387:
and other forms of ceremony, to which 'Uthmān agreed. In 1833 'Uthmān threw off his allegiance and marched against
Hamdullahi, but was defeated. However, Sidi al-Muhtar al-Saghir, the spiritual leader of Timbuktu, arranged a truce between the Tuareg and Ahmadu Lobbo under which his Fulbe forces would not occupy Timbuktu. Fines were levied against those who had participated in attack on Hamdullahi.
375:. This was generally accepted in the Timbuktu region. There was little resistance to Timbuktu's informal incorporation into the new Massina empire, which soon became a center of Islamic learning. However, Seku Amadu gradually alienated the leaders of Timbuktu and of Sokoto by his extremely rigorous theology, and by his failure treat the senior
386:
The clerical leader of
Timbuktu, Sidi Muḥammad bin al-Mukhtār al-Kunti, died in 1825/6. Seku Amadu asked for formal recognition of his sovereignty over the city. He sent an emissary with a large body of troops to al-Qā'id 'Uthmān bin Bābakr, the temporal ruler, asking him to give up use of the drum
308:
Amadu's views brought him into conflict with his local, pagan Fulani chief, who called for help from his suzerain, the
Bambara king of Segu. The result was a general uprising under Amadou that established the Massina Empire, a theocratic Muslim Fulani state throughout the Inner Niger Delta region and
433:
Seku Amadu followed a policy of settling the formerly nomadic herders. He made vigorous efforts to promote Islam. Under Seku Aḥmadu Lobbo and his heirs, the Niger bend region was stable and trade flourished. However, some tension was caused by the extremely puritan attitudes of the rulers, such as
332:
he first defeated the Segu army, then captured Djenné, whose scholars welcomed him. He was invited to take control of
Massina after a Fulbe revolt in that town. By 1818 he had won control of both Djenné and Massina. In Djenné, and later in Timbuktu, the temporal leader was overthrown and replaced
309:
extending to both the ancient Muslim centers of Djenné and
Timbuktu. Amadu's jihad was probably continuous from 1810 through 1818. However, some sources suggest two events, one in 1810 and another in 1818. One estimate suggests a total of 10,000 deaths resulting from this jihad.
469:
Shaykh Ahmadu ibn
Muhammadu Lobbo: "Shaykh" (or Seku) is the title of a religious leader. Ahmadu was his given name, Muhammadu was his father's name, Lobbo a secondary given name common in the family and Barry was his family
320:
and other Fulbe people in
Massina, escaped slaves and others looking for freedom from their Bambara masters. Among the Fulbe, Seku Amadu was supported by literate Muslims, formerly nomadic, who were influenced by the
414:
Seku Amadu ruled through a system of provincial governors, mostly his relatives, and a central council of forty elders. In Seku Amadu's theocratic state the law was based on strict observance of the
264:
before returning to the
Massina region. He settled in a village under the authority of Djenné. When his teaching brought him a large following he was expelled, and moved to Sebera, under
448:
One of the most enduring results of his rule was a pastoral code regulating access to and use of the inland Niger delta region by Fula cattle herders and diverse farming communities.
394:. Under his son, Timbuktu was included in the empire for some time. Aḥmadu bin Aḥmadu Lobbo ruled over Massina from 1844 to 1852. The period of stability lasted until the
426:
administered the Sharia in each province, playing an important role in the state. The rigid conformance to the law led one authority to call Masina "as near the ideal
367:
in
Massina was Muḥammad al-Tāhir, also a student of al-Mukhtār al-Kunti. He issued a manifesto in which he declared that Seku Amadu was the spiritual heir of
1002:
441:
to further the spread of Islam. He also ordered alcohol, tobacco, music and dancing banned in accordance with
Islamic law, and constructed a
316:
was directed at them. The scope was soon extended to include the Bambara and other pagan groups in the region. Seku Amadu was supported by
437:
At the height of the Empire's power, a 10,000 man army was stationed in the city, and Seku Aḥmadu ordered the construction of six hundred
383:
in the Sudan, which the Sokoto caliph considered to be his by right. He adversely affected the trade of both Jenne and Timbuktu.
333:
by scholars, while the Fulba Dikko clan became the regional power. Seku Amadu founded a capital for his new Massina Empire called
887:
866:
843:
822:
801:
778:
757:
701:
915:
1007:
958:
226:) was born around 1776 and was raised by Hamman Lobbo, his father's younger brother. Amadu was a pupil of the
434:
banning the use of tobacco and requiring full segregation of women from men, counter to Tuareg custom.
380:
992:
702:"Ecology and power in the periphery of Maasina: The case of the Hayre in the nineteenth century"
300:
leaders, Seku Amadu received a flag from Usman dan Fodio as a visible symbol of his authority.
162:
877:
789:
768:
745:
997:
977:
854:
833:
812:
987:
982:
390:
Seku Amadu Lobbo died on 20 April 1845, leaving control of the Massina Empire to his son,
284:
in region. Originally his conquests were to have been included in the western part of the
8:
403:
289:
732:
391:
74:
954:
883:
862:
839:
818:
797:
774:
753:
736:
724:
399:
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leaders with the respect that they felt was their due. He also assumed the title of
356:
317:
238:
189:
927:
716:
368:
285:
273:
234:
879:
Asante in the Nineteenth Century: The Structure and Evolution of a Political Order
341:. The capital was established in 1819. He set himself up as an independent ruler.
269:
153:
835:
Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables, 1400-1900
442:
372:
350:
250:
185:
137:
51:
941:
The caliphate of Hamdullahi, 1818-1864: study in African history and tradition
720:
971:
219:
173:
337:("Praise God!"), northeast of Djenné, just south of the present day city of
728:
265:
193:
931:
181:
20:
427:
334:
312:
Seku Amadu accused the local Fulbe rules of idolatry, and at first the
268:. Again he built a large following and again he was expelled. Shaykh
277:
227:
242:
254:
438:
359:, and exerted some authority over the nearby Timbuktu, Ségou and
245:, but non-Moslem Bambara people controlled the river. The Fulbe
419:
415:
360:
293:
202:
47:
916:"Toward a chronology for the Caliphate of Hamdullahi (Māsina)"
677:
338:
423:
322:
230:
218:
Aḥmad bin Muḥammad Būbū bin Abī Bakr bin Sa'id al-Fullānī (
197:
748:. In Fage, John Donnelly; Oliver, Roland Anthony (eds.).
206:
from 1818 until his death in 1845, also taking the title
572:
570:
568:
566:
553:
551:
549:
536:
534:
532:
504:
502:
500:
498:
257:, and practiced a form of Islam that was far from pure.
241:
region, alliances of Fulbe traders ruled the towns like
794:
Holy People of the World: A Cross-Cultural Encyclopedia
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655:
653:
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614:
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587:
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546:
529:
519:
517:
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483:
445:
system to provide for widows, orphans, and the poor.
638:
325:
revival and were enthusiastic about Islamic reform.
167:
908:(in French), Abidjan: Nouvelles Éditions Africaines
650:
611:
951:Un Empire peul au XIXe siècle: la Diina du Maasina
626:
599:
582:
514:
699:
683:
969:
859:Muslim Diversity: Local Islam in Global Contexts
752:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 125–169.
363:. One of the main religious leaders of the
943:(PhD thesis), Madison: University of Wisconsin
746:"The nineteenth-century jihads in West Africa"
355:Seku Amadu's theocratic state controlled the
904:Bâ, Amadou Hampaté; Daget, Jacques (1984) ,
180:; ) (c. 1776 – 20 April 1845) was the
94:Ahmadu mo Muḥammadu mo Abi Bakr Lobbo Barry
750:The Cambridge History of Africa (Volume 5)
700:De Bruijn, Mirjam; van Dijk, Han (2001).
260:Seku Amadu may have served in the Sokoto
814:A History of Africa (Volume 1 1800-1915)
787:
766:
743:
671:
576:
540:
508:
489:
451:
409:
1003:19th-century Islamic religious leaders
970:
770:Arabic Literature of Africa (Volume 4)
875:
861:. Psychology Press. pp. 80–101.
852:
810:
644:
620:
557:
523:
402:in 1862 overthrew Aḥmadu's grandson,
371:, the sixteenth century ruler of the
280:in 1809, authorized him to carry out
831:
817:. Nairobi: East African Publishers.
659:
632:
605:
593:
430:state as is likely to be achieved."
406:, and threw the region into chaos.
157:
16:Fulbe founder of the Massina Empire
13:
906:L'empire peul du Macina: 1818-1853
14:
1019:
344:
169:Shaykh Aḥmadu bin Muḥammadu Lobbo
792:. In Jestice, Phyllis G. (ed.).
953:(in French), Paris: Karthala,
838:. Cambridge University Press.
463:
213:
1:
684:De Bruijn & van Dijk 2001
188:(Diina of Hamdullahi) in the
882:. CUP Archive. p. 314.
857:. In Manger, Leif O. (ed.).
7:
920:Cahiers d'études africaines
223:
177:
168:
10:
1024:
949:Sanankoua, Bintou (1990),
939:Brown, William A. (1969),
914:Brown, William A. (1968),
709:Journal of African History
348:
18:
767:Hunwick, John O. (2003).
721:10.1017/S0021853701007873
381:Commander of the Faithful
143:
132:
124:
108:
89:
84:
80:
68:
57:
46:
42:
35:
28:
1008:People from Mopti Region
790:"Mukhtar ibn Ahmad, al-"
303:
36:
19:Not to be confused with
853:Vikør, Knut S. (1999).
832:Saad, Elias N. (1983).
138:Caliphate of Hamdullahi
64:c. 1818 – 1845
52:Caliphate of Hamdullahi
855:"Jihād in West Africa"
788:Hunwick, John (2004).
249:were tributary to the
158:شيخ أحمد بن محمّد لبّو
37:شيخ أحمد بن محمّد لبّو
932:10.3406/cea.1968.3136
101:1776-09-30UTC19:53:26
876:Wilks, Ivor (1989).
811:Okoth, Assa (2006).
744:Hiskett, H. (1976).
452:Notes and references
410:Policy and influence
224:Aamadu Hammadi Buubu
290:Abdullahi dan Fodio
418:interpretation of
272:, who founded the
889:978-0-521-37994-6
868:978-0-7007-1104-8
845:978-0-521-24603-3
824:978-9966-25-357-6
803:978-1-57607-355-1
780:978-90-04-12444-8
759:978-0-521-20701-0
400:El Hadj Umar Tall
357:Inner Niger Delta
239:Inner Niger Delta
190:Inner Niger Delta
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147:
146:
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560:, p. 14-15.
555:
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493:
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471:
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369:Askia Mohammad I
296:. As with other
286:Sokoto Caliphate
274:Sokoto Caliphate
235:Mukhtar al-Kunti
171:
161:
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117:
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85:Personal details
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62:
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926:(31): 428–434,
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898:Further reading
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270:Usman dan Fodio
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208:sisse al-Masini
184:founder of the
136:Founder of the
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31:
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764:
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741:
715:(2): 217–238.
696:
689:
688:
676:
674:, p. 154.
664:
662:, p. 217.
649:
647:, p. 314.
637:
625:
610:
608:, p. 129.
598:
596:, p. 216.
581:
579:, p. 153.
562:
545:
543:, p. 152.
528:
513:
511:, p. 613.
494:
492:, p. 208.
481:
473:
472:
461:
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453:
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443:social welfare
411:
408:
373:Songhai Empire
351:Massina Empire
349:Main article:
346:
345:Massina Empire
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305:
302:
215:
212:
200:. He ruled as
186:Massina Empire
150:Sheikhu Ahmadu
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144:
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120:(aged 68)
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635:, p. 72.
634:
629:
623:, p. 88.
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998:Malian Sufis
978:Malian imams
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940:
923:
919:
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897:
896:
878:
858:
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796:. ABC-CLIO.
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769:
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692:
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672:Hiskett 1976
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577:Hiskett 1976
541:Hiskett 1976
509:Hunwick 2004
490:Hunwick 2003
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194:Mopti Region
178:Seeku Aamadu
149:
148:
70:Succeeded by
59:
988:1845 deaths
983:1776 births
214:Early years
21:Ahmadu Seku
972:Categories
645:Wilks 1989
621:Vikør 1999
558:Okoth 2006
524:Vikør 1999
428:nomocratic
335:Hamdullahi
237:. In the
192:, now the
125:Occupation
116:1845-04-21
30:Seku Amadu
773:. Brill.
737:145662350
660:Saad 1983
633:Saad 1983
606:Saad 1983
594:Saad 1983
478:Citations
404:Amadu III
377:Qadiriyya
278:Hausaland
228:Qadiriyya
163:romanized
133:Known for
60:In office
729:18551801
439:madrasas
392:Amadu II
318:Tukolors
75:Amadu II
693:Sources
398:led by
328:In his
266:Massina
251:Bambara
247:ardo'en
165::
114: (
99: (
97:c. 1776
50:of the
957:
886:
865:
842:
821:
800:
777:
756:
735:
727:
422:law.
420:Sharia
416:Maliki
361:Kaarta
294:Gwandu
288:under
243:Djenné
203:Almami
154:Arabic
128:Cleric
48:Almami
733:S2CID
705:(PDF)
457:Notes
424:Qadis
396:Jihad
365:jihad
339:Mopti
330:jihad
314:jihad
304:Jihad
298:jihad
282:jihad
262:jihad
255:Ségou
182:Fulbe
955:ISBN
884:ISBN
863:ISBN
840:ISBN
819:ISBN
798:ISBN
775:ISBN
754:ISBN
725:PMID
470:name
323:Sufi
231:Sufi
220:Fula
198:Mali
174:Fula
109:Died
90:Born
928:doi
717:doi
292:of
276:in
253:of
196:of
974::
922:,
918:,
731:.
723:.
713:42
711:.
707:.
652:^
613:^
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565:^
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935:.
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910:.
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152:(
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23:.
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