131:"the various kinds of technical schools, which were not instituted to satisfy the intellectual needs of an arbitrarily assumed group of children, but to prepare boys and girls for taking up certain crafts – engineering, agriculture and the like. Nevertheless it is usual to think of the engineer or other craftsman as possessing a particular set of interests or aptitudes by virtue of which he becomes a successful engineer or whatever he may become".
144:
was one authority that embraced the changes and implemented the system according to the letter of the law. These schools were invariably single sex, and usually recruited their entrants from the lower end of the 'selective' band (as measured at the age of 11). Admission was at first at the age of 13,
161:
in 1902 and introduced training for boys and girls in about 1925. In 1941 it started a technical school in Essex Road with an acting headteacher. After the 1944 Act, in 1949, the technical school was renamed
Dartford Technical School and moved into Wilmington Hall. No separate buildings were erected
186:
Technical schools were a modest success, given their limited resources and lack of government attention. Their curriculum was well shaped for dealing with real world employment, and had a solid practical edge. The schools had good links with industry and commerce. In many ways, the technical school
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until 1956, and the following year the school had an entry of 120. It had an agricultural stream, so came with a school farm. In 1961, that stream was discontinued. Kent was ready to phase out technical schools and rebrand them as grammar schools. Dartford
Technical High School started to offer
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The schools were consciously designed as being for those not suitable for high academic attainment. This meant that they had lower status than grammar schools and were seen as second-best to them. They were used in many cases for borderline pass/fail results in the
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Local authorities were given a deal of freedom on how this was to be implemented, and while it was easy to create two branches from existing building stock, technical schools often had to be built afresh. As a result, in most
178:
Whereas the other two branches of the tripartite system would be built over the decade from 1944, the technical schools barely materialised. At their peak, only 2% to 3% of children attended one.
84:, the government intended there to be a series of secondary technical schools that would teach mechanical, scientific and engineering skills to serve industry and science.
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and a new secondary modern school is built over the demolished
Wilmington Hall. There were further status changes in 1984, proposed in 1989, in 1991, 1999 and 2004.
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areas, pupils were not selected from the 11-plus as originally proposed, but from a separate, voluntary set of examinations taken at the age of 12 or 13.
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in 1964 and a building programme commenced. In 1967 there was a major school reorganisation: the girls' tech moved off site in 1974, the boys' became
145:
but later at 11. There was still a difficulty in providing suitable accommodation, and the
Wilmington schools in Kent provide a case study.
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was to be free. There were to be three tiers of secondary state schools: grammar schools (entrance based on ability with the option of an
363:
101:
267:
240:
167:
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system. It is argued that they tried to undermine the technical school from the outset to preserve their own position.
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Other than a simple lack of resources, three reasons have been proposed for the failure of the technical school.
97:
137:
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127:, the experiences gained in the 1930s and the skills shortages encountered during the ongoing war.
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61:
8:
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There was a difficulty in obtaining teachers who had skills in the relevant areas.
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felt that technical education was their responsibility, mainly through the
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34:
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The 1944 Act (the Butler Act) replaced all previous education law in
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of education. Few were built; their main interest is theoretical.
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in 1840: the
Dartford Technical Institute started in Essex Road,
338:
229:
Gourvish, Terry; Gourvish, Terence
Richard; O'Day, Alan (1991).
330:"Rab Butler's 1944 act brings free secondary education for all"
259:
Second
Language Acquisition and Task-Based Language Teaching
228:
296:
294:
281:
279:
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112:); technical secondary schools; secondary moderns.
306:
276:
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49:that existed in the mid-20th century under the
153:Technical education could be traced back to a
120:for school-leavers up to 18 years of age.
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76:system with three tiers. In addition to
328:Barber, Sir Michael (17 January 2014).
16:Former type of English secondary school
356:
336:
327:
312:
300:
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262:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 158.
123:This reasoning had been based on the
45:, were a type of secondary school in
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13:
168:Wilmington Grammar School for Boys
14:
375:
364:Education in the United Kingdom
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222:
1:
341:. Wilmington Grammar Old Boys
216:
173:
116:was to be delivered through
7:
256:Long, Mike (31 July 2014).
181:
31:Secondary technical schools
10:
380:
235:. Macmillan. p. 163.
187:was the forerunner of the
104:. It established that all
87:
18:
68:), which applied only to
191:of the 1980s and 1990s.
100:, replacing it with the
82:secondary modern schools
19:Not to be confused with
189:City Technology College
133:
149:Wilmington case study
129:
102:Ministry of Education
106:maintained schooling
62:Butler Education Act
155:Mechanics Institute
125:1943 Norwood Report
74:secondary schooling
64:after its creator,
60:(also known as the
232:Britain Since 1945
98:Board of Education
58:Education Act 1944
269:978-1-118-88221-4
242:978-0-333-49157-7
114:Further education
94:England and Wales
70:England and Wales
51:Tripartite System
47:England and Wales
25:vocational school
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350:
348:
346:
339:"School History"
333:
316:
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21:technical school
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369:
368:
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353:
344:
342:
337:Potter (2014).
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277:
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250:
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227:
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118:county colleges
96:, removing the
90:
78:grammar schools
39:secondary techs
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17:
12:
11:
5:
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33:, referred to
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2:
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303:, p. 54.
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72:, promised a
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343:. Retrieved
322:Bibliography
315:, p. 8.
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199:Trade Unions
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185:
177:
152:
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130:
122:
91:
55:
42:
38:
35:colloquially
30:
29:
313:Potter 2014
301:Potter 2014
286:Barber 2014
345:16 October
217:References
203:apprentice
174:Nationally
66:Rab Butler
41:or simply
358:Category
212:11-plus.
182:Analysis
164:A-levels
159:Dartford
110:11-plus
88:History
332:. BBC.
266:
239:
43:techs
347:2015
264:ISBN
237:ISBN
142:Kent
80:and
56:The
138:LEA
37:as
23:or
360::
293:^
278:^
349:.
288:.
272:.
245:.
27:.
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