165:
254:, the son of Seku Amadu's oldest brother. Election of Ba Lobbo would have followed the Bari family tradition of succession through a collateral line rather than direct succession. Others such as Alfa Nuhum Tayru and al-Hadjdj Mody Seydu were better qualified, although not related to the former
280:
Amadu's rule was a time of relative peace and prosperity compared to those of his father and his son, building on his father's achievement in persuading the formerly nomadic Fula people to settle, and in establishing a strong legal framework for grazing and
306:
in accordance with his father's wishes. Amadu III was handicapped by dissension over his succession within the Bari family, and was never secure in his authority. Ahmadu III was defeated on 15 May 1862 by the jihadist
206:
soon expanded to that of conquest of the
Bambara and others in the region. Seku Amadu established a large empire based on Hamdallahi, which he had founded as the capital. The empire stretched from just downstream of
332:
Amadu Amadu
Hammadi: Amadu was his given name. His father was Amadu and his grandfather was Hammadi. His family name was Bari. As with his father, the honorific "Seku" or "Shehu" (
288:
Ahmadu II was killed during a raid on the
Bambara. He died in February 1853. His tomb may still be seen in Hamdallahi, along with that of his father, in the ruins of the palace.
156:. He held this position from 1845 until his death in 1853. His rule was a short period of relative peace and prosperity between the violent reigns of his father and his son.
336:) was often added before his given name, as "Seku Amadu". He was also called "Amadu Seku". This means "Amadu, son of the Sheikh" and implies a lesser status than the father.
234:
law. The new theocratic state was ruled by a council of forty elders, who gave directions to provincial governors. Most of the governors were related to Seku Amadu.
277:, managed to persuade Amadu to withdraw his military garrison from Timbuktu, but had to accept Masina rule. Amadu was also able to suppress the Bambara revolt.
265:
At the start of his rule, Amadu II (Amadu Seku) had to suppress internal opposition. He also faced revolts by the Saro
Bambara and the
250:
did not have to be a member of the Bari family, but only someone who was learned and pious. There were several candidates, including
285:
rights. However, Amadu found it hard to maintain the level of enthusiasm for strict
Islamic rule that his father had achieved.
953:
926:
899:
872:
842:
815:
788:
761:
734:
707:
680:
626:
226:
who were seeking independence from the
Bambara, but met resistance when he imposed a rigorous Islamic theocracy based on the
999:
653:
726:
Les bibliothèques du désert: recherches et études sur un millénaire d'écrits. Actes des colloques du CIRSS 1995-2000
180:
divides into separate channels that overflow and flood the land annually. Some time between 1810 and 1818
269:
around
Timbuktu, who declared independence. Ba Lobbo defeated the Tuareg with a surprise attack near
274:
984:
943:
916:
862:
805:
778:
724:
697:
643:
616:
989:
979:
889:
832:
751:
670:
994:
8:
297:
76:
645:
Africa in the
Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: A Handbook for Teachers and Students
311:, who occupied Hamdallahi. The Masina Empire had lasted little more than forty years.
242:
Seku Amadu Lobbo died on 19 March 1845 and his eldest son, also Amadu, was elected as
164:
949:
922:
895:
868:
858:
838:
811:
784:
757:
730:
703:
676:
649:
622:
308:
219:
173:
753:
Migration, Jihad, and Muslim
Authority in West Africa: The Futanke Colonies in Karta
195:
145:
41:
918:
La Guerre sainte d'Al-Hajj Umar: le Soudan occidental au milieu du XIXe siècle
973:
129:
282:
223:
191:
177:
270:
181:
149:
64:
296:
Amadu II nominated his son, also Amadu, as his successor. In 1853,
251:
212:
208:
199:
580:
333:
302:
266:
231:
227:
141:
37:
777:
Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1977-04-21).
262:, while Ba Lobbo became the main leader of the state's army.
186:
153:
495:
493:
480:
478:
568:
505:
366:
364:
522:
520:
490:
475:
412:
441:
439:
388:
168:
German map of the region c. 1861 (Massina to the east)
592:
556:
361:
544:
532:
517:
463:
451:
436:
424:
376:
349:
400:
971:
891:Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa
776:
729:(in French). Editions L'Harmattan. p. 134.
642:Anene, Joseph C.; Brown, Godfrey Norman (1968).
618:Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s
586:
202:, whom he accused of idolatry. The goals of the
834:Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa
621:. University of California Press. p. 605.
273:early in 1846. In 1847 the local Kunta leader,
921:(in French). KARTHALA Editions. p. 270.
136:; c. 1815 – February 1853), also called
194:chiefs in Masina, tributaries of the pagan
894:. Cambridge University Press. p. 92.
641:
574:
914:
857:
499:
484:
394:
258:. However, the council chose the son as
163:
803:
370:
314:
218:Seku Amadu Lobbo received support from
972:
941:
887:
867:. Ohio University Press. p. 140.
749:
722:
668:
598:
562:
550:
445:
382:
830:
695:
672:Trans-Saharan Africa in World History
614:
538:
526:
511:
469:
457:
430:
418:
406:
355:
948:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 172.
13:
14:
1011:
831:Klein, Martin A. (1998-07-28).
804:Hunwick, John O. (2003-06-01).
699:The Cambridge History of Africa
669:Austen, Ralph A. (2010-03-22).
300:was elected to the position of
837:. Cambridge University Press.
783:. Cambridge University Press.
780:The Cambridge History of Islam
702:. Cambridge University Press.
587:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977
326:
184:of the Bari family launched a
144:, or ruler, of the theocratic
1:
696:Flint, John E. (1977-01-20).
291:
159:
945:Mali: the Bradt safari guide
888:Martin, B. G. (2003-02-13).
756:. Indiana University Press.
615:Ajayi, Jacob F. Ade (1989).
7:
942:Velton, Ross (2009-11-24).
807:Arabic Literature of Africa
675:. Oxford University Press.
648:. Ibadan University Press.
133:
10:
1016:
864:History Of Islam In Africa
176:, a large area where the
119:
111:
103:
91:
86:
82:
70:
58:
47:
36:
32:
25:
18:
1000:People from Mopti Region
915:Robinson, David (1988).
750:Hanson, John H. (1996).
723:Gaudio, Attilio (2002).
26:
246:. Technically, the new
237:
146:Caliphate of Hamdullahi
42:Caliphate of Hamdullahi
810:. BRILL. p. 212.
575:Anene & Brown 1968
211:almost all the way to
169:
167:
128:(أحمد بن أحمد حمادي;
315:Notes and references
421:, pp. 151–152.
134:Amadu Amadu Hammadi
126:Amadu II of Massina
96:Amadu Amadu Hammadi
20:Amadu II of Massina
514:, p. 608–609.
230:interpretation of
170:
27:أحمد بن أحمد حمادي
955:978-1-84162-218-7
928:978-2-86537-211-9
901:978-0-521-53451-2
874:978-0-8214-4461-0
859:Levtzion, Nehemia
844:978-0-521-59678-7
817:978-90-04-12444-8
790:978-0-521-29137-8
763:978-0-253-33088-8
736:978-2-7475-1800-0
709:978-0-521-20701-0
682:978-0-19-979883-4
628:978-0-520-03917-9
309:el Hadj Umar Tall
174:Inner Niger Delta
140:, was the second
123:
122:
1007:
965:
963:
962:
938:
936:
935:
911:
909:
908:
884:
882:
881:
854:
852:
851:
827:
825:
824:
800:
798:
797:
773:
771:
770:
746:
744:
743:
719:
717:
716:
692:
690:
689:
665:
663:
662:
638:
636:
635:
602:
596:
590:
584:
578:
572:
566:
560:
554:
548:
542:
536:
530:
524:
515:
509:
503:
497:
488:
482:
473:
467:
461:
455:
449:
443:
434:
428:
422:
416:
410:
404:
398:
392:
386:
380:
374:
368:
359:
353:
337:
330:
182:Seku Amadu Lobbo
87:Personal details
73:
61:
52:
16:
15:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1005:
1004:
970:
969:
968:
960:
958:
956:
933:
931:
929:
906:
904:
902:
879:
877:
875:
849:
847:
845:
822:
820:
818:
795:
793:
791:
768:
766:
764:
741:
739:
737:
714:
712:
710:
687:
685:
683:
660:
658:
656:
633:
631:
629:
605:
597:
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581:
573:
569:
561:
557:
549:
545:
537:
533:
525:
518:
510:
506:
498:
491:
483:
476:
468:
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456:
452:
444:
437:
429:
425:
417:
413:
405:
401:
393:
389:
381:
377:
369:
362:
354:
350:
341:
340:
331:
327:
317:
294:
240:
162:
152:in what is now
98:
97:
71:
59:
53:
48:
28:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1013:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
985:Massina Empire
982:
967:
966:
954:
939:
927:
912:
900:
885:
873:
861:(2012-09-21).
855:
843:
828:
816:
801:
789:
774:
762:
747:
735:
720:
708:
693:
681:
666:
654:
639:
627:
611:
604:
603:
601:, p. 134.
591:
589:, p. 378.
579:
577:, p. 302.
567:
565:, p. 172.
555:
543:
541:, p. 605.
531:
529:, p. 609.
516:
504:
502:, p. 271.
489:
487:, p. 140.
474:
472:, p. 608.
462:
460:, p. 153.
450:
435:
433:, p. 152.
423:
411:
399:
397:, p. 270.
387:
375:
373:, p. 212.
360:
358:, p. 151.
347:
339:
338:
324:
323:
316:
313:
293:
290:
275:Sidi al-Bekkai
239:
236:
172:Masina is the
161:
158:
121:
120:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
95:
93:
89:
88:
84:
83:
80:
79:
74:
68:
67:
62:
56:
55:
45:
44:
34:
33:
30:
29:
23:
22:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1012:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
975:
957:
951:
947:
946:
940:
930:
924:
920:
919:
913:
903:
897:
893:
892:
886:
876:
870:
866:
865:
860:
856:
846:
840:
836:
835:
829:
819:
813:
809:
808:
802:
792:
786:
782:
781:
775:
765:
759:
755:
754:
748:
738:
732:
728:
727:
721:
711:
705:
701:
700:
694:
684:
678:
674:
673:
667:
657:
655:9780175112593
651:
647:
646:
640:
630:
624:
620:
619:
613:
612:
610:
609:
600:
595:
588:
583:
576:
571:
564:
559:
553:, p. 92.
552:
547:
540:
535:
528:
523:
521:
513:
508:
501:
500:Robinson 1988
496:
494:
486:
485:Levtzion 2012
481:
479:
471:
466:
459:
454:
448:, p. 61.
447:
442:
440:
432:
427:
420:
415:
409:, p. 46.
408:
403:
396:
395:Robinson 1988
391:
385:, p. 94.
384:
379:
372:
367:
365:
357:
352:
348:
346:
345:
335:
329:
325:
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321:
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114:
110:
107:February 1853
106:
102:
94:
90:
85:
81:
78:
75:
69:
66:
63:
57:
51:
46:
43:
39:
35:
31:
24:
17:
990:1810s births
980:Malian imams
959:. Retrieved
944:
932:. Retrieved
917:
905:. Retrieved
890:
878:. Retrieved
863:
848:. Retrieved
833:
821:. Retrieved
806:
794:. Retrieved
779:
767:. Retrieved
752:
740:. Retrieved
725:
713:. Retrieved
698:
686:. Retrieved
671:
659:. Retrieved
644:
632:. Retrieved
617:
607:
606:
594:
582:
570:
558:
546:
534:
507:
465:
453:
426:
414:
402:
390:
378:
371:Hunwick 2003
351:
343:
342:
328:
319:
318:
301:
295:
287:
283:transhumance
279:
264:
259:
255:
247:
243:
241:
217:
203:
190:against the
185:
171:
148:or Diina of
137:
125:
124:
72:Succeeded by
49:
995:1853 deaths
599:Gaudio 2002
563:Velton 2009
551:Martin 2003
446:Austen 2010
383:Hanson 1996
224:Fula people
178:Niger River
60:Preceded by
974:Categories
961:2013-03-10
934:2013-03-10
907:2013-03-04
880:2013-03-04
850:2013-03-10
823:2013-03-04
796:2013-03-04
769:2013-03-10
742:2013-03-10
715:2013-03-04
688:2013-03-10
661:2013-03-04
634:2013-03-10
539:Ajayi 1989
527:Ajayi 1989
512:Ajayi 1989
470:Ajayi 1989
458:Flint 1977
431:Flint 1977
419:Flint 1977
407:Klein 1998
356:Flint 1977
292:Succession
271:Lake Gossi
160:Background
150:Hamdullahi
138:Amadu Seku
112:Occupation
65:Seku Amadu
344:Citations
298:Amadu III
77:Amadu III
54:1845–1852
50:In office
252:Ba Lobbo
213:Timbuktu
608:Sources
220:Tukolor
196:Bambara
99:c. 1815
40:of the
952:
925:
898:
871:
841:
814:
787:
760:
733:
706:
679:
652:
625:
334:Sheikh
303:Almami
267:Tuareg
260:almami
256:almami
248:almami
244:almami
232:Sharia
228:Maliki
142:Almami
115:Cleric
38:Almami
320:Notes
204:jihad
192:Fulbe
187:jihad
950:ISBN
923:ISBN
896:ISBN
869:ISBN
839:ISBN
812:ISBN
785:ISBN
758:ISBN
731:ISBN
704:ISBN
677:ISBN
650:ISBN
623:ISBN
238:Rule
222:and
209:Segu
200:Segu
154:Mali
130:Fula
104:Died
92:Born
198:of
976::
519:^
492:^
477:^
438:^
363:^
215:.
132::
964:.
937:.
910:.
883:.
853:.
826:.
799:.
772:.
745:.
718:.
691:.
664:.
637:.
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