486:
average somatic cell, and thus considerable metabolic activity is necessary for their provisioning. If this metabolic activity were carried out by the oocyte's metabolic machinery, the oocyte genome would be exposed to the reactive oxidative by-products generated. Thus it appears that a process evolved to avoid this vulnerability of germline DNA. It was proposed that, in order to avoid damage to the DNA genome of the oocytes, the metabolism contributing to the synthesis of much of the oocyte's constituents was shifted to other maternal cells that then transferred these constituents to oocytes. Thus, oocytes of many organisms are protected from oxidative DNA damage while storing up a large mass of substances to nurture the zygote in its initial embryonic growth.
729:
461:
785:. In mammalian oocytes, maternally derived ribosomes and some mRNAs are stored in a structure called cytoplasmic lattices. These cytoplasmic lattices, a network of fibrils, protein, and RNAs, have been observed to increase in density as the number of ribosomes decrease within a growing oocyte and mutation in them have been linked to infertility.
206:
498:, are supplied by maternal cells. These mRNAs can be stored in mRNP (message ribonucleoprotein) complexes and be translated at specific time points, they can be localized within a specific region of the cytoplasm, or they can be homogeneously dispersed within the cytoplasm of the entire oocyte. Maternally loaded
873:
During fertilization, the sperm provides three essential parts to the oocyte: (1) a signalling or activating factor, which causes the metabolically dormant oocyte to activate; (2) the haploid paternal genome; (3) the centrosome, which is responsible for maintaining the microtubule system. See anatomy
485:
The DNA of a cell is vulnerable to the damaging effect of oxidative free radicals produced as byproducts of cellular metabolism. DNA damage occurring in oocytes, if not repaired, can be lethal and result in reduced fecundity and loss of potential progeny. Oocytes are substantially larger than the
468:
In order for an oocyte to become fertilized and ultimately grow into a fully functioning organism, it must be able to regulate multiple cellular and developmental processes. The oocyte, a large and complex cell, must be able to direct the growth of the embryo and control cellular activities. As the
451:
goes through a structural change known as cumulus expansion. The granulosa cells transform from tightly compacted to an expanded mucoid matrix. Many studies show that cumulus expansion is critical for the maturation of the oocyte because the cumulus complex is the oocyte's direct communication with
502:
can also be localized or ubiquitous throughout the cytoplasm. The translated products of the mRNAs and the loaded proteins have multiple functions; from regulation of cellular "house-keeping" such as cell cycle progression and cellular metabolism, to regulation of developmental processes such as
768:
of the oocyte is derived solely from maternal cells. The nucleolus, a structure found within the nucleus, is the location where rRNA is transcribed and assembled into ribosomes. While the nucleolus is dense and inactive in a mature oocyte, it is required for proper development of the embryo.
755:
that will localize mitochondria throughout the oocyte. In certain organisms, such as mammals, paternal mitochondria brought to the oocyte by the spermatozoon are degraded through the attachment of ubiquitinated proteins. The destruction of paternal mitochondria ensures the strictly maternal
1898:
Jentoft, Ida M.A.; Bäuerlein, Felix J.B.; Welp, Luisa M.; Cooper, Benjamin H.; Petrovic, Arsen; So, Chun; Penir, Sarah Mae; Politi, Antonio Z.; Horokhovskyi, Yehor; Takala, Iina; Eckel, Heike; Moltrecht, Rüdiger; Lénárt, Peter; Cavazza, Tommaso; Liepe, Juliane (November 2023).
869:
required for the first division. However, in some species, such as in the mouse, the entire centrosome is acquired maternally. Currently under investigation is the possibility of other cytoplasmic contributions made to the embryo by the spermatozoon.
446:
The cumulus-oocyte complex contains layers of tightly packed cumulus cells surrounding the oocyte in the
Graafian follicle. The oocyte is arrested in Meiosis II at the stage of metaphase II and is considered a secondary oocyte. Before ovulation, the
473:, the maternal contribution to the oocyte and consequently the newly fertilized egg, is enormous. There are many types of molecules that are maternally supplied to the oocyte, which will direct various activities within the growing
1017:
Grier HJ, Uribe MC, Parenti LR (April 2007). "Germinal epithelium, folliculogenesis, and postovulatory follicles in ovaries of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) (Teleostei, protacanthopterygii, salmoniformes)".
1282:
Zhang J, King ML (December 1996). "Xenopus VegT RNA is localized to the vegetal cortex during oogenesis and encodes a novel T-box transcription factor involved in mesodermal patterning".
426:
The only normal human type of secondary oocyte has the 23rd (sex) chromosome as 23,X (female-determining), whereas sperm can have 23,X (female-determining) or 23,Y (male-determining).
1106:
Tanghe S, Van Soom A, Nauwynck H, Coryn M, de Kruif A (March 2002). "Minireview: Functions of the cumulus oophorus during oocyte maturation, ovulation, and fertilization".
507:, activation of zygotic transcription, and formation of body axes. Below are some examples of maternally inherited mRNAs and proteins found in the oocytes of the
452:
the developing follicle environment. It also plays a significant role in fertilization, though the mechanisms are not entirely known and are species specific.
60:
1806:
Ogushi S, Palmieri C, Fulka H, Saitou M, Miyano T, Fulka J (February 2008). "The maternal nucleolus is essential for early embryonic development in mammals".
1570:
Song J, Slack JM (December 1994). "Spatial and temporal expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) mRNA and protein in early
Xenopus development".
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from maternal cells, which will go on to control embryonic metabolism and apoptotic events. The partitioning of mitochondria is carried out by a system of
961:
793:
Female mammals and birds are born possessing all the oocytes needed for future ovulations, and these oocytes are arrested at the prophase I stage of
1674:"XPACE4 is a localized pro-protein convertase required for mesoderm induction and the cleavage of specific TGFbeta proteins in Xenopus development"
931:
809:
are present in the oocytes. The arrest of ooctyes at the four genome copy stage appears to provide the informational redundancy needed to
2287:
2143:
Leem J, Lee C, Choi DY, Oh JS. Distinct characteristics of the DNA damage response in mammalian oocytes. Exp Mol Med. 2024 Feb 14.
1851:"Role for PADI6 and the cytoplasmic lattices in ribosomal storage in oocytes and translational control in the early mouse embryo"
951:
2219:
2182:
1199:
1082:
837:. DNA repair capability appears to be a key quality control mechanism in the female germ line and a critical determinant of
231:
The formation of an oocyte is called oocytogenesis, which is a part of oogenesis. Oogenesis results in the formation of both
3100:
897:, in which the oocyte has the wrong number of chromosomes, for example 22,X or 24,X. This is the cause of conditions like
2280:
2097:"Maternal gene Ooep may participate in homologous recombination-mediated DNA double-strand break repair in mouse oocytes"
2095:
He, Da-Jian; Wang, Lin; Zhang, Zhi-Bi; Guo, Kun; Li, Jing-Zheng; He, Xie-Chao; Cui, Qing-Hua; Zheng, Ping (2018-11-18).
2606:
2161:
Sutovsky P, Schatten G (2000). "Paternal contributions to the mammalian zygote: fertilization after sperm-egg fusion".
2038:"Oocytes can efficiently repair DNA double-strand breaks to restore genetic integrity and protect offspring health"
826:
822:
17:
1368:"Xenopus X-box binding protein 1, a leucine zipper transcription factor, is involved in the BMP signaling pathway"
3012:
1224:
2684:
1190:
Bernstein C (1993). "Sex as a response to oxidative DNA damage. Chapter 10". In
Halliwell B, Aruoma OI (eds.).
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Bernstein C (1998). "Sex as a response to oxidative DNA damage. Chapter 4". In Aruoma OI, Halliwell B (eds.).
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55:
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2533:
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2251:
1491:"Interplay between the tumor suppressor p53 and TGF beta signaling shapes embryonic body axes in Xenopus"
1489:
Takebayashi-Suzuki K, Funami J, Tokumori D, Saito A, Watabe T, Miyazono K, et al. (September 2003).
941:
193:, the oogonia become primary oocytes. An oocyte is a form of genetic material that can be collected for
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1151:"The human oocyte and cumulus cells relationship: new insights from the cumulus cell transcriptome"
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818:
43:
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2523:
166:
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Mtango NR, Potireddy S, Latham KE (2008). "Oocyte quality and maternal control of development".
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2945:
2548:
2543:
67:
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Yurttas P, Vitale AM, Fitzhenry RJ, Cohen-Gould L, Wu W, Gossen JA, Coonrod SA (August 2008).
1756:"The maternally localized RNA fatvg is required for cortical rotation and germ cell formation"
3265:
3260:
3017:
2774:
1615:"Germ-layer specification and control of cell growth by Ectodermin, a Smad4 ubiquitin ligase"
906:
801:
within the fetus and are therefore present at birth. During this prophase I arrested stage (
1672:
Birsoy B, Berg L, Williams PH, Smith JC, Wylie CC, Christian JL, Heasman J (February 2005).
992:
2815:
2795:
2769:
2351:
2049:
1997:
1715:"Cell fate specification and competence by Coco, a maternal BMP, TGFbeta and Wnt inhibitor"
956:
2915:
1613:
Dupont S, Zacchigna L, Cordenonsi M, Soligo S, Adorno M, Rugge M, Piccolo S (April 2005).
8:
3329:
3308:
3303:
3171:
2412:
733:
508:
2053:
2001:
1061:
Yokoo M, Sato E (2004). "Cumulus-oocyte complex interactions during oocyte maturation".
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During the growth of the oocyte, a variety of maternally transcribed messenger RNAs, or
423:
During the primary oocyte stage of oogenesis, the nucleus is called a germinal vesicle.
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2013:
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2005:
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Kofron M, Puck H, Standley H, Wylie C, Old R, Whitman M, Heasman J (October 2004).
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319:
194:
181:. The female germ cells produce a primordial germ cell (PGC), which then undergoes
132:
126:
97:
3293:
3288:
2659:
2448:
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1548:
821:
repair. Prophase arrested oocytes have a high capability for efficient repair of
797:. In humans, as an example, oocytes are formed between three and four months of
91:
48:
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3225:
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3191:
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2647:
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1953:
1917:
1901:"Mammalian oocytes store proteins for the early embryo on cytoplasmic lattices"
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2009:
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Heasman J (February 2006). "Maternal determinants of embryonic cell fate".
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913:
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2017:
1713:
Bell E, Muñoz-Sanjuán I, Altmann CR, Vonica A, Brivanlou AH (April 2003).
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2714:
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415:, which contains yolk granules to nourish the cell early in development.
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210:
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1325:
Heasman J, Wessely O, Langland R, Craig EJ, Kessler DS (December 2001).
73:
2979:
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2719:
2601:
1866:
1327:"Vegetal localization of maternal mRNAs is disrupted by VegT depletion"
1031:
946:
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866:
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810:
261:
158:
2701:
1942:"New explanation for infertility: eggs lacking a mysterious 'lattice'"
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1409:"The role of maternal CREB in early embryogenesis of Xenopus laevis"
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325:
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186:
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Stringer JM, Winship A, Zerafa N, Wakefield M, Hutt K (May 2020).
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315:
289:
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1219:. Saint Lucia and London: OICA International. pp. 112–113.
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DNA and Free
Radicals: Techniques, Mechanisms & Applications
889:—a failure of proper homolog separation in meiosis I, or sister
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1612:
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177:. An oocyte is produced in a female fetus in the ovary during
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2329:
2256:
1754:
Chan AP, Kloc M, Larabell CA, LeGros M, Etkin LD (May 2007).
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that are required for the translation of proteins before the
359:
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The space within an ovum or immature ovum is located is the
2501:
1324:
1105:
861:. In some species, the spermatozoon will also contribute a
756:
inheritance of mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).
385:
214:
141:
138:
112:
106:
103:
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1194:. Great Britain: Ellis Horwood Limited. pp. 204–205.
1805:
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Maternal cells also synthesize and contribute a store of
2209:
1407:
Sundaram N, Tao Q, Wylie C, Heasman J (September 2003).
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can be repaired during the period of prophase arrest by
205:
2236:
Micrograph of a primary oocyte and follicle of a monkey
1671:
1447:
1406:
480:
1753:
1988:
Mira A (September 1998). "Why is meiosis arrested?".
1246:
805:), which may last for many years, four copies of the
109:
1450:"New roles for FoxH1 in patterning the early embryo"
115:
997:
Biology
Articles, Tutorials & Dictionary Online
962:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
135:
100:
2210:Purves WK, Orians GH, Sadava D, Heller HC (2004).
1249:International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology
1016:
3321:
2160:
2031:
2029:
2027:
209:Diagram showing the reduction in number of the
2302:
2094:
853:that fertilizes an oocyte will contribute its
2288:
2024:
1939:
1537:Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
1365:
932:Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources
1983:
1981:
1979:
916:, although it is thought they never mature.
817:. The repair process used likely involves
354:Halted in metaphase II until fertilization
2295:
2281:
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722:Germ cell formation and cortical rotation
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952:Symmetry breaking and cortical rotation
14:
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1796:
1108:Molecular Reproduction and Development
865:, which will help make up the zygotic
2276:
1940:Vaidyanathan, Gayathri (2023-11-02).
1233:
893:separation in meiosis II can lead to
489:
3038:Infra-corporeal residual spongy part
2887:
2151:. Epub ahead of print. PMID 38355825
1987:
788:
481:Avoidance of damage to germ-line DNA
213:in the process of maturation of the
1366:Zhao H, Cao Y, Grunz H (May 2003).
24:
2113:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2018.067
905:in humans. It is more likely with
401:
25:
3341:
2229:
1149:Huang Z, Wells D (October 2010).
831:homologous recombinational repair
328:in prophase I for up to 50 years
2163:International Review of Cytology
1063:International Review of Cytology
880:
857:, the other half of the zygotic
131:
96:
3034:Trabeculae of corpora cavernosa
2154:
2137:
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1706:
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742:
1990:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1208:
1183:
1142:
1099:
1054:
1010:
985:
974:
469:oocyte is a product of female
13:
1:
2175:10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62703-5
1426:10.1016/s0012-1606(03)00303-8
1385:10.1016/s0012-1606(03)00069-1
1261:10.1016/S1937-6448(08)00807-1
1075:10.1016/S0074-7696(04)35006-0
967:
2212:Life: The Science of Biology
1584:10.1016/0925-4773(94)90055-8
1549:10.1016/j.semcdb.2005.11.005
1155:Molecular Human Reproduction
772:
759:
708:BMP/Chordin binding protein
406:
380:Minutes after fertilization
239:oocytes after it as part of
235:during fetal period, and of
200:
7:
2252:Stages of human development
942:Oocyte maturation inhibitor
920:
912:Some oocytes have multiple
783:zygotic genome is activated
169:. In other words, it is an
10:
3346:
2304:Female reproductive system
2203:
2149:10.1038/s12276-024-01178-2
1954:10.1038/d41586-023-03415-6
1918:10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.003
1632:10.1016/j.cell.2005.01.033
835:non-homologous end joining
819:homologous recombinational
520:Type of maternal molecule
418:
224:
217:; the process is known as
3276:
3210:
3192:External urethral orifice
3183:Vestibular gland openings
3157:
2988:
2970:Posterior labial arteries
2896:
2878:
2829:
2808:
2783:
2745:
2700:
2635:
2626:
2587:
2557:
2514:
2469:
2421:
2337:
2328:
2319:
2310:
2261:
2249:
2243:
1772:10.1016/j.mod.2007.02.001
1760:Mechanisms of Development
1572:Mechanisms of Development
732:Maternal determinants in
66:
54:
42:
37:
32:
27:Immature ovum or egg cell
3101:Superficial dorsal veins
3091:Internal pudendal artery
827:DNA double-strand breaks
811:repair damage in the DNA
3261:Uterine venous plexuses
3116:Internal pudendal veins
2941:Posterior labial nerves
2063:10.1073/pnas.2001124117
1820:10.1126/science.1151276
1296:10.1242/dev.122.12.4119
429:
2975:Posterior labial veins
2946:Anterior labial nerves
2775:Pubocervical ligaments
2010:10.1006/jtbi.1998.0761
1344:10.1006/dbio.2001.0495
845:Paternal contributions
739:
680:Proprotein convertase
465:
456:Maternal contributions
442:Cumulus-oocyte complex
222:
68:Anatomical terminology
3266:Vaginal venous plexus
2770:Uterosacral ligaments
1911:(24): 5308–5327.e25.
1413:Developmental Biology
1372:Developmental Biology
1331:Developmental Biology
1192:DNA and Free Radicals
1168:10.1093/molehr/gaq031
1020:Journal of Morphology
907:advanced maternal age
731:
699:Twisted gastrulation
624:Transcription factor
610:Transcription Factor
596:Transcription factor
582:Transcription factor
568:Transcription factor
554:Transcription factor
540:Transcription factor
463:
208:
3309:Uterotubal junctions
2931:Posterior commissure
2796:Urogenital diaphragm
2685:Supravaginal portion
2607:Vesicular appendages
2572:Suspensory ligaments
2516:Fallopian tubes
957:Oocyte abnormalities
747:The oocyte receives
411:Oocytes are rich in
179:female gametogenesis
3304:Vesicouterine pouch
3048:Commissure of bulbs
3013:Suspensory ligament
2926:Anterior commissure
2549:Intramural segments
2429:Germinal epithelium
2413:Perivitelline space
2101:Zoological Research
2054:2020PNAS..11711513S
2048:(21): 11513–11522.
2002:1998JThBi.194..275M
719:Vegetal hemisphere
677:Vegetal hemisphere
551:Vegetal hemisphere
537:Vegetal hemisphere
509:African clawed frog
269:Time of completion
3299:Rectouterine pouch
3018:Fundiform ligament
2861:Support structures
2816:Bartholin's glands
2765:Cardinal ligaments
2577:Pampiniform plexus
2408:Membrana granulosa
1867:10.1242/dev.016329
1032:10.1002/jmor.10518
993:"Germinal vesicle"
825:. In particular,
740:
663:Animal hemisphere
490:mRNAs and proteins
466:
223:
3317:
3316:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3106:Deep dorsal veins
3086:Arteries of bulbs
3030:Corpora cavernosa
2980:Interlabial sulci
2921:Labiocrural folds
2874:
2873:
2809:Vestibular glands
2804:
2803:
2622:
2621:
2589:Wolffian vestiges
2567:Ovarian ligaments
2510:
2509:
2386:Follicular antrum
2271:
2270:
2262:Succeeded by
2221:978-0-7167-9856-9
2184:978-0-12-364599-9
1732:10.1242/dev.00344
1691:10.1242/dev.01599
1508:10.1242/dev.00615
1467:10.1242/dev.01396
1201:978-0-13-222035-4
1120:10.1002/mrd.10102
1084:978-0-12-364639-2
789:Prophase I arrest
726:
725:
666:Ubiquitin ligase
643:FGF2, 4, 9 FGFR1
399:
398:
82:
81:
77:
16:(Redirected from
3337:
3221:Ovarian arteries
3147:Tunica albuginea
2936:Dartos muliebris
2894:
2893:
2885:
2884:
2633:
2632:
2444:Cumulus oophorus
2434:Tunica albuginea
2391:Follicular fluid
2335:
2334:
2326:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2274:
2273:
2244:Preceded by
2241:
2240:
2225:
2197:
2196:
2158:
2152:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2075:
2065:
2033:
2022:
2021:
1985:
1974:
1973:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1783:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1644:
1634:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1532:
1521:
1520:
1510:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1428:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1387:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1346:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1244:
1231:
1230:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
989:
983:
978:
937:Folliculogenesis
927:Cortical granule
903:Edwards syndrome
764:In mammals, the
514:
513:
334:secondary Oocyte
320:Folliculogenesis
295:third trimester
246:
245:
195:cryoconservation
148:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
130:
122:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
95:
74:edit on Wikidata
71:
30:
29:
21:
18:Secondary oocyte
3345:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3294:Perineal sponge
3289:Urethral sponge
3272:
3241:Spiral arteries
3198:
3172:Vaginal orifice
3153:
3076:Dorsal arteries
3053:Pars intermedia
2984:
2870:
2825:
2800:
2779:
2760:Broad ligaments
2755:Round ligaments
2741:
2696:
2618:
2597:Gartner's ducts
2583:
2553:
2506:
2465:
2417:
2306:
2301:
2267:
2255:
2247:
2232:
2222:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2185:
2159:
2155:
2142:
2138:
2093:
2089:
2034:
2025:
1986:
1977:
1938:
1934:
1896:
1892:
1861:(15): 2627–36.
1847:
1843:
1814:(5863): 613–6.
1804:
1797:
1752:
1748:
1711:
1707:
1670:
1666:
1611:
1607:
1568:
1564:
1533:
1524:
1501:(17): 3929–39.
1487:
1483:
1460:(20): 5065–78.
1446:
1442:
1405:
1401:
1364:
1360:
1323:
1319:
1290:(12): 4119–29.
1280:
1276:
1245:
1234:
1227:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1188:
1184:
1147:
1143:
1104:
1100:
1085:
1059:
1055:
1015:
1011:
1002:
1000:
991:
990:
986:
979:
975:
970:
923:
883:
847:
791:
775:
762:
745:
492:
483:
458:
449:cumulus complex
444:
432:
421:
409:
404:
402:Characteristics
233:primary oocytes
229:
203:
134:
125:
124:
99:
90:
89:
78:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3343:
3333:
3332:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3236:Vaginal artery
3233:
3231:Arcuate artery
3228:
3226:Uterine artery
3223:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3131:Pudendal nerve
3128:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3111:Veins of bulbs
3108:
3103:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3032:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2951:Perineal nerve
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2916:Pudendal cleft
2908:
2902:
2900:
2891:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2835:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2821:Skene's glands
2818:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2639:
2637:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2403:Zona pellucida
2400:
2398:Corona radiata
2395:
2394:
2393:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2343:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2248:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2230:External links
2228:
2227:
2226:
2220:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2183:
2153:
2136:
2107:(6): 387–395.
2087:
2023:
1975:
1932:
1890:
1841:
1795:
1746:
1705:
1684:(3): 591–602.
1664:
1605:
1562:
1522:
1481:
1440:
1399:
1358:
1317:
1274:
1232:
1225:
1207:
1200:
1182:
1161:(10): 715–25.
1141:
1098:
1083:
1053:
1026:(4): 293–310.
1009:
984:
972:
971:
969:
966:
965:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
922:
919:
918:
917:
910:
887:Nondisjunction
882:
879:
846:
843:
790:
787:
774:
771:
761:
758:
744:
741:
735:Xenopus laevis
724:
723:
720:
717:
714:
710:
709:
706:
703:
700:
696:
695:
694:BMP inhibitor
692:
689:
686:
682:
681:
678:
675:
672:
668:
667:
664:
661:
658:
654:
653:
652:FGF signaling
650:
647:
644:
640:
639:
636:
633:
630:
626:
625:
622:
619:
616:
612:
611:
608:
605:
602:
598:
597:
594:
591:
588:
584:
583:
580:
577:
574:
570:
569:
566:
563:
560:
556:
555:
552:
549:
546:
542:
541:
538:
535:
532:
528:
527:
524:
521:
518:
491:
488:
482:
479:
457:
454:
443:
440:
431:
428:
420:
417:
408:
405:
403:
400:
397:
396:
394:
391:
390:haploid/23(1N)
388:
382:
381:
378:
368:
365:
364:haploid/23(1N)
362:
356:
355:
352:
342:
339:
338:haploid/23(1N)
336:
330:
329:
323:
309:
306:
305:diploid/46(2N)
303:
301:primary Oocyte
297:
296:
293:
283:
280:
279:diploid/46(2N)
277:
271:
270:
267:
264:
259:
250:
225:Main article:
202:
199:
80:
79:
70:
64:
63:
58:
52:
51:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3342:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3251:Ovarian veins
3249:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:Clitoral hood
3136:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3126:Dorsal nerves
3124:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3081:Deep arteries
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2492:Ootidogenesis
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:Oocytogenesis
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2352:Hemorrhagicum
2350:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1996:(2): 275–87.
1995:
1991:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1800:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1766:(5): 350–63.
1765:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1725:(7): 1381–9.
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1642:11577/2439217
1638:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1578:(3): 141–51.
1577:
1573:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1419:(2): 337–52.
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1378:(2): 278–91.
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1337:(2): 377–86.
1336:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1114:(3): 414–24.
1113:
1109:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1013:
998:
994:
988:
982:
977:
973:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
915:
911:
908:
904:
900:
899:Down syndrome
896:
892:
888:
885:
884:
881:Abnormalities
878:
877:
871:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
786:
784:
780:
770:
767:
757:
754:
750:
737:
736:
730:
721:
718:
715:
712:
711:
707:
704:
701:
698:
697:
693:
690:
687:
684:
683:
679:
676:
673:
670:
669:
665:
662:
659:
656:
655:
651:
648:
645:
642:
641:
637:
634:
631:
628:
627:
623:
620:
617:
614:
613:
609:
606:
603:
600:
599:
595:
592:
589:
586:
585:
581:
578:
575:
572:
571:
567:
564:
561:
558:
557:
553:
550:
547:
544:
543:
539:
536:
533:
530:
529:
525:
523:Localization
522:
519:
516:
515:
512:
510:
506:
505:fertilization
501:
497:
487:
478:
476:
472:
471:gametogenesis
462:
453:
450:
439:
437:
427:
424:
416:
414:
395:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
379:
376:
372:
371:Ootidogenesis
369:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
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346:
345:Ootidogenesis
343:
340:
337:
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317:
313:
312:Ootidogenesis
310:
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286:Oocytogenesis
284:
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176:
172:
171:immature ovum
168:
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146:
128:
120:
93:
87:
75:
69:
65:
62:
59:
57:
53:
50:
47:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3256:Uterine vein
3211:Blood supply
2958:Labia minora
2911:Labia majora
2486:
2461:Retia ovarii
2438:
2346:
2250:
2211:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2139:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2045:
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1993:
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1908:
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1811:
1807:
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1667:
1625:(1): 87–99.
1622:
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1019:
1012:
1001:. Retrieved
999:. 2019-10-07
996:
987:
976:
872:
851:spermatozoon
848:
792:
776:
763:
753:microtubules
749:mitochondria
746:
743:Mitochondria
734:
493:
484:
467:
464:Oocyte poles
445:
433:
425:
422:
410:
333:
300:
236:
232:
230:
167:reproduction
165:involved in
157:is a female
154:
150:
85:
83:
2732:Parametrium
2725:Perimetrium
2715:Endometrium
2680:External os
2675:Internal os
2534:Infundibula
1855:Development
1719:Development
1678:Development
1543:(1): 93–8.
1495:Development
1454:Development
1284:Development
1226:976-8056169
981:answers.com
823:DNA damages
657:Ectodermin
621:Ubiquitous
607:Ubiquitous
593:Ubiquitous
579:Ubiquitous
257:chromosomes
211:chromosomes
38:Identifiers
3330:Germ cells
2906:Mons pubis
2866:Epithelium
2737:Epithelium
2720:Myometrium
2614:Paroophora
1255:: 223–90.
1069:: 251–91.
1003:2022-04-09
968:References
947:Polar body
895:aneuploidy
867:centrosome
855:pronucleus
705:Not known
691:Not known
649:Not known
638:Not known
565:Not known
262:chromatids
189:. During
185:, forming
159:gametocyte
3217:Arteries
3159:Vestibule
3072:Arteries
2747:Ligaments
2602:Epoophora
2559:Ligaments
2471:Oogenesis
2339:Follicles
2259:+ Oocyte
1970:264972543
891:chromatid
863:centriole
839:fertility
799:gestation
779:ribosomes
773:Ribosomes
766:nucleolus
760:Nucleolus
526:Function
436:cell-nest
413:cytoplasm
407:Cytoplasm
249:Cell type
241:ovulation
237:secondary
227:Oogenesis
201:Formation
191:oogenesis
163:germ cell
3324:Category
3066:Frenulum
2990:Clitoris
2963:Frenulum
2880:External
2854:Fornices
2539:Fimbriae
2529:Ampullae
2479:Oogonium
2362:Albicans
2312:Internal
2193:10603574
2169:: 1–65.
2131:29955025
2082:32381741
1962:37919411
1927:37922900
1885:18599511
1828:18239124
1790:17376659
1741:12588853
1700:15634697
1659:16628152
1651:15820681
1600:20281053
1557:16426874
1517:12874116
1476:15459100
1435:14499645
1394:12729558
1353:11784070
1312:28462527
1269:18703408
1177:20435609
1128:11835587
1093:15219785
1048:23482731
1040:17309079
921:See also
815:germline
803:dictyate
702:Protein
688:Protein
660:Protein
635:Nucleus
632:Protein
615:Lef/Tcf
604:Protein
576:Protein
500:proteins
326:Dictyate
275:Oogonium
175:egg cell
3187:Urethra
3122:Nerves
2784:General
2660:Isthmus
2636:Regions
2456:Medulla
2379:Interna
2374:Externa
2330:Ovaries
2204:Sources
2122:6085769
2073:7260990
2050:Bibcode
2018:9778439
1998:Bibcode
1876:2708103
1836:7799743
1808:Science
1781:2435194
1592:7893598
1304:9012531
1136:5728551
833:and by
813:of the
795:meiosis
559:XXBP-1
419:Nucleus
375:meiosis
349:meiosis
316:meiosis
290:mitosis
266:Process
219:meiosis
187:oogonia
183:mitosis
155:ovocyte
49:D009865
3284:G-spot
3247:Veins
3150:Septum
3143:Fascia
3097:Veins
3062:Corona
2831:Vagina
2791:Glands
2702:Layers
2665:Cervix
2653:Fundus
2648:Cavity
2628:Uterus
2524:Isthmi
2487:Oocyte
2449:Stroma
2439:Cortex
2369:Thecae
2357:Luteum
2347:Corpus
2321:Adnexa
2265:Zygote
2218:
2191:
2181:
2129:
2119:
2080:
2070:
2016:
1968:
1960:
1946:Nature
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1134:
1126:
1091:
1081:
1046:
1038:
914:nuclei
859:genome
807:genome
738:oocyte
713:fatvg
671:PACE4
587:FoxH1
475:zygote
253:ploidy
151:oöcyte
86:oocyte
33:Oocyte
3277:Other
3177:Hymen
3167:Fossa
3058:Glans
3042:Angle
3008:Bulbs
3003:Crura
2898:Labia
2889:Vulva
2849:Walls
2844:Rugae
2839:Canal
2692:Horns
2670:Canal
2544:Ostia
2497:Ootid
2422:Other
2257:Sperm
1966:S2CID
1832:S2CID
1655:S2CID
1596:S2CID
1308:S2CID
1132:S2CID
1044:S2CID
876:sperm
716:mRNA
685:Coco
674:mRNA
646:mRNA
629:FGF2
618:mRNA
590:mRNA
573:CREB
562:mRNA
548:mRNA
534:mRNA
531:VegT
517:Name
496:mRNAs
360:Ootid
173:, or
153:, or
72:[
61:18644
3025:Body
2998:Root
2710:Wall
2643:Body
2502:Ovum
2246:None
2216:ISBN
2189:PMID
2179:ISBN
2127:PMID
2078:PMID
2014:PMID
1958:PMID
1923:PMID
1905:Cell
1881:PMID
1824:PMID
1786:PMID
1737:PMID
1696:PMID
1647:PMID
1619:Cell
1588:PMID
1553:PMID
1513:PMID
1472:PMID
1431:PMID
1390:PMID
1349:PMID
1300:PMID
1265:PMID
1221:ISBN
1196:ISBN
1173:PMID
1124:PMID
1089:PMID
1079:ISBN
1036:PMID
901:and
849:The
601:p53
545:Vg1
430:Nest
386:Ovum
318:I) (
215:ovum
44:MeSH
2171:doi
2167:195
2145:doi
2117:PMC
2109:doi
2068:PMC
2058:doi
2046:117
2006:doi
1994:194
1950:doi
1913:doi
1909:186
1871:PMC
1863:doi
1859:135
1816:doi
1812:319
1776:PMC
1768:doi
1764:124
1727:doi
1723:130
1686:doi
1682:132
1637:hdl
1627:doi
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1580:doi
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1503:doi
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1462:doi
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1421:doi
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1380:doi
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1257:doi
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1071:doi
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1028:doi
1024:268
874:of
377:II)
351:II)
161:or
149:),
84:An
56:FMA
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