317:(king) of Segu against 'Umar. When al-Hajj 'Umar attacked Segu in 1861, Aḥmadu III lent aid to Bina 'Alī on condition that he accept Islam. In January 1861 the Hamdullahi army was mobilized under the leadership of Ba Lobbo with 8,000 cavalry, 5,000 infantry and 1,000 musketeers and was joined at Tio, opposite Sinsani on the right bank of the Niger, by what was left of the Segu forces. In mid-February two fleets of canoes clashed in mid-stream. About 500 of Umar's troops attacked a village near Tio on their own initiative, were caught and destroyed. The next day Umar split his army into two wings, which crossed the river at night, crushed the forces of Masina and Segu at Tio and marched on to the capital of Segu. There they looted the treasures held in the Jara storehouses. In March 1861, Ba Lobbo regrouped his army and advanced towards Segu, but was defeated once more by 'Umar's forces.
173:
338:
345:
In 1862 'Umar advanced into Masina, receiving deserters and meeting little resistance. Amadu III was joined by the Kunta under Ahmad al-Bekkay, who had until then been his enemies but supported him in the face of aggression by a Muslim, which was contrary to the law. Before the decisive battle 'Umar
328:
of gold" in return for supporting 'Ali. In a public exchange of letters, 'Umar clearly demonstrated his superior
Islamic learning. 'Umar may have been trying to win over the Tijanis under Ba Lobbo. An attempt to arrange peace between Aḥmadu III and 'Umar was not successful, and 'Umar invaded Masina.
309:
in 1855, 'Umar proposed an alliance with Aḥmadu III to conquer the
Bambara state of Segu. Aḥmadu may have suspected 'Umar's motives, and instead sent an army to attack 'Umar, which was defeated at Kassakeri in Kaarta by 'Umar's forces in 1856. Recognizing that the Masina troops were Muslim, 'Umar
353:
Despite al-Hajj 'Umar's eloquent justifications, the controversy over the war against the Muslim state of Masina continued after the death of Amadu III. A revolt broke out against 'Umar in 1863, and he was killed in 1864. Although 'Umar did not have time to establish control of Masina, his nephew
241:
Although less learned than his grandfather and father, Aḥmad III continued their highly puritanical
Islamic practices such as banning the use of tobacco and requiring full segregation of men and women. However, he was less rigid in matters of Islamic education and control, more willing to follow
383:
equivalent of the Arabic title "Shaykh", a religious leader. The full name of Amadu III in Arabic, the main written language of the region during his lifetime, was Aḥmad bin Aḥmad bin Aḥmad bin Muḥammad Lobbo. "bin" means "son of" and "Lobbo" was his family name. He was known as Āmadu Āmadu.
219:
law. The state was ruled by a council of forty elders, who gave directions to provincial governors. Most of the governors were related to Aḥmad bin Muḥammad. When Aḥmad bin Muḥammad died in 1844, he was succeeded by his son Aḥmad bin Aḥmad (Amadu II), father of Amadu III.
350:, and 'Umar occupied Hamdallahi. Aḥmadu was captured and decapitated. Ba Lobbo briefly continued resistance against the Tokolor, but the death of Amadu III and the loss of Hamdullahi marked the end of the Massina Empire as an effective force in the region.
206:
soon expanded to that of conquest of the
Bambara and others in the region. Aḥmad bin Muḥammad established a large empire based on Hamdallahi, which he had founded as the capital. He received support from
320:'Umar faced criticism in his war against Masina, since its people were Muslims. As proof that 'Alī's conversion was a sham, 'Umar collected idols in Segu that had not been destroyed. 'Umar issued a
266:, who refused Aḥmad III's demands to hand him over. Amadu ordered Barth's death as an infidel. The Hamdullahi forces threatened him several times during his travels in the Middle Niger.
211:
and Fulbe people who were seeking independence from the
Bamabara, although later he met resistance from these people when he imposed a rigorous Islamic theocracy based on the
269:
The struggle with Segu continued in the early part of his rule, and Amadu III continued to dispatch raids deep into Segu territory until 1855. He tried to gain control of
800:
Travels and discoveries in North and
Central Africa: Being a journal of an expedition undertaken under the auspices of H. B. M.'s government, in the years 1849-1855
388:, who visited the region in 1853-1854, calls him the Emir Hámedu of Hamd-Alláhi. Another source calls him Shekko A'hmedu ben A'hmedu, Sultan of Masina.
228:
Ahmadu II was killed in 1852 during a raid on the
Bambara. He had nominated his son as his successor. In 1853 Amadu III was elected to the position of
238:, was passed over but remained influential as a member of the Tijani faction at court. Ba Lobbo was Amadu's uncle, and a leader in the army.
1081:
1054:
1027:
1000:
967:
940:
910:
883:
856:
829:
781:
1127:
754:
313:
After the defeat, one of Amadu's main advisors, al Hajj Seidou, urged him to make common cause with Bina 'Alī, the
346:
proposed to fight a duel with Aḥmadu III, but the latter refused. Aḥmadu was defeated in battle on 15 May 1862 at
242:
traditions of Fulbe social structure. During his rule tensions mounted between the more puritanical
804:
1112:
1019:
Warriors, Merchants, and Slaves: The State and the
Economy in the Middle Niger Valley, 1700-1914
184:. Some time between 1810 and 1818 Seku Amadu (Aḥmad bin Muḥammad bin Abi Bakr Lobbo) launched a
310:
had their wounded treated and returned. This contrasted with his treatment of pagan prisoners.
1071:
930:
873:
846:
819:
744:
259:
1117:
1044:
1017:
957:
900:
771:
1122:
1107:
992:
8:
798:
157:
61:
746:
Africa in the
Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: A Handbook for Teachers and Students
337:
172:
160:, in 1853. Throughout most of his rule he was involved in conflict with the jihadist
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1050:
1023:
996:
963:
936:
906:
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282:
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of the Diina in accordance with his father's wishes. Another candidate for election,
208:
161:
145:
926:
985:
117:
358:) succeeded. It was not until 1897 that the French took control of the region.
1073:
Social
History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables, 1400-1900
385:
251:
195:
137:
38:
1046:
La Guerre sainte d'Al-Hajj Umar: le Soudan occidental au milieu du XIXe siècle
1101:
380:
298:
125:
355:
149:
302:
191:
293:
against unbelievers in 1853. He quickly overran many of the Bambara and
243:
181:
141:
180:
Amadu III was the grandson of the founder of the Diina of Hamdullahi,
286:
247:
136:(1830 - 16 May 1862) was the third and last ruler of the theocratic
255:
235:
674:
672:
670:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
621:
619:
617:
199:
294:
270:
720:
667:
631:
614:
341:
Territory controlled by al-Hajj 'Umar at the time of his death.
306:
230:
216:
212:
845:
Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1977-04-21).
263:
186:
153:
577:
575:
276:
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655:
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536:
534:
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436:
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406:
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517:
515:
446:
708:
587:
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488:
463:
461:
421:
419:
324:
in which he said that Ahmadu had accepted "a thousand
273:
so he could use its forces in his conflict with Segu.
176:
German map of the region c.1861 - Massina to the east.
652:
527:
431:
401:
599:
512:
684:
548:
485:
473:
458:
416:
258:in September 1853, he was given the protection of
984:
987:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions
202:, whom he accused of idolatry. The goals of the
1099:
959:Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa
844:
743:Anene, Joseph C.; Brown, Godfrey Norman (1968).
726:
678:
625:
164:, who defeated and executed him on 16 May 1862.
982:
902:Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa
646:
156:. He was elected as successor to his father,
305:basins. After defeating the Bambara state of
262:, the political and religious leader of the
194:chiefs in Masina, tributaries of the pagan
962:. Cambridge University Press. p. 92.
742:
506:
281:The Tukolor religious and military leader
1022:. Stanford University Press. p. 82.
1042:
925:
769:
714:
702:
581:
566:
440:
336:
171:
1015:
871:
661:
593:
542:
410:
361:
277:Conflict with Tukolor al-Hajj Umar Tall
1100:
955:
935:. Ohio University Press. p. 140.
521:
494:
898:
817:
796:
690:
608:
479:
467:
452:
425:
1069:
554:
384:European spelling and titles vary.
250:community. When the German traveler
332:
121:
13:
14:
1139:
803:. Harper & Brothers. p.
297:states in the upper parts of the
899:Klein, Martin A. (1998-07-28).
872:Hunwick, John O. (2003-06-01).
821:The Cambridge History of Africa
1076:. Cambridge University Press.
983:Merriam-Webster (1999-09-01).
905:. Cambridge University Press.
851:. Cambridge University Press.
848:The Cambridge History of Islam
824:. Cambridge University Press.
770:Ayandele, E. A. (1979-04-19).
727:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977
679:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977
626:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977
379:Seku Amadu III: "Seku" is the
373:
246:minority and the more relaxed
1:
818:Flint, John E. (1977-01-20).
167:
130:Āmadu mo Āmadu mo Āmadu Lobbo
1016:Roberts, Richard L. (1987).
956:Martin, B. G. (2003-02-13).
7:
991:. Merriam-Webster. p.
875:Arabic Literature of Africa
749:. Ibadan University Press.
129:
51:1852 – 16 May 1862
10:
1144:
932:History Of Islam In Africa
773:African Historical Studies
122:أحمد بن أحمد بن أحمد لبّو
107:
91:
76:
71:
67:
55:
44:
36:
32:
27:أحمد بن أحمد بن أحمد لبّو
25:
18:
1128:People from Mopti Region
1043:Robinson, David (1988).
797:Barth, Heinrich (1857).
223:
26:
1070:Saad, Elias N. (1983).
138:Caliphate of Hamdullahi
39:Caliphate of Hamdullahi
878:. BRILL. p. 212.
507:Anene & Brown 1968
342:
177:
1049:. KARTHALA Editions.
340:
175:
647:Merriam-Webster 1999
362:Notes and references
455:, pp. 151–152.
114:Amadu III of Masina
20:Amadu III of Masina
343:
285:, originally from
283:al-Hajj 'Umar Tall
215:interpretation of
178:
162:al-Hajj 'Umar Tall
158:Amadu II of Masina
62:Amadu II of Masina
1083:978-0-521-24603-3
1056:978-2-86537-211-9
1029:978-0-8047-6613-5
1002:978-0-87779-044-0
969:978-0-521-53451-2
942:978-0-8214-4461-0
927:Levtzion, Nehemia
912:978-0-521-59678-7
885:978-90-04-12444-8
858:978-0-521-29137-8
831:978-0-521-20701-0
783:978-0-203-98808-4
146:Inner Niger Delta
132:), also known as
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110:
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333:Defeat and death
123:
102:
100:
87:
85:
72:Personal details
58:
49:
16:
15:
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1032:
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1007:
1005:
1003:
974:
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697:
689:
685:
677:
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653:
649:, p. 1116.
645:
632:
624:
615:
611:, pp. 158.
607:
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588:
580:
573:
565:
561:
553:
549:
541:
528:
520:
513:
505:
501:
493:
486:
482:, pp. 153.
478:
474:
470:, pp. 152.
466:
459:
451:
447:
439:
432:
424:
417:
409:
402:
393:
392:
378:
374:
364:
335:
279:
260:Aḥmad al-Bakkāy
226:
170:
98:
96:
83:
81:
56:
50:
45:
37:Alamami of the
28:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1141:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1113:Massina Empire
1110:
1095:
1094:
1082:
1067:
1055:
1040:
1028:
1013:
1001:
980:
968:
953:
941:
929:(2012-09-21).
923:
911:
896:
884:
869:
857:
842:
830:
815:
794:
782:
767:
755:
739:
732:
731:
729:, p. 376.
719:
707:
705:, p. 142.
695:
683:
681:, p. 378.
666:
651:
630:
628:, p. 377.
613:
598:
596:, p. 119.
586:
584:, p. 147.
571:
569:, p. 140.
559:
557:, p. 217.
547:
526:
511:
509:, p. 302.
499:
484:
472:
457:
445:
430:
428:, p. 287.
415:
413:, p. 212.
399:
391:
390:
386:Heinrich Barth
371:
370:
363:
360:
334:
331:
278:
275:
252:Heinrich Barth
225:
222:
169:
166:
109:
108:
105:
104:
103:(aged 31)
93:
89:
88:
78:
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64:
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42:
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34:
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854:
850:
849:
843:
833:
827:
823:
822:
816:
806:
802:
801:
795:
785:
779:
776:. Routledge.
775:
774:
768:
758:
756:9780175112593
752:
748:
747:
741:
740:
738:
737:
728:
723:
717:, p. 37.
716:
715:Robinson 1988
711:
704:
703:Levtzion 2012
699:
693:, p. 50.
692:
687:
680:
675:
673:
671:
664:, p. 83.
663:
658:
656:
648:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
627:
622:
620:
618:
610:
605:
603:
595:
590:
583:
582:Levtzion 2012
578:
576:
568:
567:Levtzion 2012
563:
556:
551:
545:, p. 82.
544:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
524:, p. 91.
523:
518:
516:
508:
503:
497:, p. 92.
496:
491:
489:
481:
476:
469:
464:
462:
454:
449:
443:, p. 50.
442:
441:Ayandele 1979
437:
435:
427:
422:
420:
412:
407:
405:
400:
398:
397:
387:
382:
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372:
369:
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357:
351:
349:
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318:
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308:
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300:
296:
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289:, launched a
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90:
79:
75:
70:
66:
63:
60:
54:
48:
43:
40:
35:
31:
24:
17:
1118:Malian imams
1087:. Retrieved
1072:
1060:. Retrieved
1045:
1033:. Retrieved
1018:
1006:. Retrieved
986:
973:. Retrieved
958:
946:. Retrieved
931:
916:. Retrieved
901:
889:. Retrieved
874:
862:. Retrieved
847:
835:. Retrieved
820:
808:. Retrieved
799:
787:. Retrieved
772:
760:. Retrieved
745:
735:
734:
722:
710:
698:
686:
662:Roberts 1987
594:Hunwick 2003
589:
562:
550:
543:Roberts 1987
502:
475:
448:
411:Hunwick 2003
395:
394:
375:
366:
365:
356:Tidiani Tall
352:
344:
325:
321:
319:
314:
312:
290:
280:
268:
240:
229:
227:
203:
190:against the
185:
179:
150:Mopti Region
133:
113:
112:
46:
1123:1830 births
1108:1862 deaths
522:Martin 2003
495:Martin 2003
354:al-Tijānī (
134:Amadu Amadu
95:16 May 1862
57:Preceded by
1102:Categories
1089:2013-03-04
1062:2013-03-04
1035:2013-03-04
1008:2013-03-04
975:2013-03-04
948:2013-03-04
918:2013-03-04
891:2013-03-04
864:2013-03-04
837:2013-03-04
810:2013-03-05
789:2013-03-05
762:2013-03-04
691:Klein 1998
609:Flint 1977
480:Flint 1977
468:Flint 1977
453:Flint 1977
426:Barth 1857
244:Tijaniyyah
182:Seku Amadu
168:Background
148:, now the
142:Hamdullahi
140:(Diina of
99:1862-05-17
555:Saad 1983
396:Citations
287:Futa Toro
248:Qadiriyya
144:) in the
47:In office
326:mithqals
256:Timbuktu
254:reached
236:Ba Lobbo
736:Sources
348:Cayawal
299:Senegal
295:Malinke
271:Sinsani
209:Tukolor
196:Bambara
97: (
82: (
1080:
1053:
1026:
999:
966:
939:
909:
882:
855:
828:
780:
753:
381:Fulani
307:Kaarta
231:Almami
217:Sharia
213:Maliki
118:Arabic
367:Notes
322:Bayan
303:Niger
291:jihad
264:Kunta
224:Ruler
204:jihad
192:Fulbe
187:jihad
1078:ISBN
1051:ISBN
1024:ISBN
997:ISBN
993:1116
964:ISBN
937:ISBN
907:ISBN
880:ISBN
853:ISBN
826:ISBN
778:ISBN
751:ISBN
315:Fama
301:and
200:Segu
154:Mali
126:Fula
92:Died
84:1830
80:1830
77:Born
805:287
198:of
152:of
1104::
995:.
669:^
654:^
633:^
616:^
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514:^
487:^
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403:^
128::
124:,
120::
1092:.
1065:.
1038:.
1011:.
978:.
951:.
921:.
894:.
867:.
840:.
813:.
792:.
765:.
116:(
101:)
86:)
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