171:
20:
61:
rubber and one of untreated natural rubber, which can absorb fuel when it comes into contact with it. When a fuel tank is punctured the fuel seeps into these layers, causing the untreated layer to swell, closing and thus sealing the puncture. A similar concept is also employed for making self-sealing
115:
In the newer generations of pre-war and early-war aircraft, self-sealing tanks were tanks used to minimize the damage from leaking or burning fuel. A conventional fuel tank, when hit by gunfire, could leak fuel rapidly. This would not only reduce the aircraft's range but was also a significant fire
231:
Not all fighters were fitted with the relatively new invention. Self-sealing tanks tended to have lower capacity than non-sealed tanks. Nonetheless, aircraft that were fitted with self-sealing tanks managed to withstand much more damage than those with conventional fuel tanks. Combat experience in
200:
chemist James
Merrill filed a patent in 1941 (published in 1947) for refining and successfully testing his method for manufacturing self-sealing tanks using a two-layer system of rubber compounds encased in a metal outer shell or the wing lining of the aircraft. In 1942, he received a
264:
tanks to prevent detonation. This foam is an open cell foam that effectively divides the gas space above the remaining fuel into thousands of small spaces, none of which contain sufficient vapour to support combustion. This foam also serves to reduce fuel
444:
439:
131:
of the projectile, rather than the entry, was the greater problem, as it often tumbled, thus creating a larger exit hole. Among the earliest versions of these types of tanks were those manufactured in the UK at
124:. It was realized that, because of weight limitations, it was not practical to simply add armor plate to aircraft fuel tanks; a method of stopping fuel leaking from damaged tanks was necessary.
301:
requirements) or MIL-DTL-5578 (non-crashworthy). An aircraft fuel tank sometimes consists of several interconnected fuel cells. The interconnecting hoses are typically also self-sealing.
236:
showed that the self-sealing fuel tank-equipped
American aircraft could sustain far more damage than the lightly armored Japanese designs without self-sealing fuel tanks, such as the
127:
Early attempts at protecting fuel tanks consisted of using metal tanks, covered inside or outside by a material that expanded after being pierced. Research revealed that the
528:
481:
687:
669:
186:) patented a self-sealing fuel tank design in 1941, one of many companies involved in developing this technology during the war. Elmo E. Hanson, lead chemist for
220:
As early tests showed that impact could over-pressurize a fuel tank, the self-sealing fuel cell is suspended, allowing it to absorb shocks without rupture.
210:
401:
379:
643:
832:
719:
209:
fighters, as well as other aircraft. By 1942 Fireproof Tanks had developed the first flexible fuel bladders as range extender tanks for the
163:
German aircraft designers used layers of rubber laid over leather hide with a treated fiber inner surface for the self-sealing tanks on the
156:
heavy bomber. The
Henderson Safety Tank Company provided crash-proof self-sealing fuel and oil tanks which were fitted "as standard" to the
561:
260:. High altitudes require the tanks to be pressurized, making self-sealing difficult. Newer technologies have brought advances like inert
1409:
1055:
253:
79:
George J. Murdock applied for the patent "War
Aeroplane Fuel Tanks" on February 7, 1917 but was temporarily blocked by an order of the
84:
675:
1783:
535:
493:
312:
637:
1449:
1404:
1349:
1214:
1469:
825:
712:
274:
187:
170:
83:, on February 6, 1918, to keep any discussion or publication of the invention secret. The order was rescinded by the
632:
Dunn, Richard L. (2011). Exploding Fuel Tanks - Saga of technology that changed the course of the
Pacific air war.
282:
197:
1239:
457:
1439:
1037:
133:
1732:
1722:
1563:
818:
705:
179:
256:
use some type of self-sealing tanks. Military rotary wing fuel tanks have the additional feature of being
604:
409:
387:
1793:
1444:
1399:
1090:
339:
311:
armored vehicles. A notable example of a non-military vehicle that uses self-sealing fuel tanks is the
305:
93:"Self-Puncture Sealing Covering for Fuel-Containers" on August 9, 1921. Military aircraft built by the
434:
304:
In addition to military aircraft, some military vehicles feature self-sealing fuel tanks, such as the
297:
Aerosystems. FPT is now part of GKN. For military use, tanks are qualified to MIL-DTL-27422 (includes
224:
fuel tanks during the war were able to withstand .50 in (12.7 mm) bullets and, on occasion,
1630:
1474:
1424:
664:
104:
1788:
1414:
967:
897:
80:
1742:
1717:
1479:
1459:
1384:
1274:
1244:
1219:
1085:
1050:
94:
240:. The same principles were applied to give self-sealing fuel lines in aircraft (MIL-PRF-7061C).
1757:
1454:
1279:
1095:
692:
1737:
1655:
1645:
1150:
862:
587:
19:
1702:
1505:
1299:
1110:
1065:
799:
202:
145:
24:
63:
8:
1681:
1588:
1304:
1012:
841:
778:
237:
205:
citation and the
Goodyear tanks were subsequently placed in service in Goodyear-produced
39:
1389:
1369:
1364:
1338:
1249:
1190:
962:
728:
221:
213:. These tanks were flexible containers, made of a laminated self-sealing material like
206:
1697:
1434:
1379:
1359:
1289:
1284:
1269:
957:
633:
214:
507:
1752:
1635:
1309:
1204:
927:
902:
845:
670:
Installation of a Self-Sealing
Materials Systems in a C-130 Integral Fuel Tank Wing
270:
249:
149:
810:
562:"U.S. Marine Corps' Light Armored Vehicles to receive new self-sealing fuel tanks"
1762:
1727:
1578:
1499:
1464:
1429:
1224:
872:
747:
316:
298:
257:
121:
1130:
997:
1747:
1607:
1324:
882:
877:
290:
261:
153:
137:
1528:
422:
192:
89:
1777:
1676:
1615:
1419:
1354:
992:
972:
887:
225:
164:
141:
100:
58:
326:
Self-sealing fuel tanks using military technology are also required in some
1712:
1640:
1603:
1583:
1573:
1548:
1513:
1294:
1264:
1234:
1200:
1180:
1170:
1165:
1135:
1070:
937:
907:
867:
534:. United States Army Warfighting Center. 2008. pp. D-3. Archived from
157:
43:
1660:
1543:
1259:
1115:
757:
269:. Major manufacturers of this technology include Hutchinson, Amfuel (ex.
233:
1650:
1538:
1533:
1489:
1484:
1319:
1254:
1229:
1185:
1160:
1145:
1080:
942:
932:
742:
327:
697:
1707:
1625:
1553:
1518:
1374:
1155:
1140:
1120:
1075:
1060:
1017:
1002:
987:
922:
892:
783:
1620:
1593:
1568:
1334:
1314:
1175:
1105:
1022:
947:
917:
853:
762:
320:
183:
117:
665:
James A Merrill receiving citation from
President Roosevelt (1942)
1394:
1045:
1027:
952:
278:
458:"The Problem with Self-Sealing Fuel Tanks: Capacity, not Weight"
1100:
1007:
982:
912:
308:
294:
54:
116:
hazard. Damaged fuel tanks could also rupture, destroying the
1523:
1125:
977:
266:
437:, Merrill, "Fuel tank casing", issued 1947-07-29
190:
filed a patent for self sealing tanks on
January 21, 1941,
47:
217:
and with as few seams as possible to minimize leak paths.
140:(formed in 1939). These tanks were first installed in the
286:
87:
on
September 26, 1918 and Murdock was eventually granted
174:
Manufacture of self-sealing gas tanks at Goodyear, 1941
16:
Fuel container that automatically seals when punctured
688:
Gunfire Qualification Test of Self-Sealing Fuel Cells
681:
Lining Will Seal Bullet Holes In Bombers Fuel System
368:. Greenwich: Fawcett Publications, Inc. p. 136.
840:
649:"The Story of the Self-Sealing Tank". (Feb. 1946).
482:A Study of Helicopter Crash-Resistant Fuel Systems
103:used neoprene to self-seal his fuel tanks on his
1775:
390:on 25 October 2012 – via flightglobal.com.
521:
363:
144:light bomber with other versions installed in
826:
713:
38:) is a type of fuel tank, typically used in
833:
819:
720:
706:
508:"About GKN (Company History - Portsmouth)"
53:Typical self-sealing tanks have layers of
602:
585:
386:. 25 July 1940. p. 2. Archived from
152:fighters and larger aircraft such as the
169:
18:
727:
1776:
814:
701:
605:"Inside the President's armored limo"
455:
693:Self-sealing Fuel Tank Demonstration
364:Dietrich, Noah; Thomas, Bob (1972).
178:In the United States, Ernst Eger of
357:
13:
586:Magazines, Hearst (January 1993).
500:
486:
254:U.S. military rotary wing aircraft
97:used this self-sealing fuel tank.
50:and igniting after being damaged.
46:, that prevents them from leaking
14:
1805:
658:
559:
188:Firestone Tire and Rubber Company
1784:Aircraft fuel system components
603:Greenberg, Peter (2013-10-17).
596:
579:
553:
456:Panko, Ray (29 November 2017).
110:
57:and reinforcing fabric, one of
1743:In-flight entertainment system
1440:Horizontal situation indicator
651:US Naval Institute Proceedings
475:
449:
427:
416:
394:
372:
366:Howard, The Amazing Mr. Hughes
74:
1:
345:
243:
1723:Environmental control system
462:Pearl Harbor Aviation Museum
180:United States Rubber Company
105:1938 around the world flight
7:
380:"Henderson (advertisement)"
333:
313:U.S. presidential state car
306:United States Marine Corps'
285:), Robertson Fuel Systems,
85:United States Patent Office
10:
1810:
1400:Course deviation indicator
1091:Electro-hydraulic actuator
625:
494:"About Safran Aerosystems"
340:Index of aviation articles
69:
23:Self-sealing fuel tank of
1690:
1669:
1631:Conventional landing gear
1602:
1498:
1333:
1199:
1036:
852:
792:
771:
735:
646:. Retrieved Aug. 4, 2005.
642:Gustin, Emmanuel (1999).
529:"UH-60A Student Handbook"
433:
423:Puncture Sealing Gas Tank
408:: f, 1940, archived from
315:, having used them since
226:20 mm (0.79 in)
1415:Flight management system
350:
120:or critically affecting
81:Federal Trade Commission
1718:Emergency oxygen system
1480:Turn and slip indicator
1275:Leading-edge droop flap
1245:Drag-reducing aerospike
1220:Adaptive compliant wing
1215:Active Aeroelastic Wing
684:see bottom half of page
95:Glenn L. Martin Company
1758:Passenger service unit
1559:Self-sealing fuel tank
1455:Multi-function display
753:Self-sealing fuel tank
175:
122:flight characteristics
32:self-sealing fuel tank
27:
1738:Ice protection system
1656:Tricycle landing gear
1646:Landing gear extender
863:Aft pressure bulkhead
445:USPTO text and images
435:US patent 2424701
402:"the Ingenious Ju-88"
193:U.S. patent 2,404,766
173:
90:U.S. patent 1,386,791
22:
1703:Auxiliary power unit
1111:Flight control modes
800:Aircraft fuel system
203:War Production Board
146:Supermarine Spitfire
1682:Escape crew capsule
1589:War emergency power
1460:Pitot–static system
1305:Variable-sweep wing
1013:Vertical stabilizer
779:Conformal fuel tank
729:Aircraft fuel tanks
592:. Hearst Magazines.
238:Mitsubishi A6M Zero
228:autocannon shells.
138:Fireproof Tanks Ltd
40:aircraft fuel tanks
1390:Attitude indicator
1370:Airspeed indicator
1365:Aircraft periscope
541:on January 5, 2012
207:Vought F4U Corsair
176:
167:early in the war.
134:Portsmouth Airport
28:
1794:Military aviation
1771:
1770:
1698:Aircraft lavatory
1435:Heading indicator
1380:Annunciator panel
1360:Air data computer
1270:Leading-edge cuff
808:
807:
638:978-1-4507-7305-8
589:Popular Mechanics
215:vulcanized rubber
1801:
1753:Navigation light
1733:Hydraulic system
1708:Bleed air system
1636:Drogue parachute
1310:Vortex generator
928:Interplane strut
835:
828:
821:
812:
811:
722:
715:
708:
699:
698:
679:, November 1941
619:
618:
616:
615:
600:
594:
593:
583:
577:
576:
574:
572:
557:
551:
550:
548:
546:
540:
533:
525:
519:
518:
516:
514:
504:
498:
497:
490:
484:
479:
473:
472:
470:
468:
453:
447:
443:
442:
438:
431:
425:
420:
414:
413:
398:
392:
391:
376:
370:
369:
361:
195:
150:Hawker Hurricane
92:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1789:Fuel containers
1774:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1763:Ram air turbine
1728:Flight recorder
1686:
1665:
1598:
1579:Thrust reversal
1503:
1494:
1465:Radar altimeter
1430:Head-up display
1340:
1329:
1225:Anti-shock body
1207:
1195:
1056:Artificial feel
1038:Flight controls
1032:
898:Fabric covering
848:
844:components and
839:
809:
804:
788:
767:
748:Inerting system
731:
726:
677:Popular Science
661:
656:
653:, pp. 205.
628:
623:
622:
613:
611:
601:
597:
584:
580:
570:
568:
560:Jones, Colton.
558:
554:
544:
542:
538:
531:
527:
526:
522:
512:
510:
506:
505:
501:
492:
491:
487:
480:
476:
466:
464:
454:
450:
440:
432:
428:
421:
417:
412:on 5 March 2016
400:
399:
395:
378:
377:
373:
362:
358:
353:
348:
336:
317:John F. Kennedy
299:crashworthiness
246:
191:
113:
88:
77:
72:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1807:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1748:Landing lights
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1670:Escape systems
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1610:
1608:arresting gear
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1564:Splitter plate
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
883:Cruciform tail
880:
878:Crack arrestor
875:
870:
865:
859:
857:
850:
849:
838:
837:
830:
823:
815:
806:
805:
803:
802:
796:
794:
793:Related topics
790:
789:
787:
786:
781:
775:
773:
772:External tanks
769:
768:
766:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
739:
737:
736:Internal tanks
733:
732:
725:
724:
717:
710:
702:
696:
695:
690:
685:
673:
667:
660:
659:External links
657:
655:
654:
647:
644:Fighter Armour
640:
629:
627:
624:
621:
620:
595:
578:
552:
520:
499:
485:
474:
448:
426:
415:
393:
371:
355:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
343:
342:
335:
332:
291:FPT Industries
245:
242:
211:Spitfire Mk IX
154:Avro Lancaster
112:
109:
76:
73:
71:
68:
64:run-flat tires
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1806:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:Other systems
1689:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1677:Ejection seat
1675:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1621:Arrestor hook
1619:
1617:
1616:Aircraft tire
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:Glass cockpit
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1355:Air data boom
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1136:Rudder pedals
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
993:Trailing edge
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
973:Stressed skin
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
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165:Junkers Ju 88
161:
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151:
147:
143:
142:Fairey Battle
139:
135:
130:
125:
123:
119:
108:
106:
102:
101:Howard Hughes
98:
96:
91:
86:
82:
67:
65:
60:
56:
51:
49:
45:
44:fuel bladders
41:
37:
33:
26:
21:
1713:Deicing boot
1641:Landing gear
1584:Townend ring
1574:Thrust lever
1558:
1549:NACA cowling
1514:Autothrottle
1506:fuel systems
1504:devices and
1295:Stall strips
1265:Krueger flap
1235:Channel wing
1181:Wing warping
1171:Stick shaker
1166:Stick pusher
1086:Dual control
1071:Centre stick
938:Leading edge
908:Flying wires
868:Cabane strut
752:
680:
676:
650:
612:. Retrieved
608:
598:
588:
581:
571:12 September
569:. Retrieved
566:Defence Blog
565:
555:
543:. Retrieved
536:the original
523:
511:. Retrieved
502:
488:
477:
465:. Retrieved
461:
451:
429:
418:
410:the original
405:
396:
388:the original
383:
374:
365:
359:
330:categories.
325:
303:
273:) (formerly
250:jet fighters
247:
230:
219:
177:
162:
158:Miles Master
128:
126:
114:
111:World War II
99:
78:
52:
35:
31:
29:
1661:Tundra tire
1544:Intake ramp
1475:Transponder
1260:Gurney flap
1201:Aerodynamic
1116:Fly-by-wire
998:Triple tail
758:Tokyo tanks
545:December 5,
513:December 5,
467:29 December
262:foam-filled
258:crashworthy
234:Pacific War
75:World War I
1778:Categories
1651:Oleo strut
1539:Inlet cone
1534:Gascolator
1500:Propulsion
1490:Yaw string
1485:Variometer
1341:instrument
1320:Wing fence
1255:Gouge flap
1230:Blown flap
1186:Yaw damper
1161:Stabilator
1146:Side-stick
1081:Dive brake
968:Stabilizer
943:Lift strut
933:Jury strut
743:Ferry tank
614:2021-01-12
346:References
328:motorsport
281:(formerly
244:Modern use
59:vulcanized
1626:Autobrake
1554:NACA duct
1529:Fuel tank
1519:Drop tank
1502:controls,
1385:Astrodome
1375:Altimeter
1240:Dog-tooth
1205:high-lift
1156:Spoileron
1141:Servo tab
1121:Gust lock
1076:Deceleron
1061:Autopilot
1018:Wing root
1003:Twin tail
988:Tailplane
923:Hardpoint
893:Empennage
856:structure
784:Drop tank
275:Firestone
222:U.S. Navy
160:trainer.
1594:Wet wing
1569:Throttle
1315:Vortilon
1176:Trim tab
1106:Flaperon
1096:Elevator
1051:Airbrake
1023:Wing tip
948:Longeron
918:Fuselage
854:Airframe
842:Aircraft
763:Wet wing
609:Autoweek
334:See also
321:SS-100-X
283:Goodyear
252:and all
198:Goodyear
184:Uniroyal
118:airframe
1604:Landing
1395:Compass
1343:systems
1335:Avionic
1325:Winglet
1208:devices
1151:Spoiler
1046:Aileron
1028:Wingbox
953:Nacelle
903:Fairing
846:systems
626:Sources
279:Meggitt
182:(later
70:History
1339:flight
1300:Strake
1131:Rudder
1101:Elevon
1066:Canard
1008:V-tail
983:T-tail
913:Former
873:Canopy
672:- DTIC
636:
441:
406:Flight
384:Flight
309:LAV-AT
295:Safran
293:, and
271:Zodiac
55:rubber
25:Me 262
1524:FADEC
1410:EICAS
1285:Slats
1126:HOTAS
978:Strut
539:(PDF)
532:(PDF)
351:Notes
289:USA,
267:slosh
248:Most
1606:and
1470:TCAS
1450:ISIS
1405:EFIS
1350:ACAS
1337:and
1290:Slot
1250:Flap
1203:and
1191:Yoke
963:Spar
888:Dope
634:ISBN
573:2022
547:2011
515:2011
469:2022
232:the
148:and
129:exit
48:fuel
36:SSFT
1445:INS
1425:GPS
1280:LEX
958:Rib
319:'s
287:GKN
277:),
136:by
42:or
1780::
607:.
564:.
460:.
404:,
382:.
323:.
196:.
107:.
66:.
30:A
834:e
827:t
820:v
721:e
714:t
707:v
617:.
575:.
549:.
517:.
496:.
471:.
34:(
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