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1304:. They both described the grandeur of the lavish gifts that the British bestowed upon the Iroquois. Governor Blacksnake's account held many details about the luxurious treatment that they received from the British: "mmediately after arrival the officers came to see us to See what wanted for to Support the Indians with prvisions and with the flood of Rum. they are Some of the ... warriors made use of this intoxicating Drinks, there was several Barrel Delivered to us for us to Drinked for the white man told us to Drinked as much as we want of it all free gratus, and the goods if any of us wishes to get for our own use." Contingent to this generosity was the loyalty of the Iroquois to the British. The Iroquois debated whether to side with the British or not. An argument to remain neutral until further development came from Governor Blacksnake's uncle
1284:, and James Dean. The Iroquois at the council were representatives from all the tribes, but the Mohawk, Oneidas, and Tuscaroras had the most representatives. The Iroquois agreed with the Americans and decided at their Albany Council that they should remain as spectators to the conflict. A Mohawk Chief named Little Abraham declared that "the determination of the Six Nations not to take any part; but as it is a family affair, to sit still and see you fight it out". Thus, the Iroquois chose to remain neutral for the time being. They felt it would be best to stand aside while the Colonists and the British battled. They did not wish to get caught up in this supposed "family quarrel between and Old England".
796:; inheritance and property descend through the maternal line. Women are in charge of the clans. Children are considered born into their mother's clan and take their social status from her family. Their mother's eldest brother was traditionally more of a major figure in their lives than their biological father, who does not belong to their clan. The presiding elder of a clan is called the "clan mother". Despite the prominent position of women in Iroquois society, their influence on the diplomacy of the nation was limited. If the "clan mothers" do not agree with any major decisions made by the chiefs, they can eventually depose them.
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were enraged by the
Americans movement into the Ohio Territory. However, despite their continual encroachment on established Iroquois land, the Americans respected their skills at warfare and attempted to exclude them from their conflict with the British. The Americans viewed their conflict with the British as a conflict meant to include only them. The Albany Council occurred in August, and the Iroquois Confederacy debated about the Revolution from August 25 to August 31. The non-Iroquois present at the council consisted of important figures like
1908:'s inclusion of $ 200 million of revenue in his budget from the cigarette tax, the Seneca announced plans to collect a toll from all who travel the length of I-90 that goes through their reservation. In 2007 the Senecas rescinded the agreement that had permitted construction of the thruway and its attendant easement through their reservation. Some commentators have contended that this agreement was not necessary or moot because the United States was already granted free right-of-passage across the Seneca land in the Treaty of Canandaigua.
1325:, Native Americans led a brutal attack against the rebel Americans where they "killed, wounded, or captured the majority of patriot soldiers". The Seneca Governor Blacksnake described the battle from the viewpoint of the victorious Indians: "as we approach to a firghting we had preparate to make one fire and Run amongst them we So, while we Doing it, feels no more to Kill the Beast, and killed most all, the americans army, only a few white man Escape from us ... there I have Seen the most Dead Bodies all it over that I neve Did see."
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1356:, were carefully planned raids on a trail laid out "from the Susquehanna to the Delaware Valley and over the Pine Hill to the Esopus Country". In 1778 Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Mohawk warriors conducted raids on white settlements in the upper Susquehanna Valley. Although the Iroquois were active participants, Seneca like Governor Blacksnake were extremely fed up with the brutality of the war. He noted particularly on his behavior at Oriskany, and how he felt "it was great sinfull by the sight of God".
1824:(reopened May 2015 after being closed in 2013) plays host to visitors in summer, as people take in the scenic vistas and enjoy the Allegheny Reservoir. Several thousand fishing licenses are sold each year to non-Seneca fishermen. Many of these customers are tourists to the region. Several major highways adjacent to or on the Seneca Nation Territories provide ready accessibility to local, regional and national traffic. Many tourists visit the region during the autumn for the fall foliage.
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1758:(Seven Years' War). Thus, the disputed lands were no longer owned by the Seneca at the time of the 1794 Treaty of Canandaigua. The court found that the state of New York's "purchase" of the lands from the Seneca in 1815 was intended to avoid conflict with them, but it already owned it by virtue of Great Britain's defeat in the Revolution and the cession of its lands to the United States (and by default to the states in which the colonial lands were located.
1952:, in downtown Buffalo. In 2007 the Seneca opened a temporary casino on its land in Buffalo after federal approval, to satisfy its agreement with the state, and moved to a permanent building in 2013. Some citizens have opposed all Indian gambling, but especially the Buffalo location. Additional controversy has been engendered because there were questions about whether the Seneca-controlled land met other status criteria for gambling as defined in the IGRA.
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1292:. The Iroquois nation began to divide as the Revolution continued and, as a result, they extinguished the council fire that united the six Iroquois nations, therefore ending the Iroquois Confederacy. The Iroquois ended their political unity during the most turbulent time in their history. Two powers in the midst of battle pulled them apart to gain their skill as warriors. This divided the Iroquois and the tribes chose sides based on preference.
93:
81:
121:
840:
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rhetoric came in the
Declaration of Independence: "the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions." As a result of this terrible rhetoric, many Mohawk, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Seneca prepared to join the British. However, many Oneida and Tuscarora were able to be swayed by an American missionary,
1893:. His office negotiated directly with credit card companies, tobacco companies, and delivery services to try to gain agreement to reject handling Seneca cigarette purchases by consumers. Another attempt at collecting taxes on gasoline and cigarettes sold to non-Indians was set to begin March 1, 2006; but it was tabled by the State Department of Taxation and Finance.
1790:, which granted the state permission to build the highway through their reservation in return for US $ 75,000, was invalid because it required federal approval. The lawsuit demands that some of the toll money collected by the Thruway Authority for the use of this three-mile stretch of the highway be remitted to the Nation. In 2011, Seneca President
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compensation and to provide some lands. The households that refused to accept Seneca ownership, fifteen in all, were evicted from their homes. Then, in the early 2000s issues re-arose over Seneca use of settlement lands to establish casino gaming operations, which have generated considerable revenues for many tribes since the late 20th century.
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American tribes asserted their right to run similar activities. With the US Supreme Court decision ruling in the late 1980s that federally recognized Native
American tribes could establish gaming on their sovereign reservations, the Seneca Nation began to develop its gambling industry. It began, as states and other tribes did, with bingo.
709:, which are large buildings that were up to 100 feet long and approximately 20 feet wide. The longhouses were shared among related families and could hold up to 60 people. Hearths were located in the central aisle, and two families shared a hearth. Over time they began to build cabins, similar to those of their American neighbors.
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In the end, the Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca sided with the
British, and the Tuscarora and Oneida sided with the Americans. From this point on, the Iroquois would have a serious role in the American Revolution. The war divided them and now they would be fighting against each other from 1777 till the end on opposite sides.
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conducting brutal acts such as the killing of women and children at the Cherry Valley massacre and the clubbing of surviving
American soldiers at Oriskany. Although Seneca like Governor Blacksnake felt sorrow for their brutal actions, the Americans responded in a colder and more brutal fashion. This retaliation came in the
673:" (työhe'hköh). Seneca women generally grew and harvested varieties of the three sisters, as well as gathering and processing medicinal plants, roots, berries, nuts, and fruit. Seneca women held sole ownership of all the land and the homes. The women also tended to any domesticated animals such as dogs and turkeys.
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of 448-364, giving the Seneca Nation
Council the power to draft laws and regulations allowing the manufacture, use and distribution of cannabis for medical purposes. "A decision on our Nation's path of action on medical cannabis is far from made", cautioned Seneca President Maurice A. John Sr. in comments to the
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Opponents include the
Upstate Citizens for Equality and Citizens for a Better Buffalo. In 2008 they won a lawsuit challenging the legality of the proposed casino in Buffalo, because of the status of the land. It was not part of their original reservations but had been transferred in a settlement with the state.
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The price advantage of the
Senecas' ability to sell tax-free gasoline and cigarettes has created a boom in their economy. They have established many service stations along the state highways that run through the reservations, as well as many internet cigarette stores. Competing business interests and
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said that the Nation should be paid $ 1 every time a vehicle drives that part of the highway, amounting to tens of millions of dollars. The Nation also disputed the state's attempts to collect cigarette taxes and casino revenue from tribal businesses operating within Seneca sovereign territory. As of
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On August 25, 1993, the Seneca filed suit in United States
District Court to begin an action to reclaim land allegedly taken from it by New York without having gained required approval of the treaty by the US Senate. Only the US government has the constitutional power to make treaties with the Native
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described intelligence captured from the
British. In the letter, British soldiers encounter a group of Native Americans, and a discussion ensues. A soldier by the name of Campbell informs the Native Americans that the war ended and the Americans expressed their sorrow for the war. However, an unknown
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recalled how the Continental soldiers "destroyed every article of the food kind that they could lay their hands on". To make matters worse for the Iroquois, an especially hard winter in 1780 caused additional suffering for the downtrodden Iroquois. The Sullivan Expedition highlighted a period of true
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twisted his recommendation to wait as a sign of cowardice. The British noticed that the Indian warriors were divided on the issue, so the British presented them with rum, bells, ostrich feathers, and a covenant belt. The Americans attempted a similar wine and dine method on the Tuscarora and Oneidas.
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The Seneca Tribe before the American Revolution had a prosperous society. The Iroquois Confederacy had ended the fighting amongst the war-based Iroquois tribes and allowed them to live in peace with each other. Yet, despite this peace amongst themselves, the Iroquois tribes were all revered as fierce
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From 1720 to the 1750s, the Seneca resettled and assimilated the Munsee into their people and the Confederacy. Historical accounts had noted the difficulties encountered by the Seneca during this period and noted a dissolution of their traditional society under pressure of disease and encroachment by
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The Seneca tried to curtail the encroachment of white settlers. This increased tensions and conflict with the French to the north and west, and the English and Dutch to the south and east. As buffers, the Confederacy resettled conquered tribes between them and the European settlers, with the greatest
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In 1609, the French allied with the Huron (Wyandot) and set out to destroy the Iroquois. The Iroquois-Huron war raged until approximately 1650. Led by the Seneca, the Confederacy began a near 35-year period of conquest over surrounding tribes following the defeat of its most powerful enemy, the Huron
1920:
cigarette brands produced by non-Indian companies (including all major national brands). It has not attempted to collect taxes on brands that are entirely tribally produced and sold (these are generally lower-end and lower-cost brands that have always made up the majority of Seneca cigarette sales.)
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According to Bill Wagner, an author writing for High Times, "Members of the Seneca Nation of Indians in western New York state voted up a referendum Nov. 3 (2016) giving tribal leaders approval to move towards setting up a medical marijuana business on their territories. The measure passed by a vote
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The planning of the Sullivan Expedition began in 1778 as a way to respond to the Iroquois victories and massacres. This plan came about from the complaints of New Yorkers at the Continental Congress. The New Yorkers had suffered from the massive Iroquois offensives from 1777 to 1778, and they wanted
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in 1768. This treaty put the British in good favor with the Iroquois, as they felt that the British had their best interests in mind as well. The Americans, unlike the British, were disliked by the Seneca because of their continual disregard for the Treaty of Fort Stanwix. Specifically, the Iroquois
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The Seneca have refused to extend these benefits and price advantages to non-Indians, in their own words "has little sympathy for outsiders" who desire to do so, They have tried to prosecute non-Indians who have attempted to claim the price advantages of the Seneca while operating a business on the
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The Seneca had previously brought suit against the state on the issue of highway easements. The court in 1999 had ruled that the State could not be sued by the tribe. In Magistrate Heckman's "Report and Recommendation", it was noted that the State of New York asserted its immunity from suit against
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The Seneca appealed the decision. The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed the trial court's decision on September 9, 2004. The Seneca sought review of this decision by the US Supreme Court, which on June 5, 2006, announced that it declined to hear the case, which left the
926:. Fleeing before the attack, the Seneca moved further west, east and south down the Susquehanna River. Although great damage was done to the Seneca homeland, the Seneca's military might was not appreciably weakened. The Confederacy and the Seneca moved into an alliance with the British in the east.
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Seneca men were generally in charge of locating and developing the town sites, including clearing the forest for the production of fields. Seneca men also spent a great deal of time hunting and fishing. This activity took them away from the towns or villages to well-known and productive hunting and
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valley. The villages were the homes and headquarters of the Seneca. While the Seneca maintained substantial permanent settlements and raised agricultural crops in the vicinity of their villages, they also hunted widely through extensive areas. They also executed far-reaching military campaigns. The
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The traces of an ancient fort, covering about an acre, and surrounded by a ditch, and formerly by a formidable wall, are still to be seen on top of Bare Hill. They indicate defenses raised by Indian hands, or more probably belong to the labors of a race that preceded the Indian occupation. The wall
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As states struggled to raise revenues, in the 1980s, some state legislatures prohibited state-sponsored gambling by authorizing state lotteries and other games of chance as a means to raise funds. In some cases, funds from such operations were earmarked for education or other worthy goals. Native
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Warriors like Blacksnake were feeling the mental toll of killing so many people during the American Revolution. As Raphael noted in his book, "warfare had been much more personal" for the Iroquois before the American Revolution. During the revolution, these once proud Iroquois were now reduced to
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required the Munsee and Minnisink to conclude a peace with the colonists and "take the hatchet out of your heads, and bury it under ground, where it shall always rest and never be taken up again". A large delegation of Iroquois attended this meeting to demonstrate that the Munsee were under their
1919:
A law to bar any tax-exempt organization in New York from receiving tax-free cigarettes went into effect June 21, 2011. The Seneca nation has repeatedly appealed the decision, continuing to do so as of June 2011, but has not gained an overturn of this law. The state has enforced the law only on
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The United States Senate has never ratified the treaty that New York made with the Iroquois nations, and only Congress has the right to make such treaties. In the late 20th century, several tribes filed suit in land claims, seeking to regain their traditional lands by having the treaty declared
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Despite this neutrality, the anti-Native American rhetoric of the Americans pushed the Iroquois over to the side of the British. The Americans put forth an extremely racist and divisive message. They viewed the Iroquois and other Native Americans as savages and lesser people. An example of this
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Despite the Iroquois continuing raids on their new European neighbors, the Iroquois tribes struck up profitable relationships with the Europeans, especially the English. In 1677, the English were able to make an alliance with the Iroquois league called the "Covenant Chain". In 1768, the English
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Shortly after March 1, 2006, other parties began proceedings to compel the State of New York to enforce its tax laws on sales to non-Indians on Indian land. Seneca County filed a suit which was dismissed. The New York State Association of Convenience Stores filed a similar suit, which was also
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After the Sullivan Expedition the recovered Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Mohawk, angered by the destruction caused, resumed their raids on American settlements in New York. These Iroquois tribes not only attacked and plundered the American colonists, they also set fire to Oneida and Tuscarora
1955:
Some civic groups, including a "broad coalition of Buffalo's political, business, and cultural leaders", have opposed the Seneca Nation's establishment of a casino in Buffalo. They believe the operations will adversely affect the economic and social environment of the already struggling city.
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The Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court, Third Department had rejected this conclusion in 1994. The court held that the provisions of the treaty regarding taxation was only with regard to property taxes. The New York Court of Appeals on December 1, 1994 affirmed the lower court's
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the state government object to their sales over the Internet. The state of New York believes that the tribe's sales of cigarettes by Internet are illegal. It also believes that the state has the authority to tax non-Indians who patronize Seneca businesses, a principle which the Seneca reject.
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The dispute centers around a set of 99–year leases that were granted by the Seneca in 1890 for lands that are now in the city of Salamanca and nearby villages. In 1990, Congress passed the Seneca Settlement Act to resolve the long-running land dispute. The Act required the state to pay
1841:. "But now, having heard from the Seneca people, our discussions and due diligence can begin in earnest." Entering the marijuana industry is thought to help stimulate the economy of the Seneca Tribe and create local business, dispensaries and other types of jobs involving medical marijuana.
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A substantial portion of the Seneca economy revolves around retail sales. From gas stations, smokeshops, and sports apparel, candles and artwork to traditional crafts, the wide range of products for sale on Seneca Nation Territories reflect the diverse interests of Seneca Nation citizens.
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to their west. In 1653, the Seneca attacked and defeated the Erie to their southwest. Survivors of both the Huron and Erie were subjugated to the Seneca and relocated to the Seneca homeland. The Seneca took over the vanquished tribe's traditional territories in western New York.
1143:, has recovered evidence of "substantial Seneca autonomy, selectivity, innovation, and opportunism in an era usually considered to be one of cultural disintegration". In 1756, the Confederacy directed the Munsee to settle in a new satellite town in Seneca territory called
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epidemic in 1635. Through raids, they stabilized their population after adopting young women and children as captives and incorporating them into the tribes. By the winter of 1648, the Confederacy, led by the Seneca, fought deep into Canada and surrounded the capital of
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Several large construction companies are located on the Cattaraugus and Allegany Territories. Many smaller construction companies are owned and operated by Seneca people. A considerable number of Seneca men work in some facet of the construction industry.
899:(Susquehannock) to the south and southeast. The Confederacy's hegemony extended along the frontier from Canada to Ohio, deep into Pennsylvania, along the Mohawk Valley and into the lower Hudson in the east. They sought peace with the Algonquian-speaking
1915:
included $ 62 million of revenue in his budget from the proposed collection of these taxes. He signed a new law requiring that manufacturers and wholesalers swear under penalty of perjury that they are not selling untaxed cigarettes in New York.
903:(Mahican), who lived along the Hudson River. Within the Confederacy, Seneca power and presence extended from Canada to what would become Pittsburgh, east to the future Lackawanna and into the land of the Minnisink on the New York /New Jersey border.
1932:
In 2002, the Seneca Nation of Indians signed a Gaming Compact with the State of New York to cooperate in the establishment of three class III gambling facilities (casinos). It established the Seneca Gaming Corporation to manage its operations. The
1384:. As a result of Brant's exploits, the Iroquois offensives, and several massacres the Iroquois inflicted against colonial towns, in 1778 the Seneca and other western nations were attacked by United States forces as part of the Sullivan Expedition.
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1700:
The Seneca lost their court case, and in 1961, citing the immediate need for flood control, Kennedy denied their request. This violation of Seneca rights, as well as those of many other Indian Nations, was memorialized in the 1960s by folksinger
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developed) on the Chemung River. In this period, they developed satellite towns for war captives who were being assimilated near several of their major towns. The Seneca received some of the Munsee's war prisoners as part of their negotiations.
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in New York State at the end of the war, as Britain ceded its territory in the Thirteen Colonies to the new United States. The late-war Seneca settlements were assigned to them as their reservations after the Revolutionary War, as part of the
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Brant grew to be a courteous and well-spoken man, and he took up the fight for the British because of harassment and discrimination from the Americans during the lead-up to the American Revolution. Thus, Brant formed a military group known as
1976:
The nation has established an official broadcasting arm, "Seneca Broadcasting", to apply for and purchase radio station licenses. The company owned one commercial FM radio station (broadcasting at 105.9 MHz) licensed off-reservation to
1101:) and the Andaste/Susquehannock, the Seneca finally succeeded in vanquishing their last remaining great enemy.(Parker at pp 49) Survivors were colonized in settlements along the Susquehanna River and were assimilated into the Seneca and
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Many Seneca and other Iroquois migrated into Canada during and after the Revolutionary War, where the Crown gave them land in compensation for what was lost in their traditional territories. Some 10,000 to 25,000 Seneca are citizens of
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is reviewing proposed Seneca regulations and weighing its appeal options. The Seneca were given five days to respond or to face fines and a forced shutdown. They said they refuse to comply with the commission's order and will appeal.
1799:
both counts of the complaint. One count was the Seneca Tribe's challenge regarding the state's acquisition of Grand Island and other smaller islands in the Niagara River, and the second count challenged the state's thruway easement.
987:. The Esopus inhabited the Mid-Hudson valley (Sullivan and Ulster counties). The Minnisink inhabited northwest New Jersey. The Delaware inhabited the southern Susquehanna and Delaware water gaps. The Minnisink-Esopus trail, today's
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as well as warfare, the Huron (Wyandot) unconditionally surrendered. They pledged allegiance to the Seneca as their protector. The Seneca subjugated the Huron (Wyandot) survivors and sent them to assimilate in the Seneca homelands.
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because of warfare. These towns were relocated every ten to twenty years as soil, game and other resources were depleted. During the nineteenth century, many Seneca adopted customs of their immediate American neighbors by building
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Indians, an Algonquian-speaking people whose territory extended deep along the coastal areas of the mid-Atlantic coast, up into present-day Connecticut. They occupied the western part of Long Island as well. The Lenape nation was
1601:. Few Seneca reside at the Oil Springs, Buffalo Creek, or Niagara territories due to the small amount of land at each. The last two territories are held and used specifically for the gaming casinos which the tribe has developed.
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and the western Catskills. The men of both branches of the Seneca wore the same headgear. Like the other Haudenosaunee, they wore hats with dried cornhusks on top. The Seneca wore theirs with one feather sticking up straight.
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In 1997, New York State had attempted to enforce taxation on reservation sales of gasoline and cigarettes to non-Indians. Numerous Seneca had protested by setting fire to tires and cutting off traffic to Interstate 90 and
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fishing grounds for extended amounts of time. These hunting and fishing locations were altered and well maintained to encourage game; they were not simply "wild" lands. Seneca men maintained the traditional title of war
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Given the declining economic situation because of a nationwide recession, in summer 2008 the Seneca halted construction on the new casino in Buffalo. In December 2008 they laid off 210 employees from the three casinos.
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and James Collins and other white American who could never finally resolve whether killing was right or wrong". As the war went on, many more brutal attacks and atrocities would be committed by both sides, notably the
1812:
The Seneca have a diversified economy that relies on construction, communications, recreation, tourism, and retail sales. They have recently started operating two tribal-owned gaming casinos and recreation complexes.
562:
The Seneca nation has two branches: the western and the eastern. Each branch was individually incorporated and recognized by the Iroquois Confederacy Council. The western Seneca lived predominantly in and around the
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informed the British "that the Americans and rench had beat the English, that the latter could no longer carry on the War, and that the Indians knew it well, and must now be sacrificed or submit to the Americans".
1119:
Around 1700, the upper Delaware watershed of New York and Pennsylvania became home of the Minnisink Indians moving north and northwest from New Jersey, and of Esopus Indians moving west from the Mid-Hudson valley.
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In addition to the push of American bigoted rhetoric, the British also continued to attempt to sway the Iroquois towards their side. One British attempt to sway the Iroquois was described by two Seneca tribesmen,
855:, first with the Dutch and then with the British. This served to increase hostility with competing native groups, especially their traditional enemy, the Huron (Wyandot), an Iroquoian-speaking tribe located near
1746:
In 1998, the United States intervened in the lawsuits on behalf of the plaintiffs in the claim to allow the claim to proceed against New York. The state had asserted that it was immune from suit under the
1523:
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A history of the treaty of Big Tree : and an account of the celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the making of the treaty, held at Geneseo, N.Y., September the fifteenth, eighteen hundred
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Using these ancient highways, the Seneca exerted influence in what is today Ulster and Sullivan counties from the Dutch colonial era onward. Historical evidence demonstrating Seneca presence in the Lower
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Grumet cites the Colonial Records of Pennsylvania, 8: 416)) By the end of the eighteenth century, the Munsee who had previously migrated to the upper Susquehanna region were living in Seneca communities.
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Overall, the Sullivan Expedition wreaked untold havoc and destruction upon the Iroquois lands, as the soldiers "destroy not only the homes of the Iroquois but their food stocks as well". Seneca woman
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broke out between the British and the colonists, the Seneca at first attempted to remain neutral but both sides tried to bring them into the action. When the rebel colonists defeated the British at
2005:
Many Seneca people are employed in the local economy of the region as professionals, including lawyers, professors, physicians, police officers, teachers, social workers, nurses, and managers .
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Despite the French military campaigns, Seneca power remained far-reaching at the beginning of the 18th century. Gradually, the Seneca began to ally with their trading partners, the Dutch and
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promiscuously to the four westernmost nations, the Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca, but with increasing contact the name came to be applied only to the latter. The French called them
504:
nations in the 17th century, who were native to the area. The Seneca were by far the most populous of the Haudenosaunee nations, numbering about four thousand by the seventeenth century.
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on the reservation which were owned by a Seneca woman. He was arrested after investigation by federal authorities at the behest of the Seneca Nation accusing the native woman of being a
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had surrendered at Yorktown in 1781. They did not stop until their allies had caved in and surrendered. In 1782, the Iroquois had finally stopped fighting when the British General
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1627:. They are descendants of Seneca and Cayuga who had migrated from New York into Ohio before the Revolutionary War, under pressure from European encroachment. They were removed to
1321:
The Seneca chose to side with the British in the American Revolution. One of the earliest battles the Iroquois were involved in occurred on August 6, 1777, in Oriskany During the
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warriors and were reputed to control together a large empire that stretched hundreds of miles along the Appalachian Mountains. The Seneca were a part of this confederacy with the
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405:
is "the Anglicized form of the Dutch pronunciation of the Mohegan rendering of the Iroquoian ethnic appellative" originally referring to the Oneida. The Dutch applied the name
1685:
forced the relocation of approximately 600 Seneca from 10,000 acres (40 km) of land which they had occupied under the 1794 Treaty of Canandaigua. They were relocated to
1653:
was rated "critically endangered" in 2007, with fewer than 50 fluent speakers, primarily the elderly. Efforts are currently underway to preserve and revitalize the language.
443:. Bare Hill is part of the Bare Hill Unique Area, which began to be acquired by the state in 1989. Bare Hill had been the site of a Seneca (or Seneca-ancestral people) fort.
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1251:. However, although the Seneca and Iroquois tribes had ceased fighting each other, they still continued to conduct raids on outsiders, or rather their European visitors.
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to govern New France in Quebec. Denonville set out to destroy the Seneca Nation and in 1687 landed a French armada with "the largest army North America had ever seen" at
1328:
Author Ray Raphael made a connection between the Seneca warriors and Continental Army soldiers by noting that Blacksnake "was not unlike" known Revolutionary veterans "
1821:
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to the north was growing in strength and numbers, and the Seneca, as the most numerous and adventurous, began to travel extensively. Eastern Seneca traveled down the
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1959:
On July 8, 2008, United States District Judge William M. Skretny issued a decision holding that the Seneca Buffalo Creek Casino is not on gaming-eligible lands. The
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By decision and order dated June 21, 2002, the trial court held that the Seneca ceded the subject lands to Great Britain in the 1764 treaties of peace after the
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within the American Revolution. The Americans looked to cripple the Iroquois. They accomplished that, but they instilled a deep hatred in the Iroquois warriors.
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rivers, which converged in Tioga. The rivers provided passage deep into all parts of eastern and western Pennsylvania, as well as east and northeast into the
1791:
1057:
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827:, and is 56.25 inches (142.9 cm) tip to tip. Although the string is missing for the specimen, when strung it would make a good "D" shape with slightly
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that resulted from the flooding of land behind the dam. The Seneca had protested the plan for the project, filing suit in court and appealing to President
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4614:
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1009:. From Manhattan, up through the Hudson, the settlers were interested in trading furs with the Susquehannock occupying territory in and around current
1901:, moved to vacate the judgment dismissing his 2002 state court action. The latter was dismissed because the court ruled that he had lack of standing.
1889:(the future Interstate 86). Then Attorney General Eliot Spitzer attempted to cut off the Seneca Tribe's internet cigarette sales by way of financial
1419:
The Iroquois also seemed to have a much larger knowledge of the war beyond the scope of New York. A letter from 1782 written by George Washington to
960:
4889:
5699:
1993:
format and was owned and operated by the nation until its sale in December 2021. An earlier application, for a noncommercial FM station at 89.3 in
1041:
1677:. The proposed project was planned to affect a major portion of Seneca territory in Pennsylvania and New York. Begun in 1960, construction of the
6142:
1036:
the Seneca had access to every corner of Munsee country. Seneca warriors traveled the Forbidden Path south to Tioga to the Great Warrior Path to
1021:). In 1634, war broke out between the Delaware and the Susquehannock, and by 1638, the defeated Delaware became tributaries to the Susquehanna.
5544:
2038:
1854:
1136:
134:
1380:, which consisted of Mohawks and Loyalists. Brant and his band of volunteers led many raids against hamlets and farms in New York, especially
2944:
Jordan, Kurt A. (2013). "Incorporation and Colonization: Postcolumbian Iroquois Satellite Communities and Processes of Indigenous Autonomy,"
2907:. NYCD, 13: 184–185.) In 1663 after the Second Esopus War, a Minnisink chief reported that the Seneca threatened to attack him (NYCD, 13:361.
5017:
4330:
4179:
4524:
1609:
1144:
1065:
6152:
6132:
5692:
5293:
1743:. in November 1993, the Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians moved to join the claim as a plaintiff and was granted standing as a plaintiff.
1536:
1409:
1160:
922:. Denonville struck straight into the seat of Seneca power and destroyed many of its villages, including the Seneca's eastern capital of
378:. They are descendants of Seneca who resettled there after the American Revolution, as they had been allies of the British and forced to
375:
4872:
5722:
4964:
4773:
4728:
4420:
4275:
4250:
3897:
2785:
Berger, Billy. 2010. "Treasures of the Smithsonian. Part IV. Archery of the Northeastern United States" Seneca and Pamunkey: Seneca."
2443:
5921:
1881:
for Long. In 2011 he was ordered by the court to pay more than one million dollars in restitution and serve five years on probation.
1372:. Joseph Brant had Mohawk parents and British lineage, and at a young age, he was taken under the superintendent for Indian affairs.
1167:
In 1759, as colonial records indicate, negotiators had to go through the Seneca in order to have diplomatic success with the Munsee.
4563:
4389:
4787:
4104:
5038:
4933:
5507:
5085:
4844:
1515:
split off, choosing to keep a traditional form of tribal government. Both tribes are federally recognized in the United States.
1458:
in 1784. Although the Oneida and Tuscarora were allies of the rebels, they were also forced to give up most of their territory.
4219:
1112:, in an official report, described the Minnisink chiefs as being fearful of being attacked by the Seneca because of not paying
5154:
1190:. The Seneca had relative peace from 1760 to 1775. In 1763 a Seneca war party ambushed a British supply train and soldiers in
5248:
4742:
4697:
2572:
5714:
5265:
3948:
2973:
Robert S. Grumet, "The Minnisink Settlements: Native American Identity and Society in the Munsee Heartland, 1650–1778." In:
5941:
4983:
4465:
4070:
2688:
The Westward Migration of the Munsee Indians in the Eighteenth Century, The Challenge: An Algonquian Peoples Seminar. Map 4
540:
villages, where hunting and military campaigns were planned and executed, indicate the Seneca had hegemony in these areas.
5517:
4148:
5861:
5734:
1751:. After extensive negotiations and pre-trial procedures, all parties to the claim moved for judgment as a matter of law.
4205:
1646:
Enrolled members of the Seneca Nation also live elsewhere in the United States; some moved to urban locations for work.
5881:
5537:
5276:
5121:
5069:
5001:
4588:
4494:
3844:
3811:
3773:
3725:
3624:
3591:
3555:
3515:
3477:
3444:
3408:
3375:
3342:
3309:
3276:
3240:
3202:
3162:
3122:
3089:
3043:
3027:
2524:
309:
5477:
6137:
5806:
5751:
5746:
5306:
5221:
4080:
2729:
2709:
2602:
1978:
1960:
285:
5177:"The Biographical Essay of John A. Gibson (1850–1912), the Seneca Chief of the Six Nations Reserve, Ontario, Canada"
5111:
2465:
681:
within the Haudenosaunee. A Seneca war sachem was in charge of gathering the warriors and leading them into battle.
5623:
2490:
1787:
1605:
1547:
1512:
1256:
484:. The dating of an oral tradition mentioning a solar eclipse yields 1142 AD as the year for the Seneca joining the
1673:
The federal government through the Corps of Engineers undertook a major project of a dam for flood control on the
1392:
to lead this attack upon the Iroquois. He had received anywhere from 3000 to 4500 soldiers to fight the Iroquois.
831:
tips, and was obviously made for bigger game. The tips are irregular in shape, which is typical from this region.
1620:
1551:
4102:
320 - "Letter to the President of the Seneca Nation of Indians Concerning the Kinzua Dam on the Allegheny River"
4611:
1636:
1566:
1555:
1532:
923:
629:; Empire State Books, 1949, pp. 18–25). The eastern Seneca had territory just north of the intersection of the
548:
164:
154:
3994:
6016:
5530:
4660:"Attorneys General And Philip Morris USA Reach Landmark Agreement To Reduce Illegal Internet Cigarette Sales"
4144:
2405:
1898:
437:, at South Hill. Close to South Hill stands the 865-foot-high (264 m) Bare Hill, known to the Seneca as
17:
4443:
1348:
The Iroquois were involved in numerous other battles during the American Revolution. Notable raids like the
971:, based on their shared dialect. (Folts at pp 32) The Munsee inhabited large tracts of land from the middle
618:(Delaware, Minnisink and Esopus) threatened war from eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey and the Lower Hudson.
1668:
4886:
1449:
in western New York. The Seneca, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Mohawk, as allies of the British, were required to
1013:. As early as 1626, the Susquehannock were struggling to get past the Delaware to trade with the Dutch in
5896:
5771:
1949:
1368:
revenge. Besides the brutal battles described previously, the New Yorkers were especially concerned with
670:
638:
2386:. Rochester, New York: New York State Archaeological Association, Lewis Henry Morgan Chapter. p. 34
621:
The Seneca used the Genesee and Allegheny rivers, as well as the Great Indian War and Trading Path (the
5831:
5781:
5390:
The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: The Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies.
4019:
1686:
1570:
1542:
While it is not known exactly how many Seneca there are, the three federally recognized tribes are the
1470:
1462:
1202:
1124:
1045:
867:(Wyandot). The Confederacy conducted Mourning Wars to take captives to replace people lost in a severe
4635:
1722:
invalid. The Seneca had other issues with New York and had challenged some long-term leases in court.
459:
is now about tumbled down, the stones seem somewhat scattered, and the ground is overgrown with brush.
5801:
5786:
5608:
2142:
1496:
for settlement by European Americans. On January 15, 1838, the US and some Seneca leaders signed the
1450:
1191:
935:
508:
379:
5435:
The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization.
3863:
6046:
5911:
5901:
5866:
5428:
A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence,
1934:
1562:
1543:
1508:
1438:
1148:
852:
355:
347:
4672:
4659:
4171:
3831:
A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence
3798:
A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence
3760:
A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence
3743:
A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence
3712:
A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence
3611:
A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence
3578:
A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence
3542:
A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence
3502:
A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence
3464:
A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence
3431:
A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence
3395:
A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence
3362:
A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence
3329:
A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence
3296:
A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence
3263:
A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence
3227:
A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence
3189:
A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence
3109:
A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence
3076:
A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence
3014:
A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence
1086:, which was going on between the Dutch and Esopus at current-day Kingston. The Seneca chief urged
5841:
5613:
1886:
1862:
1775:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1574:
1497:
1389:
1010:
943:
939:
820:
654:
31:
4539:
6102:
5816:
5811:
5481:
1942:
1897:
dismissed. Based on the dismissal of these proceedings, Daniel Warren, a member and officer of
1736:
1455:
1381:
1349:
1260:
1195:
1079:
In 1657 and 1658, the Seneca visited, as diplomats, Dutch colonial officials in New Amsterdam.
1037:
580:
556:
520:
4352:
3836:
3803:
3765:
3717:
3616:
3583:
3547:
3507:
3469:
3436:
3400:
3367:
3334:
3301:
3268:
3232:
3194:
3114:
3081:
3019:
2560:
1937:
owns and operates two casinos on its territory in New York State: one in Niagara Falls called
3154:
1938:
1858:
1755:
1598:
1481:
1377:
915:
496:
in present-day northwestern Pennsylvania, particularly after the Iroquois destroyed both the
144:
4264:
3920:
2977:
David Orr and Douglas Campana, Eds. (Philadelphia: National Park Service, 1991), p. 236
2767:
2435:
1941:
which also reopened in online format during the pandemic and the other in Salamanca, called
967:
bands, differentiated according to their territories. These bands later became known as the
657:
was based on hunting and gathering activities, fishing, and the cultivation of varieties of
5826:
5618:
4300:
2055:
1156:
1025:
952:
359:
343:
1461:
On July 8, 1788, the Seneca (along with some Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and Cayuga tribes)
590:
The west and north were under constant attack from their powerful Iroquoian brethren, the
8:
6051:
5633:
5400:
5348:
The History of the Five Indian Nations: Depending on the Province of New York in America.
5002:
Chapman, Chris. "Battle for Buffalo Creek: Notice of Violation doesn't change operations"
4044:
2118:
2032:
2015:
1690:
1480:
On November 11, 1794, the Seneca (along with the other Haudenosaunee nations) signed the
1413:
1408:
settlements. The Iroquois continued their attacks upon the Americans, even after General
1361:
1334:
1329:
1301:
1179:
1061:
1033:
512:
470:
469:
In the early 1920s, the material that made up the Bare Hill fort was used by the Town of
336:
312:
303:
4396:
1857:
has defended the price advantage as an issue of sovereignty. Secondly, he has cited the
1664:
1561:
Approximately 10,000 Seneca live near Lake Erie. About 7,800 people are citizens of the
342:
In the 21st century, more than 10,000 Seneca live in the United States, which has three
6001:
5981:
5891:
5648:
5638:
4795:
4101:
2630:. Ira J. Freidman (1967); Empire State Historical Publications Series, XLIII, p. 13–20.
2095:
1878:
1865:
as the basis of Seneca exemption from collecting taxes on cigarettes to pay the state.
1779:
1640:
1489:
1485:
1353:
1344:
The Fate of Jane Wells. A non-combatant woman killed during the Cherry Valley Massacre.
1322:
1128:
1073:
976:
646:
603:
584:
371:
203:
5030:
4940:
1484:
with the United States, agreeing to peaceful relations. On September 15, 1797, at the
6117:
6026:
6011:
5996:
5976:
5971:
5396:
5302:
5272:
5244:
5217:
5117:
5065:
4958:
4767:
4722:
4414:
4244:
4076:
3912:
3840:
3829:
3807:
3796:
3769:
3758:
3721:
3710:
3620:
3609:
3587:
3576:
3551:
3540:
3511:
3500:
3473:
3462:
3440:
3429:
3404:
3393:
3371:
3360:
3338:
3327:
3305:
3294:
3272:
3261:
3236:
3225:
3198:
3187:
3158:
3147:
3118:
3107:
3085:
3074:
3023:
3012:
2725:
2705:
2598:
2568:
2556:
2520:
2101:
2071:
2026:
1783:
1778:
for about three miles, in a section that runs on the northeast side of the lake from
1578:
1446:
1385:
634:
433:
states that the tribe originated in a village called Nundawao, near the south end of
351:
4226:
2121:(Ha-dya-no-doh, Swift Runner) (1811–1874), lawyer, land-rights activist, interpreter
6076:
6071:
6066:
6006:
5991:
5986:
5956:
5951:
5931:
5776:
5653:
5592:
4898:
4130:
2640:
2249:
2177:
2106:
1994:
1628:
1493:
1474:
1248:
1140:
1087:
1083:
873:
775:
625:), to travel from southern Lake Ontario into Pennsylvania and Ohio (Merrill, Arch.
481:
447:
434:
256:
228:
191:
86:
5146:
4749:
4704:
669:. These vegetables were the staple of the Haudenosaunee diet and were called "the
6107:
6061:
6041:
5966:
5851:
5796:
5766:
5577:
5238:
5211:
4987:
4893:
4851:
4618:
4595:
4574:
4108:
3944:
2323:
2167:
2148:
2124:
1694:
1682:
1674:
1650:
1624:
1613:
1442:
1289:
1281:
1273:
1265:
1236:
919:
576:
528:
493:
294:
220:
187:
4977:
2772:. Albany: University of the State of New York, State Education Dept. p. 27.
1997:, ran into mutual exclusivity problems with out-of-town religious broadcasters.
697:, practicing Christianity, and participating in the local agricultural economy.
6081:
6036:
6031:
5961:
5926:
3969:
3044:"The League of the Iroquois | The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History"
2798:
Smithsonian Institution, Department of Anthropology, Catalogue Number E-248722.
2172:
2136:
1982:
1912:
1702:
1507:
The majority of the Seneca in New York formed a modern elected government, the
1500:, by which the Seneca were to relocate to a tract of land west of the state of
1269:
1171:
1109:
1053:
1006:
988:
956:
888:
823:
has an example of a Seneca bow, which was donated 1908. It is made of unbacked
793:
685:
666:
642:
591:
524:
489:
430:
367:
4072:
The Allegany Senecas and Kinzua Dam: forced relocation through two generations
2845:
722:, nominally each descended from one woman. The Seneca have eight clans: Bear (
6096:
5906:
5876:
5871:
5756:
5673:
5582:
5572:
5567:
5502:
4201:
3916:
2354:
2162:
2112:
2060:
1905:
1890:
1771:
1740:
1528:
1466:
1437:
With the Iroquois League dissolved, the nation settled in new villages along
1244:
1240:
1232:
1187:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1029:
1014:
999:
630:
615:
599:
572:
564:
536:
532:
477:
332:
324:
236:
232:
224:
73:
4502:
1340:
6021:
5856:
5846:
3864:"Founders Online: From George Washington to John Hanson, 26 September 1782"
2182:
2083:
2077:
2066:
1990:
1554:. A fourth group of Seneca people reside in Canada, where many are part of
1396:
1369:
1309:
1297:
1277:
1206:
1183:
1003:
980:
972:
964:
622:
611:
501:
451:
316:
207:
5497:
5213:
To Be Indian: The Life of Seneca-Iroquois Arthur Caswell Parker, 1881–1955
1989:, signed on February 1, 2010 from studios in the city of Salamanca with a
1639:
and reside on the Grand River Territory, the major Iroquois reserve, near
5658:
5522:
5383:
In the Shadow of Kinzua: The Seneca Nation of Indians since World War II.
2786:
2741:
2457:
2089:
2020:
1710:
1420:
1305:
856:
844:
828:
790:
614:
in the east and northeast. In the southeast, the Algonkian tribes of the
516:
497:
320:
27:
Federally-recognized Iroquois Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands
5355:
Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England.
4372:"Seneca Nation sues N.Y., says Thruway illegally built on its territory"
476:
The Seneca historically lived in what is now New York state between the
5821:
5487:
2702:
Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England
2130:
1678:
1488:, the Seneca sold their lands west of the Genesee River, retaining ten
984:
860:
5492:
1535:
dance, received in 1905. Exhibit from the Native American Collection,
339:. For this reason, they are called “The Keepers of the Western Door.”
327:. Their nation was the farthest to the west within the Six Nations or
5456:
Chainbreaker's War: A Seneca Chief Remembers the American Revolution.
2049:
1986:
1706:
1401:
1018:
995:
911:
880:
813:
804:
Arrows from the area are made from split hickory, although shoots of
706:
694:
595:
568:
240:
4127:
As Long as the Grass Shall Grow: Peter La Farge Sings of the Indians
3898:"Historic Aspects of the Phelps and Gorham Treaty of July 4–8, 1788"
1786:. They said that a 1954 agreement between the Seneca Nation and the
1705:, who wrote, "As Long as the Grass Shall Grow". It was also sung by
1093:
In 1675, after a decade of warfare between the Iroquois (mainly the
1002:. To the east of the Delaware Nation lay the encroaching peoples of
688:
excavations indicate that some of these villages were surrounded by
5791:
5726:
5717:
5668:
5628:
5553:
2892:
Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York
2274:
2224:
2044:
1874:
1565:. These members live or work on five reservations in New York: the
1501:
1049:
877:
868:
809:
689:
579:
into Pennsylvania. The eastern Seneca lived predominantly south of
544:
485:
363:
328:
98:
4912:
5916:
5512:
4845:
Christopher Smith, "Seneca Nation To New York State: Bring It On"
900:
896:
824:
607:
446:
The first written reference to this fort was made in 1825 by the
126:
4979:
Citizens Against Casino Gambling, et al. v. Philip Hogen, et al.
2880:. Harrisburg, Pa: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.
1770:
On April 18, 2007, the Seneca Nation laid claim to a stretch of
559:, with 130 longhouses, was a major village of the 18th century.
6056:
5886:
5643:
4427:
Seneca Tribe, et. al, v. State of New York, Gov. Pataki, et al.
1873:
reservation. Little Valley businessman Lloyd Long operated two
1425:
1175:
1113:
1090:
to end the bloodshed and "return the captured Esopus savages".
968:
947:
805:
778:) – the Bear, Wolf, Turtle , and Beaver are the
678:
399:
112:
1123:
By 1712, the Esopus Indians were reported to have reached the
851:
During the colonial period, the Seneca became involved in the
839:
583:. They moved south and east into Pennsylvania and the western
492:
evidence indicates their territory eventually extended to the
5836:
5761:
5442:
Indian Affairs in Colonial New York: The Seventeenth Century.
5301:. Cattaraugus Territory: Seneca Nation Education Department.
2436:"Canandaigua Lake, N.Y.: Of Indian Legends and Sylvan Trails"
1416:
recalled them "pending the peace the negotiations in Paris".
1217:
1056:
path went straight south through the ancient Indian towns of
929:
658:
5376:
Coming Full Circle: The Seneca Nation of Indians, 1848–1934.
4466:"Seneca Indian Nation Approves Medical Marijuana Initiative"
4439:
2690:. Albany: New York State Bulletin No. 506, 2005. p. 32.
2613:(Houghton, Frederick. "The Migration of the Seneca Nation",
2151:(Gayanögwad) (b. 1934), author and Seneca Language educator.
1537:
Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
555:, was the largest Seneca village of the 17th century, while
366:, where their ancestors were relocated from Ohio during the
5362:
Whirlwind: The American Revolution and the War That Won It,
2964:(Newark: New Jersey Historical Society, 1986), p. 230.
713:
662:
277:
265:
5437:
Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1992.
3647:
Whirlwind: The American Revolution and the War That Won It
2355:"Richmond History: Native American Presence, Honeoye Lake"
1135:
European Americans. But fieldwork at the 1715–1754 Seneca
5513:
How the Sullivan-Clinton Campaign Dispossessed the Seneca
1316:
907:
concentration of resettlements on the lower Susquehanna.
816:
was used, although three radial feathers were also used.
464:
S. C. Cleveland, History of Yates County, New York (1873)
346:
Seneca tribes. Two of them are centered in New York: the
271:
5240:
Encyclopedia of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy)
4301:"2005-06 Term Supreme Court Cases Related to Indian Law"
2565:
Encyclopedia of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy)
2485:
2483:
2139:
or Kaieñãkwaahtoñ (c. 1707 – 1786), known as "Old King"
1844:
507:
Seneca villages were located as far east as current-day
5480:: A bibliography, with links where available, from the
5062:
Fascinating Facts, Mysteries and Myths About U.S. Coins
5018:
Athan Kompos, "Unknown Future for Buffalo Creek Casino"
4353:"Seneca Nation renews fight with New York over Thruway"
2916:
NYCD, 4:98–99 "Seneca Power Over the Minnisink Indians"
1820:
Recreation is one component of Seneca enterprises. The
5470:
5113:
The Biographical Directory of Native American Painters
4997:
4995:
4854:, Buffalo Geek Blog, 14 Jan 2009, accessed 24 Mar 2009
4788:"Warren v. Spitzer, Billet, Poloncarz and Erie County"
4636:"Frens v State of New York (2006 NY Slip Op 51994(U))"
3889:
2617:, New Series, Vol. 29, No 2 (April, 1927) pp. 241–250)
1831:
1225:
1212:
5237:
Johansen, Bruce Elliott; Mann, Barbara Alice (2000).
4871:. Associated Press. December 15, 2008. Archived from
4820:"Senecas start billing state for Thruway use of land"
4075:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 55.
2890:
Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan and Berthonl Fernow, Eds.,
2555:
2480:
286:
274:
268:
262:
4612:"Cigarette sales scheme gets man 5 years’ probation"
4382:
3153:. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. pp.
1749:
Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution
812:
were used as well. The eastern two feather style of
4992:
4589:"Local Man; Business Targets Of Multi Agency Raids"
4331:"Court allows Seneca lawsuit on Thruway to proceed"
4172:"Temporary Seneca Casino Opens in Downtown Buffalo"
4115:, University of Santa Barbara, accessed 24 Mar 2009
2781:
2779:
2328:
Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences
2298:
782:side, and the Deer, Hawk, Snipe, and Heron are the
259:
4818:
3828:
3795:
3757:
3709:
3608:
3575:
3539:
3499:
3461:
3428:
3392:
3359:
3326:
3293:
3260:
3224:
3186:
3146:
3106:
3073:
3011:
1194:, also known as the Devil's Hole massacre, during
1178:'s ambitions in the New World. By 1760 during the
934:In and around 1600, the area currently comprising
602:(Conestoga) also threatened constant warfare. The
370:. Approximately 1,000 Seneca live in Canada, near
5664:Settlement of the northern shores of Lake Ontario
5395:
5088:. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.
4673:"www.ag.ny.gov - New York State Attorney General"
3937:
2789:. Volume 18 (4). February–March 2010. pp. 16–199.
2519:
876:. Weakened by population losses due to their own
543:Major Seneca villages were protected with wooden
350:, with five territories in western New York near
315:-speaking people who historically lived south of
6113:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
6094:
5216:. Norman: Oklahoma University Press. p. 5.
5141:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5133:
4068:
4020:"Researchers use AI to preserve Seneca language"
2962:The Lenape: Archaeology, History and Ethnography
2776:
1795:2020, the lawsuit over the thruway was ongoing.
1669:John F. Kennedy § Native American relations
1432:
5378:Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019.
3664:. New York: Bloomsbury Press. pp. 239–240.
2816:Parker at pp. 36–52; Merrill at pp. 78–83.
2029:(Hayonhwonhish) (1889–1957), traditional artist
1492:for themselves. The sale opened up the rest of
1082:In 1659 and 1660, the Seneca interceded in the
5385:Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2014.
5371:Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1972.
5336:New York: American Book–Stratford Press, 1949.
5174:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4124:
3995:"Huge Push to Save Endangered Seneca Language"
2903:NYCD 13:114, 121, 124, 177–178, 184; See also
2620:
2133:(Sagoyewatha) (c. 1750–1830), chief and orator
2023:(Gaiänt'wakê) (c. 1730s–1836), military leader
1337:, which devastated Iroquois and Seneca lands.
1221:Seneca woman Ah-Weh-Eyu (Pretty Flower), 1908.
887:In 1650, the Seneca attacked and defeated the
5700:
5538:
5130:
4817:Warner, Gene; Beebe, Michael (May 18, 2007).
2724:(Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1998).
2665:Seneca Nation of Indians v. State of New York
2641:"Native American – The Iroquoians of Huronia"
2299:"Seneca Nation of Indians - Official Website"
5236:
5187:(37). Journal University of Tsukuba: 33–67.
2825:Parker at pp. 36–52; Merrill pp. 78–83.
1631:west of the Mississippi River in the 1830s.
1619:The third federally recognized tribe is the
994:To the west of the Delaware nation were the
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
735:
729:
723:
717:
712:The main form of social organization is the
567:, gradually moving west and southwest along
438:
308:'Great Hill People') are a group of
6148:Native Americans in the American Revolution
6123:Native American history of New York (state)
5508:General Tonawanda/Haudenosaunee Information
5444:Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1960.
5423:Arizona: University of Arizona Press, 1998.
5243:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 249.
5209:
5168:
4816:
4202:"Seneca Indian Law Suit, Grande Island, NY"
4169:
4158:
2567:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 105.
2383:An Anylitical History of the Seneca Indians
2063:(Sganyodaiyo) (1735–1815), religious leader
1608:has about 1,200 citizens who live on their
1410:Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis
700:
684:Seneca people lived in villages and towns.
376:Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation
6128:Native American tribes in New York (state)
5707:
5693:
5552:
5545:
5531:
5392:New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1984.
5181:哲学・思想論, (Journal of Philosophical Thought)
4981:, Citizens Against Casino Gambling Website
3697:. New York: Bloomsbury Press. p. 241.
3682:. New York: Bloomsbury Press. p. 240.
3649:. New York: Bloomsbury Press. p. 238.
2109:(Gawaso Wanneh), anthropologist and author
1658:
1125:east Pepacton branch of the Delaware River
930:Senecas' expanding influence and diplomacy
5419:Robert H. Keller & Michael F. Turek,
5350:New York: Cornell University Press, 1958.
5257:
3895:
3745:. New York: New Review. pp. 242–243.
2940:
2938:
2720:Robert H. Keller & Michael F. Turek,
1807:
1735:American nations. The lands consisted of
834:
5369:The Iroquois in the American Revolution,
5059:
4887:Setback spurs Senecas to top N.Y. appeal
4350:
4170:Staba, David; Belson, Ken (4 Jul 2007).
3144:
2956:
2954:
2321:
1522:
1339:
1216:
838:
421:, which was later corrupted to Senecas.
390:The Seneca's own name for themselves is
103:
5291:
5203:
5031:"NorthEast Radio Watch by Scott Fybush"
4369:
3826:
3793:
3755:
3740:
3707:
3692:
3677:
3659:
3644:
3606:
3573:
3537:
3497:
3459:
3426:
3390:
3357:
3324:
3291:
3258:
3222:
3184:
3149:The Iroquois in the American Revolution
3104:
3071:
3009:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2875:
2491:"Who Built the "Old Fort" on Bare Hill"
1716:
413:. The Dutch name is also often spelled
14:
6143:Native American tribes in Pennsylvania
6095:
5421:American Indians & National Parks.
5263:
5109:
4963:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4772:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4727:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4419:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4346:
4344:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4281:from the original on 15 September 2004
4265:"SENECA NATION OF INDIANS v. NEW YORK"
4249:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3789:
3787:
3785:
3673:
3671:
3569:
3567:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3527:
2935:
2894:(Albany: Weed, Parsons, 1881) , 13:184
2843:
2807:Parker, pp. 36–52; Merrill, pp. 78–83.
2501:from the original on 23 September 2015
2468:from the original on 23 September 2015
2446:from the original on 14 February 2017.
2379:
1985:in early 2009. That station, known as
1729:
1317:Involvement in the American Revolution
454:in his history of the Seneca Indians.
5688:
5526:
5285:
5078:
4865:"GOV SIGNS INDIAN CIGARETTE TAX BILL"
3858:
3856:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3422:
3420:
3254:
3252:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2951:
2765:
2722:American Indians & National Parks
2324:"The Seneca Nation from 1655 to 1687"
1845:Tax-free gasoline and cigarette sales
1388:called upon Continental Army General
1209:, they killed many Seneca onlookers.
946:counties of New York was home to the
5449:The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca.
5103:
5041:from the original on 19 October 2015
4495:"Honor Indian Treaties - Learn More"
4446:from the original on 11 October 2015
4182:from the original on August 23, 2014
4137:
2919:
2905:The Senecas and the First Esopus War
2667:, 206 F, Supp. 448 (2002) Appendix D
2416:from the original on 31 October 2015
60:Regions with significant populations
5064:. Krause Publications. p. 10.
4662:, Office of the NY Attorney General
4625:(2011-07-09). Retrieved 2011-07-10.
4351:Thompson, Carolyn (12 April 2018).
4341:
4318:
3782:
3668:
3564:
3524:
2878:Indian Paths of Pennsylvania. Map 5
2595:The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca
2127:(Ga-yo-gwa-doke), artist and author
1981:, which the company purchased from
1948:Construction began on a third, the
1832:Seneca Medical Marijuana Initiative
1739:and several smaller islands in the
1226:Pre-American Revolution Involvement
1213:Interactions with the United States
1064:and Minnisink, where it became the
653:Traditionally, the Seneca Nation's
24:
6153:Indigenous weapons of the Americas
6133:Native American tribes in Oklahoma
6022:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)
5415:– via ratical earth journal.
5340:
4149:Portrait of a Failed American City
3947:. Seneca Nation of Indians. 2013.
3853:
3734:
3633:
3486:
3417:
3249:
3211:
3171:
3131:
2998:
2217:
2212:The Linguistics Student's Handbook
1665:Kinzua Dam § Native Americans
1182:, they helped the British capture
991:, helped tie this world together.
770:). The clans are divided into two
705:The Seneca traditionally lived in
473:highway department for road fill.
398:, meaning "Great Hill People" The
25:
6164:
5462:
5458:New York: Black Dome Press, 2002.
5401:"Dating the Iroquois Confederacy"
5364:New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2015.
5292:Bardeau, Phyllis E. Wms. (2002).
3896:McKeveley, Blake (January 1939).
2704:(New York: Hill and Wang, 1983).
2685:
2628:The History of the Seneca Indians
2597:(New York: Vintage Books, 1969).
2525:"Dating the Iroquois Confederacy"
2352:
2008:
1961:National Indian Gaming Commission
1765:
1689:, near the northern shore of the
1585:located in downtown Buffalo; the
895:In 1675, the Seneca defeated the
799:
5716:
5230:
5116:. University of Oklahoma Press.
5053:
5023:
5011:
4971:
4926:
4905:
4879:
4857:
4838:
4810:
4780:
4735:
4690:
4665:
4653:
4628:
4208:from the original on 2016-03-03.
3582:. New York: New Press. pp.
3506:. New York: New Press. pp.
3468:. New York: New Press. pp.
3399:. New York: New Press. pp.
3366:. New York: New Press. pp.
3300:. New York: New Press. pp.
3113:. New York: New Press. pp.
1788:New York State Thruway Authority
1606:Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians
1548:Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians
1257:Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet
255:
119:
105:
91:
79:
66:
5191:from the original on 2015-11-18
5157:from the original on 2015-05-09
5092:from the original on 2015-03-07
4605:
4581:
4577:, Cornell University Law School
4557:
4517:
4487:
4476:from the original on 2016-03-05
4458:
4432:
4363:
4293:
4257:
4212:
4194:
4118:
4095:
4062:
4037:
4012:
3987:
3962:
3951:from the original on 2014-07-25
3911:(1). Rochester Public Library.
3880:
3835:. New York: New Press. p.
3820:
3802:. New York: New Press. p.
3764:. New York: New Press. p.
3749:
3716:. New York: New Press. p.
3701:
3686:
3653:
3615:. New York: New Press. p.
3600:
3546:. New York: New Press. p.
3453:
3435:. New York: New Press. p.
3384:
3351:
3333:. New York: New Press. p.
3318:
3285:
3267:. New York: New Press. p.
3231:. New York: New Press. p.
3193:. New York: New Press. p.
3098:
3080:. New York: New Press. p.
3065:
3054:from the original on 2016-05-30
3036:
3018:. New York: New Press. p.
2989:
2980:
2967:
2910:
2897:
2884:
2869:
2860:
2837:
2828:
2819:
2810:
2801:
2792:
2769:Handbook of the Seneca language
2759:
2734:
2714:
2694:
2679:
2670:
2657:
2633:
2607:
2587:
2549:
2513:
2450:
2428:
2398:
1971:
1621:Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma
1552:Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma
1518:
1127:, on the western slopes of the
5451:New York: Vintage Books, 1969.
5357:New York: Hill and Wang, 1983.
4370:Herbeck, Dan (12 April 2018).
2846:"Invaders Came from the North"
2844:Pappas, Peter (12 July 1987).
2559:; Mann, Barbara Alice (2000).
2373:
2346:
2315:
2291:
2267:
2242:
2204:
2195:
1762:lower court rulings in place.
527:counties, north and east into
13:
1:
5326:
4587:Chapman, Chris (2007-11-21).
4143:Zito, Selena (June 5, 2011).
2098:(Skanyadai'iyo), Seneca Chief
2000:
1899:Upstate Citizens for Equality
1433:After the American Revolution
1032:to the Susquehanna River. At
955:-speaking and made up of the
488:(Haudenosaunee). Some recent
5518:Taxation on Seneca Territory
5060:VanRyzin, Robert R. (2009).
2876:Wallace, Paul A. W. (1965).
2322:Houghton, Frederick (1912).
2254:Falls National Heritage Area
1979:the village of Little Valley
1569:(which contains the city of
847:Portrait by F. Bartoli, 1796
594:(Wyandot) To the South, the
535:counties, and west into the
7:
5407:. Vol. 1, no. 3–4
5110:Lester, Patrick D. (1995).
4305:National Indian Law Library
4145:Smokes cheap, tensions high
2406:"Saint George, the Serpent"
2156:
1950:Seneca Buffalo Creek Casino
1255:renewed this alliance when
1116:tribute to these Iroquois.
10:
6169:
5430:New York: New Press, 2001.
5405:Akwesasne Notes New Series
5271:. Dansville, NY: Bunnell.
4885:Gryta, Matt (2011-06-21).
4155:. Retrieved July 28, 2012.
4045:"Allegany Seneca Language"
3145:Graymont, Barbara (1972).
2766:Chafe, Wallace L. (1963).
2380:Parker, Arthur C. (1926).
1923:
1802:
1662:
1550:in New York State and the
1504:, but most refused to go.
1203:American Revolutionary War
1159:in 1758, the Seneca chief
424:
29:
5940:
5733:
5601:
5560:
5498:Seneca Gaming Corporation
5478:Seneca Indian Collections
5147:"Historic Seneca Leaders"
4850:January 17, 2009, at the
4153:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
4069:Bilharz, Joy Ann (1998).
2074:, journalist and activist
1155:At a peace conference in
335:) in New York before the
219:
214:
202:
197:
186:
181:
173:
163:
153:
143:
133:
64:
59:
54:
49:
6138:First Nations in Ontario
5151:Seneca Nation of Indians
2975:The People of Minnisink,
2848:. Democrat and Chronicle
2229:Seneca Nation of Indians
2188:
1935:Seneca Nation of Indians
1904:In response to Governor
1563:Seneca Nation of Indians
1544:Seneca Nation of Indians
1509:Seneca Nation of Indians
701:Daily life of the Seneca
598:-speaking tribes of the
380:cede much of their lands
348:Seneca Nation of Indians
5987:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
5264:Morris, Robert (1897).
5175:Takeshi Kimura (2011).
4913:"Seneca Niagara Online"
4902:. Retrieved 2011-06-22.
4602:. Retrieved 2011-07-10.
4499:honorindiantreaties.org
4125:Peter La Farge (1963).
3974:endangeredlanguages.com
2946:American Anthropologist
2645:Encyclopedia Britannica
2615:American Anthropologist
2458:"Bare Hill Unique Area"
1887:New York State Route 17
1863:Treaty of Buffalo Creek
1776:Cattaraugus Reservation
1659:Kinzua Dam displacement
1595:Oil Springs Reservation
1591:Niagara Falls, New York
1587:Niagara Falls Territory
1583:Buffalo Creek Territory
1513:Tonawanda Seneca Nation
1498:Treaty of Buffalo Creek
1390:John Sullivan (general)
1040:and then east over the
1011:Lancaster, Pennsylvania
821:Smithsonian Institution
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
718:
575:, then south along the
439:
385:
356:Tonawanda Seneca Nation
298:
174:Niagara Falls Territory
135:Cattaraugus Reservation
32:Seneca (disambiguation)
5723:Native American tribes
5554:League of the Iroquois
5488:Seneca Allegany Casino
5482:Buffalo History Museum
5454:Jeanne Winston Adler,
5447:Anthony F.C. Wallace,
5374:Laurence M. Hauptman,
5295:onondowa'ga:' gwae:no'
4440:"Highbanks Campground"
3693:Ferling, John (2001).
3678:Ferling, John (2015).
3660:Ferling, John (2015).
3645:Ferling, John (2015).
2593:Anthony F.C. Wallace,
1808:Diversified businesses
1697:to halt construction.
1539:
1456:Treaty of Fort Stanwix
1350:Cherry Valley massacre
1345:
1261:Treaty of Fort Stanwix
1222:
1192:Battle of Devil's Hole
848:
835:Contact with Europeans
610:blocked access to the
519:), south into current
467:
5493:Seneca Niagara Casino
5346:Cadwallander Colden,
4875:on December 19, 2008.
3886:Merrill at pp. 90–97.
3868:founders.archives.gov
3827:Raphael, Ray (2001).
3794:Raphael, Ray (2001).
3756:Raphael, Ray (2001).
3741:Raphael, Ray (2001).
3708:Raphael, Ray (2001).
3607:Raphael, Ray (2001).
3574:Raphael, Ray (2001).
3538:Raphael, Ray (2001).
3498:Raphael, Ray (2001).
3460:Raphael, Ray (2001).
3427:Raphael, Ray (2001).
3391:Raphael, Ray (2001).
3358:Raphael, Ray (2001).
3325:Raphael, Ray (2001).
3292:Raphael, Ray (2001).
3259:Raphael, Ray (2001).
3223:Raphael, Ray (2001).
3185:Raphael, Ray (2001).
3105:Raphael, Ray (2001).
3072:Raphael, Ray (2001).
3010:Raphael, Ray (2001).
2495:crookedlakereview.com
2410:crookedlakereview.com
1859:Treaty of Canandaigua
1756:French and Indian War
1610:Tonawanda Reservation
1531:, inviting tribes to
1526:
1482:Treaty of Canandaigua
1343:
1247:, and, later on, the
1220:
979:, and into northeast
916:Marquis de Denonville
842:
456:
215:Related ethnic groups
155:Six Nations Territory
145:Tonawanda Reservation
6017:Mescalero-Chiricahua
5772:Cheyenne and Arapaho
5334:Land of the Senecas.
5210:Porter, Joy (2001).
5020:, WGRZ.com, Mar 2009
4792:upstate-citizens.org
4536:upstate-citizens.org
4204:. isledegrande.com.
2995:Merrill at pp. 90–97
2834:Folts pp. 33–38
2210:Laurie Bauer, 2007,
2086:(Si-gwa-ah-doh-gwih)
2056:Traynor Ora Halftown
1822:Highbanks Campground
1717:Leased land disputes
1451:cede all their lands
1157:Easton, Pennsylvania
1026:Iroquois Confederacy
789:The Iroquois have a
360:Seneca-Cayuga Nation
344:federally recognized
165:Allegany Reservation
30:For other uses, see
5440:Allen W. Trelease,
5433:Daniel K. Richter,
5086:"Chief Cornplanter"
4600:The Salamanca Press
4472:. 6 November 2015.
4425:US District Court,
4337:. 4 September 2020.
3945:"Birth of a Nation"
2746:senecalanguage.com/
2119:Maris Bryant Pierce
2033:Governor Blacksnake
2016:Chief John Big Tree
1792:Robert Odawi Porter
1730:Grand Island claims
1691:Allegheny Reservoir
1637:Six Nations Reserve
1463:sold rights to land
1414:Frederick Haldimand
1362:Sullivan Expedition
1335:Sullivan Expedition
1330:Joseph Plumb Martin
1302:Governor Blacksnake
1196:Pontiac's Rebellion
627:Land of the Senecas
337:American Revolution
46:
5787:Citizen Potawatomi
5649:Great Law of Peace
5388:Francis Jennings,
5367:Barbara Graymont,
4986:2008-11-19 at the
4892:2011-06-24 at the
4617:2011-07-14 at the
4594:2012-04-21 at the
4573:2016-07-10 at the
4564:'Snyder v. Wetzler
4107:2012-01-12 at the
2960:Herbert C. Kraft,
2866:Houghton at p. 244
2676:Parker, pp. 25–28)
2442:. 1 October 2006.
2440:The New York Times
2250:"The Western Door"
2096:John Arthur Gibson
1780:Erie, Pennsylvania
1641:Brantford, Ontario
1540:
1486:Treaty of Big Tree
1477:of Massachusetts.
1378:Brant's Volunteers
1354:Battle of Minisink
1346:
1323:Battle of Oriskany
1223:
1129:Catskill Mountains
998:-speaking Andaste/
977:Delaware Water Gap
849:
731:aga̓ta:yö:nih
647:Delaware Water Gap
372:Brantford, Ontario
319:, one of the five
204:Longhouse religion
40:
6090:
6089:
6012:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
5752:Alabama-Quassarte
5682:
5681:
5397:Bruce E. Johansen
5250:978-0-313-30880-2
4529:, 193 A.D.2d 329"
4527:Snyder v. Wetzler
3905:Rochester History
3048:gilderlehrman.org
2574:978-0-313-30880-2
2557:Bruce E. Johansen
2521:Bruce E. Johansen
2102:Catherine Montour
2072:Alice Lee Jemison
2027:Jesse Cornplanter
1911:In 2008 Governor
1853:Seneca President
1784:Buffalo, New York
1774:that crosses the
1579:Gowanda, New York
1447:Cattaraugus Creek
1386:George Washington
1108:In 1694, Captain
307:
247:
246:
16:(Redirected from
6160:
5942:Tribal languages
5922:United Keetoowah
5852:Muscogee (Creek)
5812:Fort Sill Apache
5747:Absentee Shawnee
5721:
5720:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5686:
5685:
5654:Great Peacemaker
5547:
5540:
5533:
5524:
5523:
5474:
5473:
5471:Official website
5416:
5414:
5412:
5353:William Cronon,
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5300:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5196:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5143:
5128:
5127:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5027:
5021:
5015:
5009:
4999:
4990:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4962:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4945:
4939:. Archived from
4938:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4909:
4903:
4899:The Buffalo News
4883:
4877:
4876:
4861:
4855:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4825:The Buffalo News
4822:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4794:. Archived from
4784:
4778:
4777:
4771:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4754:
4748:. Archived from
4747:
4739:
4733:
4732:
4726:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4709:
4703:. Archived from
4702:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4632:
4626:
4623:The Buffalo News
4609:
4603:
4585:
4579:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4544:
4538:. Archived from
4533:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4501:. Archived from
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4401:
4395:. Archived from
4394:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4376:The Buffalo News
4367:
4361:
4360:
4357:Associated Press
4348:
4339:
4338:
4327:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4280:
4269:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4248:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4231:
4225:. Archived from
4224:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4167:
4156:
4147:. (Also titled "
4141:
4135:
4134:
4131:Folkways Records
4122:
4116:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3925:
3919:. Archived from
3902:
3893:
3887:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3860:
3851:
3850:
3834:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3801:
3791:
3780:
3779:
3763:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3715:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3675:
3666:
3665:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3642:
3631:
3630:
3614:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3581:
3571:
3562:
3561:
3545:
3535:
3522:
3521:
3505:
3495:
3484:
3483:
3467:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3434:
3424:
3415:
3414:
3398:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3365:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3332:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3299:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3266:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3230:
3220:
3209:
3208:
3192:
3182:
3169:
3168:
3152:
3142:
3129:
3128:
3112:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3079:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3017:
3007:
2996:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2978:
2971:
2965:
2958:
2949:
2942:
2933:
2930:
2917:
2914:
2908:
2901:
2895:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2790:
2787:Primitive Archer
2783:
2774:
2773:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2738:
2732:
2718:
2712:
2700:William Cronon,
2698:
2692:
2691:
2686:Folts, James D.
2683:
2677:
2674:
2668:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2637:
2631:
2626:Parker, Arthur.
2624:
2618:
2611:
2605:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2529:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2361:. Owl Light News
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2221:
2215:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2178:Seneca mythology
2107:Arthur C. Parker
1995:Irving, New York
1629:Indian Territory
1494:Western New York
1475:Nathaniel Gorham
1180:Seven Years' War
1141:Geneva, New York
1084:First Esopus War
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
739:
733:
727:
721:
513:Catherine's Town
482:Canandaigua Lake
465:
442:
435:Canandaigua Lake
302:
289:
284:
283:
280:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
229:Tuscarora Nation
125:
123:
122:
115:
111:
109:
108:
97:
95:
94:
85:
83:
82:
72:
70:
69:
50:Total population
47:
39:
21:
6168:
6167:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6157:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6086:
5944:
5936:
5807:Eastern Shawnee
5797:Delaware Nation
5738:
5736:
5729:
5715:
5713:
5683:
5678:
5597:
5556:
5551:
5503:Seneca language
5469:
5468:
5465:
5410:
5408:
5343:
5341:Further reading
5332:Merrill, Arch.
5329:
5324:
5323:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5298:
5290:
5286:
5279:
5262:
5258:
5251:
5235:
5231:
5224:
5208:
5204:
5194:
5192:
5173:
5169:
5160:
5158:
5145:
5144:
5131:
5124:
5108:
5104:
5095:
5093:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5058:
5054:
5044:
5042:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5016:
5012:
5006:Salamanca Press
5000:
4993:
4988:Wayback Machine
4976:
4972:
4956:
4955:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4936:
4934:"Archived copy"
4932:
4931:
4927:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4894:Wayback Machine
4884:
4880:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4852:Wayback Machine
4843:
4839:
4829:
4827:
4815:
4811:
4801:
4799:
4786:
4785:
4781:
4765:
4764:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4745:
4743:"Archived copy"
4741:
4740:
4736:
4720:
4719:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4700:
4698:"Archived copy"
4696:
4695:
4691:
4681:
4679:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4658:
4654:
4644:
4642:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4619:Wayback Machine
4610:
4606:
4596:Wayback Machine
4586:
4582:
4575:Wayback Machine
4566:, 84 N.Y.2d 941
4562:
4558:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4531:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4508:
4506:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4479:
4477:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4449:
4447:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4412:
4411:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4392:
4390:"Archived copy"
4388:
4387:
4383:
4368:
4364:
4349:
4342:
4329:
4328:
4319:
4309:
4307:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4242:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4220:"Archived copy"
4218:
4217:
4213:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4185:
4183:
4168:
4159:
4142:
4138:
4123:
4119:
4111:, 11 Aug 1961,
4109:Wayback Machine
4100:
4096:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4067:
4063:
4053:
4051:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4028:
4026:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4003:
4001:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3976:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3954:
3952:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3900:
3894:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3872:
3870:
3862:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3792:
3783:
3776:
3754:
3750:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3706:
3702:
3691:
3687:
3676:
3669:
3658:
3654:
3643:
3634:
3627:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3536:
3525:
3518:
3496:
3487:
3480:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3257:
3250:
3243:
3221:
3212:
3205:
3183:
3172:
3165:
3143:
3132:
3125:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3070:
3066:
3057:
3055:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3008:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2972:
2968:
2959:
2952:
2943:
2936:
2931:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2902:
2898:
2889:
2885:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2849:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2784:
2777:
2764:
2760:
2750:
2748:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2719:
2715:
2699:
2695:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2662:
2658:
2649:
2647:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2625:
2621:
2612:
2608:
2592:
2588:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2539:
2532:Akwesasne Notes
2527:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2320:
2316:
2307:
2305:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2283:
2281:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2168:Lewis H. Morgan
2159:
2154:
2149:Phyllis Bardeau
2145:(Koyengquahtah)
2125:Sanford Plummer
2080:(Deh-he-wä-nis)
2011:
2003:
1974:
1943:Seneca Allegany
1926:
1847:
1834:
1810:
1805:
1768:
1732:
1719:
1695:John F. Kennedy
1683:Allegheny River
1675:Allegheny River
1671:
1661:
1651:Seneca language
1625:Miami, Oklahoma
1614:Akron, New York
1521:
1511:, in 1848. The
1469:in New York to
1443:Tonawanda Creek
1435:
1319:
1290:Samuel Kirkland
1282:Samuel Kirkland
1274:Turbutt Francis
1266:Philip Schuyler
1228:
1215:
932:
920:Irondequoit Bay
914:of France sent
837:
802:
703:
577:Allegheny River
509:Schuyler County
494:Allegheny River
466:
463:
427:
388:
329:Iroquois League
287:
258:
254:
221:Onondaga Nation
120:
118:
116:
106:
104:
102:
92:
90:
80:
78:
76:
67:
65:
42:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6166:
6156:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5948:
5946:
5945:(still spoken)
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5862:Otoe-Missouria
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5802:Delaware Tribe
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5743:
5741:
5731:
5730:
5712:
5711:
5704:
5697:
5689:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5605:
5603:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5557:
5550:
5549:
5542:
5535:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5475:
5464:
5463:External links
5461:
5460:
5459:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5360:John Ferling,
5358:
5351:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5307:
5284:
5278:978-1429734288
5277:
5256:
5249:
5229:
5222:
5202:
5167:
5129:
5123:978-0806199368
5122:
5102:
5077:
5071:978-1440206504
5070:
5052:
5022:
5010:
4991:
4970:
4925:
4904:
4878:
4856:
4837:
4809:
4779:
4734:
4689:
4664:
4652:
4627:
4604:
4580:
4556:
4516:
4505:on 4 July 2007
4486:
4457:
4431:
4381:
4362:
4340:
4335:Observer Today
4317:
4292:
4256:
4211:
4193:
4176:New York Times
4157:
4136:
4117:
4094:
4081:
4061:
4036:
4011:
3986:
3961:
3936:
3888:
3879:
3852:
3846:978-1565846531
3845:
3819:
3813:978-1565846531
3812:
3781:
3775:978-1565846531
3774:
3748:
3733:
3727:978-1565846531
3726:
3700:
3685:
3667:
3652:
3632:
3626:978-1565846531
3625:
3599:
3593:978-1565846531
3592:
3563:
3557:978-1565846531
3556:
3523:
3517:978-1565846531
3516:
3485:
3479:978-1565846531
3478:
3452:
3446:978-1565846531
3445:
3416:
3410:978-1565846531
3409:
3383:
3377:978-1565846531
3376:
3350:
3344:978-1565846531
3343:
3317:
3311:978-1565846531
3310:
3284:
3278:978-1565846531
3277:
3248:
3242:978-1565846531
3241:
3210:
3204:978-1565846531
3203:
3170:
3164:978-0815600831
3163:
3130:
3124:978-1565846531
3123:
3097:
3091:978-1565846531
3090:
3064:
3050:. 2011-11-29.
3035:
3029:978-1565846531
3028:
2997:
2988:
2979:
2966:
2950:
2934:
2932:Folts at p. 34
2918:
2909:
2896:
2883:
2868:
2859:
2836:
2827:
2818:
2809:
2800:
2791:
2775:
2758:
2733:
2713:
2693:
2678:
2669:
2656:
2632:
2619:
2606:
2586:
2573:
2548:
2534:. New Series.
2512:
2479:
2449:
2427:
2397:
2372:
2345:
2314:
2290:
2266:
2241:
2216:
2203:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2173:Seneca mission
2170:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2137:Sayenqueraghta
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2053:
2052:(Tanacharison)
2047:
2042:
2036:
2035:(Thë:wö:nya's)
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2009:Notable Seneca
2007:
2002:
1999:
1983:Randy Michaels
1973:
1970:
1939:Seneca Niagara
1925:
1922:
1913:David Paterson
1846:
1843:
1833:
1830:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1767:
1766:Thruway claims
1764:
1731:
1728:
1718:
1715:
1703:Peter La Farge
1660:
1657:
1623:who live near
1527:Seneca people
1520:
1517:
1434:
1431:
1318:
1315:
1270:Oliver Wolcott
1227:
1224:
1214:
1211:
1110:Arent Schuyler
1054:Delaware River
1046:Lorde's valley
1042:Minnisink Path
1007:New Netherland
983:and northwest
931:
928:
910:In 1685, King
836:
833:
801:
800:Seneca Archery
798:
794:kinship system
764:), and Heron (
702:
699:
686:Archaeological
606:tribes of the
490:archaeological
461:
426:
423:
392:O-non-dowa-gah
387:
384:
368:Indian Removal
299:O-non-dowa-gah
245:
244:
217:
216:
212:
211:
200:
199:
195:
194:
184:
183:
179:
178:
175:
171:
170:
167:
161:
160:
157:
151:
150:
147:
141:
140:
137:
131:
130:
62:
61:
57:
56:
52:
51:
44:O-non-dowa-gah
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6165:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6103:Seneca people
6101:
6100:
6098:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5902:Seneca-Cayuga
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5719:
5710:
5705:
5703:
5698:
5696:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5675:
5674:Tree of Peace
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5548:
5543:
5541:
5536:
5534:
5529:
5528:
5525:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5476:
5472:
5467:
5466:
5457:
5453:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5426:Ray Raphael,
5425:
5422:
5418:
5406:
5402:
5399:(Fall 1995).
5398:
5394:
5391:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5359:
5356:
5352:
5349:
5345:
5344:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5310:
5308:0-9743377-0-6
5304:
5297:
5296:
5288:
5280:
5274:
5270:
5269:
5260:
5252:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5233:
5225:
5223:0-8061-3317-1
5219:
5215:
5214:
5206:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5171:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5125:
5119:
5115:
5114:
5106:
5091:
5087:
5081:
5073:
5067:
5063:
5056:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5026:
5019:
5014:
5007:
5003:
4998:
4996:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4974:
4966:
4960:
4946:on 2007-06-23
4942:
4935:
4929:
4914:
4908:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4882:
4874:
4870:
4869:New York Post
4866:
4860:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4841:
4826:
4821:
4813:
4798:on 2016-03-03
4797:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4775:
4769:
4755:on 2007-08-08
4751:
4744:
4738:
4730:
4724:
4710:on 2007-08-08
4706:
4699:
4693:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4661:
4656:
4641:
4637:
4631:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4608:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4584:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4560:
4545:on 2014-08-23
4541:
4537:
4530:
4528:
4520:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4461:
4445:
4441:
4435:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4402:on 2007-08-08
4398:
4391:
4385:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4358:
4354:
4347:
4345:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4277:
4273:
4266:
4260:
4252:
4246:
4232:on 2014-08-23
4228:
4221:
4215:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4132:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4113:US Presidency
4110:
4106:
4103:
4098:
4084:
4082:0-8032-1282-8
4078:
4074:
4073:
4065:
4050:
4046:
4040:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3950:
3946:
3940:
3926:on 2007-12-03
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3883:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3857:
3848:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3832:
3823:
3815:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3799:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3777:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3761:
3752:
3744:
3737:
3729:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3704:
3696:
3689:
3681:
3674:
3672:
3663:
3656:
3648:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3628:
3622:
3618:
3613:
3612:
3603:
3595:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3579:
3570:
3568:
3559:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3543:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3519:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3481:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3456:
3448:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3423:
3421:
3412:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3387:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3363:
3354:
3346:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3321:
3313:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3297:
3288:
3280:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3264:
3255:
3253:
3244:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3228:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3206:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3166:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3126:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3101:
3093:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3068:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3031:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2992:
2983:
2976:
2970:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2913:
2906:
2900:
2893:
2887:
2879:
2872:
2863:
2847:
2840:
2831:
2822:
2813:
2804:
2795:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2771:
2770:
2762:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2730:0-8165-2014-3
2727:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2710:0-8090-0158-6
2707:
2703:
2697:
2689:
2682:
2673:
2666:
2660:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2629:
2623:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2603:0-394-71699-X
2600:
2596:
2590:
2576:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2538:(3/04): 62–63
2537:
2533:
2526:
2523:(Fall 1995).
2522:
2516:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2385:
2384:
2376:
2360:
2359:The Owl Light
2356:
2349:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2213:
2207:
2201:(2000 Census)
2198:
2194:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:Gaasyendietha
2161:
2160:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2113:Ely S. Parker
2111:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2061:Handsome Lake
2059:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1906:Eliot Spitzer
1902:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1891:deplatforming
1888:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1842:
1840:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1772:Interstate 90
1763:
1759:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1741:Niagara River
1738:
1727:
1723:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1529:message stick
1525:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1471:Oliver Phelps
1468:
1467:Genesee River
1464:
1459:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:Buffalo Creek
1430:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1219:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1103:Cayuga people
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1030:Chemung River
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1015:New Amsterdam
1012:
1008:
1005:
1001:
1000:Susquehannock
997:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
949:
945:
941:
937:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
904:
902:
898:
893:
890:
885:
882:
879:
875:
870:
864:
862:
858:
854:
846:
843:Seneca Chief
841:
832:
830:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
797:
795:
792:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
767:jo̙äshä'
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
726:
720:
715:
710:
708:
698:
696:
691:
687:
682:
680:
674:
672:
671:three sisters
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
616:Lenape people
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:Susquehannock
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
573:Niagara River
570:
566:
565:Genesee River
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
538:
537:Genesee River
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
478:Genesee River
474:
472:
460:
455:
453:
449:
444:
441:
436:
432:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
401:
397:
393:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
333:Haudenosaunee
330:
326:
325:North America
322:
318:
314:
311:
305:
300:
296:
292:
291:
282:
252:
242:
238:
237:Cayuga Nation
234:
233:Mohawk Nation
230:
226:
225:Oneida Nation
222:
218:
213:
210:denominations
209:
205:
201:
196:
193:
189:
185:
180:
176:
172:
168:
166:
162:
158:
156:
152:
148:
146:
142:
138:
136:
132:
128:
114:
100:
88:
75:
74:United States
63:
58:
53:
48:
45:
33:
19:
18:Seneca Indian
5912:Thlopthlocco
5587:
5455:
5448:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5420:
5409:. Retrieved
5404:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5333:
5312:. Retrieved
5294:
5287:
5268:ninety-seven
5266:
5259:
5239:
5232:
5212:
5205:
5193:. Retrieved
5184:
5180:
5170:
5159:. Retrieved
5150:
5112:
5105:
5094:. Retrieved
5080:
5061:
5055:
5043:. Retrieved
5034:
5025:
5013:
5005:
4978:
4973:
4948:. Retrieved
4941:the original
4928:
4916:. Retrieved
4907:
4897:
4881:
4873:the original
4868:
4859:
4840:
4828:. Retrieved
4824:
4812:
4800:. Retrieved
4796:the original
4791:
4782:
4757:. Retrieved
4750:the original
4737:
4712:. Retrieved
4705:the original
4692:
4680:. Retrieved
4676:
4667:
4655:
4643:. Retrieved
4639:
4630:
4622:
4607:
4599:
4583:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4547:. Retrieved
4540:the original
4535:
4526:
4519:
4507:. Retrieved
4503:the original
4498:
4489:
4478:. Retrieved
4469:
4460:
4448:. Retrieved
4434:
4426:
4404:. Retrieved
4397:the original
4384:
4375:
4365:
4356:
4334:
4308:. Retrieved
4304:
4295:
4283:. Retrieved
4271:
4259:
4234:. Retrieved
4227:the original
4214:
4196:
4184:. Retrieved
4175:
4152:
4139:
4126:
4120:
4112:
4097:
4086:. Retrieved
4071:
4064:
4052:. Retrieved
4048:
4039:
4027:. Retrieved
4023:
4014:
4002:. Retrieved
3998:
3989:
3977:. Retrieved
3973:
3964:
3953:. Retrieved
3939:
3928:. Retrieved
3921:the original
3908:
3904:
3891:
3882:
3871:. Retrieved
3867:
3830:
3822:
3797:
3759:
3751:
3742:
3736:
3711:
3703:
3694:
3688:
3679:
3661:
3655:
3646:
3610:
3602:
3577:
3541:
3501:
3463:
3455:
3430:
3394:
3386:
3361:
3353:
3328:
3320:
3295:
3287:
3262:
3226:
3188:
3148:
3108:
3100:
3075:
3067:
3056:. Retrieved
3047:
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2078:Mary Jemison
2067:George Heron
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3999:arizona.edu
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2090:John Mohawk
2041:(Onondakai)
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1589:located in
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1556:Six Nations
1533:Six Nations
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6097:Categories
6052:Potawatomi
5737:recognized
5327:References
5314:January 6,
5161:2015-05-02
5096:2015-05-02
5045:10 October
5035:fybush.com
4950:2007-01-14
4918:2 November
4802:10 October
4759:2006-12-31
4714:2006-12-31
4682:10 October
4645:10 October
4509:10 October
4480:2016-02-25
4470:High Times
4450:10 October
4429:, Feb 1999
4406:2007-03-18
4285:10 October
4236:2016-02-09
4133:. FN 2532.
4088:2009-10-19
3955:2013-11-18
3930:2008-01-05
3873:2019-12-24
3058:2016-04-26
2650:2021-02-02
2580:2010-05-23
2542:2010-05-23
2505:10 October
2472:10 October
2420:10 October
2308:2024-08-07
2284:2024-04-30
2259:August 24,
2143:Young King
2131:Red Jacket
2001:Employment
1869:decision.
1679:Kinzua Dam
1663:See also:
1593:; and the
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1201:After the
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924:Ganondagan
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3680:Whirlwind
3662:Whirlwind
2852:April 20,
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2365:April 23,
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2275:"History"
2225:"Culture"
2050:Half-King
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1186:from the
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