 8189: 8185: 8175: 8173: 8171: 8155: 8151: 8146: 8142: 8137: 8133: 8128: 8124: 8103:(28): 165–185. 8093: 8089: 8068: 8064: 8056: 8054: 8052: 8026: 8019: 7984: 7977: 7942: 7938: 7931: 7915:. p. 103. 7907: 7903: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7865: 7861: 7830:10.2307/1356664 7810: 7806: 7791: 7775: 7762: 7739:10.2307/1454789 7719: 7715: 7672: 7663: 7626: 7622: 7613: 7609: 7602: 7584:Lipschits, Oded 7577: 7573: 7563: 7561: 7539: 7535: 7525: 7523: 7511: 7507: 7498: 7494: 7485: 7481: 7448: 7441: 7434: 7420: 7407: 7396: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7376: 7352: 7348: 7341: 7327: 7323: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7285: 7281: 7274: 7260: 7256: 7245: 7228: 7221: 7207: 7203: 7192: 7188: 7173: 7159: 7158: 7151: 7142: 7138: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7100: 7081: 7076: 7072: 7067: 7063: 7055: 7051: 7042: 7038: 7029: 7025: 7010: 6994: 6990: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6952: 6943: 6934: 6930: 6915: 6899: 6878: 6871: 6847: 6838: 6830: 6826: 6819: 6801: 6794: 6789: 6782: 6777: 6773: 6766: 6750: 6739: 6720: 6704: 6700: 6692: 6688: 6678: 6676: 6675:on 7 April 2013 6661: 6657: 6650: 6636: 6632: 6623: 6619: 6603: 6599: 6582: 6578: 6571: 6547: 6543: 6486: 6475: 6466: 6462: 6453: 6449: 6438: 6422: 6415: 6400: 6376: 6369: 6362: 6348: 6344: 6337: 6323: 6319: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6281: 6272: 6256: 6255: 6251: 6237: 6233: 6214: 6198: 6194: 6186: 6182: 6169: 6165: 6158: 6142: 6138: 6123: 6107: 6103: 6098: 6094: 6089: 6085: 6080: 6076: 6071: 6067: 6060: 6042: 6038: 6028: 6026: 6011: 6007: 6002: 5998: 5991: 5977: 5973: 5964: 5960: 5955: 5951: 5944: 5920: 5909: 5902: 5878: 5874: 5854: 5850: 5838: 5834: 5825: 5821: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5799: 5787: 5773: 5769: 5750: 5734: 5727: 5720: 5704: 5700: 5684:Menahem Stern: 5683: 5679: 5663:Menahem Stern: 5662: 5658: 5642:Menahem Stern: 5641: 5637: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5603:Menahem Stern: 5602: 5598: 5585: 5581: 5574: 5570: 5563: 5534: 5527: 5517: 5515: 5506: 5505: 5501: 5493: 5489: 5476: 5475: 5468: 5457: 5453: 5444: 5442: 5437: 5436: 5432: 5422: 5420: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5375: 5371: 5362: 5358: 5351: 5334: 5327: 5322: 5315: 5293: 5289: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5251: 5244: 5239: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5189:Lipschits, Oded 5185: 5181: 5166: 5150: 5143: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5040: 5024: 5020: 5013: 4995: 4988: 4980: 4976: 4966: 4964: 4959: 4958: 4951: 4944: 4914: 4910: 4875: 4871: 4856: 4840: 4836: 4801: 4797: 4772: 4768: 4749: 4733: 4726: 4714: 4707: 4688: 4672: 4665: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4622: 4613: 4602: 4588: 4581: 4562: 4546: 4531: 4522: 4521: 4517: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4450: 4409:Khirbet Kurkush 4382: 4315:Tomb of Absalom 4296:Francis Bedford 4284: 4268: 4241: 4240: 4239: 4238: 4237: 4222: 4214: 4213: 4210: 4199: 4181: 4160: 4133: 4124: 4076: 4061:Herod the Great 4029: 4015:community from 3975: 3959: 3919: 3891: 3883: 3815: 3755: 3743:ethno-religious 3647:united monarchy 3601:united monarchy 3564: 3558: 3501:Jewish Diaspora 3470: 3403:Mishnaic Hebrew 3395:Biblical Hebrew 3391:Biblical Hebrew 3317:Portion of the 3311: 3241: 3208:(also known as 3156: 3147: 3136: 3130: 3127: 3112: 3096: 3085: 3038:Judean Lowlands 3030: 3029: 3028: 3027: 3026: 3019: 3011: 3010: 3004: 2993: 2931: 2921:, and that its 2795: 2790: 2774:, and parts of 2756:prophetic books 2659: 2577:messianic ideas 2526:Jewish diaspora 2496: 2490: 2471:Karaite Judaism 2418:. According to 2372:Diaspora Revolt 2368: 2358: 2356:Rabbinic period 2352: 2341:Aerial view of 2328:siege of Masada 2228:at the head of 2193: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2164: 2163: 2155: 2154: 2126: 2120: 2081:Herod Agrippa I 2032:Iudaea Province 2028: 2022: 2002:Herod Archelaus 1994: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1984: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1967: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1946: 1914:, and founding 1900:Herod the Great 1896: 1890: 1800: 1733: 1727: 1691: 1660: 1639: 1583: 1577: 1541: 1538:John Hyrcanus I 1534: 1528: 1497:Alexander Balas 1489:Jonathan Apphus 1482:Battle of Elasa 1450:Judas Maccabeus 1392: 1373: 1367: 1304:Biblical Hebrew 1272:Ptolemaic Egypt 1268:Seleucid Empire 1234:Marble bust of 1228: 1220:Main articles: 1218: 1165: 1088:Cyrus the Great 1080: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1070: 1062: 1061: 1055: 1046: 1045: 1036: 1028:Main articles: 1026: 1021: 1015: 991:Rabbinic period 987:Jewish diaspora 844:Herod the Great 820: 814:Seleucid Empire 809: 794: 780:Cyrus the Great 776:fall of Babylon 701: 665: 663: 658: 657: 643:Hebrew calendar 628: 620: 619: 575:Historical maps 570: 562: 561: 515:State of Israel 501:British Mandate 458: 450: 449: 430:Ayyubid dynasty 354:Rabbinic period 343: 335: 334: 255: 245: 244: 235:Babylonian rule 205:United Monarchy 175: 165: 164: 82: 62: 55: 44: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9674: 9664: 9663: 9658: 9641: 9640: 9638: 9637: 9632: 9625: 9624: 9617: 9609: 9608: 9605: 9604: 9601: 9600: 9598: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9567: 9562: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9531: 9529: 9523: 9522: 9520: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9493: 9492: 9487: 9477: 9472: 9471: 9470: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9449: 9448: 9443: 9433: 9427: 9421: 9415: 9414: 9411: 9410: 9408: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9351: 9345: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9319: 9318: 9313: 9303: 9302: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9281: 9276: 9270: 9268: 9262: 9261: 9258: 9257: 9255: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9243: 9242: 9237: 9227: 9226: 9225: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9204: 9203: 9201:Prime Minister 9192: 9186: 9180: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9172: 9167: 9166: 9165: 9155: 9150: 9148:Land of Israel 9145: 9144: 9143: 9141:Sea of Galilee 9138: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9112: 9106: 9100: 9099: 9097: 9096: 9095: 9094: 9084: 9079: 9078: 9077: 9072: 9062: 9061: 9060: 9050: 9049: 9048: 9038: 9037: 9036: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9010: 9008: 9002: 9001: 8990: 8989: 8982: 8975: 8967: 8958: 8957: 8955: 8954: 8949: 8943: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8936: 8935: 8934: 8924: 8923: 8922: 8917: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8890:Reform Judaism 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8866: 8864: 8860: 8859: 8857: 8856: 8851: 8849:Ottoman Empire 8846: 8845: 8844: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8823: 8822: 8817: 8807: 8806: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8781: 8779: 8773: 8772: 8770: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8753: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8716: 8715: 8704: 8702: 8696: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8652: 8650: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8640: 8639: 8638: 8633: 8632: 8631: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8596: 8591: 8585: 8583: 8576: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8558:Yehud Medinata 8555: 8550: 8545: 8539: 8537: 8531: 8530: 8528: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8481: 8479: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8422:Historiography 8418: 8416: 8412: 8411: 8408:Jewish history 8404: 8403: 8396: 8389: 8381: 8375: 8374: 8356: 8338: 8308: 8302: 8289: 8283: 8270: 8264: 8247: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8211: 8196: 8183: 8169: 8149: 8140: 8131: 8122: 8087: 8062: 8050: 8017: 7998:(2): 109–139. 7975: 7956:(4): 417–419. 7936: 7929: 7901: 7889: 7859: 7804: 7789: 7760: 7713: 7661: 7620: 7607: 7600: 7571: 7533: 7505: 7492: 7479: 7439: 7432: 7405: 7390: 7381: 7374: 7346: 7339: 7321: 7309: 7279: 7273:978-0520226937 7272: 7254: 7226: 7219: 7201: 7186: 7171: 7149: 7136: 7124: 7079: 7070: 7061: 7049: 7036: 7023: 7008: 6988: 6976: 6941: 6928: 6913: 6876: 6870:978-0199280322 6869: 6836: 6824: 6817: 6792: 6780: 6771: 6764: 6737: 6718: 6698: 6686: 6655: 6648: 6630: 6617: 6597: 6576: 6570:978-0199280322 6569: 6541: 6500:(2): 585–607. 6473: 6460: 6447: 6436: 6413: 6406:sikarikon laws 6398: 6367: 6360: 6342: 6335: 6317: 6305: 6270: 6250:978-0307280503 6249: 6231: 6212: 6192: 6180: 6163: 6157:978-0195102338 6156: 6136: 6121: 6101: 6092: 6083: 6074: 6065: 6058: 6036: 6005: 5996: 5989: 5971: 5958: 5949: 5942: 5907: 5900: 5872: 5856:Kai Trampedach 5848: 5840:Maurice Sartre 5832: 5819: 5806: 5797: 5785: 5767: 5748: 5725: 5718: 5698: 5677: 5656: 5635: 5617: 5596: 5579: 5568: 5561: 5525: 5499: 5495:Schäfer (2003) 5487: 5466: 5451: 5430: 5403: 5389: 5369: 5356: 5349: 5337:Hengel, Martin 5325: 5323:Green, p. 504. 5313: 5287: 5275: 5242: 5240:Green, p. 501. 5230: 5228:Green, p. 499. 5221: 5212: 5205: 5179: 5164: 5141: 5132: 5120: 5108: 5099: 5090: 5081: 5072: 5063: 5054: 5045: 5038: 5018: 5011: 4986: 4974: 4949: 4942: 4908: 4869: 4854: 4834: 4815:(1): 189–193. 4795: 4766: 4747: 4724: 4705: 4686: 4663: 4646: 4611: 4600: 4579: 4560: 4529: 4515: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4449: 4446: 4381: 4380:In rural Judea 4378: 4362:House of David 4283: 4280: 4267: 4264: 4254:and placed in 4223: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4203: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4180: 4177: 4159: 4156: 4132: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4094:'s reign, and 4075: 4072: 4028: 4025: 3974: 3971: 3958: 3955: 3951:Land of Israel 3918: 3915: 3905:, and western 3890: 3887: 3882: 3879: 3814: 3811: 3802:ethno-national 3754: 3751: 3736: 3735: 3720: 3709:Land of Israel 3701: 3686:Jewish customs 3662: 3619: 3612: 3603:, the earlier 3586:living in the 3557: 3554: 3469: 3466: 3454:Judaean Desert 3381:, some of the 3310: 3307: 3245:Persian period 3240: 3237: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3099: 3097: 3090: 3084: 3081: 3025:at Hurvat Itri 3020: 3013: 3012: 3005: 2998: 2997: 2996: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2930: 2927: 2896:Sea of Galilee 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2751:, and others. 2727:Community Rule 2667:Pseudepigrapha 2658: 2655: 2628:South Caucasus 2492:Main article: 2489: 2486: 2482:Land of Israel 2354:Main article: 2351: 2348: 2176: 2175: 2166: 2165: 2157: 2156: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2144: 2139:The Jewish War 2122:Main article: 2119: 2116: 2062:after 135 CE. 2040:Roman province 2024:Main article: 2021: 2018: 1985: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1968: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1950:Herod's Temple 1947: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1892:Main article: 1889: 1886: 1839:Aulus Gabinius 1799: 1796: 1792:Roman Republic 1788:vassal kingdom 1780:Holy of Holies 1768:Mithridates VI 1755:, king of the 1741:Aristobulus II 1729:Main article: 1726: 1723: 1703:Aristobulus II 1579:Main article: 1576: 1573: 1530:Main article: 1527: 1524: 1418:168-167 BCE). 1396: 175–164 1369:Main article: 1366: 1363: 1217: 1214: 1212:, and others. 1118:client-kingdom 1108:Cyrus Cylinder 1086:, the Persian 1071: 1064: 1063: 1056: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1030:Return to Zion 1025: 1022: 1014: 1011: 848:a vassal Judea 840:Roman Republic 784:Edict of Cyrus 750:conquered the 729:return to Zion 717:Jewish history 703: 702: 700: 699: 692: 685: 677: 674: 673: 660: 659: 656: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 633:Jewish history 629: 626: 625: 622: 621: 618: 617: 615:Jewish warfare 612: 610:Jewish leaders 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 571: 568: 567: 564: 563: 560: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 533: 532: 519:(1948–present) 511: 510: 509: 508: 498: 493: 488: 487: 486: 481: 476: 461:Modern history 459: 457:Modern history 456: 455: 452: 451: 446: 445: 442: 436: 435: 432: 426: 425: 422: 416: 415: 412: 397: 396: 393: 392: 391: 390: 389: 384: 371: 370: 367: 361: 360: 357: 350:Late antiquity 344: 341: 340: 337: 336: 331: 330: 327: 326: 314: 313: 310: 309: 308: 307: 306: 301: 288: 287: 284: 278: 277: 274: 268: 267: 264: 256: 251: 250: 247: 246: 241: 240: 237: 231: 230: 227: 221: 220: 217: 211: 210: 207: 201: 200: 197: 196: 195: 194: 193: 176: 171: 170: 167: 166: 163: 162: 157: 152: 147: 132: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 83: 80: 79: 76: 75: 67: 66: 57: 56: 49: 42: 33:temple menorah 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9673: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9653: 9651: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9627: 9622: 9618: 9615: 9611: 9610: 9606: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9532: 9530: 9528: 9524: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9482: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9469: 9466: 9465: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9438: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9428: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9416: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9352: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9340: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9308: 9307: 9304: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9286: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9279:Civil defense 9277: 9275: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9267: 9263: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9232: 9231: 9228: 9224: 9221: 9220: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9202: 9199: 9198: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9181: 9171: 9168: 9164: 9161: 9160: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9133: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9113: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9101: 9093: 9090: 9089: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9076: 9075:Peace process 9073: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9066: 9063: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9054: 9051: 9047: 9044: 9043: 9042: 9039: 9035: 9032: 9031: 9030: 9029:Ottoman Syria 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8988: 8983: 8981: 8976: 8974: 8969: 8968: 8965: 8953: 8950: 8945: 8944: 8941: 8933: 8930: 8929: 8928: 8925: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8915:The Holocaust 8913: 8912: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8905:United States 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8885:Enlightenment 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8867: 8865: 8861: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8812: 8811: 8808: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8785: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8774: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8732: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8714: 8711: 8710: 8709: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8701: 8697: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8653: 8651: 8649: 8645: 8637: 8634: 8630: 8627: 8626: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8601: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8586: 8584: 8580: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8532: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8478: 8474: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8402: 8397: 8395: 8390: 8388: 8383: 8382: 8379: 8363: 8359: 8353: 8349: 8348: 8343: 8339: 8329:on 2020-10-21 8325: 8321: 8314: 8309: 8305: 8299: 8296:. CRC Press. 8295: 8290: 8286: 8284:9781589830158 8280: 8276: 8271: 8267: 8261: 8257: 8256: 8250: 8249: 8236: 8230: 8222: 8215: 8205: 8203: 8201: 8193: 8187: 8172: 8170:9780567083487 8166: 8162: 8161: 8153: 8144: 8135: 8126: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8091: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8074: 8066: 8053: 8051:9789004156852 8047: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8024: 8022: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7982: 7980: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7940: 7932: 7930:9781134851874 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7913: 7905: 7892: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7863: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7824:(236): 1–10. 7823: 7819: 7815: 7808: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7786: 7782: 7781: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7717: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7670: 7668: 7666: 7657: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7624: 7617: 7611: 7603: 7601:9781575065809 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7575: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7537: 7522: 7521: 7516: 7509: 7502: 7496: 7489: 7483: 7475: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7446: 7444: 7435: 7433:0-415-18638-2 7429: 7425: 7418: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7410: 7401: 7394: 7385: 7377: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7358: 7350: 7342: 7336: 7332: 7325: 7312: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7283: 7275: 7269: 7265: 7258: 7250: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7222: 7216: 7212: 7205: 7198: 7195: 7190: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7168: 7164: 7163: 7156: 7154: 7146: 7140: 7127: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7074: 7065: 7058: 7053: 7046: 7040: 7033: 7027: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7005: 7001: 7000: 6992: 6979: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6938: 6937:Against Apion 6932: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6914:1-280-09423-0 6910: 6906: 6905: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6872: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6853: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6833: 6828: 6820: 6818:965-227-103-9 6814: 6810: 6806: 6799: 6797: 6787: 6785: 6775: 6767: 6761: 6757: 6756: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6734: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6715: 6711: 6710: 6702: 6696:, p. 304 6695: 6690: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6659: 6651: 6645: 6641: 6634: 6627: 6621: 6615: 6614:0-89236-800-4 6611: 6607: 6604:Ariel Lewin. 6601: 6594: 6593:0-674-39731-2 6590: 6586: 6580: 6572: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6553: 6545: 6539: 6537: 6532: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6470: 6464: 6457: 6451: 6444: 6439: 6437:9780199554485 6433: 6429: 6428: 6420: 6418: 6410: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6382: 6374: 6372: 6363: 6357: 6353: 6346: 6338: 6332: 6328: 6321: 6308: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6266: 6260: 6252: 6246: 6242: 6235: 6228: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6209: 6205: 6204: 6196: 6189: 6184: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6159: 6153: 6149: 6148: 6140: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6114: 6113: 6105: 6096: 6087: 6078: 6069: 6061: 6059:0-86628-002-2 6055: 6051: 6047: 6040: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6009: 6000: 5992: 5986: 5982: 5975: 5968: 5962: 5953: 5945: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5926: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5903: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5884: 5876: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5852: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5829: 5823: 5816: 5810: 5801: 5793: 5788: 5786:9780199730049 5782: 5778: 5771: 5764: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5745: 5741: 5740: 5732: 5730: 5721: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5702: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5639: 5632: 5627: 5621: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5593: 5589: 5586:Jan Assmann: 5583: 5577: 5572: 5564: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5537:Kasher, Aryeh 5532: 5530: 5513: 5509: 5503: 5496: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5471: 5462: 5455: 5440: 5434: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5392: 5390:9780567658135 5386: 5382: 5381: 5373: 5366: 5360: 5352: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5330: 5320: 5318: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5278: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5249: 5247: 5237: 5235: 5225: 5216: 5208: 5206:9781575065809 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5148: 5146: 5136: 5129: 5124: 5117: 5112: 5103: 5094: 5085: 5076: 5067: 5058: 5049: 5041: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5022: 5014: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4993: 4991: 4983: 4978: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4945: 4943:9781032199344 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4873: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4847: 4846: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4799: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4778: 4770: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4748:1-78785-171-0 4744: 4740: 4739: 4731: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4710: 4702: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4679: 4678: 4670: 4668: 4660: 4649: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4608: 4603: 4601:0-674-39731-2 4597: 4593: 4586: 4584: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4525: 4519: 4511: 4504: 4500: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4445: 4442: 4436: 4433: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4417:Mokata 'Aboud 4414: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4396:, modern-day 4395: 4391: 4386: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4340:According to 4338: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4311:Kidron Valley 4308: 4304: 4297: 4293: 4292:Kidron Valley 4288: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4235: 4234:New Testament 4231: 4227: 4220: 4208: 4194: 4191: 4190:stone vessels 4187: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4155: 4151: 4149: 4146:According to 4144: 4142: 4141:Seth Schwartz 4139:According to 4137: 4128: 4122:Total numbers 4119: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4080:coastal plain 4071: 4069: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4024: 4022: 4021:John Hyrcanus 4018: 4014: 4009: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3970: 3966: 3964: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3942:Aristobulus I 3938: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3927:Upper Galilee 3924: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3886: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3844: 3840: 3837: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3810: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3797:Salo W. Baron 3793: 3791: 3790:British Celts 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3750: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3678:God of Israel 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3517: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3458:Copper Scroll 3455: 3450: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3375:Song of Songs 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3321:, one of the 3320: 3319:Temple Scroll 3315: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3299: 3294: 3284: 3280: 3278: 3277:spoke Aramaic 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3236: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3206:square script 3202: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3145: 3142: 3134: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3100:This section 3098: 3094: 3089: 3088: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3039: 3035: 3024: 3017: 3008: 3002: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2919:Upper Galilee 2916: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2828:New Testament 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2802: 2800: 2785: 2783: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2750: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2735:Temple Scroll 2732: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2712:, along with 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2686:1–4 Maccabees 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2571: 2570: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2516: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2495: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2277:Roman triumph 2274: 2270: 2269:Arch of Titus 2265: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2254:Golan Heights 2251: 2247: 2243: 2242:Lower Galilee 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2170: 2161: 2152: 2143: 2141: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2125: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2089:Herod Antipas 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2034:under direct 2033: 2027: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1988: 1982: 1972: 1965: 1955: 1951: 1944: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1895: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1847:Julius Caesar 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1818:, as well as 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1732: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1689: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1658: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1637: 1636:Aristobulus I 1630: 1625: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1607:Mount Gerizim 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1582: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1549:Antiochus VII 1539: 1533: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1459:circumcisions 1455: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1375:According to 1372: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1202:City of David 1197: 1195: 1190: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1168:375-332 BCE. 1163: 1162: 1158:Silver coin ( 1156: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1104:Second Temple 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1074: 1068: 1059: 1053: 1044: 1035: 1031: 1020: 1010: 1008: 1007:Mediterranean 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 973: 969: 965: 961: 955: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 824: 815: 804: 800: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 721:Second Temple 718: 714: 710: 698: 693: 691: 686: 684: 679: 678: 676: 675: 672: 662: 661: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 630: 624: 623: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 572: 566: 565: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 531: 528: 527: 526: 523: 522: 521: 517: 516: 507: 504: 503: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 485: 482: 480: 479:Mutasarrifate 477: 475: 472: 471: 470: 467: 466: 462: 454: 453: 443: 441: 438: 437: 433: 431: 428: 427: 423: 421: 418: 417: 413: 410: 406: 402: 399: 398: 394: 388: 385: 383: 380: 379: 378: 377: 376: 373: 372: 368: 366: 363: 362: 358: 355: 351: 348: 347: 339: 338: 328: 324: 320: 319: 316: 315: 311: 305: 302: 300: 297: 296: 295: 294: 293: 290: 289: 285: 283: 280: 279: 275: 273: 270: 269: 265: 263: 262:Persian Yehud 260: 259: 254: 249: 248: 238: 236: 233: 232: 228: 226: 223: 222: 218: 216: 213: 212: 208: 206: 203: 202: 198: 192: 188: 185: 184: 183: 182: 180: 179: 174: 169: 168: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 142: 141: 138: 137: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 91: 88: 87: 81:Early history 78: 77: 73: 69: 68: 65: 59: 58: 53: 48: 47: 38: 37:Magdala stone 34: 29: 19: 9540:Architecture 9463:Human rights 9436:Demographics 9311:Conscription 9163:Jordan River 9058:Independence 9018: 8910:World War II 8900:Soviet Union 8880:Emancipation 8875:Disabilities 8656:Roman Empire 8573:Roman Judaea 8534: 8366:. Retrieved 8346: 8342:Vermes, Geza 8331:. Retrieved 8324:the original 8319: 8293: 8274: 8254: 8246:Bibliography 8220: 8214: 8191: 8186: 8174:. Retrieved 8159: 8152: 8143: 8134: 8125: 8100: 8090: 8072: 8065: 8055:, retrieved 8033: 7995: 7991: 7953: 7949: 7939: 7911: 7904: 7894:, retrieved 7872: 7862: 7821: 7817: 7807: 7779: 7730: 7726: 7716: 7686:(1): 77–99. 7683: 7679: 7637: 7633: 7623: 7615: 7610: 7591: 7580:Kloner, Amos 7574: 7562:. Retrieved 7550: 7547:Archaeometry 7546: 7536: 7524:. Retrieved 7518: 7508: 7500: 7495: 7487: 7482: 7458:(7): 11–33. 7455: 7423: 7399: 7393: 7384: 7356: 7349: 7330: 7324: 7314:, retrieved 7292: 7282: 7263: 7257: 7248: 7210: 7204: 7193: 7189: 7161: 7144: 7139: 7129:, retrieved 7107: 7073: 7064: 7056: 7052: 7044: 7039: 7031: 7026: 6998: 6991: 6981:, retrieved 6959: 6936: 6931: 6903: 6851: 6827: 6808: 6804: 6774: 6758:. ABC-CLIO. 6754: 6731: 6708: 6701: 6689: 6677:. Retrieved 6673:the original 6668: 6658: 6639: 6633: 6625: 6620: 6605: 6600: 6584: 6579: 6551: 6544: 6528: 6497: 6493: 6468: 6463: 6455: 6450: 6441: 6426: 6403: 6380: 6351: 6345: 6326: 6320: 6310:, retrieved 6288: 6240: 6234: 6225: 6202: 6195: 6190:, pp. 51-52. 6188:Rocca (2008) 6183: 6166: 6146: 6139: 6111: 6104: 6095: 6086: 6077: 6068: 6045: 6039: 6027:. Retrieved 6023:the original 6018: 6008: 5999: 5980: 5974: 5966: 5961: 5952: 5924: 5882: 5875: 5867: 5864:Nino Luraghi 5859: 5851: 5843: 5835: 5827: 5822: 5817:, 13.257–258 5814: 5809: 5804:Sievers, 142 5800: 5790: 5776: 5770: 5761: 5738: 5708: 5701: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5638: 5629: 5620: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5591: 5587: 5582: 5571: 5553:Mohr Siebeck 5544: 5516:. Retrieved 5512:the original 5502: 5497:, pp. 36–40. 5490: 5481: 5460: 5454: 5443:. Retrieved 5433: 5421:. Retrieved 5416: 5406: 5394:. Retrieved 5379: 5372: 5364: 5359: 5340: 5299: 5290: 5280:, retrieved 5258: 5224: 5215: 5196: 5182: 5154: 5135: 5123: 5118:, p. 6. 5111: 5102: 5093: 5084: 5075: 5066: 5057: 5048: 5028: 5021: 5002: 4981: 4977: 4965:. Retrieved 4921: 4911: 4886: 4882: 4872: 4844: 4837: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4760: 4737: 4719: 4699: 4676: 4657: 4651:, retrieved 4629: 4605: 4591: 4573: 4550: 4523: 4518: 4509: 4503: 4437: 4432:Hebron Hills 4429: 4423:, including 4421:Hebron Hills 4413:Deir ed-Darb 4407:, including 4402: 4390:Deir ed Darb 4339: 4300: 4282:In Jerusalem 4272:Simon Thassi 4269: 4251: 4245: 4242: 4185: 4182: 4164:Bar Hebraeus 4161: 4152: 4148:Ze'ev Safrai 4145: 4138: 4134: 4125: 4077: 4065: 4030: 4010: 3991: 3986: 3976: 3967: 3960: 3939: 3920: 3892: 3884: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3842: 3832: 3827: 3816: 3807:militaristic 3794: 3756: 3747: 3737: 3690:dietary laws 3623:Hebrew Bible 3616:Jacob/Israel 3583: 3579: 3565: 3539: 3520: 3513: 3498: 3487: 3451: 3439: 3399: 3371:Ecclesiastes 3333:, including 3331:Hebrew Bible 3328: 3296: 3293:Hebrew Bible 3289: 3242: 3222: 3203: 3188: 3171:bilingualism 3157: 3137: 3128: 3113:Please help 3101: 3042: 3031: 2974: 2952: 2932: 2904: 2849: 2809: 2804: 2796: 2779: 2753: 2747: 2683: 2679:Qumran caves 2660: 2575:A number of 2574: 2567: 2561: 2546: 2519: 2512: 2497: 2475: 2463: 2435:Hebron Hills 2428: 2404:Roman colony 2397: 2369: 2332:mass suicide 2317: 2290: 2275:depicts the 2216: 2209: 2194: 2187:Western Wall 2137: 2127: 2112:Christianity 2105: 2067: 2064: 2029: 2020:Roman Judaea 1995: 1969:The port of 1912:Temple Mount 1904:Roman Senate 1897: 1863: 1835:Alexander II 1832: 1814:, Jaffa and 1801: 1761: 1734: 1711: 1686: 1668:expansionist 1655: 1633: 1584: 1535: 1516:Simon Thassi 1514:In 142 BCE, 1513: 1501:Demetrios II 1486: 1467: 1447: 1420: 1389:Antiochus IV 1374: 1346:Antiochus IV 1343: 1320: 1300:Hebrew Bible 1284: 1245: 1206:Temple Mount 1198: 1186: 1180: 1178:Paleo-Hebrew 1173: 1169: 1159: 1134: 1130:High Priests 1112: 1084:Book of Ezra 1081: 997:, where the 972:Christianity 956: 892:monotheistic 864: 852:Roman Empire 825: 760:First Temple 745: 712: 708: 706: 552:Silicon Wadi 537:Independence 513: 512: 469:Ottoman rule 460: 318:Roman Judaea 252: 134: 133: 84: 9590:Visual arts 9535:Archaeology 9355:Agriculture 9024:Middle Ages 8777:Middle Ages 8686:Mesopotamia 7640:(10): 487. 6832:Vermes 1981 6694:Morçöl 2006 6665:"Palestine" 5417:Faith-based 4963:. Biu.ac.il 4784:: 195–226. 4307:Umm al-Amad 4041:Macedonians 4002:Tell Jemmeh 3753:Nationalism 3732:Scythopolis 3535:Nahal Hever 3462:Nahal Hever 3387:Book of Job 3265:Elephantine 3243:During the 3210:Ktav Ashuri 3195:Koine Greek 3131:August 2022 3021:A rock-cut 3007:Hurvat Itri 2816:winepresses 2799:Agriculture 2793:Agriculture 2647:God-fearers 2624:Mesopotamia 2610:around the 2420:Cassius Dio 2309:cannibalism 2077:Trachonitis 1874:Mark Antony 1845:broke out, 1824:Transjordan 1820:Scythopolis 1804:Hyrcanus II 1737:Hyrcanus II 1699:Hyrcanus II 1627:Map of the 1618:were forced 1587:Transjordan 1570:, Jerusalem 1474:Demetrios I 1470:Antiochus V 1439:1 Maccabees 1404:Coele Syria 1381:2 Maccabees 1377:1 Maccabees 1350:High Priest 1323:Coele-Syria 1312:Koiné Greek 1240:Beit She'an 1226:Coele-Syria 1043:Gustav Dore 968:Torah study 846:as king of 648:Archaeology 464:(1517–1948) 329:6 CE–136 CE 312:37 BCE–6 CE 276:333–164 BCE 266:538–333 BCE 239:587–538 BCE 191:Philistines 181:Iron Age I 61:History of 9650:Categories 9555:Literature 9458:Healthcare 9274:Censorship 9235:Basic Laws 9034:Old Yishuv 8932:New Yishuv 8920:Resistance 8485:Israelites 8333:2019-09-27 8057:2022-08-24 7896:2023-03-31 7564:8 December 7526:8 December 7316:2023-03-31 7181:1149188730 7131:2022-08-31 7043:Josephus, 7030:Josephus, 6983:2023-03-31 6935:Josephus, 6728:1302180905 6679:9 February 6312:2024-09-08 6222:1016414322 6176:Tisha B'Av 6131:1294393934 5990:1880317540 5813:Josephus, 5758:1059032652 5692:, Band 1: 5671:, Band 1: 5650:, Band 1: 5611:, Band 1: 5518:25 January 5445:2012-08-13 5423:4 December 5350:0334007887 5282:2023-03-19 5128:Romer 2008 4889:(3): 353. 4864:1294393934 4757:1162305378 4696:1103519319 4653:2023-03-20 4490:References 4392:, Western 4350:Bava Batra 4342:Jewish Law 4321:, and the 4037:Hellenized 4033:Samaritans 4013:Phoenician 3998:Beer-sheba 3931:Phoenician 3911:Samaritans 3881:Demography 3863:politeuma) 3859:metropolis 3836:Alexandria 3795:Historian 3778:Tom Garvin 3717:Palaestina 3655:Antiochene 3639:the Exodus 3627:Patriarchs 3560:See also: 3527:Septuagint 3494:Alexandria 3347:Chronicles 3228:Roman army 3023:wine press 2965:Hasmoneans 2960:Phoenician 2935:Makhshirin 2892:Tarichaeae 2872:Roman army 2739:War Scroll 2714:1–2 Esdras 2700:(inc. the 2673:; and the 2657:Literature 2638:, despite 2534:Septuagint 2530:Alexandria 2313:Tisha B'Av 2226:Alexandria 2217:Macedonica 2038:rule. The 1753:Aretas III 1715:Hasmoneans 1605:Temple on 1435:Greek gods 1423:Mattathias 1335:suzerainty 1296:Septuagint 1210:Samaritans 1122:Jehoiachin 1096:Zerubbabel 1090:ended the 1017:See also: 812:) and the 484:Old Yishuv 286:164–37 BCE 187:Israelites 129:Ghassulian 9480:Languages 9453:Education 9400:Transport 9365:Companies 9316:Structure 9247:President 9240:Judiciary 9208:Elections 9126:Districts 9104:Geography 9014:Antiquity 8827:Byzantium 8725:Sanhedrin 8629:Kitos War 8447:Languages 8415:Overviews 8368:8 October 8229:cite book 8117:239232386 8012:0031-0328 7970:0047-2212 7838:0003-097X 7747:0021-6682 7708:203539982 7700:1745-5197 7656:2077-1444 7634:Religions 7474:2275-1785 7034:. 299–316 7018:316430311 6923:814404092 6536:CC BY 4.0 6524:245512193 6516:1047-7594 6259:cite book 5866:(Hrsg.): 5763:probable. 5396:5 January 5339:(1974) . 5308:716308928 5174:747041289 5116:Frei 2001 4934:Routledge 4903:0002-7189 4829:0022-2097 4570:961153992 4495:Citations 4256:ossuaries 4158:Worldwide 4131:In Judaea 4116:Ptolemais 4088:Hasmonean 3923:Hasmonean 3542:Pharisees 3505:ossuaries 3415:Pharisees 3407:Hasideans 3355:Zechariah 3102:does not 2852:livestock 2760:Zechariah 2663:Apocrypha 2553:Sadducees 2549:Pharisees 2504:synagogue 2478:Babylonia 2451:Jerusalem 2385:Cyrenaica 2350:Aftermath 2324:Machaerus 2210:Fretensis 2204:Ptolemais 2196:Vespasian 2048:Hasmonean 1998:Tetrarchy 1866:Parthians 1864:When the 1828:Decapolis 1808:Antipater 1757:Nabateans 1745:Antipater 1707:Pharisees 1678:Sadducees 1603:Samaritan 1478:Bacchides 1463:Hannukkah 1427:Hasmonean 1408:Jerusalem 1331:Ptolemies 1280:Hellenism 1183:to right. 1126:theocracy 1003:Babylonia 932:Apocrypha 900:Sadducees 896:Pharisees 875:synagogue 725:Jerusalem 600:Jerusalem 547:Austerity 444:1260–1517 434:1174–1260 424:1099–1291 304:Tetrarchy 114:Yarmukian 99:Mushabian 9630:Category 9517:Feminism 9502:Religion 9385:Taxation 9299:Shin Bet 9266:Security 9184:Politics 9170:Wildlife 9136:Dead Sea 9087:Timeline 8998:articles 8947:See also 8832:Crusades 8820:Kairouan 8745:Savoraim 8671:Carthage 8648:Diaspora 8467:Timeline 8362:Archived 8344:(1981). 8209:(Hebrew) 7854:24341643 7799:52847163 7618:1: 7-25. 7197:Sheqalim 7047:. 20.102 6538:license. 6467:Powell, 6454:Mor, M. 6029:18 April 5792:Gerizim. 5549:Tübingen 5539:(1990). 5298:(1992). 4967:15 March 4926:New York 4790:20189648 4448:See also 4441:Nabatean 4356:and the 4186:mikvaot) 4168:Claudius 4104:Caesarea 4053:Gabinius 3979:Edomites 3854:apoikiai 3788:and the 3724:Josephus 3705:homeland 3670:language 3666:religion 3556:Identity 3413:and the 3303:targumim 3154:Overview 3083:Language 3061:Aforayim 2955:Hyrcanus 2939:Hefzibah 2874:, whose 2824:Josephus 2748:pesharim 2636:Ethiopia 2620:Anatolia 2604:apostles 2515:prophecy 2488:Religion 2455:Diaspora 2447:Tiberias 2416:genocide 2374:and the 2320:Herodium 2301:Josephus 2101:Marullus 2097:Claudius 2069:Herod II 1987:Herodium 1932:Herodium 1878:Augustus 1784:ethnarch 1615:Idumeans 1385:Josephus 1204:and the 1141:Nehemiah 1073:Nehemiah 940:Josephus 934:and the 920:Nehemiah 883:prophecy 739:and the 569:By topic 525:Timeline 414:638–1099 405:Filastin 124:Nizzanim 109:Harifian 104:Natufian 52:a series 50:Part of 9614:Outline 9565:Museums 9550:Cuisine 9527:Culture 9475:Kibbutz 9419:Society 9395:Tourism 9360:Banking 9343:Economy 9223:Parties 9218:Knesset 9196:Cabinet 9116:Borders 9092:by year 9041:Zionism 9006:History 8895:Zionism 8740:Amoraim 8735:Tannaim 8457:Schisms 7846:1356664 7755:1454789 7194:Mishnah 5419:. Slate 4405:Samaria 4394:Samaria 4374:Jericho 4346:Mishnah 4276:Modi'in 4260:rosette 4112:Ascalon 4096:Agrippa 4084:Paralia 4057:Sebaste 4027:Samaria 4006:Maresha 3987:Idumaea 3973:Idumaea 3917:Galilee 3907:Samaria 3895:Galilee 3889:By area 3824:Phrygia 3820:Acmonia 3674:customs 3550:Pollion 3523:Babatha 3427:Mishnah 3423:Amoraim 3419:Tannaim 3411:Essenes 3363:Ezekiel 3359:Malachi 3249:ketubah 3239:Aramaic 3180:Galilee 3176:Samaria 3163:Aramaic 3123:removed 3108:sources 3059:). 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